New York Motorcycle Manual | New York Motorcycle Handbook

8/2/2019 New York Motorcycle Manual | New York Motorcycle Handbook

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M

otorc

cleManual

NEW

YORK

STATE

DEPARTMENT

OFM

OTOR

VEHICLES

MV-21 MC (11/08)


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MOTORCYCLE LICENSES, OWNERSHIP, SPECIAL RULES

Licenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Registration, Inspection, Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Special Rules and Required Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Children As Passengers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

PREPARING TO RIDE

Wear the Right Gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Helmet Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Helmet Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Eye and Face Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Clothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Know Your Motorcycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6The Right Motorcycle For You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Borrowing and Lending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Know Your Motorcycle Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Check Your Motorcycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Know Your Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

RIDE WITHIN YOUR ABILITIES

Basic Vehicle Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Body Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Shifting Gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Braking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Turning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Keeping Your Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Lane Positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Following Another Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Being Followed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Passing and Being Passed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Lane Sharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Merging Cars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Cars Alongside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16SEE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Intersections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Blind Intersections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Passing Parked Cars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Parking at the Roadside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Increasing Conspicuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Clothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Headlight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Brake Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Using Your Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Head Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Table OfContents


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Horn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Riding at Night . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Crash Avoidance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Quick Stops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Swerving or Turning Quickly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Riding a Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Handling Dangerous Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Uneven Surfaces and Obstacles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Slippery Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Railroad Tracks, Grooves and Gratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Mechanical Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Tire Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Stuck Throttle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Wobble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Chain Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Engine Seizure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Flying Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Getting Off The Road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Carrying Passengers and Cargo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Instructing Passengers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Riding With Passengers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Carrying Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Group Riding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Keep the Group Small . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Keep the Group Together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Keep Your Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

BEING IN SHAPE TO RIDE

Why this Information is Important . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Alcohol and Other Drugs in Motorcycle Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Alcohol in the Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Blood Alcohol Concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Alcohol and the Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Consequences of Conviction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Minimize the Risks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Dont Drink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Dont Ride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Step in to Protect Friends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

EARNING YOUR LICENSE

Knowledge and Skill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Knowledge Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42On-Cycle Skill Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

MOTORCYCLE SAFETY PROGRAM

Rider Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45


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Motorcycle Licenses,Ownership, Special Rules

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LICENSES

To operate a motorcycle in New YorkState, you must have a motorcycleoperators license (Class M) or amotorcycle junior operators license(Class MJ). You may drive a motorcyclein New York if you are a resident ofanother state or country and have a validmotorcycle license from there. If you are

less than 18 years old, you must obey thelicense restrictions for both the out-of-state jurisdiction and New York State.

The instructions to apply for a driverlicense, including a motorcycle license,are provided in Chapter One of the NYSDrivers Manual. You should study thatmanual in addition to this one, even ifyou already have a license. Yourmotorcycle license written test will bebased on information from both manuals.The Drivers Manual also contains thejunior operator and learner permitrestrictions, information on licensesuspension and revocation and vehicleregistration, title and insurance.The Drivers Manual describes the junioroperator and learner permit restrictions,information about license suspension andrevocation, and vehicle registration, titleand insurance. Junior motorcycle opera-tors are also subject to the New YorkState graduated licensing requirementsthat apply to other drivers.

In addition to the information in theDrivers Manual, motorcycle operators

must be aware that:

IWhen a motorcycle learner is practic-ing, the supervising driver must holda valid motorcycle license, be at least21 years old and remain within 1/4mile of the learner at all times.Additional restrictions apply to junior

learners. The supervising driver need

not ride on the learners motorcycle,but only the supervising driver maybe a passenger. The learner andsupervising driver should remainwithin sight of one another at alltimes and discuss the learnersperformance after practice. Werecommend at least 30 hours ofpractice, with at least 10 in moderate

to heavy traffic.

I Your road test will include left andright circles and figure-eights onpublic streets. In addition to normaldriving maneuvers, you must beable to accomplish these whilebeing alert for other traffic.

If you take the test on a three-wheeler,your motorcycle license will be restrictedto driving three-wheelers.

I You must provide road testtransportation for the licenseexaminer in a properly registered,and inspected car or truck, and adriver at least 21 years old who islicensed to drive both this vehicle

and the motorcycle you will driveduring the test.

I If you already have a driver license,your current class and motorcycleclass will both be listed on onelicense document (for example,Class DM).

I If you already have another classof driver license and a motorcycleoperators learner permit, theDMV will waive your motorcycleroad test if you complete theMotorcycle Safety Foundations(MSF) Motorcycle BasicRiderCourse:


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To qualify for the waiver, the course

must be given by an approvedtraining provider in New York State.For information about the nearestMSF course, call 1-800- 446-9227.

REGISTRATION,INSPECTION, INSURANCE

Unlike most other motor vehicles,

motorcycles are registered for one yearrather than two, and all motorcycleregistrations expire on April 30.

Motorcycles must be inspected atleast once every 12 months at a stationlicensed by the DMV to performmotorcycle safety inspections. Thestation will display a yellow and blacksign reading "Official NYS MotorcycleInspection Station." Dealerships mustinspect motorcycles prior to delivery.If purchased in a private sale, you will begiven 10 days from the date of registra-tion to have the motorcycle inspected.

Motorcycles are not included in the"no fault" insurance provisions that coverother motor vehicles in New York State.

Motorcyclists owners and operatorsshould know and understand the extentand limitations of their vehiclesinsurance coverage for themselvesand their passengers.

Unlike other motor vehicles, liabilityinsurance may be terminated on amotorcycle without first turning the

plate in at a DMV office. This makesit easier to put the motorcycle backon the road after winter storage.However, under no circumstancesmay a motorcycle be operated on publichighways without liability coverage ineffect. This also applies to motorcyclesregistered out-of-state.

SPECIAL RULES AND

REQUIRED EQUIPMENT

All motorcycle operators andpassengers must wear approvedmotorcycle helmets as defined by USDOTfederal motor vehicle safety standards(FMVSS 218). To improve the motorcy-clists visibility, we recommend thathelmets have at least four square inches

of reflective material on both sides.

All motorcycle operators must wearapproved eye protection even if themotorcycle is equipped with a windshield.Any windshield must also be of anapproved type. Prescription or made-to-order safety glasses may be used if the

user can present written certification thatthey meet DMV standards. The eye pro-tection must be manufactured in confor-mity with the regulations established bythe American National Standard Institiute(ANSI - Z87.1). However, the DMVrecommends approved goggles or a face-shield for full protection.

The headlight and taillight of the

motorcycle must be on at all times whenoperating on the road.

Motorcyclists have the right to the useof a full lane and may ride no more thantwo abreast in a single lane. You may notride abreast of another vehicle in thesame lane, between lanes or betweentraffic and parked cars. Motorcyclists are

subject to all applicable rules of the road,including signaling all turns and lanechanges and passing only when andwhere permitted for other vehicles.


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CHILDREN AS PASSENGERS

A child of any age may be a motorcyclepassenger in New York State.Every passenger must wear aDOT-approved motorcycle helmet, andride upon a permanent, regular seat on amotorcycle designed to carry more thanone person. The passenger must sit faceforward, one leg on each side of the

motorcycle, with each foot reaching a footpeg, unless he or she is seated in aproperly attached sidecar. It is illegal foran operator to carry a passenger, or forthe passenger to ride, in a position thatwill interfere with the operation orcontrol of the motorcycle or the visionof the operator.

A MOTORCYCLE MUST HAVEALL OF THE FOLLOWINGEQUIPMENT IN GOODWORKING ORDER:

I Approved lights, including headlight,taillight, stop lamp and license platelamp, at least one red reflector on therear and directional signals if the

motorcycle was originally equippedwith directionals or is a 1985 ornewer model

I Brakes, on 1971 and newermotorcycles brakes are requiredon both wheels

I A horn or other warning device

I At least one rearview mirror mountedon a handle bar, although mirrors onboth handlebars arestrongly recommended

I A suitable muffler, "cutouts" ormufflers with removable bafflesare prohibited

I Handlebars no higher than the shoulder

height of the operator

I A seat for the operator and apassenger seat in the rear if apassenger is carried (no more than onepassenger is permitted)

For more information, please see"Equipment Required for Motorcycles(Including Limited Use Motorcycles),"

form MV-529-B, available from the DMVInternet Office, by request from a DMVCall Center, and at any motor vehicle office.

MOPED OPERATORS

Limited use motorcycles, often calledmopeds, are low speed, two-wheeled vehiclesintended for limited use on public highways.

There are three different classes of mopedsbased on maximum performance speed.The chart below outlines the requirementsfor moped operation. Class B and C mopedsmay be driven only in the right lane of traffic,as far to the right as possible. Class Amopeds are allowed to drive in any lane, andany portion of a lane. Mopeds are notpermitted on expressways or other controlled

access highways unless posted signs permitit. When approaching a moped, use the sameprecautions and care you would whenapproaching a bicyclist.

NOTE: The remainder of this manual is based

on the model Motorcycle Operator Manual devel-

oped by the Motorcycle Safety Foundation (MSF).

The material is copyrighted by MSF and is used

with permission.

See page 48 of this manual for the GUIDETO LIMITED USE MOTORCYCLE (MOPEDS)OPERATION chart.


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Preparing To Ride

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What you do before you start a trip

goes a long way toward determiningwhether or not you will get where youwant to go safely. Before taking off on anytrip, a safe rider makes a point to:

1. Wear the right gear.2. Become familiar with the

motorcycle.3. Check the motorcycle equipment.

4. Be a responsible rider.

WEAR THE RIGHT GEAR

When you ride, your gear is right if itprotects you. In any crash, you have a farbetter chance of avoiding serious injury ifyou wear:

I An approved helmet.

I Face or eye protection.

I Protective clothing.

HELMET USE

Crashes are not rare events particularly among beginning riders.And one out of every five motorcycle

crashes results in head or neck injuries.Head injuries are just as severe as neckinjuries and far more common. Crashanalysis shows that head and neckinjuries account for a majority of seriousand fatal injuries to motorcyclists.Research also shows that, with fewexceptions, head and neck injuries arereduced by the proper wearing of an

approved helmet.Some riders do not wear helmets

because they think helmets will limittheir view to the sides. Others wearhelmets only on long trips or whenriding at high speeds. Here are somefacts to consider:

I An approved helmet lets you see as far

to the sides as necessary.A study of more than 900motorcycle crashes, where 40% of theriders wore helmets, did not find evenone case in which a helmet kept arider from spotting danger.

IMost crashes happen on shorttrips (less than five miles long), just a

few minutes after starting out.IMost riders are riding slower than 30

mph when a crash occurs. At thesespeeds, helmets can cut both thenumber and the severity of headinjuries by half.

No matter what the speed, helmetedriders are three times more likely to

survive head injuries than those notwearing helmets at the time of the crash.

HELMET SELECTION

There are two primary types of helmets,providing two different levels of coverage:three-quarter and full face.

Whichever style you choose, you can

get the most protection by making surethat the helmet:

IMeets U.S. Department ofTransportation (DOT) and statestandards. (Helmets with alabel from the Snell MemorialFoundation gives you an addedassurance of quality.)

I Fits snugly, all the way around.

I Has no obvious defects suchas cracks, loose padding orfrayed straps.


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Whatever helmet you decide on, keep itsecurely fastened on your head when youride. Otherwise, if you are involved in acrash, it is likely to fly off your headbefore it gets a chance to protect you.

EYE AND FACE PROTECTION

A plastic shatter-resistant faceshieldcan help protect your whole face in acrash. It also protects you from wind,dust, dirt, rain, insects, and pebblesthrown up from cars ahead. Theseproblems are very distracting and can bepainful. If you have to deal with them,you cannot devote your full attention tothe road.

Goggles protect your eyes, though they

wont protect the rest of your face like afaceshield does. A windshield is not asubstitute for a faceshield or goggles.Most windshields will not protect youreyes from the wind. Neither willeyeglasses or sunglasses. Glasses willnot keep your eyes from watering, andthey might blow off when you turn yourhead while riding.

To be effective, eye or faceshieldprotection must:

I Be free of scratches.

I Be resistant to penetration.

I Give a clear view to either side.

I Fasten securely, so it doesnot blow off.

I Permit air to pass through,to reducefogging.

I Permit enough room for eyeglassesor sunglasses, if needed.

Tinted eye protection should not beworn at night or any other time whenlittle light is available.

CLOTHING

The right clothing protects you in acollision. It also provides comfort, as wellas protection from heat, cold, debris, and

hot and moving parts of the motorcycle.

I Jacket and pants should cover armsand legs completely. They should fitsnugly enough to keep from flappingin the wind, yet loosely enough tomove freely. Leather offers the mostprotection. Sturdy synthetic materialprovides a lot of protection as well.

Wear a jacket even in warm weatherto prevent dehydration. Many jacketsare designed to protect withoutgetting you overheated, even onsummer days.

I Boots or shoes should be highand sturdy enough to cover your

HELMETS


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ankles and give them support. Soles

should be made of hard, durable slipresistant material. Keep heels short sothey do not catch on rough surfaces.Tuck laces in so they wont catch onyour motorcycle.

I Gloves allow a better grip and helpprotect your hands in a crash. Yourgloves should be made of leather or

similar durable material.In cold or wet weather, your clothes

should keep you warm and dry, as well asprotect you from injury. You cannotcontrol a motorcycle well if you are numb.Riding for long periods in cold weathercan cause severe chill and fatigue. Awinter jacket should resist wind and fitsnugly at the neck, wrists, and waist.

Good-quality rainsuits designed formotorcycle riding resist tearing apart orballooning up at high speeds.

KNOW YOUR MOTORCYCLE

There are plenty of things on thehighway that can cause you trouble.Your motorcycle should not be one

of them. To make sure that yourmotorcycle will not let you down:

I Read the owners manual first.

I Start with the right motorcycle for you.

I Be familiar with themotorcycle controls.

I Check the motorcycle beforeevery ride.

I Keep it in safe riding conditionbetween rides.

I Avoid add-ons and modificationsthat make your motorcyclemore difficult to handle.

THE RIGHT

MOTORCYCLE FOR YOU

First, make sure your motorcycle isright for you. It should fit you. Yourfeet should reach the ground whileyou are seated on the motorcycle.

At minimum, your street-legalmotorcycle should have:

I Headlight, taillight and brakelight.

I Front and rear brakes.

I Turn signals.

I Horn.

I NYS law requires only one mirror,though two mirrors are recommended.

BORROWING AND LENDING

Borrowers and lenders of motorcycles,beware. Crashes are fairly commonamong beginning riders especially inthe first months of riding. Riding an unfa-miliar motorcycle adds to the problem.

If you borrow a motorcycle, make sure

you have its insurance identification cardor that it is properly insured. Practiceriding it in a controlled area. And if youlend your motorcycle to friends, makesure they are licensed and know how toride before allowing them out into traffic.

A plastic shatter-resistant face shield:

A. Is not necessary if you have a wind shield.B. Only protects your eyes.C. Helps protect your whole face.D. Does not protect your face as well as

goggles.

Answer - page 42

1 Test Yourself


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No matter how experienced you

may be, ride extra carefully on anymotorcycle thats new or unfamiliarto you. More than half of all crashesoccur on motorcycles ridden by theoperator for less than six months.

KNOW YOURMOTORCYCLE CONTROLS

Make sure you are completelyfamiliar with the motorcycle beforeyou take it out on the street. Be sureto review the owners manual. Thisis particularly important if you areriding a borrowed motorcycle.

If you are going to use an unfamiliarmotorcycle:

IMake all the checks you would onyour own motorcycle.

I Find out where everything is,particularly the turn signals, horn,headlight switch, fuel-control valve,and engine cut-off switch. Find andoperate these items without having tolook for them.

I Know the gear pattern. Work thethrottle, clutch, and brakes a fewtimes before you start riding. Allcontrols react a little differently.

I Ride very cautiously and be awareof surroundings. Accelerate gently,take turns more slowly, and leaveextra room for stopping.

CHECK YOUR MOTORCYCLE

A motorcycle needs more frequentattention than a car.

A minor technical failure in a carseldom leads to anything more than an

inconvenience for the driver.

If something is wrong with themotorcycle, youll want to find outabout it before you get in traffic.Make a complete check of yourmotorcycle before every ride.

Before mounting the motorcycle makethe following checks:

I Tires Check the air pressure,general wear and tread.

I Fluids Oil and fluid levels. At aminimum, check hydraulic fluidsand coolants weekly. Look under themotorcycle for signs of an oil orgas leak.

I Headlights and Taillight Check

them both. Test your switch to makesure both high and lowbeams are working.

I Turn Signals Turn on both rightand left turn signals. Make sure alllights are working properly.

I Brake Light Try both brake

controls, and make sure each oneturns on the brake light.

Once you have mounted themotorcycle, complete the followingchecks before starting out:

I Clutch and Throttle Make surethey work smoothly. The throttleshould snap back when you let

go. The clutch should feel tightand smooth.

IMirrors Clean and adjust bothmirrors before starting. It is difficultto ride with one hand while you try toadjust a mirror. Adjust each mirrorso you can see the lane behind and


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8

as much as possible of the lane nextto you. When properly adjusted, amirror may show the edge of yourarm or shoulder but it is theroad behind and to the side that ismost important.

I Brakes Try the front and rear brakelevers one at a time. Make sure each

one feels firm and holds the motorcy-cle when the brake is fully applied.

I Horn Try the horn.Make sure it works.

In addition to the checks you shouldmake before every trip, check thefollowing items at least once a week:

Wheels, cables, fasteners, and fluidchecks. Follow your owners manualto get recommendations.

KNOW YOUR RESPONSIBILITIES

Accident implies an unforeseen eventthat occurs without anyones fault ornegligence. Most often in traffic, that isnot the case. In fact, most driversinvolved in a crash can usually claimsome responsibility for what takes place.

Consider a situation where someonedecides to try to squeeze through anintersection on a yellow light turningred. Your light turns green. You pull intothe intersection without checking forpossible latecomers. That is all it takes for

MOTORCYCLECONTROLS

More than half of all crashes:

A. Occur at speeds greater than 35 mph.

B. Happen at night.

C. Are caused by worn tires.

D. Involve riders who have ridden their

motorcycles less than six months.

Answer - page 42

2 Test Yourself


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9

the two of you to tangle. It was the

drivers responsibility to stop. And it wasyour responsibility to look before pullingout. Neither of you held up your end ofthe deal. Just because someone else isthe first to start the chain of eventsleading to a crash, you are not free ofresponsibility.

As a rider you cannot be sure that other

operators will see you or yield the rightof way. To lessen your chances of acrash occurring:

I Be visible wear proper clothing,use your headlight, ride in the bestlane position to see and be seen.

I Communicate your intentions usethe proper signals, brake light, and

lane position.

IMaintain an adequate spacecushion following, beingfollowed, lane sharing, passingand being passed.

I Scan your path of travel12 seconds ahead.

I Identify and separate multiple hazards.

I Be prepared to act remain alertand know how to carry out propercrash-avoidance skills.

Blame does not matter when someoneis injured in a crash. There is rarely asingle cause of any crash. The ability toride aware, make critical decisions, and

carry them out separates responsibleriders from all the rest. Remember, it isup to you to keep from being the cause of,or an unprepared participant in, any crash.


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Ride WithinYour Abilities

10

BASIC VEHICLE CONTROL

This manual cannot teach you howto control direction, speed, or balance.Thats something you can learn onlythrough practice. But control begins withknowing your abilities and riding withinthem, along with knowing and obeyingthe rules of the road.

BODY POSITIONTo control a motorcycle well:

I Posture Sit so you can use yourarms to steer the motorcycle ratherthan to hold yourself up.

I Seat Sit far enough forward sothat arms are slightly bent when you

hold the handlegrips. Bending yourarms permits you to press on thehandlebars without having to stretch.

I Hands Hold the handlegripsfirmly to keep your grip over roughsurfaces. Start with your right wristflat. This will help you keep fromaccidentally using too much throttle.Also, adjust the handlebars so yourhands are even with or below yourelbows. This permits you to use theproper muscles for precision steering.

I Knees Keep your knees against

the gas tank to help you keep yourbalance as the motorcycle turns.

I Feet Keep your feet firmly on thefootpegs to maintain balance. Do notdrag your feet. If your foot catcheson something, you can be injuredand it could affect your control ofthe motorcycle. Keep your feet near

the controls so you can get to themfast if needed. Also, do not let yourtoes point downward they may getcaught between the road andthe footpegs.

SHIFTING GEARS

There is more to shifting gears thansimply getting the motorcycle to pick up

speed smoothly.

Learning to use the gears when down-shifting, turning, or starting on hills isimportant for safe motorcycle operation.

Shift down through the gears with theclutch as you slow or stop. Remain infirst gear while you are stopped so thatyou can move out quickly if you need to.

Make certain you are riding slowlyenough when you shift into a lower gear.If not, the motorcycle will lurch, and therear wheel may skid. When ridingdownhill or shifting into first gear youmay need to use the brakes to slowenough before downshifting safely. Worktowards a smooth, even clutch release,

especially when downshifting.

It is best to change gears beforeentering a turn. However, sometimesshifting while in the turn is necessary.If so, remember to do so smoothly.

HOLDINGHAND

LEGRIPS


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11

A sudden change in power to the rear

wheel can cause a skid.

BRAKING

Your motorcycle has two brakes: oneeach for the front and rear wheel. Useboth of them at the same time. The frontbrake is more powerful and can provideat least three-quarters of your totalstopping power. The front brake is safeto use if you use it properly.

Remember:

I Use both brakes every time youslow or stop. Using both brakes foreven normal stops will permit youto develop the proper habit or skillof using both brakes properly in an

emergency. Squeeze the front brakeand press down on the rear. Grabbingat the front brake or jamming downon the rear can cause the brakes tolock, resulting in control problems.

I If you know the technique, using bothbrakes in a turn is possible, althoughit should be done verycarefully. When leaning the motorcy-cle some of the traction is used forcornering. Less traction is availablefor stopping. A skid can occur if youapply too much brake. Also, using thefront brake incorrectly on aslippery surface may be hazardous.Use caution and squeeze the brakelever, never grab.

I Some motorcycles have integratedbraking systems that link the frontand rear brakes together by applyingthe rear brake pedal. (Consult theowners manual for a detailedexplanation on the operation andeffective use of these systems.)

TURNING

Riders often try to take curves or turnstoo fast. When they cannot hold the turn,they end up crossing into another lane oftraffic or going off the road. Or, theyoverreact and brake too hard, causing askid and loss of control. Approach turnsand curves with caution.

Use four steps for better control:

I SLOW

I LOOK

I LEAN

I ROLL

SLOW Reduce speed before the turn

by closing the throttle and, ifnecessary, applying both brakes.

LOOK Look through the turn towhere you want to go. Turn just yourhead, not your shoulders, and keep youreyes level with the horizon.

LEAN To turn, the motorcycle mustlean. To lean the motorcycle, press on

the handgrip in the direction of the turn.Press left lean left go left. Pressright lean right go right. Higherspeeds and/or tighter turns require themotorcycle to lean more.

ROLL Roll on the throttle throughthe turn to stabilize suspension.Maintain steady speed or accelerate

gradually through the turn. This willhelp keep the motorcycle stable.


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In normal turns, the rider and themotorcycle should lean together at thesame angle.

In slow tight turns, counterbalance byleaning the motorcycle only and keepingyour body straight.

KEEPING YOUR DISTANCE

The best protection you can have isdistance a cushion of space allaround your motorcycle. If someone elsemakes a mistake, distance permits you:

I Time to react.

I Space to maneuver.

LANE POSITIONS

In some ways the size of the motorcycle

can work to your advantage. Each traffic

lane gives a motorcycle three paths oftravel, as indicated in the illustration.

Your lane position should:

I Increase your ability to see andbe seen.

I Avoid others blind spots.

I

Avoid surface hazards.I Protect your lane from other drivers.

I Communicate your intentions.

I Avoid wind blast from other vehicles.

I Provide an escape route.

Select the appropriate path to maximize

your space cushion and make yourselfmore easily seen by others on the road.

In general, there is no single bestposition for riders to be seen and tomaintain a space cushion around themotorcycle. No portion of the lane needbe avoided including the center.

Position yourself in the portion of the

lane where you are most likely to be seenand you can maintain a space cushionaround you. Change position as trafficsituations change. Ride in path 2 or 3 ifvehicles and other potential problems areon your left only. Remain in path 1 or 2 if

When riding, you should:

A. Turn your head and shoulders to look

through turns.B. Keep your arms straight.C. Keep your knees away from the gas tank.D. Turn just your head and eyes to look

where you are going.

Answer - page 42

3 Test Yourself

SLOW

TURNING

NORMALTURNING


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13

hazards are on your right only. If vehiclesare being operated on both sides of you,the center of the lane, path 2, is usuallyyour best option.

The oily strip in the center portion thatcollects drippings from cars is usually no

more than two feet wide. Unless the roadis wet, the average center strip permitsadequate traction to ride on safely. Youcan operate to the left or right of thegrease strip and still be within the centerportion of the traffic lane. Avoid riding onbig buildups of oil and grease usuallyfound at busy intersections or toll booths.

FOLLOWING ANOTHER VEHICLE

Following too closely is a major factorin crashes involving motorcyclists. In traf-fic, motorcycles need as much distance tostop as cars. Normally, a minimum of twoseconds distance should be maintainedbehind the vehicle ahead.

To gauge your following distance:

I Pick out a marker, such as apavement marking or lamppost,on or near the road ahead.

IWhen the rear bumper of the vehicleahead passes the marker, count offthe seconds: one-thousand-one,

one-thousand-two.

I If you reach the marker beforeyou reach two, you are followingtoo closely.

A two-second following distance leavesa minimum amount of space to stop or

swerve if the driver ahead suddenlystops. It also permits a better view ofpotholes and other hazards in the road.

A larger cushion of space is needed ifyour motorcycle will take longer thannormal to stop. If the pavement is slip-pery, if you cannot see through the vehicleahead, or if traffic is heavy and someone

may squeeze in front of you, open up athree second or more following distance.

Keep well behind the vehicle ahead evenwhen you are stopped. This will make iteasier to get out of the way if someonebears down on you from behind. It willalso give you a cushion of space if thevehicle ahead starts to back up for

some reason.When behind a car, ride where the

driver can see you in the rearview mirror.Riding in the center portion of the laneshould put your image in the middle ofthe rearview mirror where a driver ismost likely to see you.

LANEPOSITION


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Riding at the far side of a lane maypermit a driver to see you in a sideviewmirror. But remember that most drivers donot look at their sideview mirrors nearly asoften as they check the rearview mirror. Ifthe traffic situation allows, the center por-tion of the lane is usually the best place

for you to be seen by the drivers aheadand to prevent lane sharing by others.

BEING FOLLOWED

Speeding up to lose someone followingtoo closely only ends up with someonetailgating you at a higher speed.

A better way to handle tailgaters is to

get them in front of you. When someoneis following too closely, change lanesand let them pass. If you cannot do this,slow down and open up extra spaceahead of you to allow room for bothyou and the tailgater to stop. This willalso encourage them to pass. If they donot pass, you will have given yourselfand the tailgater more time and space

to react in case an emergency doesdevelop ahead.

PASSING AND BEING PASSED

Passing and being passed by anothervehicle is not much different than with acar. However, visibility is more critical. Besure other drivers see you, and that yousee potential hazards.

PASSING

1. Ride in the left portion of the lane at asafe following distance to increaseyour line of sight and make youmore visible. Signal and check foroncoming traffic. Use your mirrorsand turn your head to look fortraffic behind.

FOLLOWING

PASS

ING


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2. When safe, move into the left lane

and accelerate. Select a laneposition that does not crowd the caryou are passing and provides spaceto avoid hazards in your lane.

3. Ride through the blind spot asquickly as possible.

4. Signal again, and complete mirrorand headchecks before returning

to your original lane and thencancel signal.

Remember, passes must be completedwithin posted speed limits, and onlywhere permitted. Know your signs androad markings!

BEING PASSED

When you are being passed frombehind or by an oncoming vehicle, stayin the center portion of your lane. Ridingany closer to them could put you in ahazardous situation.

Avoid being hit by:

I The other vehicle A slight

mistake by you or the passing

driver could cause a sideswipe.

I Extended mirrors Some driversforget that their mirrors hang outfarther than their fenders.

I Objects thrown from windows Even if the driver knows youre there,a passenger may not see you andmight toss something on you or the

road ahead of you.

I Blasts of wind from larger vehicles They can affect your control. Youhave more room for error if you arein the middle portion when hit by thisblast than if you are on either side ofthe lane.

Do not move into the portion of the lanefarthest from the passing vehicle. Itmight invite the other driver to cut backinto your lane too early.

LANE SHARING

Cars and motorcycles cannot share alane safely. Lane sharing is permitted onlyfor two motorcycles.

Riding between rows of stopped ormoving cars in the same lane can leaveyou vulnerable to the unexpected. A handcould come out of a window; a doorcould open; a car could turn suddenly.Discourage lane sharing by others. Keep acenter-portion position whenever driversmight be tempted to squeeze by you.

Drivers are most tempted to do this:

I In heavy, bumper-to-bumper traffic.

IWhen they want to pass you.

IWhen you are preparing to turn atan intersection.

BEINGP

ASSED


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IWhen you are getting in an exit lane

or leaving a highway.

MERGING CARS

Drivers on an entrance ramp may notsee you on the highway. Give them plentyof room. Change to another lane if one isopen. If there is no room for a lanechange, adjust speed to open up spacefor the merging driver.

CARS ALONGSIDEDo not ride next to cars or trucks in

other lanes if you do not have to. Youmight be in the blind spot of a car in thenext lane, which could switch into yourlane without warning. Cars in the nextlane also block your escape if you comeupon danger in your own lane. Speed up

or drop back to find a place clear oftraffic on both sides.

SEE

Good experienced riders remain aware

of what is going on around them. Theyimprove their riding strategy by usingSEE, a three-step process used to makeappropriate judgments, and apply themcorrectly in different traffic situations:

I Search

I Evaluate

I Execute

Lets examine each of these steps.

MERG

ING

BLINDSPOTS

Usually, a good way to handle tailgaters is to:

A.Change lanes and let them pass.

B.Use your horn and make obscene gestures.

C.Speed up to put distance between you and

the tailgater.

D.Ignore them.Answer - page 42

4 Test Yourself


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SEARCH

Search aggressively ahead, to thesides and behind to avoid potentialhazards even before they arise.How assertively you search, and howmuch time and space you have, caneliminate or reduce harm. Focus evenmore on finding potential escape routesin or around intersections, shopping

areas and school and construction zones.

Search for factors such as:

I Oncoming traffic that may turnleft in front of you.

I Traffic coming from the left andright.

I Traffic approaching from behind.

I Hazardous road conditions.

Be especially alert in areas with limitedvisibility. Visually busy surroundingscould hide you and your motorcycle fromothers.

EVALUATE

Think about how hazards can interactto create risks for you. Anticipate potentialproblems and have a plan to reduce risks.

I Stationary Objects potholes, guardrails, bridges,

telephone poles and trees wontmove into your path but mayinfluence your riding strategy.

I Traffic control devices Look for traffic signals, includingregulatory signs, warning signs,and pavement markings, to help

you evaluate circumstances

ahead.

I Other vehicles, pedestrians andanimals may suddenly into your path andincrease the likelihood of a crash.

Think about your time and spacerequirements in order to maintain a

margin of safety. You must leave yourselftime to react if an emergency arises.

EXECUTE

Carry out your decision.

To create more space and minimizeharm from any hazard:

I Communicate your presence withlights and/or horn.

I Adjust your speed by accelerating,stopping or slowing.

I Adjust your position and/or direction.

Apply the old adage one step at a timeto handle two or more hazards. Adjust

speed to permit two hazards to separate.Then deal with them one at a time assingle hazards. Decision making becomesmore complex with three or morehazards. Weigh consequences of eachand give equal distance to the hazards.

In potential high risk areas, such asintersections, shopping areas, school and

construction zones, cover the clutch andboth brakes to reduce the time you needto react.


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INTERSECTIONS

The greatest potential for conflictbetween you and other traffic is atintersections. An intersection can be inthe middle of an urban area or at adriveway on a residential street anywhere traffic may cross your path oftravel. Over one-half of motorcycle/carcrashes are caused by drivers entering a

riders right-of-way. Cars that turn left infront of you, including cars turning leftfrom the lane to your right, and cars onside streets that pull into your lane, arethe biggest dangers. Your use of SEE[p. 16-18] at intersections is critical.

There are no guarantees that otherssee you. Never count on eye contactas a sign that a driver will yield. Too often,a driver looks right at a motorcyclist andstill fails to see him. The only eyes thatyou can count on are your own. If a carcan enter your path, assume that it will.Good riders are always looking fortrouble not to get into it, but to stayout of it.

Increase your chances of being seen at

intersections. Ride with your headlight onin a lane position that provides the bestview of oncoming traffic. Provide a spacecushion around the motorcycle thatpermits you to take evasive action.

As you approach the intersection, select

a lane position to increase your visibilityto the driver. Cover the clutch and bothbrakes to reduce reaction time.

Reduce your speed as you approach anintersection. After you have entered theintersection, move away from vehiclespreparing to turn.

Do not radically change speed or

position. The driver might think that youare preparing to turn.

BLIND INTERSECTIONS

If you approach a blind intersection,move to the portion of the lane that willbring you into another drivers field ofvision at the earliest possible moment.

In this picture, the rider has moved to theleft portion of the lane away from theparked car so the driver on the crossstreet can see him as soon as possible.

Remember, the key is to see as much aspossible and remain visible to otherswhile protecting your space.

To reduce your reaction time, you should:

A.Ride slower than the speed limit.

B.Cover the clutch and the brakes.

C.Shift into neutral when slowing.

D.Pull in the clutch when turning.Answer - page 42

5 Test Yourself

SMALLINTER

SECTIONS


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LARGEINT

ERSECTIONS

BLINDINTER

SECTIONS


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If you have a stop sign or stop line, stopthere first. Then edge forward and stopagain, just short of where the cross-trafficlane meets your lane. From that position,lean your body forward and look aroundbuildings, parked cars, or bushes to see ifanything is coming. Just make sure your

front wheel stays out of the cross lane oftravel while youre looking.

PASSING PARKED CARS

When passing parked cars, stay towardthe left of your lane. You can avoidproblems caused by doors opening,drivers getting out of cars, or people

stepping from between cars. If oncomingtraffic is present, it is usually best toremain in the center-lane position tomaximize your space cushion.

A bigger problem can occur if the driverpulls away from the curb without

checking for traffic behind. Even if hedoes look, he may fail to see you.

In either event, the driver might cut intoyour path. Slow down or change lanes to

make room for someone cutting in.

Cars making a sudden U-turn are themost dangerous. They may cut you offentirely, blocking the whole roadwayand leaving you with no place to go.Since you cannot tell what a driver willdo, slow down and get the driversattention. Sound your horn and continuewith caution.

PARKING AT THE ROADSIDE

Park at a 90 angle to the curb withyour rear wheel touching the curb.

STOPSIGNS

Making eye contact with other drivers:

A. Is a good sign they see you.

B. Is not worth the effort it takes.

C. Doesnt mean that the driver will yield.

D. Guarantees that the other driver will yield

to you.Answer - page 42

6 Test Yourself

P

ARKEDCARS

PARKINGATCURBS


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INCREASING CONSPICUITY

In crashes with motorcyclists, driversoften say they never saw the motorcycle.From ahead or behind, a motorcyclesoutline is much smaller than a cars.Also, it is hard to see something you arenot looking for, and most drivers are notlooking for motorcycles. More likely, theyare looking through the skinny,

two-wheeled silhouette in search ofcars that may pose a problem to them.

Even if a driver does see you coming,you are not necessarily safe. Smallervehicles appear farther away, and seem tobe traveling slower than they actually are.It is common for drivers to pull out infront of motorcyclists, thinking they haveplenty of time. Too often, they are wrong.

However, you can do many things tomake it easier for others to recognize youand your motorcycle.

CLOTHING

Most crashes occur in broad daylight.Wear bright colored clothing to increase

your chances of being seen. Remember,your body is half of the visible surfacearea of the rider/motorcycle unit.

Bright orange, red, yellow or greenjackets or vests are your best bets forbeing seen. Your helmet can do morethan protect you in a crash. Brightlycolored helmets can also help otherssee you.

Any bright color is better than drab ordark colors. Reflective, bright coloredclothing (helmet and jacket or vest) is best.

Reflective material on a vest and onthe sides of the helmet will help driverscoming from the side spot you.

Reflective material can also be a big

help for drivers coming toward you orfrom behind.

HEADLIGHT

The best way to help others see yourmotorcycle is to keep the headlight on at all times ( motorcycles sold in the U.S.since 1978 have the headlights onautomatically when running.) Studiesshow that, during the day, a motorcyclewith its light on is twice as likely to benoticed. Use of the high beam during theday increases the likelihood thatoncoming drivers will see you. Use thelow beam at night and in cloudy weather.

SIGNALS

The signals on a motorcycle are similarto those on a car. They tell others whatyou plan to do. However, due to a ridersadded vulnerability, signals are evenmore important. Use them anytime youplan to change lanes or turn. Use themeven when you think no one else isaround. Its the car you do not see that isgoing to give you the most trouble. Your

SIGN

ALING


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signal lights also make you easier to

spot. That is why it is a good idea to useyour turn signals even when what youplan to do is obvious.

When you enter onto a freeway, driversapproaching from behind are more likelyto see your signal blinking and makeroom for you.

Turning your signal light on before each

turn reduces confusion and frustrationfor the traffic around you. Once you turn,make sure your signal is off or a drivermay pull directly into your path, thinkingyou plan to turn again. Use your signalsat every turn so drivers can reactaccordingly. Do not make them guesswhat you intend to do.

BRAKE LIGHT

Your motorcycles brake light is usuallynot as noticeable as the brake lights ona car particularly when your taillight ison. (It goes on with the headlight.) If thesituation will permit, help others noticeyou by flashing your brake light beforeyou slow down. It is especially important

to flash your brake light before:

I You slow more quickly thanothers might expect (turning off ahigh-speed highway).

I You slow where others may notexpect it (in the middle of a blockor at an alley).

If you are being followed closely, it is agood idea to flash your brake light beforeyou slow. The tailgater may be watchingyou and not see something ahead that willmake you slow down. This will hopefullydiscourage them from tailgating and warnthem of hazards ahead they may not see.

USING YOUR MIRRORS

While it is most important to keep trackof what is happening ahead, you cannotafford to ignore situations behind.Traffic conditions change quickly.Knowing what is going on behind isessential for you to make a safe decisionabout how to handle trouble ahead.

Frequent mirror checks should be partof your normal scanning routine. Make aspecial point of using your mirrors:

IWhen you are stopped at anintersection. Watch cars comingup from behind. If the driver is notpaying attention, he could be ontop of you before he sees you.

I Before you change lanes. Makesure no one is about to pass you.

I Before you slow down. The driverbehind may not expect you to slow,or may be unsure about where youwill slow. For example, you signal aturn and the driver thinks you planto turn at a distant intersection, ratherthan at a nearer driveway.

Some motorcycles have rounded(convex) mirrors. These provide a widerview of the road behind than do flatmirrors. They also make cars seemfarther away than they really are. If youare not used to convex mirrors, getfamiliar with them. (While you arestopped, pick out a parked car in your

mirror. Form a mental image of how faraway it is. Then, turn around and look atit to see how close you came.) Practicewith your mirrors until you become agood judge of distance. Even then, allowextra distance before you change lanes.


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HEAD CHECKSChecking your mirrors is not enough.

Motorcycles have blind spots like cars.Before you change lanes, turn your head,and look to the side for other vehicles.

On a road with several lanes, check thefar lane and the one next to you. A driverin the distant lane may head for the same

space you plan to take. Frequent headchecks should be your normal scanningroutine, also. Know what is happening allaround you.

HORN

Be ready to use your horn to getsomeones attention quickly.

It is a good idea to give a quick beepbefore passing anyone that may moveinto your lane.

Here are some situations:

I A driver in the lane next to you isdriving too closely to the vehicleahead and may want to pass.

I A parked car has someone in thedrivers seat.

I Someone is in the street, riding abicycle or walking.

In an emergency, press the hornbutton loud and long. Be ready to stopor swerve away from the danger.

Keep in mind that a motorcycles horn isnot as loud as a cars, therefore, use it,but do not rely on it. Other strategies maybe appropriate along with the horn.

USIN

GMIRRORS


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RIDING AT NIGHT

At night it is harder for you to see andbe seen. Picking your headlight or taillightout of the car lights around you is noteasy for other drivers. To compensate,you should:

Reduce Your Speed Ride evenslower than you would during theday particularly on roads youdont know well. This will increaseyour chances of avoiding a hazard.

Increase Distance Distances areharder to judge at night than duringthe day. Your eyes rely upon shadowsand light contrasts to determine how faraway an object is and how fast itis coming. These contrasts are missing

or distorted under artificial lights atnight. Open up a three-secondfollowing distance or more. And allowmore distance to pass and be passed.

Use the Car Ahead The headlights ofthe car ahead can give you a better viewof the road than even your high beamcan. Its taillights bouncing up and down

can alert you to bumps or roughpavement.

Use Your High Beam Get all the lightyou can. Use your high beam wheneveryou are not following or meeting a car.

Be visible, wear reflective materials

when riding at night.

Be Flexible About Lane Position.Change to whatever portion of the laneis best able to help you see, be seen,and keep an adequate space cushion.

CRASH AVOIDANCE

No matter how careful you are, there

will be times when you find yourself in atight spot. Your chances of getting outsafely depend on your ability to reactquickly and properly. Often, a crashoccurs because a rider is not preparedor skilled in crash-avoidance maneuvers.

Know when and how to stop or swerve,two skills critical to avoiding a crash.

It is not always desirable or possible tostop quickly to avoid an obstacle. Ridersmust also be able to swerve around anobstacle. Determining the skill necessaryfor the situation is important as well.

Studies show that most ridersinvolved in crashes:

I Underbrake the front tire and

overbrake the rear.

I Did not separate braking fromswerving or did not chooseswerving when it was appropriate.

The following information offers somegood advice.

QUICK STOPS

To stop quickly, apply both brakes at thesame time. Do not be shy aboutusing the front brake, but do not grabit, either. Squeeze the brake lever firmlyand progressively. If the front wheellocks, release the front brake immediately

Reflective clothing should:

A. Be worn at night.

B. Be worn during the day.

C. Not be worn.

D. Be worn day and night.

Answer - page 42

7 Test Yourself


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then reapply it firmly. At the same time,press down on the rear brake. If youaccidentally lock the rear brake on a goodtraction surface, keep it locked until youhave completely stopped. Even with alocked rear wheel, you can control themotorcycle on a straightaway if it is

upright and going in a straight line.

Always use both brakes at thesame time to stop. The front brake canprovide 70% or more of the potentialstopping power.

If you must stop quickly while turningor riding a curve, the best technique is tostraighten the bike upright first and then

brake. However, it may not always be

possible to straighten the motorcycle and

then stop. If you must brake whileleaning, apply light brakes and reduce thethrottle. As you slow, you can reduceyour lean angle and apply more brakepressure until the motorcycle is straightand maximum brake pressure is possible.You should straighten the handlebars inthe last few feet of stopping, themotorcycle should then be straight up

and in balance.

SWERVING ORTURNING QUICKLY

Sometimes you may not have enoughroom to stop, even if you use both brakesproperly. An object might appearsuddenly in your path. Or the car ahead

might squeal to a stop. The only way toavoid a crash may be to turn quickly, orswerve around it.

A swerve is any sudden change in direc-tion. It can be two quick turns, or a rapidshift to the side. Apply a small amount ofhand pressure to the handgrip located onthe side of your intended direction ofescape. This will cause the motorcycle tolean quickly.

S

TOPPINGDISTANC

E

SWERVE,

TH

ENBRAKE

BRAKE,

THENSWERVE


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The sharper the turn(s), the more the

motorcycle must lean.

Keep your body upright and allow themotorcycle to lean in the direction of theturn while keeping your knees againstthe tank and your feet solidly on the footrests.Let the motorcycle move underneath you.Make your escape route the target

of your vision. Press on the opposite hand-grip once you clear the obstacle to returnyou to your original direction of travel. Toswerve to the left, press the left handgrip,then press the right to recover. To swerve

to the right, press right, then left.

IF BRAKING IS REQUIRED,SEPARATE IT FROM SWERVING.

Brake before or after neverwhile swerving.

RIDING A CURVE

A primary cause of single-vehicle

crashes is motorcyclists running widein a curve or turn and colliding with theroadway or a fixed object.

Every curve is different. Be alert to

DECREASINGCUR

VES(TIGHTERTURNS)

WIDENING

CURVES

CONSTANTCURVES

MULTIPLECURVE

S


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whether a curve remains constant,

gradually widens, gets tighter, or involvesmultiple turns.

Ride within your skill level and postedspeed limits.

Your best path may not always followthe curve of the road. Change lane positiondepending on traffic, road conditions andcurve of the road. If no traffic is present,

start at the outside of a curve to increaseyour line of sight and the effective radiusof the turn. As you turn, move toward theinside of the curve, and as you pass thecenter, move to the outside to exit.

Another alternative is to move to thecenter of your lane before entering acurve and stay there until you exit.

This permits you to spot approachingtraffic as soon as possible. You can alsoadjust for traffic crowding the centerline, or debris blocking part of your lane.

HANDLING

DANGEROUS SURFACES

Your chance of falling or being involvedin a crash increases whenever you rideacross:

I Uneven surfaces or obstacles.

I Slippery surfaces.

I Railroad tracks.

I Grooves and gratings.

UNEVEN SURFACESAND OBSTACLES

Watch for uneven surfaces such asbumps, broken pavement, potholes, orsmall pieces of highway trash.

Try to avoid obstacles by slowing orgoing around them. If you must go overthe obstacle, first, determine if it ispossible. Approach it at as close to a 90angle as possible. Look where you want togo to control your path of travel. If youhave to ride over the obstacle, you should:

I Slow down as much as possiblebefore contact.

I Make sure the motorcycle is straight.

OBSTACLES

The best way to stop quickly is to:

A. Use the front brake only.

B. Use the rear brake first.C. Throttle down and use the front brake.

D. Use both brakes at the same time.

Answer - page 42

8 Test Yourself


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I Rise slightly off the seat with your

weight on the footpegs to absorbthe shock with your knees andelbows, and avoid being thrownoff the motorcycle.

I Just before contact, roll on the throt-tle slightly to lighten the front end.

If you ride over an object on the street,pull off the road and check your tires and

rims for damage before riding any farther.

SLIPPERY SURFACES

Motorcycles handle better when riddenon surfaces that permit good traction.Surfaces that provide poor tractioninclude:

IWet pavement, particularly just afterit starts to rain and before surface oilwashes to the side of the road.

I Gravel roads, or where sand andgravel collect.

IMud, snow, and ice.

I Lane markings, steel platesand manhole covers, especiallywhen wet.

To ride safely on slippery surfaces:

I Reduce Speed Slow downbefore you get to a slippery surfaceto lessen your chances of skidding.Your motorcycle needs more distanceto stop. And, it is particularly

important to reduce speed beforeentering wet curves.

I Avoid Sudden Moves Any suddenchange in speed or direction cancause a skid. Be as smooth aspossible when you speed up,shift gears, turn or brake.

I Use Both Brakes The front brake

is still effective, even on a slipperysurface. Squeeze the brake levergradually to avoid locking the frontwheel. Remember, gentle pressure onthe rear brake.

I The center of a lane can be hazardouswhen wet. When it starts to rain, ridein the tire tracks left by cars. Often,

the left tire track will be the best posi-tion, depending on traffic and otherroad conditions as well.

IWatch for oil spots when you putyour foot down to stop or park. Youmay slip and fall.

I Dirt and gravel collect along the sidesof the road especially on curves

and ramps leading to and from high-ways. Be aware of what is on theedge of the road, particularlywhen making sharp turns andgetting on or off freeways athigh speeds.

I Rain dries and snow melts fasteron some sections of a road than on

others. Patches of ice tend to cropup in low or shaded areas and onbridges and overpasses. Wetsurfaces or wet leaves are just asslippery. Ride on the least slipperyportion of the lane and reduce speed.

Cautious riders steer clear of roadscovered with ice or snow. If you cannotavoid a slippery surface, keep your

motorcycle straight up and proceed asslowly as possible. If you encounter alarge surface so slippery that you mustcoast, or travel at a walking pace,consider letting your feet skim along thesurface. If the motorcycle starts to fall,you can catch yourself. Be sure to keep


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off the brakes. If possible, squeeze the

clutch and coast. Attempting thismaneuver at anything other than theslowest of speeds could prove hazardous.

RAILROAD TRACKS, TROLLEYTRACKS AND PAVEMENT SEAMS

Usually it is safer to ride straight withinyour lane to cross tracks. Turning to taketracks head-on (at a 90 angle) can bemore dangerous your path may carry

you into another lane of traffic.

For track and road seams that run

parallel to your course, move far enoughaway from tracks, ruts, or pavementseams to cross at an angle of at least 45.Then, make a quick, sharp turn. Edgingacross could catch your tires and throwyou off balance.

GROOVES AND GRATINGS

Riding over rain grooves or bridgegratings may cause a motorcycle to weave.The uneasy, wandering feeling generally isnot hazardous. Relax, maintain a steadyspeed and ride straight across. Crossing atan angle forces riders to zigzag to stay inthe lane. The zigzag is far more hazardousthan the wandering feeling.

When it starts to rain it is usually best to:

A. Ride in the center of the lane.

B. Pull off to the side until the rain stops.

C. Ride in the tire tracks left by cars.

D. Increase your speed.

Answer - page 42

9 Test Yourself

CRO

SSTRACKS

(RIGHT)

CROSSTRACKS

(WRONG)

PARALELLTRACKS

(RIGHT)

PARALELLTRACKS

(WRONG)

GRATECROSSING

S

(RIGHT)

GRATECROSS

INGS

(WRONG)


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MECHANICAL PROBLEMS

You can find yourself in an emergencythe moment something goes wrongwith your motorcycle. In dealing with anymechanical problem, take into accountthe road and traffic conditions you face.Here are some guidelines that can helpyou handle mechanical problems safely.

TIRE FAILUREYou will seldom hear a tire go flat. If the

motorcycle starts handling differently, itmay be a tire failure. This can bedangerous. You must be able to tell fromthe way the motorcycle reacts. If one ofyour tires suddenly loses air, react quicklyto keep your balance. Pull off and checkthe tires.

If the front tire goes flat, the steeringwill feel heavy. A front-wheel flat isparticularly hazardous because it affectsyour steering. You have to steer well tokeep your balance.

If the rear tire goes flat, the back of themotorcycle may jerk or sway from side

to side.If either tire goes flat while riding:

I Hold handlegrips firmly, ease off thethrottle, and keep a straight course.

I If braking is required, however,gradually apply the brake of the tirethat is not flat, if you are sure which

one it is.IWhen the motorcycle slows, edge to

the side of the road, squeeze theclutch and stop.

STUCK THROTTLE

Twist the throttle back and forth severaltimes. If the throttle cable is stuck, thismay free it. If the throttle stays stuckimmediately operate the engine cut-offswitch and pull in the clutch at the sametime. This will remove power from therear wheel, though engine noise may notimmediately decline. Once the motorcycle

is under control, pull off and stop.

After you have stopped, check thethrottle cable carefully to find the sourceof the trouble. Make certain the throttleworks freely before you start to ride again.

WOBBLE

A wobble occurs when the front wheel

and handlebars start to shake suddenlyfrom side to side at any speed. Mostwobbles can be traced to improperloading, unsuitable accessories, orincorrect tire pressure. If you are carryinga heavy load, lighten it. If you cannot,shift it. Center the weight lower andfarther forward on the motorcycle. Makesure tire pressure, spring pre-load, air

shocks, and dampers are at the settingsrecommended for that much weight.Make sure windshields and fairingsare mounted properly.

Check for poorly adjusted steering;worn steering parts; a front wheel thatis bent, misaligned, or out of balance;loose wheel bearings or spokes; and

swingarm bearings. If none of these aredetermined to be the cause, have themotorcycle checked out thoroughly by aqualified professional.

Trying to accelerate out of a wobblewill only make the motorcycle moreunstable. Instead:


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I Grip the handlebars firmly, but do not

fight the wobble.

I Close the throttle gradually toslow down. Do not apply thebrakes; braking could make thewobble worse.

IMove your weight as far forward anddown as possible.

I Pull off the road as soon as you canto fix the problem.

CHAIN PROBLEMS

A chain that slips or breaks while youare riding could lock the rear wheel andcause your cycle to skid. Chain slippage

or breakage can be avoided byproper maintenance.

Slippage If the chain slips when youtry to speed up quickly or ride uphill,pull off the road. Check thechain and sprockets. Tightening thechain may help. If the problem is aworn or stretched chain or worn or

bent sprockets, replace the chain, thesprockets, or both before riding again.

Breakage You will notice an instantloss of power to the rear wheel. Closethe throttle and brake to a stop.

ENGINE SEIZURE

When the engine locks or freezesit is usually low on oil. The engines mov-ing parts cannot move smoothly againsteach other, and the engine overheats. Thefirst sign may be a loss of engine power ora change in the engines sound. Squeezethe clutch lever to disengage the enginefrom the rear wheel. Pull off the road and

stop. Check the oil. If needed, oil should beadded as soon as possible or the enginewill seize. When this happens, the effect isthe same as a locked rear wheel. Let theengine cool before restarting.

ANIMALS

Naturally, you should do everything yousafely can to avoid hitting an animal. Ifyou are in traffic, however, remain in yourlane. Hitting something small is lessdangerous to you than hitting somethingbig like a car.

Motorcycles seem to attract dogs. If youare chased, downshift and approach theanimal slowly. As you approach it,accelerate away and leave the animal

behind. Do not kick at an animal. Keepcontrol of your motorcycle, and look towhere you want to go.

For larger animals (deer, elk, cattle) brakeand prepare to stop, they are unpredictable.

FLYING OBJECTS

If your motorcycle starts to wobble:

A. Accelerate out of the wobble.

B. Use brakes gradually.

C. Grip the handlebars firmly and close the

throttle gradually.D. Downshift.

Answer - page 42

10 Test Yourself

If you are chased by a dog:

A. Kick it away.

B. Stop until the animal loses interest.

C. Swerve around the animal.

D. Approach the animal slowly, then speed up.

Answer - page 42

11 Test Yourself


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FLYING OBJECTS

From time to time riders are struck byinsects, cigarettes thrown from cars, orpebbles kicked up by the tires of thevehicle ahead. If you are wearing faceprotection, it might get smeared orcracked, making it difficult to see.Without face protection, an object couldhit you in the eye, face, or mouth.

Whatever happens, keep your eyes onthe road and your hands on thehandlebars. When safe, pull off theroad and repair the damage.

GETTING OFF THE ROAD

If you need to leave the road to checkthe motorcycle (or just to rest for awhile), be sure you:

I Check the roadside Make sure thesurface of the roadside is firmenough to ride on. If it is soft grass,loose sand, or if you are just not sureabout it, slow way down before youturn onto it.

I Signal Drivers behind might not

expect you to slow down. Give a clearsignal that you will be slowing downand changing direction. Check yourmirror and make a head check beforeyou take any action.

I Pull off the road Get as far off theroad as you can. It can be very hardto spot a motorcycle by the side of theroad. You do not want someone elsepulling off at the same place you are.

I Park carefully Loose and slopedshoulders can make setting the sideor center stand difficult.

CARRYING

PASSENGERS AND CARGO

Only experienced riders should carrypassengers or large loads. The extraweight changes the way the motorcyclehandles, balances, turns, speeds up, andslows down. Before taking a passengeror heavy load on the street, practice awayfrom traffic.

EQUIPMENT

To carry passengers safely:

I Equip and adjust your motorcycle tocarry passengers.

I Instruct the passenger before youstart.

I Adjust your riding technique forthe added weight.

Equipment should include:

I A proper seat large enough tohold both of you without crowding.You should not sit any fartherforward than you usually do.

I Foot rests for the passenger.Firm footing prevents yourpassenger from falling off andpulling you off, too.

I Protective equipment the sameprotective gear recommended foroperators.

Adjust the suspension to handle theadditional weight. You will probably needto add a few pounds of pressure to thetires if you carry a passenger. (Check yourowners manual for appropriate settings.)While your passenger sits on the seatwith you, adjust the mirror and


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headlight according to the change

in the motorcycles angle.

INSTRUCTING PASSENGERS

Even if your passenger is a motorcyclerider, provide complete instructionsbefore you start. Tell your passenger to:

I Get on the motorcycle only afteryou have started the engine.

I Sit as far forward as possible withoutcrowding you.

I Hold firmly to your waist, hips, or belt.

I Keep both feet on the pegs, evenwhen stopped.

I Keep legs away from the muffler(s),

chains or moving parts.

I Stay directly behind you, leaning asyou lean.

I Avoid unnecessary talk or motion.

I Also, tell your passenger to tightenhis or her hold when you:

I Approach surface problems.

I Are about to start from a stop.

IWarn that you will make asudden move.

RIDING WITH PASSENGERS

Your motorcycle will respond moreslowly with a passenger on board. Theheavier your passenger, the longer it willtake to slow down, speed up, or turn especially on a light motorcycle.

I Ride a little slower, especially whentaking curves, corners, or bumps.

I Start slowing earlier as you approacha stop.

I Open up a larger cushion of spaceahead and to the sides.

IWait for larger gaps to cross, enter,or merge in traffic.

Warn your passenger of special

conditions when you will pull out,stop quickly, turn sharply, or ride overa bump. Turn your head slightly to makeyourself understood, but keep youreyes on the road ahead.

CARRYING LOADS

Most motorcycles are not designed to

carry much cargo. Small loads can becarried safely if positioned and fastenedproperly.

I Keep the Load Low Fasten loadssecurely, or put them in saddle bags.Piling loads against a sissybar orframe on the back of the seat raisesthe motorcycles center of gravity anddisturbs its balance.

I Keep the Load Forward Place theload over, or in front of, the rear axle.Tank bags keep loads forward, butuse caution when loading hard orsharp objects. Make sure thetank bag does not interfere with the

Passengers should:

A. Lean as you lean.

B. Hold on to the motorcycle seat.

C. Sit as far back as possible.

D. Never hold onto you.

Answer - page 42

12 Test Yourself


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handlebars or controls. Mounting

loads behind the rear axle can affecthow the motorcycle turns and brakes.It can also cause a wobble.

I Distribute the Load Evenly Loadsaddlebags with about the sameweight. An uneven load can cause themotorcycle to drift to one side.

I Secure the Load Fasten the load

securely with elastic cords (bungeecords or nets). Elastic cords withmore than one attachment pointper side are more secure. A tightload will not catch in the wheel orchain, causing it to lock up and skid.Rope tends to stretch and knots comeloose, permitting the load to shiftor fall.

I Check the Load Stop and checkthe load every so often to make sureit has not worked loose or moved.

GROUP RIDING

If you ride with others, do it in a waythat promotes safety and doesnt interferewith the flow of traffic.

KEEP THE GROUP SMALL

Small groups make it easier and safer forcar drivers who need to get around them.A small number isnt separated as easily bytraffic or red lights. Riders will not alwaysbe hurrying to catch up. If your group islarger than four or five riders, divide it up

into two or more smaller groups.

KEEP THE GROUP TOGETHER

I Plan The leader should look aheadfor road changes and signal early sothe word gets back in plenty oftime. Start lane changes early

to permit everyone to complete

the change.

I Put Beginners Up Front - Placeinexperienced riders just behind theleader. That way the more experiencedriders can watch them from the back.

I Follow Those Behind Let thetailender set the pace. Use yourmirrors to keep an eye on the

person behind. If a rider falls behind,everyone should slow down a littleto stay with the tailender.

I Know the Route Make sureeveryone knows the route. Then,if someone is separated they will nothave to hurry to keep from gettinglost or taking a wrong turn. Plan

frequent stops on long rides.

KEEP YOUR DISTANCE

Maintain close ranks but at the sametime keep a safe distance to allow eachrider in the group time and space to reactto hazards. A close group takes up lessspace on the highway, is easier to see andis less likely to be separated. However, itmust be done properly.

Dont Pair Up Never operate directly

STAGGEREDFOR

MATION


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alongside another rider. There is no place

to go if you have to avoid a car or some-thing on the road. To talk, wait until youare both stopped.

Staggered Formation This is thebest way to keep ranks close yet maintainan adequate space cushion. The leaderrides in the left side of the lane, while thesecond rider stays one second behind in

the right side of the lane.A third rider maintains in the left posi-

tion, two seconds behind the first rider.The fourth rider would keep a two-seconddistance behind the second rider. Thisformation keeps the group close andpermits each rider a safe distance fromothers ahead, behind and to the sides.

I Passing in Formation Riders in astaggered formation should pass oneat a time.

I First, the lead rider should pull outand pass when it is safe. Afterpassing, the leader should return tothe left position and continue ridingat passing speed to open room for

the next rider.

I After the first rider passes safely, the

second rider should move up to theleft position and watch for a safechance to pass. After passing, thisrider should return to the right positionand open up room for the next rider.

Some people suggest the leader shouldmove to the right side after passing avehicle. This is not a good idea. It

encourages the second rider to pass andcut back in before there is a large enoughspace cushion in front of the passedvehicle. It is simpler and safer to wait untilthere is enough room ahead of the passedvehicle to allow each rider to move intothe same position held before the pass.

Single-File Formation It is best tomove into a single-file formation when

riding curves, turning, entering or leavinga highway.

GROUPPASSING(STAGE1)

GROUPPASSING(STAGE2)

When riding in a group, inexperienced riders

should position themselves:

A. Just behind the leader.

B. In front of the group.

C. At the tail end of the group.

D. Beside the leader.Answer - page 42

13 Test Yourself


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Being InShape To Ride

36

Riding a motorcycle is a demanding and

complex task. Skilled riders pay attentionto the riding environment and tooperating the motorcycle, identifyingpotential hazards, making goodjudgments, and executing decisionsquickly and skillfully. Your ability toperform and respond to changing roadand traffic conditions is influenced byhow fit and alert you are. Alcohol and

other drugs, more than any other factor,degrade your ability to think clearly and toride safely. As little as one drink can havea significant effect on your performance.

This section looks at the risks involvedin riding after drinking or using drugs.What to do to protect yourself and yourfellow riders is also examined.

WHY THIS INFORMATIONIS IMPORTANT

Alcohol is a major contributor tomotorcycle crashes, particularly fatalcrashes. Studies show that 40% to 45%of all riders killed in motorcycle crasheshad been drinking. Only one-third ofthose riders had a blood alcoholconcentration above legal limits. The resthad only a few drinks in their systems enough to impair riding skills. In the past,drug levels have been harder todistinguish or have not been separatedfrom drinking violations for the trafficrecords. But riding under the influenceof either alcohol or drugs poses physicaland legal hazards for every rider.

Drinking and drug use is as big aproblem among motorcyclists as it isamong automobile drivers. Motorcyclists,however, are more likely to be killed orseverely injured in a crash. Injuries occurin 90% of motorcycle crashes and 33%

of automobile crashes that involve abuse

of substances. On a yearly basis, 2,100motorcyclists are killed and about 50,000seriously injured in this same type ofcrash. These statistics are toooverwhelming to ignore.

By becoming knowledgeable aboutthe effects of alcohol and other drugs youwill see that riding and substance abuse

do not mix.Take positive steps to protect

yourself and prevent others frominjuring themselves.

ALCOHOL AND OTHER DRUGSIN MOTORCYCLE OPERATION

No one is immune to the effects of

alcohol or drugs. Friends may brag abouttheir ability to hold their liquor or performbetter on drugs, but alcohol or drugsmake them less able to think clearly andperform physical tasks skillfully. Judgmentand the decision-making processesneeded for vehicle operation are affectedlong before legal limitations are reached.

Many over-the-counter, prescription,and illegal drugs have side effects thatincrease the risk of riding. It is difficult toaccurately measure the involvement ofparticular drugs in motorcycle crashes.But we do know what effects various drugshave on the process involved in riding amotorcycle. We also know that the com-bined effects of alcohol and other drugs are

more dangerous than either is alone.

ALCOHOL IN THE BODY

Alcohol enters the bloodstream quickly.Unlike most foods and beverages, itdoes not need to be digested.


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Within minutes after being consumed, it

reaches the brain and begins to affect thedrinker. The major effect alcohol has is toslow down and impair bodily functions both mental and physical. Whatever youdo, you do less well after consumingalcohol.

BLOOD ALCOHOLCONCENTRATION

Blood Alcohol Concentration or BAC isthe amount of alcohol in relation to bloodin the body. Generally, alcohol can be elimi-nated in the body at the rate of almost onedrink per hour. But a variety of other fac-tors may also influence the level of alcoholretained. The more alcohol in your blood,the greater the degree of impairment.

Three factors play a major part in deter-mining BAC:

I The amount of alcohol you consume.

I How quickly you drink.

I Your body weight.

Other fa

New York Motorcycle Manual | New York Motorcycle Handbook

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