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Senso LAB
Prof Orhan GemikonakliDr Enver EverDr Leonardo MostardaKrishna Doddapaneni
SENSO LAB is one of the most advanced wireless sensor network labs., hosting hundreds of heterogeneous motes that are deployed around Middlesex University.
More than 20 members
www.eis.mdx.ac.uk/staffpages/leonardom/WSN/index.php
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ENERGY AWARE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF WSNS
Krishna Doddapaneni
School of Science and TechnologyKrishna Doddapaneni
School of Engineering and Information Sciences
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Overview
• Wireless sensor networks
• Evaluation methods
• Modeling Framework
• Unequal clustering algorithm – UHEED
• IDS in WSN
• PlaceLife
• Present work
• Future work
• Castalia
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What are they and where are they used
• A large number of small-sensing self-powered nodes gathering information
• Communicating in a wireless fashion with an end-goal to hand their processed data to a base-station
• Key elements: Sensing, Processing & Communication
• Main area of focus - Body Sensors (Hospitals), Bio-Medical, Large-Scale Sport Fields, Industrial Automation
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Oil spills
• Gulf oil spill
• 4.9 Million barrels of crude oil wasted
• No monitoring (use of faulty concrete plugs)
• Mesh-based wireless sensor networks for constant monitoring of the rigs
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and more…
• Bridge Monitoring
• In California, 13% of the 23,000 bridges have been deemed structurally deficient, while 12% of the nation's 600,000 bridges share the same rating
• Structural health monitoring (SHM) is a sensor-based pre-emptive approach
• New York may be the first state with a 24/7 wireless bridge monitoring system
• Another application in India: Bri-Mon (Monitoring Railway bridges)
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Crucial Factors
• Life time of sensor node:
1. Microprocessor
2. Sensing module
3. Wireless transmitter/receiver.
Existing studies consider these modules for best deployment, topology, protocol selection, etc.
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Energy consumption in a sensor node can be attributed to either “useful” or “wasteful”
sources.
Useful energy consumption:
Wasteful energy consumption:
• Transmitting/receiving data.
• Processing query requests.
• Forwarding queries/ data to neighbouring nodes.
• Idle listening.
• Retransmissions.
• Overhearing.
• Generating/handling control packets.
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Evaluation Methods
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Modeling Framework
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Path loss
• Attenuation in power density of an electromagnetic wave as it propagates.
• Path loss is effected by free-space loss, refraction, diffraction, reflection, coupling loss, absorption, propagation medium…..
• Path loss effects should be considered for a more realistic evaluation
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Case study
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Simulation
Where,
Lp is path loss between 2 points
Lo is path loss in Open space
mtype is number of objects of same
type
wtype is loss in decibels attributed to
that object
d is distance between the points
Path loss calculation
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Energy: with and without path loss.
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Clustering
• Achieve high energy efficiency
• Increase the network scalability
• Each cluster has a coordinator(CH) & number of nodes
• Nodes only communicate to their CH.
• Data aggregation, rotation of CH
• Distribution of load across all nodes
Cluster head CH
Member node
Advantages
Why clustering
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Thank you !
Multihop Communication
bc
a
• Data travels from the source to the destination node via more than two hops.
• Increase the range of the network by a significant margin
d
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It is ineffective to balance loads among cluster heads to avoid hot
spots problem, if the cluster heads are uniformly distributed,
like in HEED.
Uniformly distributed
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Unequal clustering algorithm (UHEED)
• Clustering, Multihop Communication,
• Mitigates Hotspots !
• UHEED combine HEED and EEUC • The leader election is performed according to HEED• The radius size is calculated according to EEUC
• Improves network life time.
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Equal sized clusters
Unequal sized clusters
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UHEED mechanism
• Unequal sized clusters are based on the distance from a cluster head to the base station and energy level.
• The further a cluster head is located from the BS, the larger its competition radius is, and hence the size of the cluster.
• Unequal sized clusters reduce intra-cluster traffic for CH nearer to BS.
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Where,
is maximum competition radius, predefined.
and are max. and min. distances.
C is constant coefficient between 0 and 1.
The life time of CH closer to BS is more critical, the clusters further away have larger sizes compared to
closer ones.
Competition radius
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IDS in WSN
- Watchdog
- Promiscuous mode – radio continuously on, to check the correct behaviour of other nodes.
- Hence, lifetime decreases.
- Not really suitable for eventtriggered sensing.
- Agreement Based
- Monitoring based on pre-defined agreement.
- Byzantine oral solution/ signed messages algorithms.
- It is also expensive in terms of no of messages sent and time.
Enhances security
Hence, a need for new approaches, improve Agreement based IDS
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The Byzantine Generals Problem
Attack!
Wait…
Attack!
Attack! No, wait! Surrender!
Wait…
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Oral Message Algorithm
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Simulation and Results
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8
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5
4
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2
Case study considered
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Radio always On (promiscuous mode)
Byzantine oral message solution
No IDS
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Our Frame work
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PlaceLife
Software Architecture Modelling Language• Set of components that exchange messages• Components have variables manipulated by the behaviour• Behaviour is represented by a list of events, conditions and
actions
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PlaceLife
Node Modelling Language • Operating system, implemented MAC protocols, routing
protocols• Hardware specification
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PlaceLife
Environment Modelling Language• The physical environment in which the WSN nodes are
deployed • Obstacles, material….
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Weaving models• Mapping Modelling Language• Deployment Modelling Language
This approach provides a clear separation between software components, WSN nodes and the physical environments, thus promoting the reuse of models.
PlaceLife
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PlaceLife
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Present work!
• Expressiveness of Languages : Precision of our abstraction
• Improvise the path loss model
Where,
The one we used in our earlier work
Now,
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Path loss data
• With the formula, we calculate the path loss between two nodes.
• With this data, we explicitly set our path loss map. (its like a matrix, representing the path loss values between the nodes on the network).
• This is done through the SN.wirelessChannel.pathLossMapFile parameter, in Castalia
• Example : 0>1:56,2:40,3:59,4:54,5:58
• This means that when node 0 is transmitting, node 1 is experiencing 56dB path loss, node 2 is experiencing 40dB loss, node 3 a 59dBm loss, etc.
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Wireless sensors networks for health care.
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And more….
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Sprinkler
Temp
Sprinkler
Temp
Smoke
Smoke
Temp
Smoke
Future work: optimal deployment
• Which one is the optimum deployment to improve the network lifetime?
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Sprinkler
Temp
Sprinkler
Temp
Smoke
Smoke
Temp
Smoke
Future work: optimal deployment
• Here we avoid obstacles but nodes must act as routes
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Castalia
A simulator for Wireless Sensor Networks and Body Area Networks, Partly enabled by OMNeT++
For Testing Distributed algorithms, Protocols @ realistic node behaviour, especially relating to access the radio.
Main features include : Advanced channel model Advanced radio model Extended sensing modelling provisions Node clock drift MAC and routing protocols available.
Designed for adaptation and expansion
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Hierarchical relations
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Grazie mille!