New Sensors Sid-Ahmed Boukabara The JCSDA Summer Colloquium, August 6 th, 2015, Fort Collins, CO...
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Transcript of New Sensors Sid-Ahmed Boukabara The JCSDA Summer Colloquium, August 6 th, 2015, Fort Collins, CO...
New Sensors
Sid-Ahmed Boukabara
The JCSDA Summer Colloquium, August 6th, 2015, Fort Collins, CO
NOAA/NESDIS/STAR & JCSDA
2
Contents
Basic Space-Based Measurements Mechanisms1
Trends & Challenges in Future Observing Systems3
Plans for Future Sensors (Operational and Research)2
Conclusions & Look into the future4
3
What do satellites measure?All-Weather Radiative Transfer
Upw
ellin
g R
adia
nce
Dow
nwel
ling
Rad
ianc
e
Surf
ace-
refle
cted
Rad
ianc
e
Clo
ud-o
rigi
natin
g R
adia
nce
Surf
ace-
orig
inat
ing
Rad
ianc
e Scattering Effect
Scattering Effect
Absorption
Surface
sensorSatellite Data Assimilation is therefore able to analyze:- Atmosphere (Temperature,
moisture, aerosols, …)- Surface (ice, snow, land, ocean)- Hydrometeors (cloud, rain,
suspended ice)
Aer
osol
Rad
ianc
e
Disclaimer
There are many, many Earth-Observing Sensors, current and new ones coming. Some from US agencies and some from International Partners.
We will focus mainly on sensors of interest to NWP data assimilation.
We will mention international partners new sensors but will focus mainly on US plans and trends in Earth-Observation Global Observing Systems
4
5
Major Types of Sensors(Focus on data assimilation and NWP)
Data Assimilation
PassiveMicrowave
(Imagers)
Passive Microwave
(sounders)
RadioOccultation
Infrared(Geostat.)
ActiveMicrowave
Infrared(Polar)
Mechanisms/Phenomena driving the Sensors Measurements: Atmospheric Absorption & scattering at different spectral regions, Surface emission and scattering, cloud emissivity and scattering, aerosols scattering, optical path angle bending, slowing
Measurements & Applications of Sensors
Depending on targeted phenomena, sensors would be (in order of importance for DA) Microwave sounders: sounding of T, Q Hyperspectral Infrared sensors: sounding, trace
gases, etc
Radio Occultation sensors: temperature sounding
Infrared Sensors from Geo: AMVs, .. Active sensors: wind, wave height,
Hydrom, Precip
Microwave Imagers: Precip, cloud, …6
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How important are Satellite Data ?(example in Weather Forecasting)
– Satellite data as a group, had a very significant impact which surpasses the conventional data impact (by a wide margin), especially in the southern hemisphere.
Results from the extensive data denials experiments performed in the JCSDA, aimed at assessing the impact of the global Plots courtesy of J. Jung.
Important Characteristics in Satellite Measurements (for DA)
Type of MeasurementsSpatial Resolution (footprint size)Temporal Resolution (time frequency)Spectral resolution (information content)Orbital Configuration of sensorAccuracy and Precision of the measurementsMeasurement Stability over timeLatency (real time availability)
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9Sun
N-15(PM)
N-16(AM)
N18(PM)
METOP-A(AM)
N17(AM)
Constellation as of September 2012. Sources: NESDIS/OSO & CGMS/WMO pages
16:41
Mean Local Times at the Ascending Node (hh:mm)
20:25
19:17
14:48
21:30
12:00 Noon
N-19(PM)
13:32
NPP(PM)
13:30
00:00
18:0006:00
18:50
F16(Early AM) 17:37
F17(Early AM)
20:08
F18(AM)
METOP-B(AM)
21:40
F19(Early AM) 17:xx
Aqua (PM)
13:30
Future satellite
19:xx
F20(AM)
Importance of Orbital Config
Importance of Orbital Coverage
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+ +
++
+
+
+++
Importance of Footprint Size (Example of AMSU/MHS)
Footprint size is important for many applications (especially hydrometeors, precip, land applications, etc)
Different Approaches for Footprint matching: Simple averaging Backus Gilbert
If footprint size is limited (often by antenna size), over-sampling allows higher resolution reconstruction
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Contents
Basic Space-Based Measurements Mechanisms1
Trends & Challenges in Future Observing Systems3
Plans for Future Sensors (Operational and Research)2
Conclusions & Look into the future4
Main Upcoming Operational Satellites in US/NOAA (Polar)
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Major DA Sensors :- CrIS (Hyperspectral Infrared) - ATMS (Microwave Imager/Sounder) - OMPS (Ozone Sensor)and - VIIRS (High Spatial Resolution Visible Infrared Imager)
These are already on Suomi-NPP satellite
Launch scheduled in 2017
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Overall planning of NOAA’s satellite system (LEO)
The plan for NOAA’s polar
satellites
ET-SAT-9 briefing
New Sensors Characteristicsfor NOAA Polar Platforms
Status: Currently 3 PM satellites (N18, N19 and SNPP) SNPP extended operations planned until 2022 before de-orbiting JPSS1, 2 scheduled for 2017 and 2022 Beyond JPSS2, possible upgrades and/or alternatives
Sensors Options considered for Future Polar Platforms (JPSS): Constellation of micro satellites (in Microwave) as gap mitigation (J1-J2), J3 and J4 will likely be similar to J2. Small changes are being discussed – for example, adding water vapor channel
to VIIRS, filling in spectral gaps in CrIS, higher spectral resolution,…. Significant changes, if needed, after “J4” Smaller latency
OSSE studies being undertaken (in NOAA) to support decision: Higher spatial resolution of CrIS sensor Assess Microsatellites mitigation value for the potential Afternoon data gap
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Main Upcoming Operational Satellites in US/NOAA (GOES-R)
Major DA Sensors :- ABI- ABI-equivalent sensor is flying on Japanese Himawari satellite (AHI)
Significant Effort underway to optimize the assimilation of data from GLM into Operational NWP models
Expected to become a standard System in DA
Launch scheduled in 2016
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Official planning of NOAA’s satellite system (GEO)
The plan for NOAA’s
geostationary satellites
New Sensors Characteristicsfor NOAA Geostationary Platforms
Status: Currently, GOES-13 in operations (East), GOES-14 On-orbit storage GOES-15 Operational. West GOES-R, S, T, U launches on schedule GOES-V/W Possible Upgrades discussed (for 2040).
Sensors Options considered for Future Geostationary Platforms (GOES-U/V): Geo IR sounder, Ocean color, Evolved ABI with additional bands, GLM with higher spatial resolution, Space weather,
OSSE studies being undertaken (in NOAA) to support decision: To assess impact of Geo-based hyperspectral infrared Sensor To assess impact of a Geo-based Microwave sensor
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Upcoming COSMIC-2 Radio Occultation Sensors
Radio occultation measures bending and slowing of GPS microwave signal transmisisons which relate to atmospheric density with altitude (profiling)
New sensors planned in the future will have a denser sampling of the Earth.
19Photo credit: Taiwan NSO
Launch scheduled in 2016
Overall Planning & Status of COSMIC
20
The COSMIC2 is a collaboration between
Taiwan and the US (NOAA, AF, NASA/JPL).
- COSMIC-2 (equatorial launch in 2016); - Polar launch planned for (2018-2019), pending securing funding.
Upcoming Major Radar Altimeter Sensors
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A long series of altimeters dating back to 1992 is continuing (starting as research and has become operational : NOAA and EUMETSAT taking over)
Radar Altimeters are important for measuring ocean wave heights, slope, etc and ocean topography
Important for ocean data assimilation
Basic measurement is backscattering coefficient
From backscattering, are derived ocean surface characteristics
Onboard microwave radiometer, helps correct for atmospheric delay. Photo credit NASA
22
JASON-2,3 and CS 1-2
The JASON program is led by multiple organizations:
NOAA, CNES, NASA’/JPL and EUMETSAT
The Jason-2 satellite mission launched
successfully on June 20, 2008
The Jason-3 satellite launch imminent (was
planned for August 8 2015 but was postponed)
The Jason-CS planned for 2020 on Sentinel 6
Research Sensors (NASA)
23
Photo credit NASA
There are many sensors being planned for research activities in NASA and other research institutions. JCSDA aims at testing those sensors
with a potential to improve data assimilation for forecast performances
International Partners
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1998-2007: 96 Satellites
Asia Pacific; 41
North America; 19
Latin America; 1
Western Europe; 14
Russia & Central Asia;
9
Middele East & Africa; 5
Southern Asia; 7
2008-2017: 128 Satellites
Asia Pacific; 40
North America; 20
Latin America; 3
Western Europe; 29
Russia & Central Asia;
9
Middele East & Africa; 15
Southern Asia; 12
Source: Euroconsult and ITU
Clear Increase in number of satellites in the last decade, mainly from Europe, Southern Asia, Middle East/Africa
For satellite Data Assimilation sensors, major emerging players include China, Korea, Canada, Russia, Germany, etc
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Contents
Basic Space-Based Measurements Mechanisms1
Trends & Challenges in Future Observing Systems3
Plans for Future Sensors (Operational and Research)2
Conclusions & Look into the future4
Current Global Observing System Structure and Associated Applications
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Main Challenges Facing Earth Observation Sensors
Cost and willingness of taxpayers to sustain itSpectrum Loss: “No spectrum, no global observations!”
Enormous Pressure to ‘sell’ Earth-Observation spectrum to Industry (telecommunications, etc)
Radio Frequency Interference: Even protected bands are being impacted
Real risk of losing capability of measuring certain parameters in the future (sub-surface remote sensing essentially lost)
More and more space debris constitute a challenge and a risk to Earth-Observation sensors
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Main Challenges Facing Earth Observation Sensors
Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) is spreading more and more upward in the microwave spectrum
28
1.4GHz
Source: International Telecommunications Union
Interference to AMSR-E passive sensor (blue is the 6-7 GHz and green the 10.6 GHz)
Trends: Driving Factors (for New Sensors)
Cost
Need (what we can’t measure currently and users want)
Technological advances (Measure them or measure them better and users will come)
29
Major Trends in GOS (Satellites and Orbits Configurations)
Trend toward cheaper, focused Observing systems (Microsatellites)
More and more sensors onboard the International Space Station (Rapidscat, etc)
Near-Space Global Observing System Trend toward Commercialization of Satellite Data &
Privatization of Satellites New Global GOS international partners will allow better spatial
coverage (denser orbital configuration) Convergence of meteorological and commercial needs for
Earth global coverage (Google Loon project, Polar Communication & Weather PCW mission, etc) could lead to coordination
30
Active and Passive Microwave Sensors will merge
Hyperspectral Microwave sensors (hydrometror profiling, microphysics sensing, etc)
Measurement of Surface pressure from Space (OCO-2) with high enough accuracy. Significant potential for hurricane intensity
Atmospheric wind profilers from Space (Aeolus/ADM)
Trend toward Higher spectral, temporal and spectral Sampling
Shift to sub-millimeter frequencies (no man’s land)
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Major Trends in GOS (New Sensors characteristics)
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Contents
Basic Space-Based Measurements Mechanisms1
Trends & Challenges in Future Observing Systems3
Plans for Future Sensors (Operational and Research)2
Conclusions & Look into the future4
Conclusion & Look Into the Future (1)
An explosion of new sensors and data volume have occurred and will continue to occur in the near future
New technologies are allowing more measurements (new) to be made, more frequently, better
Overall, more nations are building and launching satellite-based Earth Observing sensors
Clearly be we might be in the middle of a golden era of satellite-based earth observation sensors
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Conclusion & Look Into the Future (2)
Perhaps satellites will be complemented by near-space constellation of sensors-equipped balloons
Perhaps man-held devices (iPhone) and vehicle-mounted devices will also contribute to be sensors in global earth-observing system.
Challenges exist (Cost sustainability, Spectrum loss, RFI, debris, etc)
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Questions?
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Questions