New Resources from Urban Mines - TU Wien · New Resources from Urban Mines Helmut RECHBERGER...
Transcript of New Resources from Urban Mines - TU Wien · New Resources from Urban Mines Helmut RECHBERGER...
1
New Resources from Urban MinesHelmut RECHBERGERInstitute for Water Quality, Resource and Waste ManagementVienna University of Technology
European Mineral Resources Confederation5. & 6. May 2015, voestalpine Stahlwelt, Linz/Austria
2Rechberger: New Resources from Urban Mines
Growing consumption of resources
Source: Brunner & Rechberger 2004 (updated)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Yearly W
orld produ
ction
Aluminium (10^6 t/yr) Cement (10^8 t/yr)Copper (10^7 t/yr) Gypsum (10^7 t/yr)Iron & steel (10^8 t/yr) Lead (10^6 t/yr)Lime (10^7 t/yr) Lithium (10^5 t/yr)Phosphate rock (10^7 t/yr) Zinc (10^6 t/yr)Sulfur (10^7 t/yr) Salt (10^7 t/yr)
3Rechberger: New Resources from Urban Mines
The resource consumption over a person’s life
Sand and gravel 307 tLignite 158 tHard rock 130 tMineral oil 116 tNatural gas (1000 m³) 90Limestone, dolomite 72 tHard coal 67 tSteel 40 tCement 29 tRock salt 12 tGypsum 8,5 tIndustrial sand 4,7 tKaolin 4,0 tPotash (K2O) 3,4 tAluminium 1,7 tCopper 1,1 tSteel refiners 0,9 tSulphur 0,2 tAsbestos 0,16 tPhosphate 0,15 tElectricity (MWh) 290S
ourc
e: B
GR
, Ger
man
y
1000 tons
or ca. 670 cars
4Rechberger: New Resources from Urban Mines
Urban way of life is getting dominant
Sources: McNeill 2003; UN Population Division 2002
Percentage of urban populationcompared to total population
0
20
40
60
80
100
1890 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 2010 2030
USA
Japan
Western Europe
Latin America
USSR
Africa
China
South Asia
World
5Rechberger: New Resources from Urban Mines
Cities are becoming „heavier“
Source: Daxbeck et al. 1996 (updated)
Exports3
ExhaustSewage
144
43
WaterAir
Energy sources
147
2
12
36
3
144
43
Consumption, investmentgoods, building materials
147
2
12-18
36
Waste32
Household waste0.30.6
Flows [t/cap.yr]Stocks [t/cap]
O I O ~ 190 t/cap.yr
Stock: 400
8-128-128-12
I ~ 200 t/cap.yr
6Rechberger: New Resources from Urban Mines
Composition of the urban stock
Gravel/sand
Bricks
Steel
Wood
Plastics
Aluminium
Copper
Zinc
Cadmium0,0001 0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1.000
Stock of selected materials in Switzerland [t/cap]
370
20
5-10
5
1
1
0,3
0,3
<0,001
Source: Wittmer, 2007
7Rechberger: New Resources from Urban Mines
Primary and secondary stocks same order of magnitude (example copper)
Source: Graedel et al. 2002 (completed)
11.000 11.500 3.800
54011.000
300.000+7.700
580.000-11.000
85.000+3.100
System boundary "World 1994”
ProductsCopper forcathodes
New scrap metal680
Old scrap metal II
Waste
1.700Landfilled waste
1.200Gangue 150Slag
Ore
Productionof copper
Productionof goods
Consumption Disposal5432
1 6Lithosphere Landfills
Flows: 1.000 t/aStocks: 1.000 t
1.400Old scrap metal I
8Rechberger: New Resources from Urban Mines
Aluminium balance, Austria 2010
Lagerzuwachs: 11 kg/PersLagerzuwachs: 11 kg/Pers Altschrottanfall: 7 kg/PersAltschrottanfall: 7 kg/Pers
Source: Buchner et al., 2014
9Rechberger: New Resources from Urban Mines
Selected results from the dynamic model
In-use stock Al-scrap + EOL vehicle exported
360 kg/cap360 kg/cap 12 kg/cap.yr12 kg/cap.yr
Source: Buchner et al., 2015
10Rechberger: New Resources from Urban Mines
Forecasting Al scrap generation[t/
yr.]
[t/yr
.]
Work in progress!
11Rechberger: New Resources from Urban Mines
Selected investigated buildings
12Rechberger: New Resources from Urban Mines
Investigation of buildings
Three approaches, applied to single demolition objects:1. Analysis of existing information/data mining (technical
drawings, data from remote sensing, building standards,….)2. Inspection of the object (inventory, taking samples, …)3. Indirect analysis through selective deconstruction and
sampling of recycling facility
Evaluation and „merging“ of approaches Finding out how far results can be used for the development
of a resource cadaster (in Vienna)
1 2 3
13Rechberger: New Resources from Urban Mines
Result for single building
Source: Kleemann et al., 2014
22000
800410
210110 90
35 30
14 137
3
1 11
10
100
1.000
10.000
100.000
mass[t]
flooring
cable insulation
linings, panelling
PVC
Material composition of a dwelling building complex(Reinforced concrete structure, 4 buildings with 2-9 floors, enclosed space: 57 000 m3)
14Rechberger: New Resources from Urban Mines
Material composition [kg/m³ gross volume]
Source: Kleemann et al., 2014
15Rechberger: New Resources from Urban MinesCase Study A – Resource potential of built infrastructure 15
Height and area of buildings
16Rechberger: New Resources from Urban MinesCase Study A – Resource potential of built infrastructure 16
Utilisation and period of construction of buildings
Height and area of buildings
17Rechberger: New Resources from Urban Mines
Resource cadastre
17
Utilisation and period of construction of buildings
Height and area of buildings
Material information
Building information Height [m] 17.7
Area [m²] 443
Volume [m³] 7823
Utilisation Dwelling buildingPeriod of construction before 1918
Material composition
Mineral material [t] 3400
Steel [t] 23
Aluminium [t] 0,66
Copper [t] 0,74
PVC [t] 2,3
Wood [t] 67
Cement asbestos [t] 0,73
Other plastics [t] 1,8
Others [t] 4,1
18Rechberger: New Resources from Urban Mines
How far have we come….and what is ahead?
We have methods and knowledge to determine the anthropogenic stock
We are able to make predictions about future scrap generation from the building sector (steel, Al, Cu, Zn)
→ We need to classify into reserves and resources→ We need to routinely apply these methods and establish a sound data
base
This is the vision
19Rechberger: New Resources from Urban Mines
References
Brunner, P.H., Rechberger, H. Practical Handbook of Material Flow Analysis, Lewis Publishers, New
York, 2004, pp. 318.
Buchner, H., Laner, D., Rechberger, H., Fellner, J. “In-depth analysis of aluminum flows in Austria as a
basis to increase resource efficiency, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 93, 2014, 112– 123.
Buchner, H., Laner, D., Rechberger, H., Fellner, J. Dynamic Material Flow Modeling: An Effort to
Calibrate and Validate Aluminium Stocks and Flows in Austria. Environmental Science and Technology,
2015 (in press)
Graedel, T.E., van Beers, D., Bertram, M., Fuse, K., Gordon, R.B., Gritsinin, A., Kapur, A., Klee, R.J.,
Lifset, R.J., Memon, L., Rechberger, H., Spatari, S., and Vexler, D. Multilevel cycle of anthropogenic
copper. Environmental Science and Technology, 2004, Vol 38, No. 4, 1242-1252.
Kleemann, F., Lederer, J., Aschenbrenner, P., Rechberger, H., Fellner, J. A method for determining
buildings’ material composition prior to demolition, Building Research & Information, 43, 1-12, 2015.