New Tools for New Tools for Project Management and Project Management and

ControlControlDr. Sarah SlaughterMIT 1.040/1.401JMarch 12, 2007

Project Management and Project Management and ControlControl

1. Evaluate Different Options1. Cost2. Schedule3. Resources4. Quality5. Safety6. Environment

2. Select Best Option(s) and Establish Project Plan3. Monitor and Control Progress4. Establish Baseline for Operations and Later

Renovation

Cash Flow Over Life Cycle of Cash Flow Over Life Cycle of Built FacilitiesBuilt Facilities

CashFlow

Time

+

_Design

Construction

Operation5-50 yrs

Renovation

Impact of Alternatives on Impact of Alternatives on Cash FlowCash Flow

Time

+

_Design

Construction

Operation5-50 yrs

Renovation

CashFlow

Capital ProgrammingCapital Programming

ClientClient

ProjProj Mgt Mgt With New With New ToolsTools

Provide Program Descriptions

Create preliminary baseline(s)

Analyze scope, phasing alternatives

Provide baseline budgets with achievable completion dates

Analyze combinations of projects for total budget and revenue studies

Model potential project sequences and traffic flow, etc.

Set Annual Expenditure Target

Need

Determination

Budget Development

Prioritization and Planning

Set Priorities with Strategic Objectives

Planning/DesignPlanning/Design

Provide Design/ Engineering Documents

Manage Project Scope and Budget

Create preliminary baseline(s)

Analyze scope, phasing, design and construction alternatives

Analyze additional design/construction alternatives

Prepare final baseline(s)

Support contractor selection

Update baseline(s) to reflect means & methods

Provide resource-loaded schedule as benchmark

Provide benchmark schedule of values

Select Designer, Contractor

Select best alternatives

Planning

Detailed Design Contractor Selection

Means and Methods

ClientClient

ProjProj Mgt Mgt With New With New ToolsTools

Establish basic performance parameters, benchmarks

ConstructionConstructionProgress monitoring

Change Order Analysis

Closeout

Provide Design/ Engineering Documents

Monitor Progress

Audit Construction Progress

Analyze Schedule Deviations

Review Requests for Payment

Analyze cost/schedule impact of change orders

Analyze Recovery or Acceleration Options

Create equipment and material database

Provide performance parameter report

Approve Selected Changes and Options

Update Performance Benchmarks

ClientClient

ProjProj Mgt Mgt With New With New ToolsTools

OperationsOperationsConditionmonitoring

Maint, Upgrade

Decomm, Re-Use

Monitor facility performance

Adjust systems to achieve performance quality

Monitor Progress

Maintain systems

Select system, finish upgrades

Monitor project performance

Identify use basis-current, potential re-use

Decommission facility –system, component, material disposition

Establish re-use basis

ClientClient

ProjProj Mgt Mgt With New With New ToolsTools

Audit Progress

Analyze Deviations

Establish cost/schedule

Provide performance parameter report

Transfer equipment and material database

Provide new baseline

New Tools for Project New Tools for Project Management and ControlManagement and Control

• Construction Micro-Simulation• Computational Flow Dynamics Simulation• 4D CAD Visualization• GPS• Radio-frequency Identifiers

New Tools: Construction New Tools: Construction MicroMicro--SimulationSimulation

• Automatically Integrate Cost, Schedule, Resource and Safety

• Rapidly Assess the Impacts of Multiple Options Under Different Scenarios

• Create Definitive and Reusable Baselines for Each Scenario

• Incorporate Interactions Between Trades Throughout Construction for Construction Planning, Monitoring and Control

• Re-Use Baselines for Similar Facilities

MOCABuildMOCABuild™™ Simulation SystemSimulation System•Research at MIT CEE 1995-1999•MOCA Systems, Inc. founded June 1999, started operations April 2000•Current selected clients – US Air Force, Real Estate Developers, Hospitals

Time-Motion Studies Material Takeoff

Means and Methods Staffing Levels

MOCABuildMOCABuild: Detailed Cost : Detailed Cost Estimates with Verifiable QuantitiesEstimates with Verifiable Quantities

MOCA Cost Estimate - Level 2 (Dallas)

Level 1 Item # ate Descr

Cost Code Description Quantity Unit

Dallas Material

Unit Cost

DallasTotal Material

CostDallas Labor

Unit Cost

DallasTotal Labor

CostDallas

Total Cost23 HVAC Labor -Sheetmetal Workers 773 hrs $0.00 $0.00 $19.14 $14,793.32 $14,793.3223 Labor -Steamfitters 478 hrs $0.00 $0.00 $15.71 $7,506.76 $7,506.7623 15107 Fittings(included in pipe) 599 each $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.0023 Hangers(included in pipe) 171 each $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.0023 Pipe Copper - 1 720 lnft $3.11 $2,239.20 $0.00 $0.00 $2,239.2023 Pipe Copper - 1.5 990 lnft $4.89 $4,841.10 $0.00 $0.00 $4,841.1023 Valves(included in pipe) 30 each $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.0023 15810 Hangers(included in duct) 2,556 each $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 $0.0023 HVAC Ducting 36,492 lbs $3.13 $114,221.40 $0.00 $0.00 $114,221.4023 15850 Diffusers - 18x18 61 each $136.85 $8,347.85 $0.00 $0.00 $8,347.8523 Large VAV 2 each $225.00 $450.00 $0.00 $0.00 $450.0023 Medium VAV 6 each $180.00 $1,080.00 $0.00 $0.00 $1,080.0023 Return Air Registers - 22x22 36 each $71.30 $2,566.80 $0.00 $0.00 $2,566.8023 Small VAV 16 each $175.00 $2,800.00 $0.00 $0.00 $2,800.00

Source: www.mocasystems.com

MOCABuildMOCABuild: Automatic : Automatic ResourceResource--Loaded ScheduleLoaded Schedule

Source: www.mocasystems.comCourtesy of MOCA Systems. Used with permission.

MOCABuildMOCABuild: Actual vs.Expected : Actual vs.Expected ProgressProgress

Concrete In-Place by Day

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270

Workday

Cum

ulat

ive

CY

1. Beacon-Skanska Schedule

2. MOCA run with Beacon-Skanska column (1,000 sf), wall (7,000 sf), & slab (32,000 sf) form constraints

4. MOCA run with 50% more slab formwork (48,000 sf). Column (9,000 sf)and wall (21,000 sf) forms set by MOCA.

Source: www.mocasystems.com

MOCABuildMOCABuild: Analysis of : Analysis of AlternativesAlternatives

Workdays % Increase $ % IncreaseCase A: Standard Design 240 - $6,421,911 -Case B: Standard Design w/ Natural Light Enhancements

241 0% $6,540,849 2%

Case C: Green Design (Dimella Shaffer Design)

243 1% $6,904,885 8%

Case C: Green Design w/ IAQ Requirements

256 7% $6,924,385 8%

Construction DurationSimulation Description Project Cost

Source: www.mocasystems.com

New Tools: Computational New Tools: Computational Flow DynamicsFlow Dynamics

• Analyze performance during operation of complex interdependent systems– Air flow through a building– Air pollution in an urban area– Water flow through a terrain

• Track transport of pollutants and biological agents

• Monitor and control air/water flow to improve performance

New Tools: Computational New Tools: Computational Flow DynamicsFlow Dynamics

• Research– Penn State, course “CFD in Building Design”

(www.arche.psu.edu)

– National Research Council Canada

• Examples of use in buildings:– Southwest Research Institute – large scale

engineered and natural systems (www.swri.org)– Vipac – CFD for interior and exterior building

performance (www.vipac.com.au)• Resources:

– www.cfd-online.com

New Tools: 4D CAD New Tools: 4D CAD Construction AnimationConstruction Animation

• Provide Visualization of Facility to Client

• Check Clearances for Placement of Equipment, Large Component, and Equipment

• Check Construction Sequence– Reach of Hoisting Equipment– Relative Progress for Each System

and Location• Communicate Construction

Schedule

New Tools: 4D CAD New Tools: 4D CAD Construction AnimationConstruction Animation

• Research– Stanford University (www.stanford.edu)– Bauhaus-Universitat Weimar (www.uni-

weimar.de)– Yonsei University

(archmedia.yonsei.ac.kr)• Examples of use:

– Motorway and Highway Development (www.polyimage.co.uk)

– Building modeling (www.xscad.com)– Equipment movement

(www.cadjapan.com)

New Tools: GPS for New Tools: GPS for Monitoring and ControlMonitoring and Control

• Plan Exact Location of Equipment for Optimum Performance

• Provide Real Time Feedback and Control During Construction– Earth Moving– Equipment Location– Large Component Location

• Monitor Over Long Term– Movement Under Normal Load

Conditions– Movement Under Extreme Load

Conditions

New Tools: GPS for New Tools: GPS for Monitoring and ControlMonitoring and Control

• Research– Field conditions (www.ars.usda.gov)– Indiana University (www.indiana.edu)

• Examples of use– Pipeline mapping (State of California,

osfm.fire.ca.gov)– Surveying (www.forerunnercorp.com)

New Tools: Radio Frequency New Tools: Radio Frequency IdentifiersIdentifiers

• Tag Components, Material or Equipment Tied to Computer-aided Design and Manufacturing

• Track Throughout Fabrication and Shipping

• Improve Speed and Accuracy of Inventory On-site

• Reduce Theft and Loss• Monitor Performance In-situ

New Tools: Radio Frequency New Tools: Radio Frequency IdentifiersIdentifiers

• Research– In-situ sensors (Carnegie-Mellon

University, www.ce.cmu.edu)• Examples of use

– Construction inventory control (www.zebra.com)

• Resources– ENR, “Researchers are getting

serious about electronic tracking tags” (12/13/04)

– RFID Centre (www.rfidc.com)

Key Issues in Project Key Issues in Project Management and ControlManagement and Control

• Data Quality• Speed of Analysis• Speed of Decision Making*• Clear Communications• Accurate Tracking and Recording

New Tools Can Address Most (but Not All*) Key Issues in Project Management