New Views of Compact Object Mergers Via Short Gamma-Ray Bursts
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New Views of Compact Object
Mergers Via Short Gamma-Ray Bursts
Derek B. FoxAstronomy & Astrophysics
Penn State University
New Views of the Universe – KICPDecember 11, 2005
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Four Afterglows:
050509B: Swift BAT+XRT
050709: HETE, Chandra, Ground, HST
050724: Swift BAT+XRT, Ground, VLA, Chandra
050813: Swift BAT+XRT
Nature - 6 Oct 2005
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Four Afterglows:
050509B: Swift BAT+XRT
050709: HETE, Chandra, Ground, HST
050724: Swift BAT+XRT, Ground, VLA, Chandra
050813: Swift BAT+XRT
5
+051210 – Swift BAT+XRT+…Nature - 6 Oct 2005
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Eichler, Livio, Piran & Schramm 1991:
• Well-known GW wave source
• Known GRB model, but:– Short bursts– Featureless spectra
• R-process elements• Associated neutrino
burst
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Short Bursts as Compact Object Mergers
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Evidence for mergersCircumstantial:
• Old stellar populations• No associated supernovae• Energetics
– 100x less than long burst / collapsar (but see: 050813)
– 1000x greater than the magnetar giant flare (27 Dec 2004)
– Afterglow energy comparable– Okay for NS-NS, NS-BH
And possibly:
• Offsets from host galaxies• Very old population GRB 050509B (HST)
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Evidence for mergersCircumstantial:
• Old stellar populations• No associated supernovae• Energetics
– 100x less than long burst / collapsar (but see: 050813)
– 1000x greater than the magnetar giant flare (27 Dec 2004)
– Afterglow energy comparable– Okay for NS-NS, NS-BH
And possibly:
• Offsets from host galaxies• Very old population GRB 050509B (HST)
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Kulkarni et al. 2005
GRB 050509B: Keck/Subaru
Error radius = 9.3 arcsec
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GRB 050509B: HST ImagingHost galaxy:• Giant elliptical (one of 2 cD
galaxies in cluster)• Member of z=0.225 cluster• L = 1.5 L*
• SFR < 0.1 M yr-1
GRB 050509B (HST)
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GRB 050509B Host Galaxy
Bloom et al. 2005
z=0.225SFR < 0.1 M yr-1
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Berger et al. 2005
GRB 050724: Radio, NIR, Chandra
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Kulkarni & Cameron
Red ellipticalz=0.258L=1.6 L*
SFR<0.03 M yr-1
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GRB 050724: Gemini Spectra
Berger et al. 2005
z=0.257
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GRB 050813 Host Cluster
Error circle is original XRT localization
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GRB 050813 Imaging
XRT
10”
B
C
Galaxies “B” and “C” are at z=0.72 (Prochaska et al. 2005)
BUT!
• Galaxy cluster in vicinity has z~1.8 (Gladders et al., in prep.)
• One likely cluster member is found in XRT circle
• No spectra as yet
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GRB 051210 Host Cluster (?)
During meeting!• APM cluster at
~8’ distance (Berger & Fox, GCN 4316)
• z~0.114 (Dalton et al. 1997)
• Optical/radio searches ongoing
Cluster
X-ray
BAT
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Evidence for mergersCircumstantial:
• Old stellar populations• No associated supernovae• Energetics
– 100x less than long burst / collapsar (but see: 050813)
– 1000x greater than the magnetar giant flare (27 Dec 2004)
– Afterglow energy comparable– Okay for NS-NS, NS-BH
And possibly:
• Offsets from host galaxies• Very old population GRB 050509B (HST)
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GRB 050709: HST Movie
Fox et al. 2005
4 epochs6-35 daysF814WExp=6360 s
Blue dwarfirregular galaxyz=0.16L=0.1 L*
SFR > 0.2 M yr-1
QuickTime™ and aGIF decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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Fox et al. 2005 & Hjorth et al. 2005b
No SN / 050709
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Hjorth et al. 2005a (Ground)
Kulkarni et al. 2005 (HST)IAB > 27.7 mag
No SN / 050509B
HST
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Evidence for mergersCircumstantial:
• Old stellar populations• No associated supernovae• Energetics
– 100x less than long burst / collapsar (but see: 050813)
– 1000x greater than the magnetar giant flare (27 Dec 2004)
– Afterglow energy comparable– Okay for NS-NS, NS-BH
And possibly:
• Offsets from host galaxies• Very old population GRB 050509B (HST)
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Adapted from Fox et al. 2005
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Evidence for mergersCircumstantial:
• Old stellar populations• No associated supernovae• Energetics
– 100x less than long burst / collapsar (but see: 050813)
– 1000x greater than the magnetar giant flare (27 Dec 2004)
– Afterglow energy comparable– Okay for NS-NS, NS-BH
And possibly:
• Offsets from host galaxies• Very old population GRB 050509B (HST)
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Merger alternativesCollapsar and All-Magnetar models
are in trouble. What about:
• Multiple source populations– Generic product of BH+Disk– Magnetars present at some level– GRB 050709 in a blue dwarf star-
forming galaxy• Varieties of compact-object
merger– NS-NS vs. NS-BH– BH-BH (Blandford)
• New ideas– Accretion-Induced collapse of NS
to BH (MacFadyen, Ramirez-Ruiz & Zhang 2005) – accomodates 100-s long X-ray flares MacFadyen et al. 2005
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From Bursts to Rates
Nakar, Gal-Yam & Fox
astro-ph/0511254
Guetta & Piranastro-ph/0511239
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Limiting distances for LIGO
K.Thorne / NSF Review
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Binary NS Lifetimes
• 8 relativistic pulsar binary systems
• 2 discovered since 2003:– PSR J0737-3039A @
87 Myr– PSR J1906+0746 @
~300 Myr• Merger rate
dominated by short-lived systems
• Lifetime distribution like –1 (flat in log-space)
Champion et al. 2004 +PSR J1906+0746
1/H0
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Binary NS Lifetimes
Kalogera et al. 2004:
• Minimal rate is 7 LIGO-I events kyr–1
• Maximal rate is very sensitive to new discoveries (e.g. PSR J1906+0746)
• Estimated range:7 to 122 kyr–1 (95% c.l.)
• Max. one event per 8 years for LIGO-I
Kalogera et al. 2004
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SHB Rates & Lifetimes
• Start with: – Cosmic SFR(z)– BATSE catalog of burst
fluences– Guesses at luminosity and
lifetime distributions
• Add:1. SHB redshifts (Swift, HETE,
IPN)2. Or matched SHB redshifts +
luminosities at a fixed threshold (Swift)
3. Estimate of burst beaming Guetta & Piran 2005
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BATSE SHB Fluences
Guetta & Piran 2005
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SHBs Old and New
Old error boxes: 1 cluster (z=0.09), one bright galaxy (z=0.14), and two empty error boxes (z>0.25) – Gal-Yam et al. 2005
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Fox et al. 2005 & Hjorth et al. 2005b
Jet Break / 050709
30:1 beaming
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Progenitor lifetimes
• Begin with star-formation rate SFR(z)
• Single power-law luminosity function allows use of all redshifts
• Test various progenitor lifetime distributions
~ 6 Gyr for narrow log-normal distributions
• Inconsistent with –1 distribution (red line)
Nakar, Gal-Yam & Fox 2005
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Progenitor lifetimes
• Begin with star-formation rate SFR(z)
• Single power-law luminosity function allows use of all redshifts
• Test various progenitor lifetime distributions
~ 6 Gyr for narrow log-normal distributions
• Inconsistent with –1 distribution (red line)
Guetta & Piran 2005
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Lifetimes & Luminosities
Nakar, Gal-Yam & Fox 2005
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Lifetimes & Luminosities
Nakar, Gal-Yam & Fox 2005
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Lifetimes & Luminosities
Nakar, Gal-Yam & Fox 2005
z=0.72 -> 1.8
•z=0.114
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Lifetimes & Luminosities
Nakar, Gal-Yam & Fox 2005
z=0.72 -> 1.8
•z=0.114
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GRB 050709
SHBs and LIGO• Long progenitor lifetimes
and a high local rate• R ≈ 10 Gpc-3 yr-1 for NS-NS
with no beaming and no extrapolation to lower fluxes
• R > 300 Gpc-3 yr-1 with 30:1 beaming
• At limit of 1047 erg s-1 (Tanvir et al. 2005): R=105 Gpc-3 yr-1
• Max. 3 LIGO-I events yr–1; 0.3 yr–1 more likely
• Compare: 0.007–0.122 yr–1 from pulsars
• NS-BH or BH-BH models result in even higher rates
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New Views of Compact Object Mergers
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New Views of Compact Object Mergers
• Do compact object mergers produce a strong EM signal?
• What is the local rate?– GW detection: LIGO, Virgo…– r-process elements
• Where & when are they happening?– Host types & host offsets– Progenitor lifetimes & systemic
velocities
• Are the explosions beamed?• Do they expel significant
quantities of nucleon-rich ejecta?– X-ray flaring– SN-like signal
Nakar, Gal-Yam & Fox 2005
•
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Nakar, Gal-Yam & Fox 2005
•
• Do compact object mergers produce a strong EM signal?
• What is the local rate?– GW detection: LIGO, Virgo…– r-process elements
• Where & when are they happening?– Host types & host offsets– Progenitor lifetimes & systemic
velocities
• Are the explosions beamed?• Do they expel significant
quantities of nucleon-rich ejecta?– X-ray flaring– SN-like signal
New Views of Compact Object Mergers
Short bursts
LIGO-I detections feasible
Majority elliptical + clusters > 3 Gyr
1/fb ~ 30
? Theory still young (Kulkarni 2005)
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New Views of Compact Object Mergers
Progress will require:
• More Swift redshifts, host galaxies, host clusters
• More beaming constraints• Evaluation of Swift BAT
thresholds
or:
• LIGO-I Science Run 5 – in progress
Nakar, Gal-Yam & Fox 2005
•
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Collaborators• Caltech-NRAO GRB Collaboration
– S.R. Kulkarni, S.B. Cenko, A.M. Soderberg, P.B. Cameron, A. Gal-Yam, E. Nakar, D.-S. Moon, M.M. Kasliwal, F.A. Harrison at Caltech
– D.A. Frail (NRAO), P.A. Price (UH IfA), T. Piran (Hebrew U.), B. Schmidt (ANU), B. Penprase (Pomona), H.-S. Park (LLNL)
• Carnegie Observatories– E. Berger, M. Gladders, E. Persson
• Swift Team– Penn State: J. Racusin, D.N. Burrows, J. Nousek, P.
Mészáros, L. Gou– GSFC: C. Markwardt, T. Sakamoto– UCL: A. Blustin, M. Page
• SHBs with HST– P. Kumar (UT), A. Panaitescu (LANL), R. Chevalier (UVA), A.
MacFadyen (IAS)
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& CoauthorsM. Roth, CarnegieD. J. Sand, CaltechS. Shectman, CarnegieM. Takada, Tohuku U.T. Totani, Kyoto U.W. T. Vestrand, LANLD. Watson, CopenhagenR. White, LANLP. Wozniak, LANLJ. Wren, LANL
B. L. Lee, U. TorontoP. J. McCarthy, CarnegieD. C. Murphy, CarnegieS. E. Persson, CarnegieB. A. Peterson, ANUM. M. Phillips, CarnegieJ. Rich, ANUM. Rauch, CarnegieK. Roth, Gemini Obs
K. Aoki, NAOJL. L. Cowie, UH IfAA. Dey, NOAOS. Evans, LANLH. Furusawa, TITK. C. Hurley, BerkeleyN. Kawai, TITG. Kosugi, NAOJ W. Krzeminski, CarnegieD. C. Leonard, Caltech
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The End