New report on soil testing

Introduction to RAWE

Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy. Agricultural science provides

synthetic understanding of agriculture phenomena to make the production of food

grain practicable. Agricultural graduate require knowledge of fundamental principles

of various substance in agriculture as well as other related subjects. The curriculum

of agriculture graduate degree program has practical component which include lab

experiment, exercise, field practical, visit to fields etc.

The Randhawa review committee of agriculture has rightly pointed out

inadequacy in providing required practical in acquisition of skill by undergraduate

students. To overcome these inadequacies, there is a need for providing work

experience for students.

According to Randhawa committee, work experience include training, observations,

practical and personal involvement lead to any activity. This has more relevance to

the extension workers who is included in rural development after completion of 4 yrs.

Degree program. In agriculture, student will be able to take up job on farm in

development department. In this context job is not just enough for them to be

averaged with recent advances of agriculture but also require to equip themselves

with techniques of dissemination of farm methods; that can be understood and

followed by farmers. This is possible only when they stay and interact and work with

farmers to satisfy the situation of final year B.Sc. (Ag.) students or provide

opportunity to take up this job on an experimental basis when they are on the verge

of completing their degree program through the course of RAWE in field situation

and to practice the use of various extension teaching method to disseminate the

technology to farmer.

Some important objectives of RAWE

1. Develop an understanding of rural life with special reference to agriculture.

2. To study the socio-economic condition of the farmers.

3. To understand various agencies and institution, its involvement in rural

management.

4. To provide an opportunity to students for practical training through work

experience.

5. To identify production and marketing constraints in agricultural enterprises.

6. To develop communication skill in transfer of agricultural production

technologies.

7. To develop confidence and competition for facing problematic situation related

to agriculture and to include the habit for providing solution to various

problems.

8. To get the feedback of agricultural production problem for the farming

community.

9. Working with farmer and conducting method and result demonstrations and

include agricultural practices.

Principal of RAWE:

Go to the people and live with them.

Learn with them and serve with them.

Work and plane with them.

Start with what they known.

Expected outcome of rawe programme

1. Personality development.

2. Art of listing and art of negotiation.

3. Confidence building.

4. Develop art of creative thinking.

5. Develop skill of join efforts.

6. Efficient decision making.

7. Learn real experiences.

8. Time and relation management.

9. Working of local institution of organisation.

10.Observe problem and possible solution.

AGRICULTURE PROFILE OF VARANASI DISTRICT

1

.

1

1.0 Agro-Climatic/Ecological

zone

Agro Ecological Sub Region

(ICAR)

Northern Plain (And Central Highlands)

Including Aravallis, Hot Semi-Arid Eco-Region

(4.3)

Agro-Climatic Zone

(Planning Commission) Middle Gangetic Plain Region (IV)

Agro Climatic Zone (NARP)

Vidhyan Zone

(UP-10)

List all the districts falling

under the NARP

Allahabad, Ballia ,

Chandauli,

Ghazipur, Jaunpur ,

Mirzapur , Sant Ravidas

Nagar , Sonbhadra ,

Varanasi

Zone* (*>50% area falling in

the zone)

Geographic coordinates of

district

Latitude Longitude A

l

t

i

t

u

d

e

headquarters

25°18’N

83°03’E

75.7m

Name and address of the

concerned ZRS/

Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras

Hindu University, Varanasi.

ZARS/ RARS/ RRS/ RRTTS

Mention the KVK located in

the district with Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kallipur, Varanasi

address


nearest Agromet Institute of Agriculture Research farm

Field Unit (AMFU, IMD) for

agro-advisories

in the Zone

2.Rainfall

Normal

RF(mm)

Normal

Rainy days

Normal

Onset Normal Cessation

(number)

SW monsoon (June-

Sep): 944.5 39

3rd week

of June 1st week of October

NE Monsoon(Oct-

Dec): 60.9 3

Winter (Jan- March) 56.5 4

Summer (Apr-May) 19.8 2

Annual 1081 48

3.Land

use

Geogra

phical

Cultiv

able

For

est

Land

unde

r

Perm

anent

Cultiv

able Land

Barren

and

Curr

ent

Oth

er

pattern of

the area area

are

a non-

pastur

es

waste

land

unde

r

uncultiv

able

fallo

ws

fallo

ws

district

agricultur

al use

Misc

. land

tree

crop

s

and

grov

es

Area (‘000

ha)

152

.67

9

95.7

48 0

2.9

32 0.024 2.56

2.96

4 2.151 - -

4. Major Soils

(common names like

red sandy

Area (‘000

ha)

Percent

(%) of

total

loam deep soils

(etc.,)*

Sandy

loam

70.56

0 46.25

Loam

25.00

0 16.37

Clay loam

37.80

0 24.75

Sandy

19.32

0 12.63

5.Agricu

ltural

land use

Area

(‘000 ha)

Cropping

intensity

%

Net sown

area

9

5.

7

4

8

17

6

%

Area sown more

than once

6

2.

1

8

0

Gross

cropped

area

134.

073

6.Irrigatio

n

Area (‘000

ha)

Net

irrigated

area

82.2

06

Gross

irrigated

area

134.

073

Rainfed

area

13.5

42

1

.

1

1.0 Agro-Climatic/Ecological

zone

Agro Ecological Sub Region

(ICAR)

Northern Plain (And Central Highlands)

Including Aravallis, Hot Semi-Arid Eco-Region

(4.3)

Agro-Climatic Zone

(Planning Commission) Middle Gangetic Plain Region (IV)

Agro Climatic Zone (NARP)

Vidhyan Zone

(UP-10)

List all the districts falling

under the NARP

Allahabad, Ballia ,

Chandauli,

Ghazipur, Jaunpur ,

Mirzapur , Sant Ravidas

Nagar , Sonbhadra ,

Varanasi

Zone* (*>50% area falling in

the zone)

Geographic coordinates of

district Latitude Longitude

A

l

t

i

t

u

d

e

headquarters

25°18’N

83°03’E

75.7m


concerned ZRS/

Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras

Hindu University, Varanasi.

ZARS/ RARS/ RRS/ RRTTS

Mention the KVK located in

the district with Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kallipur, Varanasi

address


nearest Agromet Institute of Agriculture Research farm

Field Unit (AMFU, IMD) for

agro-advisories

in the Zone

2.Rainfall

Normal

RF(mm)

Normal

Rainy days

Normal

Onset Normal Cessation

(number)

SW monsoon (June-

Sep): 944.5 39

3rd week

of June 1st week of October

NE Monsoon(Oct-

Dec): 60.9 3

Winter (Jan- March) 56.5 4

Summer (Apr-May) 19.8 2

Annual 1081 48

3.Land

use

Geogra

phical

Cultiv

able

For

est

Land

unde

r

Perm

anent

Cultiv

able Land

Barren

and

Curr

ent

Oth

er

pattern of

the area area

are

a non-

pastur

es

waste

land

unde

r

uncultiv

able

fallo

ws

fallo

ws

district

agricultur

al use

Misc

. land

tree

crop

s

and

grov

es

Area (‘000

ha)

152

.67

9

95.7

48 0

2.9

32 0.024 2.56

2.96

4 2.151 - -

4. Major Soils

(common names like

red sandy

Area (‘000

ha)

Percent

(%) of

total

loam deep soils

(etc.,)*

Sandy

loam

70.56

0 46.25

Loam

25.00

0 16.37

Clay loam

37.80

0 24.75

Sandy

19.32

0 12.63

5.Agricu

ltural

land use

Area

(‘000 ha)

Cropping

intensity

%

Net sown

area

9

5.

7

4

8

17

6

%

Area sown more

than once

6

2.

1

8

0

Gross

cropped

area

134.

073

6.Irrigatio

n

Area (‘000

ha)

Net

irrigated

area

82.2

06

Gross

irrigated

area

134.

073

Rainfed

area

13.5

42

7. Major

field

Area

(‘000

ha)

crops

cultivate

d

KHARI

F RABI

Irrigat

ed

Rainf

ed

Tot

al

Irrigat

ed

Rai

nfe

d

Tot

al Summer

Grand

total

Rice 50.514 - 50.514 - 50.514

Pearl

millet - 4.297 4.297 - 4.297

Pigeonpe

a - 4.233 4.233 - 4.233

Maize - 2.915 2.915 0.011 -

0.01

1 0.025 2.951

Wheat - - - 69.063 -

69.0

63 69.063

Pea

2.434 0.305 2.739 2.739

Sugarcane 4.095 4.095

8.What is the major contingency the district

is prone to? (Tick mark)

Regul

ar

Occasiona

l None

Drought √

Flood √

Cyclone √

Hail storm √

Heat wave √

Cold wave √

Frost √

Sea water

intrusion √

Nursery raising and transplanting of plant under SRI method of

planting

Demonstrating group no. 1

12102 :Ranjeet Kumar

12103 :Ravi Prakash Yadav

12104 :Ravi Shankar Singh

12105 :Reeta Jaiswal

12107 :Rizzwan Siddiqui

12109 :Rohit Tripathi

Content

Type of farmer:-small

Situation of farming:-rainfeed

Objective

Nursery raising and transplanting of plant under SRI method of planting

Introduction of SRI

SRI is a combination of several practices those include changes in nursery

management, time of transplanting, water and weed management. Its different way

of cultivating rice crop though the fundamental practices remain more or less same

like in the conventional method; it just emphasizes altering of certain agronomic

practices of the conventional way of rice cultivation. All these new practices are

together known as System of Rice Intensification (SRI). SRI is not a fixed package of

technical specifications, but a system of production with four main components, viz.,

soil fertility management, planting method, weed control and water (irrigation)

management. Several field practices have been developed around these

components

Pre-requisite conditions

Every member of family must be involved in agricultural

Labour is easily available

Resources are less

Well drained soil

Bed should be dry

Bed should be at highest area of the field

Height of bed should be 15 cm from ground

Nursery bed should be near the main field.

FIG.1 SRI Nursery

Preparation of Nursery bed

SRI requires careful leveling and raking, with drainage facilitated by 30 cm wide

channels at two-meter intervals across the field.

Vermin compost is added in the bed in enough quantity and mixed in soil.

Seed is spread on bed and covered with 5 mm thick layer of soil.

Now do the mulching and sprinkle water over it. Sprinkling of water is kept

doing according to requirement.

Mulch is removed on 5th day.

On 7th day 2-5 cm height of water is maintained.

Nursery will be ready to transplant in main field in 8-12 days.

120 m2 area of nursery is prepared for 1 ha. This require 5-6 kg of seeds.

Nursery must be near to main field.

Before rooting up, nursery must be light irrigated.

Plants must be uprooted with soil.

FIG.2 Transplanting

Transplanting in main field

The seedlings must be transplanted singly with their roots intact, while the seed sac

is still attached. They must not be plunged too deep into the soil, but placed at 1-2

cm on the ground at the appropriate point on the planting grid.

During transplanting field must have moisture and soil must be soft.

Before transplanting excess water is drained out from field.

Distance must be maintained at 25 cm X 25 cm, for this use rope or ‘SRI

marker’.

Transplant one plant at one place in slightly tilted position, maintaining square

shape at 1-2 cm deep.

Field is kept moist, for this irrigation is done as and when required.

Transplanting is done in between 15-30 min after uprooting plant from

nursery.

Economics

PARTICULARS SRI CONVENTIONAL

SEED @ 40/KG 200 1800

FERTILIZERS 3685 7370

BIO FERTILIZER 1000 0

IRRIGATION 5000 12000

LABOUR 7500 6000

TILLAGE 5000 5000

TOTAL 17885 32170

Direct seeding of rice (DSR)

Demonstration group no.2

12110- Roshan Singh

12111-Ruby Patel

12112- Rupesh Karn

12113-Sagar Jaiswal

12115- Sangeeta Kumari

12117- Santosh Yadav

Content

Type of farmer: small

Situation of farmer:irrigated

Objective

Direct seeding of rice using drum seeders.

Introduction

Increasing cost of inputs (especially irrigation water and labour) and unavailability of

labour for critical farm operations have made rice cultivation extremely difficult for

farmers in several areas of Andhra Pradesh which is a major rice growing state in

India. To address these issues and to provide an alternative option to traditional

system and 'SRI' method of rice cultivation, the Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Chittoor

introduced direct seeding method in rice using a fibre bodied 8 row drum‐seeder for

the first time in 2006. This led to considerable reduction in cultivation costs and the

area under direct seeding using drum‐seeder increased from 0.2 ha in 2006 to more

than 4600 ha in 2012. P. Bala Hussain Reddy, S Sreenivasulu and C Manohar from

KVK Chittoor share their experiences with promotion of this technology in this Good

Practice Note.

Material required

Levelled land.

Moist field (drain out excess water).

30-40 kg seed/ha soaked in water for 24 hrs. (10-15 min before sowing dry it

in shade).

Drum seeders for sowing.

Drum Seeder

It is a hand driven equipment, having 2-8 drums shafted on an axis interconnected

with two cycles. Drums have hole at 20 cm apart and made up of plastic. Thus it is

light weighted and easy to use.

FIG.3 Drum Seeder

Operation procedure

FIG.4 FILLING SEED IN DRUM SEEDER

After assembling, fill the drums with pre-germinated seeds. Remember only

two-third of the drum are to be filled at a time.

Close the mouth with the knob provided.

Pull the seeder manually at a normal walking speed (1 Km/h) in the backward

position as in the photo.

The wheel impression in the first pass will server as a maker.

In the second pass the wheel should pass on the same wheel impression of

the previous pass to maintain the row-to-row spacing of 20 cm.

Occasionally watch the dropping of the seeds through the holes of the seeder

Refill the drum when it reaches one fourth capacity.

Continue the seeding operation

Particulars Traditional method SRI method Drum seeder method‐

Seed rate 75 kg 5 kg 37.5 kgDays to transplant 30 40 days nursery‐ 8 12 days nursery‐ 0 daysCost of nursery (Rs) 3000 500 0Labour required for 50 30 3transplanting /seedingoperation

Spacing Zigzag method 25 cm x 25 cm 20 cm between rows x 5 8‐cm hill to hill in a row

Water management 5 cm or more standing

No standing water after No standing water after

water from the day of transplantation stage; seeding. The field is kepttransplantation to 10 alternate wetting and wet until panicle initiation

days before harvesting drying only. The field isstage and from then on 2‐3

kept wet until paniclecm standing water until 10

initiation stage, and days before harvesting.from then on, 2 3 cm‐standing water till 10days before harvesting.

Weed Manual weeding twice Incorporation of weeds Weedicide is a must once

management

(or) some apply ofinto the soil using cono‐ or twice. Pre emergence‐

weedicides 1st time and weeder in both weedicide just 1 2 days‐manual weeding 2nd directions (N S and E‐ ‐ after seeding, and if

time. W) One manualnecessary post emergence

30 40 manual labour‐ weeding with 3 4‐ weedicide at 18 25 days‐

are required labourers is sufficient.after seeding. Cono‐weeder

15 20 manual labour is‐is run in one direction only,

required. either E W or N S, i.e., in‐ ‐the direction in which thedrum seeder was pulled.‐

Yield recovered (Kg/ha) 5784 kg 7125 kg 6469 kg

Total cost of cultivation Rs. 34838/‐ Rs.32500/‐ Rs. 27962/‐(Rs/ha)Gross returns @ Rs. 78744/‐ Rs. 85500/‐ Rs. 77628/‐Rs.900/bag of 75 kgNet returns per ha Rs. 43906/‐ Rs. 54000/‐ Rs. 49666/‐(INR)Benefit cost ratio‐ 2.26 2.63 2.77

Source Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh, India

Silent feature

Labour cost is reduced drastically.

Uniformity in seed sowing and plant population.

Continuous drilling of seeds is eliminated.

Reduction in seed rate and thinning cost.

Crop matures 7-10 days earlier than transplanted paddy.

Light in weight and easy to handle.

An area of 1 hectare can be sown in a day.

Limitations

Undulated land

More than 1 cm water in field during sowing

Untrained labour and unawareness of technique

Rainfall just after sowing

Seed loss due to birds

Do not irrigate the field till 2-3 days after sowing

ECONAMICS

conventional Using drum seeder

yield 5784 kg 6469 kg

Input cost Rs. 34838 Rs. 27962

gross income Rs. 81554 Rs. 91212

Net income Rs. 46716 Rs. 63250

Weed management in direct seeded rice (DSR)


12119: Satyaprakash

12121: Seema Ranjan

12124: Shashi Kumar

12125: Shashi Ranjan

12128: Shweta Jain

12129: Sikha Sneha

Content

Type of farmer:-small and marginal.

Situation of farmer:-rainfeed

Objective

Weed management in direct seeded rice using steel seed bed technique.

Introduction

Stale seed bed is a relatively simple weed management tactic that generally

involves four steps:

1) a seedbed is prepared,

2) weed seeds in the shallow soil zone germinate naturally or via pre-irrigation and

then emerge,

3) emerged weeds are then killed with minimum soil disturbance as necessary, and

4) the crop is promptly seeded or transplanted into mostly weed free soil.

Material required

Disc plough or cultivator or harrow.

Chemicals – glyphosate (41 SL) - 2.5 lit./ha in 500 litre of water.

- paraquat (24 SL) – 2 lit./ha in 400 litre of water.

Knapsack sprayer.

Method

Stale seedbed technique is most appropriate to reduce the weed seed bank in the

soil. In this technique, weeds are allowed to emerge for at least 2 weeks before

being killed.

To do this:

1. Perform tillage operations. Plow, harrow, and level the field.

2. Stimulate weed emergence by light irrigation or after rainfall.

Give one irrigation at least 2 weeks before sowing. Maintain enough soil

moisture to allow weeds to germinate.

3. Kill the emerged seedlings using non-selective herbicides (e.g., glyphosate) or

light cultivation.

4. If the soil condition is suitable for sowing, plant the crop without further tillage

operations. Tillage could bring more weed seeds near the soil surface, thus

promoting weed germination.

Principle of stale seedbed technique

It has been stated that the stale seedbed technique is based on three principles:

1) cultivation promotes weed seed germination,

2) a small percentage of weed seeds in the soil is non-dormant and able to

germinate at any given time and those that can, mostly germinate quickly, and

3) the vast majority of weeds only emerge from seeds in the shallow layer of the soil

(i.e., top 2.5 inches), and most typically emerge only in significant numbers from the

top one inch of the soil. Stale seedbed works by targeting weed seeds in the shallow

layer (i.e., germination zone) of the soil. These nondormant seeds are allowed to

germinate and then killed just prior to planting the cash crop.

FIG.NO.5 killing germinating weeds by spraying herbicide

Precautions

Knapsack sprayer should be used by trained person when weed is properly

grown.

Choose herbicide according to use.

During spraying use pure water to avoid blockage of sprayer.

Benefits

4-6 quintal increase in yield.

Low cost.

Can be used in vegetable.

Applicable for organic as well as conventional farming.

Less use of herbicide.

Continuous use reduces no. Of weed seed.

Disadvantages of the stale seedbed technique

Though the stale seedbed technique can be effective, like any weed management

tactic there are some drawbacks. Weeds with lengthy emergence periods may not

be managed as well with this technique. Soil conditions such as moisture and

temperature affect weed emergence and these factors cannot be controlled. For

example, in the absent of adequate rainfall, fields may require pre-irrigation events to

initiate weed flushes. Finally, under certain conditions, especially when dealing with

“wimpy” or less competitive (e.g., small and slow growing) crops, multiple weed

flushes over time may be required before planting the crop to effectively prevent

weeds from competing with the crop after planting.

Limitation

Not applicable for weed whose seed is dormant.

Not applicable after onset of monsoon.

In case of high weed density repeated used is required.

Ploughing lead to weed seed come over surface.

Economic benefits

In comparison to conventional technique it saves Rs.2000/acre.

Growing sugarcane nursery and its transplanting


12130: Sonam Singh

12132:Sri Laxmi

12133: Sreenath

12134: Sripati Abhiram Sahoo

12135:Stuti Krishna

Content

Type of farmer:-small and marginal


Objective

Growing sugarcane nursery and its transplanting with bud chip technique

Introduction

Sugarcane is vegetatively propagated for commercial cultivation. Different kinds of

planting materials viz., cane setts; settlings and bud chips are used for raising

sugarcane crop. Little portion of stem with one bud is known as bud chip. Bud chips

are used to raise settlings in nursery. They were found to produce a good crop when

transplanted in main field. The principal advantage of bud chips is substantial saving

in seed material. Seed requirement is reduced to less than one ton per ha.

Bud chip is a modern technique in which we use buds instead of sets of 25 cm. But it

cut from nodes and nursery prepared by it. It is ready for transplanting in 25-30 days.

Material required

6-8 months old, disease free cane, bud chipper, tray, poly bag, soil compost,

chopped rice straw, gunny bags, plastic sheet, urea, lime fungicide, drum etc.

PROCEDURE

FIG.NO.6 BUDCHIP CUTTER

Adopting the following procedure raises settlings from bud chips:

Prepare the bud chips from whole cane using a sharp edged knife in such a

way that each bud has a little portion of stem

Plant the bud chips on raised nursery beds adopting a inter-row spacing of 7.5

cm at the rate of 300 buds/m2

Alternatively nursery can be raised in polybags of 15 cm x 10 cm size

Fill the polybags with homogeneous mixture of equal quantity of soil, sand

and well rotten compost

Plant the bud chips in polybags with the bud facing upwards and cover with

soil mixture to avoid drying of the bud

Bottom of the bags should have holes to facilitate drainage

Ensure regular watering of bags or nursery area

Settlings are ready in 5 - 8 weeks for transplanting in the main field

Under good management conditions establishment of transplanted seedlings

in the main field is high (90-100%)

Ideal Seed Cane

Always use seed cane obtained from a seed crop of 7-8 months

Free from disease and pest infestation like red rot, wilt, smut, ratoon stunting

disease etc

Possesses healthy buds without any damage in handling and transport.

Buds with higher moisture content, adequate nutrients, higher amount of

reducing sugars and viability.

Free from aerial roots and splits.

Pure in quality.

Transplanting

Transplanting is done after 25-30 days (4-5*2 feet).

FIG.No.7 transplanting of budchip in main field

Benefits

More yield in less cost

Intercropping is possible

40% less water use.

Better intercultural operation.

60% less weed.

Easy transplanting. Sufficient time for main field preparation

Saving in water and fertilizer

Better weed management.

Limitations

Less trained labour.

Need extra care.

Care should be taken during cutting bud chips.

Economics

Comparison between Conventional and SSI methods of Sugarcane Cultivation

Particulars Conventional method SSI method

Seeds/Setts 48,000 buds (16,000 three budded setts/acre)

5000 buds (5000 single budded chips/acre)

Nursery preparation No Yes Measures to maintain uniformity among plants

No Grading Grading is done during nursery

Planting Direct planting of setts in the main field

Transplanting of 25-35 days old young seedlings raised in a nursery

Spacing 1.5 to 2.5 ft between rows

5 ft between rows

Water requirement More (flooding of field) Less (maintenance of moisture in the furrows)

Mortality rate among plants

High Low

No. of tillers per plant Less (10-15) More (20-25) No. of millable canes achieved per clump

4-5 9-10

Accessibility to air and sunlight

Low High

Scope for intercrop Less More

Raising mat type nursery and its transplanting

Demonstrating group no.5

12139: Tanushka Ojha

12141:Tishyarakshita

12142:Trivikram

12143:Tuhina Mitra

12145::Umesh

12146: Upvan Rastogi

Content

Type of farmer:-medium and large farmer


Objective

Raising mat type nursery and mechanical transplanting of paddy.

Intoduction

Dapog nurseries can be located anywhere on a flat firm surface but water

supply/control should be very reliable. The area needed is about 100 m2/ha or 1% of

the transplantable land which is much smaller than conventional nurseries.

In Mat nursery seedlings are established in a layer of soil mix, arranged on a firm

surface (Concrete floor/ polythene sheet/ seedling trays). Seedlings are ready for

planting within 14-20 days after seeding (DAS).

What is mat-type nursery?

A mat-type nursery is a nursery where rice seedlings are raised on a thin layer of

soil and farm yard manure (FYM) or compost mixture placed on a polythene sheet.

The polythene sheet prevents the seedling roots from penetrating the underlying

soil, creating a dense mat. This type of nursery is a pre-requisite for machine

transplanting. The mat can be cut into desired shapes and sizes to fit into the trays

of the transplanter. Seedlings are ready for planting within 14-18 days after

seeding (DAS).

Materials required

Good quality seeds

Nursery bed for transplanting one

acre is 30 m2 (1.5 m wide x 20 m long to suit the plastic sheet size)

Plastic sheet (1.3 m wide and 20 m long is commonly available) with even

perforations

Soil cleaning sieve

Soil mixture (4 parts of sieved soil + 1 part of FYM or compost / vermi

compost)

Gunny bag and water container for seed soaking

Watering can for irrigation

0.75 inch angle frame for a dry-bed and 0.5 inch frame for a wet-bed nursery.

Nursery area

Required nursery area is 100 m2 / ha (or) 2.5 cent / ha – 1cent / acre

Nursery bed preparation

Select a level area near the water source with efficient drainage system. The surface

should be covered with banana leaves with the mid-rib removed or polyethylene

sheets or any flexible material or cemented floors to prevent seedling roots from

penetrating to the bottom soil layer.

a. Preparation of soil mixture

Four (4) m3 of soil mix is needed for each 100 m2 of nursery. Mix 70% soil +

20% well-decomposed pressmud / bio-gas slurry / FYM + 10% rice hull. Incorporate

1.5kg of powdered di-ammonium phosphate or 2kg 17-17-17 NPK fertilizer with the

soil mixture.

b. Filling the soil mixture

Place a wooden frame of 0.5 m long, 1 m wide and 4 cm deep divided into 4

equal segments on the plastic sheet or banana leaves, fill the frame almost to the top

with the soil mixture.

c. Pre-germinating the seeds

Soak the seeds for 24 hrs, drain and incubate the soaked seeds for 24 hrs,

sow when the seeds sprout and radicle (seed root) grows to 2-3 mm long and cover

them with dry soil to a thickness of 5mm.

Water management

Water the nursery with rose can as and when needed (twice or thrice a day) to keep the soil moist.

At 6 DAS, maintain thin film of water all round the seedling mats.

Nutrient management

Though the temperature and water are adequate, the seedlings show

yellowing (N deficiency). Sprinkle seedlings with 0.5% urea (1.5 kg Urea in

300 l water/100 m2).

Why Machine Transplant Rice?

Machine transplanting requires considerably less time and labor than manual

transplanting (1-2 ha/person/day versus 0.07 ha/person/day).

Mechanical transplanting of rice

1. Raise seedlings in special mat nurseries or in seedling trays. Use 18-25 kg of

good seed per 100 m2 of nursery for each ha.

2. Seedlings will be ready for transplanting in 12-15 days after seeding (DAS).

Fig. no.8 mechanical transplanting of rice

3. Ensure that fields are well puddled and leveled.

4. Drain fields and allow mud to settle for 1-2 days after the final puddling.

5. The subsurface soil layers need to be hard enough to support the

transplanting machine.

6. The soil is ready when a small “V” mark made in the puddled soil with a stick

holds its shape. At this moisture level, the soil can hold the seedlings upright.

7. Soil should not be so dry that it sticks to and interferes with planting parts or

wheels of the transplanter.

8. Load the seedling mats on the machine and transplant the seedlings at the

selected machine setting.

Advantages: Machine transplanting

Transplanting of seedlings at the optimal age (14-18 days)

Uniform spacing and optimum plant density (26-28 hills/m2 with 2-3 seedling

per hill)

Higher productivity (0.5-0.7 t/ha) compared to traditional methods where plant

spacing and density may not always be consistent

Less transplanting shock, early seedling vigour and uniform crop stand

Lower stress, drudgery and health risks for farm labourers

Better employment opportunities for rural youth through the development of

custom service business

Addresses the problem of labour scarcity.

Advantages of a mat-type nursery

Uses less area when compared to the conventional nursery (30 m2 vs. 400

m2/acre)

Produces robust seedlings, 18-20 cm tall in about 15 days

Minimizes root damage as the seedlings are not uprooted and transplanting

shock is reduced

Labour requirement for nursery raising is significantly reduced

Limitations:

Seedlings must be planted while still young, and so mechanical transplanting

is best suited for irrigated areas only.

Special nursery management is needed (mat nursery or seedling trays).

Good land preparation, leveling and water management are required.

Fields need good access for machine transport and field entry.

Transplanting machines are expensive; so poor farmers cannot afford them

(contract hiring of transplanters is available in some countries).

Problems in poorly prepared and leveled land, or with poorly designed

machines.

Good training is needed to operate the machine properly.

Economics

Rice okra intercropping

Demonstrating group no 6

12147: Vandana

12149: Veena Paul

12154: Vishal Sinha

12156: Zeeshan Mazhar

12158: Banshidhar Jha

Content

Type of farmer:-small and marginal

Situation of farmer:-irrigated

Objective

To study about rice okra intercropping.

Requirements

For 1 ha land we require-

1. paddy (35kg.) and okra (4-5kg.) of healthy seed.

2. salt 24 kg. For treatment of 35 kg. Paddy seed.

3. fungicide 20g. For 4-5 kg. Okra treatment

4. furrow maker and ridger.

5. knapsack sprayer, bucket, mask and gloves.

Procedure-

Nursery raising of paddy seedlings:-

For nursery raising farmer require 600 m2 fields for 1 ha. Main field. Nursery require

shaded place and well field we go for seed treatment then for this treat the seed of

paddy in 17% salt solution after treatment wash them 2-3time with clean water then

after 21-24 days of seedling the seedling are ready for transplanting into main field.

Preparation of main field

Ploughing the main field well and after that levelled it then make ridge and furrow in

the ratio of 600:400m2 for rice and okra. The heights of ridges are 30-40 cm and half

meter wide.

Transplanting of paddy

21-24 days old paddy seedlings are good for transplanting in this technique. During

transplanting it necessary to maintain the spacing i.e. make 25 cm spacing between

plant to plant and 25 cm in row to row.

Sowing of okra

After transplanting of paddy seedling sowing of okra is don. During the okra sowing

we should necessary to maintain the spacing i.e. 45 cm between row to row.

Important points

Prepare field before onset of monsoon.

Manage the nutrient from nursery time.

Very careful is needed during okra treatment.

Maintain the depth of okra seed during sowing.

Sake the okra seed in water full of night before sowing.

Advantage

Proper use of unit land.

Use of per unit resources is also increases.

Higher income than higher profits.

At least one crop gives some income.

Disadvantage

More problematic after transplanting and management.

Problem of using well develop equipments.

Costly of machine purchase.

Economics

Main point conventional intercropping

Input 28660 28100

Profit 70000 90000

Net profit 41340 61900

Additional income 20560

Azolla preparation and its application


12160:Megha SInha

12165: Naval Kumar

12166 : Bishwanath Behera

12169: Sandip Bharatiya

12170 : Devraj Vishwakarma

12173: Samish Basnet

Content

Type of farmer :-small and marginal

Situation of farmer:-irragated

Objective

Preparation of azolla and its application in rice field.

Introduction

Azolla is a symbiotic superorganism that captures all the nitrogen fertilizer it needs to

grow from the air around it. Asia’s farmers have long known this, growing Azolla

together with rice to provide a natural fertilizer to bolster rice productivity.

Fig no.9 azolla

Materials requried

One cent (40 sq.m) area plot

Cattle dung

Super phosphate

Furadan

Fresh Azolla inoculum

Procedure

Select a wetland field and prepare thoroughly and level uniformly.

Mark the field into one cent plots (20 x 2m) by providing suitable bunds and

irrigation channels.

Maintain water level to a height of 10 cm.

Mix 10 kg of cattle dung in 20 litres of water and sprinkle in the field.

Apply 100 g super phosphate as basal dose.

Inoculate fresh Azolla biomass @ 8 kg to each pot.

Apply super phosphate @ 100 g as top dressing fertilizer on 4th and 8th day

after Azolla inoculation.

Apply carbofuran (furadan) granules @ 100 g/plot on 7th day after Azolla

inoculation.

Maintain the water level at 10 cm height throughout the growth period of two

or three weeks.

Observations

Note the Azolla mat floating on the plot. Harvest the Azolla, drain the water

and record the biomass.

Azolla biomass incorporation as green manure for rice crop

Collect the fresh Azolla biomass from the Azolla nursery plot.

Prepare the wetland well and maintain water just enough for easy

incorporation.

Apply fresh Azolla biomass (15 t ha-1) to the main field and incorporate the

Azolla by using implements or tractor.

Note the growth of Azolla mat four weeks after transplanting and incorporate

the Azolla biomass by using implements or tranctor or during inter-cultivation

practices.

A second bloom of Azolla will develop 8 weeks after transplanting which may

be incorporated again.

By the two incorporations, 20-25 tonnes of Azolla can be incorporated in one

hectare rice field.

Benefits of azolla

Despite was introduced and popularized since the early 1990s, it has not been a lot

of farmers who use Azolla plant (Azolla pinnata) for his farming business. In fact the

benefits of aquatic plants this one quite a lot. In addition to the media for ornamental

plants and fertilizer, Azolla can also be used to feeding livestock and fish.

Because it is considered weeds, then farmers get rid them. In fact, when used as a

fertilizer in paddy rice, Azolla can suppress the use of urea up to 65 kg / ha.

Limitation

Azolla is a water fern and requires a growth temperature of 35-38º C. The

multiplication of Azolla is affected under elevated temperature. Hence adopting this

technology in dry zones where the temperature exceeds 40ºc is difficult.

Preparation and application of vermiwash


12174- Satya Prakash Kannoujia

12175- Vivek Kumar

12176- Anushree Bacchar

12177- Priyanka Upadhayay

12180-Mohit Singh

11031- Ashok Kumar Pokhrel

Content

Type of farmer:-marginal

Situation of farmer:- rainfed

Objective

Preparation of vermiwash and its application in maize field.

Introduction

Fig. no.10 vermiwash setup

Earthworms are known for their excellent contribution in increasing the soil

fertility and promoting plant growth through their body secretion and castings.

Therefore present demonstration is designed to study the effect of vermiwash

of Eiseniafetida which is commonly used in vermiculture farm of farmers on

the growth of plants. The root length ,shoot length, number of twigs, leaves,

flowers , pods, grains and biomass were increased significantly compared to

that of control in all the plants treated with vermiwash.

Important factor related to production

Temperature-20-25 ‘c

use of partially digested dung

use earthworm(Eisenia fetida) as young stage

Material required and method

The plastic vessel measuring about fourty liters capacity was taken and a

hole was made at the bottom of vessel.The hole of vessel was fixed with

a tap.

The vessel was filled with pebbles, sand and over this 10-15 days older

partially digested cow dung was added.

100-150 adult Eisenia fetida earthworms were introduced.

The setup was left undisturbed for next 15 days with required moisture.

The water was sprayed every day to maintain moisture required for the

worm bed. From the 16th day the liquid was collected by opening the tap

at the bottom of the vessel.

For continuous collection of vermiwash, a bucket of 5 litre is hanged

above the main unit which meets the demand.

The watery yellowish-black extract of vermiwash drains out from the

bucket.

The collected vermiwash was stored in bottles and keep in cool place.

Application method

Spray 100 lit of vermiwash conc.2 days before sowing

Spraying of solution of vermiwash and water(1:10) 50 lit/acre

Note- this method must be repeated 2-3 times

Solution of vermiwash,water and gau-mutra(1:1:10) spray in field as a

insecticide and fungicide

Chemical composition:

PH - - 7.48

C% - 0.008

N - 60 ppm

P - 18 ppm

K - 130 ppm

Zn - 0.02 ppm

Fe - 0.06 ppm

Precaution

Do not keep vermiwash in direct sunlight.

Mixing of excess water harms earthworms.

Use of concentrated vermiwash kills plants so it should be diluted

Never use metal made box or bucket

Always use partial digested dung

Collected vermiwash must be use within 1 month.

Advantages

Improve in physical and chemical condition of soil.

It prevents fungal infection, ring worm infection etc.

It also contains some important microbes which helps in plant

growth.

Improvement in food quality.

Increase in production by 10-15%.

Low cost and no harmful effect on environment.

Disadvantage

Earth warm is not easily available

Not a source of complete nutrition

Main crops like wheat and rice is not suitable.

Economics

Production technique of baby corn

Demonstration group no. 9

11088- Naveen Kumar Kushwaha

11097- Phool Singh Hindoria

11105- Praveen Mishra

11107- Priti Pandey

11129- Sachin Kumar

11174-Ankit Kumar

Content

Type of farmer: small and large

Situation of farmer: rainfed

Objective

To study about production technique of baby corn in maize.

Introduction

Baby corn is the ear of maize (Zea mays L.) plant harvested young, especially when

the silks have either not emerged or just emerged, and no fertilization has taken

place, depending on the cultivar grown. The dehusked young ears of baby corn can

be eaten as vegetable, whose delicate sweet flavor and crispiness are much in

demand. Importantly is free from pesticides and its nutritional value is comparable to

popular vegetables like cauliflower, cabbage, tomato, eggplant and cucumber. It’s by

products such as tassel, young husk, silk and green stalks provide good cattle feed.

Fig. No.11 babycorn

Selection of suitable varieties:

Short duration, prolific, single cross hybrid with medium height should be selected.

HM-4, Prakash, B.L-42, HQPM-1 etc. are suitable hybrids for baby corn.

Seed rate:

Optimum seed rate is 22-25 kg/ha depending upon the test weight of the hybrid.

Seed treatment:

Bavistin + Captan in 1:1 ratio @ 2 g/kg seed for TLB, BLSB, MLB, etc.

Apron 35 SD @ 4 g/kg seed for BSDM

Fipronil @ 4 ml/kg for termite and shoot fly

Sowing time :

It can be sown round the year in southern India. In northern India, it can be sown

from February to November. It can be grown through transplanting in furrows in

December-January in northern India. For this purpose nursery should be raised in

November. Generally, August to November planting yield best quality baby corn.

Sowing method

Sowing should be done on southern side of the ridges with 60 cm x 15 -20 cm row x

plant spacing depending upon planttype( erect/spreading).

Nutrient management

Nutrient application should be based on soil test. Generally 150-180:60:60:25 Kg/ha

N,P,K and ZnS04 with 8-10 tons/ha FYM (Fig. 7) should be applied. Full dose of

phosphorus, potash and zinc and 10 % N should be applied as basal dose (Fig. 8).

The remaining dose of nitrogen should be applied in four splits as per details given

below to avoid losses and to meet the requirement throughout the crop cycle-

1 . 20% N at 41eaf stage

2. 30% N at 81eaf stage

3. 25% N before detasseling

4. 15% N after detasselin.

Protection from serious insect pests:

Stem borer (Chilo partellus), Pink borer (Sesamia inferens) and Sorghum shoot fly

(Atherigona spp) are serious problems in kharif, rabi and spring seasons,

respectively. Stem borer can be controlled by 1-2 spray of Carboryl or Endosulfan

after 10 and 20 days of germination. Spraying should be done in the central whorl of

plant.

Detasseling:

To maintain the quality of baby corn, detasseling is an essential operation. It is done

by removing the tassel of the plant as soon as it emerges from the flag leaf. It should

be practiced row-wise.

Fig no.12 detasseling

While detasseling, leaf should not be removed which will otherwise affect net

photosynthesis and ultimately reduce average baby corn yield. It has been observed

that the removal of 1 to 3 leaves along with tassel reduces 5-15 % yield of baby corn.

The removed tassel should not be thrown in the field as it is nutrient rich and should

be fed to the cattle.

Advantage

Diversification

Employment generation

Earning money in shortest possible time

Potential for export

Disadvantage

• Less availability of quality seed

• Unawareness among common people about its use and taste

• Lack of processing facilities

• Lack of marketing facilities in rural areas.

Economics

Maize Baby corn

input 30335 32335

benefit 22665 147665

Weed control through by using dry land weeder


12007: Akanksha Katiyar

12116: Sanjay Pandit

12127:Shiwani Agarwal

12151: Vikrant Kumar

12153: Vishal Kumar Pandey

Content

Type of farmer:-marginal


Objective

To study about weed control through dry land weeder in maize.

Introduction

This equipment used for mechanical weeding in row in different standing crop.

AGRIMAX-BIHAR brand Dry land weeder (Wheel hoe) has been developed by the

scientists of Rajendra Agricultural University, Bihar (Pusa), Samastipur. The

equipment is made-up od PVD made strong, durable wheel and hang grip. The

weeder is very efficient because of specially designed cultivator type tynes. The

equipment has three tynes. The front tyne varies in construction and design from

other two rear tynes. The front tyne opens the land and looses the soil whereas the

rear tynes cuts the weed and pulverizes the soil. The equipment is user’s friendly

and long lasting. With this equipment 8-10 man days is required for weeding 1

hectare of land. AGRIMAX-BIHAR brand Dry land weeder (Wheel hoe) is the liking

of farmers and is very popular among.

Major Weed Problems

Grasses Sedges Broad leaves

Echinochloa colona Cyperus rotundus Ipomoea aquatica

Digitaria ciliaris Cyperus iria Monochoria vaginalis

Echinochloa crus-galli Fimbristylis miliacea Commelina benghalensis

Ischaemum rugosum Cyperus difformis Phyllanthus niruri

Common problems due to weed

1. Lower productivity

2. Reduction in quality of produce

3. Increased insect-pest infestation

4. Problem in irrigation

5. Increased requirement of fertiliser.

Fig.no. 13 dry land weeder

Parts of dryland weeder

1. Handle – handle must have good grip, can be easily used. It is like lateral U

shape just like handle of a bicycle.

2. Rod – length must be according to user so that its handle must be below

chest of user

3. Shape – it must be easy to use.

4. Weight – light weight and easily transferable, even women can easily use it.

5. Wheel – helps in rotation of dry land weeder.

Use of dryland weeder

Use dryland weeder after 10 days of transplanting and repeat the procedure

for 2-3 times at 10-12 days interval.

It is operated in single row by push and pull action.

This operation makes the soil aerated and also burry the weeds in the soil

which acts as green manure.

Salient Features :

Ideally suitable for SRI Wheat & row crops including vegetables.

Operated by simple push & pull action and provides for better aeration and

soil mulching.

Saving of 10 -12 man days per acre.

Working width : 10 cm.

Weight : 5.2 KGs.

Field capacity : 8-10 hrs per acre

Depth & Height adjustable.

Gender friendly, lighter in weight and durable

LIMITATIONS

Not suitable for black and loamy soil.

The axle hole gets widened upon continuous use.

Advantage

Proper aeration to roots.

Reduces competition for water, light, space and nutrition.

Provides green manure to the crop.

Increase in yield.

Saving in labour: 50%

Low maintenance required.

Easy to operate

Low cost of weed control

Conserves soil moisture

Disadvantage

Not suitable in wet condition.

Not suitable in broadcasting.

Economics

Harvesting of paddy by toothed sickle and threshing by

Thresher.


12155: Yogesh Lal

12171: Jaiprakash

11008: Ajit Kumar

11028: Anup Morasini

11037: Bhisma G.C

11039: Vinod Gaire

Content

Type of farmer:- marginal

Situation of farmer:-rainfed

Objective

To study about harvesting of paddy by toothed sickle and threshing by thresher.

Introduction : 1.2% and 3.8%grain is lost due to harvesting and threshing . in

totality 40 lakh to 1 corer tone paddy is lost due to this purpose.

Time of harvesting:

When dough stage come i.e. when milking starts hardening start harvesting.

After flowering leave 20-30 days then after harvest.

Paddy harvesting only 20% water content must be there.

When 80% floret become yellow then harvest the paddy.

Toothed sickle

It is different from convential sickle. It has toothed like blade and handled it at upper

portion.

Working principle

It works on the principle of friction. It does not require regular maintenance.

Handle

It is bend towards back sickle, good capturing, and less chance of injured. It is easy

to cut the paddy from ground.

Weight - 150-200g

Price- Rs.30-35/sickle.

Fig. No. 14 serrated sickel

Threshing

Conventional type of threshing is practice. Threshing is done by beating on the floor.

Cost of threshing

17-20kg paddy/ha/person

Electric thresher:

Machine work by electric motor and seprate the grain from plant. It is more efficient

20 to 25 time’s more than convential type of threshing.

Cost of threshing

350-600 kg paddy/hr.

Working principle

Paddy plant when goes through hopper it sticks on the fast rotating cylinder and

separates into grain and straw.

Work of thresher

It separate economic part.

Clean the paddy

Gather the paddy at a place.

Motor

Power-5HP

Efficiency-98.5-99.5%

Price- 82350-84690

Subcidies-30%

Cost - 10 kg paddy/qt.

Precautions

Keep distance from children.

Clean sickle after use.

Skill person required is to operate the machine.

Supply paddy plant regularly.

Proper caring should be taken while putting paddy into hopper.

Advantage

Toothed shaped sickle.

Saving time

Lees labour cost

No danger for cut

Electric thrasher

More efficient than conventional thrasher.

Less labour cost

Less loss paddy

Easily separate even if moisture content is high.

Disadvantage

Sickle is not properly managed then it will damage through junk.

Where there is no electricity, it cannot work.

Maintenance is costly.

High costly.

Economics analysis

THRESSING BY LABOUR BY THRESHER

Grain yield (1400/q) 39 q=54600 42 q=58800

Labour cost 20*250=5000 3*250=750

rent 420 kg=5880

Gross income 49600 52170

benefit 2570

CONTROL OF WEEDS IN MAIZE USING WEEDICIDES THROUGH

KNAPSACK SPRAYER


11054:Durga Bahadur G M

11058: Giriraj Khatri

11095: Pashupati Pathak

11102: Prakash Paudel

11158: Swati Priya

11168: Vipin Kumar Ram

Content

Type of farmer:- small and large farmer

Situation of farmer:- rainfed

Objective

Control of weed through knapsack sprayer in maize.

Introduction

Maize is the third main crop grown in India , maize is highly infested by the weeds,

due to weeds the production lost of maize annually reduced to about 40-60% but

using proper sets of information and technique such as timely sowing, mulching,

herbicide application in the field of maize can effectively optimize the production of

the maize.

Pre-sowing application of herbicide to control the weeds-

Application of herbicides in the unplowed field before the 15 day of sowing .

Glycophosphate – 1kg/ha a.i in 400-600 lts of water .

Paraquat- 0.5 kg/ha a.i in 600 lts of water .

Pre-germination application of herbicides

Atrazine- 1.0-1.5 kg/ha a,I in 600 lts of water.

Post-germination application of herbicides

DDT – 0.5kg/ha a.i

Material requried

Knapsack sprayer

Nozzle

Shoe,clothes,Glasses, mask ,cap and proper herbicidal mixture.

Knapsack sprayer-

It is pressurized application which may be manually operated or may be materialized

for carrying spray . most important and significant part of knapsack sprayer is

nozzle.the spraying pattern and type of solution are dependent on types of nozzle.

Fig. no 15 Knapsack sprayer

There are 3 types of nozzle

Flat fan nozzle

Cone nozzle

Deflector nozzle

Spray solution-

spray(solution volume required) = Nozzle output (lt/min) * 10000ml /swepth width *

speed (m/min)

Before using it must be calibrated by assessing

Speed of travel

Nozzle output

Swepth width

Precautions-

Water appropriate cloths, gloves, cap , glass, shoe etc.

Spray in the direction of wind.

Spraying should done either in morning or evening.

Spraying should be done at constant pressure and speed.

Advantages of spraying

Uniform distribution on crop canopy.

Avoid drift losses.

Optimise dose of chemical per hectare area.

Minimise lost of application.

Disadvantage

Damage the body if proper care is not taken.

Required certain filling the chemicals.

Not suitable if probability of rain fall.

Economics

DESCRIPTION CONVENTIONAL

METHOD (rs./ha)

PESTICIDES

METHOD

(rs./ha)

Cost of sprayer - 2000

Labour cost 9000 1000

Pre emergence

pesticide application

- 780

Total cost 9000 3780

New report on soil testing

Documents

Transcript of New report on soil testing