New Technologies in Earthquake Engineering - A Summary
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7/27/2019 New Technologies in Earthquake Engineering - A Summary
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UB CSEECIE 423 SPRING 2001
NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN
EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
- A SUMMARY
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UB CSEECIE 423 SPRING 2001
NEW TECHNOLOGIES
• Seismic isolation
♦ Location in structure (above foundation)
♦ Types of hardware♦ Sample applications
• Passive energy dissipation
♦ Location in structure (over height of structure)
♦ Types of hardware
♦ Sample applications
• Smart materials and semi-active control
♦ Controllable fluids and controllable solids
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UB CSEECIE 423 SPRING 2001
SEISMIC ISOLATION
Period lengthening
• isolator flexibility• period shift
• fixed base period
• isolated period
• force reduction
• displacement increase
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UB CSEECIE 423 SPRING 2001
SEISMIC ISOLATION
Displacements
• isolator flexibility• period shift
• isolator displacement
♦ energy dissipation
• building displacement
♦ damage reduction
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UB CSEECIE 423 SPRING 2001
SEISMIC ISOLATION
Energy dissipation• hysteretic
♦ high-damping rubber ♦ yielding of lead
♦ friction
♦ external hardware
§ hybrid systems
• viscous♦ high-damping rubber
♦ external hardware
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UB CSEECIE 423 SPRING 2001
ISOLATION HARDWARE
• Two classes in USA
♦ Elastomeric
§ Low-damping natural rubber (NR)
§ High-damping rubber
§ Lead-rubber (LR)
♦ Sliding
§ Friction Pendulum (FP)
§ FIP Industriale (FIP)
• Isolation of bridges
♦ Maximize energy dissipation
§ LR bearings
§ FP bearings
§ NR bearings with dampers
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UB CSEECIE 423 SPRING 2001
ISOLATION HARDWARE
• LR bearing
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UB CSEECIE 423 SPRING 2001
ISOLATION HARDWARE
• FP bearing
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UB CSEECIE 423 SPRING 2001
FULL-SCALE DYNAMIC TESTING• Large-size hardware
♦ Mission-critical
§ Buildings
§ Bridges§ Infrastructure
♦ Unknown reliability
♦ Velocity-dependentmechanical characteristics
♦ Degradation in responsewith repeated cycling due§ Damage
§ Heating
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UB CSEECIE 423 SPRING 2001
FULL-SCALE DYNAMIC TESTING• SRMD Test Machine
♦ Horizontal capacity
§ 4500 kN per actuator
§2500 mm stroke
§ 1.8 metres/sec
§ 19.3m3/min servovalves
♦ Vertical capacity
§ 72 MN
• Construction
♦ Mission-critical hardware§ Cyclic behavior
§ Degradation of response athigh speeds
§ Construction quality
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UB CSEECIE 423 SPRING 2001
FULL-SCALE DYNAMIC TESTING
• FP bearing test data
♦ Benecia-Martinez bridge
♦ Largest seismic isolators♦ Full-scale dynamic verification
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UB CSEECIE 423 SPRING 2001
IMPLEMENTATION OF ISOLATORS
IN INFRASTRUCTURE
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UB CSEECIE 423 SPRING 2001
IMPLEMENTATION OF ISOLATORS
IN INFRASTRUCTURE
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UB CSEECIE 423 SPRING 2001
IMPLEMENTATION OF ISOLATORS
IN BRIDGES
Benecia-Martinez Bridge
San Francisco Bay Area
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UB CSEECIE 423 SPRING 2001
IMPLEMENTATION OF ISOLATORS
IN BRIDGES
Kodiak, Alaska
Cold temperature application
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UB CSEECIE 423 SPRING 2001
IMPLEMENTATION OF ISOLATORS
IN BRIDGES
Rio Hondo Bridge
Los Angeles, California
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UB CSEECIE 423 SPRING 2001
ISOLATION IMPLEMENTATION
HISTORIC BUILDINGS
• San Francisco City Hall
♦ San Francisco
♦
LR bearings
• Court of Appeals Building
♦ San Francisco
♦
FP bearings
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UB CSEECIE 423 SPRING 2001
IMPLEMENTATION OF ISOLATORS
IN BUILDINGS
• Ataturk Airport
♦ Istanbul, Turkey
♦
FP bearings♦ Fluid viscous dampers
• AboveNet
♦ San Francisco
♦
FP bearings
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UB CSEECIE 423 SPRING 2001
PASSIVE ENERGY
DISSIPATION DEVICES
1. Displacement
2. Velocity
1a. Metallic-yielding damper 1b. Friction damper
Force
Displacement
Force
Displacement
Force
Displacement
Force
Displacement
2a. Viscoelastic damper 2b. Viscous damper
• Classification of damping hardware
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UB CSEECIE 423 SPRING 2001
PASSIVE ENERGY
DISSIPATION DEVICES
• Function of energy dissipation devices
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UB CSEECIE 423 SPRING 2001
METALLIC YIELDING DAMPERS
• Added Damping and Stiffness (ADAS)
♦ 1980s US technology
♦ concept based on work of Skinner and Kelly
• Triangular ADAS (TADAS)
♦ variant on ADAS
♦ patented in Taiwan but widely available
• Unbonded braces
♦ 1980s Japanese technology
♦ patented by Nippon Steel
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UB CSEECIE 423 SPRING 2001
ADAS DAMPERS
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UB CSEECIE 423 SPRING 2001
TADAS DAMPERS
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UB CSEECIE 423 SPRING 2001
UNBONDED BRACES
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UB CSEECIE 423 SPRING 2001
UNBONDED BRACES
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UB CSEECIE 423 SPRING 2001
VISCOELASTIC DAMPERS
• Solid viscoelastic (VE) dampers
♦ 1960s technology for wind applications
♦ extended for seismic applications by Kelly, 3M, et al
• Fluid viscoelastic dampers
♦ viscous damping walls
♦ developed in Japan in 1980s and 1990s
• Fluid viscous dampers
♦ most popular in the United States at this time
♦ extension of DOD and DOE technologies
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UB CSEECIE 423 SPRING 2001
SOLID VE DAMPERS
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UB CSEECIE 423 SPRING 2001
FLUID VE DAMPERS
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FLUID VISCOUS DAMPERS
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SEMI-ACTIVE CONTROL
• MR fluid damper
♦ Notre DameMaximum current
Constant currentoperating curve
Zero current
Extension
Large force at small or zero
velocity is possible
Compression
Any arbitrary curve within
operational envelope ispossible
xc)xsgn()u(F p && +µ= xc)xsgn()u(F p && +µ=
F F
x &x &
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UB CSEECIE 423 SPRING 2001
SEMI-ACTIVE CONTROL
• 200 kN prototype damper
LORD
RheoneticTM Seismic Damper
MR-9000
3-Stage Piston
Diameter: 20 cmStroke: 16 cmPower: < 50 watts, 22 volts
Thermal ExpansionAccumulator
MR Fluid3-Stage Piston
Diameter: 20 cmStroke: 16 cm