DARK MATTER PROBES OF SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE S HotSci 23 July 2014 Joe Silk (IAP, JHU)
New Puzzles in Supermassive Black Hole Evolution
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Transcript of New Puzzles in Supermassive Black Hole Evolution
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New Puzzles in Supermassive Black Hole Evolution
Charles L. SteinhardtIPMU, University of Tokyo
October 14, 2010
Steinhardt & Elvis 2010, MNRAS, 402, 2637 (arxiv:0911.1355) Steinhardt & Elvis 2010 MNRAS, in press (arxiv:0911.3155) Steinhardt & Elvis 2010 MNRAS 406, L1 (arxiv:0912.0734) Steinhardt, Elvis, & Amarie 2010, submitted
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The supermassive black hole (SMBH) lifecycle
1) Seeding
2) Growth
3) Turnoff
4) Quiescence (well, almost)
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The supermassive black hole (SMBH) lifecycle
1) Seeding
2) Growth: quasar phase (Soltan)
3) Turnoff
4) Quiescence (well, almost)
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The supermassive black hole (SMBH) lifecycle
1) Seeding
2) Growth: quasar phase (Soltan)
3) Turnoff (M- relation)
4) Quiescence (well, almost)
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Quasar Luminosity Function
Richards et al. (2006)
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How to obtain black hole masses from one SDSS spectrum
Kepler’s Laws on broad emission line gas, so we need v,R.
Doppler broadening of spectral line velocity
Supermassive black hole “mass ladder”
Continuum luminosity radius
Comparison with reverbation masses implies ~0.4 dex uncertainty (more on this later!)
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Quasar Mass Function
Vestergaard et al. (2008)
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Common beliefs about SMBHs All quasars can radiate at the Eddington limit
Quasars are “light-bulbs”: either on (at Eddington) or off
Quasars “flicker”
Luminosity is a proxy for mass
Quasar dynamics come from host galaxy dynamics
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Existing data
Existing methods
Existing catalogs
But new methods
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Existing data
Quasar catalog and spectra come from SDSS DR5
Existing methods
Existing catalogs
But new methods
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Existing data
Quasar catalog and spectra come from SDSS DR5
Virial Mass Estimation: Vestergaard/Peterson, McLure/Dunlop
Existing methods
Existing catalogs
But new methods
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Existing data
Quasar catalog and spectra come from SDSS DR5
Virial Mass Estimation: Vestergaard/Peterson, McLure/Dunlop
Actual mass estimates: Shen et al. (2008)
Bolometric luminosities: Richards et al. (2006), Shen et al. (2008)
Existing methods
Existing catalogs
But new methods
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Existing data
Quasar catalog and spectra come from SDSS DR5
Virial Mass Estimation: Vestergaard/Peterson, McLure/Dunlop
Actual mass estimates: Shen et al. (2008)
Bolometric luminosities: Richards et al. (2006), Shen et al. (2008)
Time to think two- (or three-) dimensionally!
Existing methods
Existing catalogs
But new methods
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0.2 < z < 0.4, H
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0.2 < z < 0.4, H
SDSS Saturation
Detection Limit
Qu
asa
r Tu
rnoff
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0.2 < z < 0.4, H
Detection Limit
Qu
asa
r Tu
rnoff
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Virial mass estimation may be better than previously believed!
Best-fit exponential decays: e-folding of 0.14-0.25 dex
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0.2 < z < 0.4, H
Detection Limit
Qu
asa
r Tu
rnoff
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Quasars at 1.6 < z < 1.8
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Quasars at 1.6 < z < 1.8
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Quasars at 1.6 < z < 1.8
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Best-fit sub-Eddington boundary slopes
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Best-fit sub-Eddington boundary slopes
Risaliti, Young, & Elvis (2009)
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Common beliefs about SMBHs All quasars can radiate at the Eddington limit
Quasars are “light-bulbs”: either on (at Eddington) or off
Quasars “flicker”
Luminosity is a proxy for mass
Quasar dynamics come from host galaxy dynamics
FALSE!
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Expected L/LE distribution at different M, 0.2<z<0.4
Normalized to peak
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The L/LE distribution at different M, 0.2<z<0.4
Normalized to peak
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The L/LE distribution at different M, 0.2<z<0.4
Normalized to peak
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Common beliefs about SMBHs Quasars radiate at the Eddington limit
Quasars are “light-bulbs”: either on (at Eddington) or off
Quasars “flicker”
Luminosity is a proxy for mass
Quasar dynamics come from host galaxy dynamics
FALSE!
TRUE! FALSE!
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Common beliefs about SMBHs Quasars radiate at the Eddington limit
Quasars are “light-bulbs”: either on (at Eddington) or off
Quasars “flicker”
Luminosity is a proxy for mass
Quasar dynamics come from host galaxy dynamics
FALSE!
TRUE! FALSE!
MAYBE NOT?
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SDSS quasar colors at high mass, low luminosity
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Emission line ratios change at high mass
Highest Mass
Intermediate Mass
Lowest Mass
1.2-1.4
0.8-1.0
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Common beliefs about SMBHs Quasars radiate at the Eddington limit
Quasars are “light-bulbs”: either on (at Eddington) or off
Quasars “flicker”
Luminosity is a proxy for mass
Quasar dynamics come from host galaxy dynamics
FALSE!
TRUE! FALSE!
MAYBE NOT?
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3.0-3.2
Redshift range
2.0-2.2
1.6-1.8
1.2-1.4
0.8-1.0
Luminosity at fixed mass, different z
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Common beliefs about SMBHs Quasars radiate at the Eddington limit
Quasars are “light-bulbs”: either on (at Eddington) or off
Quasars “flicker”
Luminosity is a proxy for mass
Quasar dynamics come from host galaxy dynamics
FALSE!
TRUE! FALSE!
MAYBE NOT?
FALSE!
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9.75-10.0
Log M (solar)
9.50-9.75
9.25-9.50
9.00-9.25
Comoving number density declines at different rates for different masses
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Timescales (M), N(t) = N0e-t/(M)
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Common beliefs about SMBHs Quasars radiate at the Eddington limit
Quasars are “light-bulbs”: either on (at Eddington) or off
Quasars “flicker”
Luminosity is a proxy for mass
Quasar dynamics come from host galaxy dynamics
FALSE!
TRUE! FALSE!
MAYBE NOT?
FALSE!
SEEMINGLY FALSE!
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k20% changes in: t0M0
Track sensitivity to 20% changes in parameters
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Sample Track: 1.8 < z < 2.0
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Sample Track: 1.6 < z < 1.8
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Sample Track: 1.4 < z < 1.6
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Sample Track: 1.2 < z < 1.4
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Sample Track: 1.0 < z < 1.2
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Allowed track parameters at M0=8.5, t0=3.5 Gyr
Quasars are typically on for just 1-2 Gyr!
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Allowed parameters for tracks originating at all times
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What would we ideally use to study quasar accretion?
Mass and luminosity evolution of individual SMBH
All relevant host galaxy parameters
Only one snapshot
SDSS cannot see the galaxy
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What would we ideally use to study quasar accretion?
Mass and luminosity evolution of individual SMBH
All relevant host galaxy parameters
Quasars ARE like light bulbs!
SDSS cannot see the galaxy
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What would we ideally use to study quasar accretion?
Mass and luminosity evolution of individual SMBH
All relevant host galaxy parameters
Quasars ARE like light bulbs!
There aren’t any!
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The supermassive black hole lifecycle: new, open questions
1) Seeding
2) Growth
3) Turnoff
4) Quiescence (well, almost)
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The supermassive black hole lifecycle: new, open questions
1) Seeding
2) Growth
3) Turnoff
Are all quasars at a characteristic luminosity?
![Page 54: New Puzzles in Supermassive Black Hole Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56813de9550346895da7c07b/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
The supermassive black hole lifecycle: new, open questions
1) Seeding
2) Growth
3) Turnoff
Are all quasars at a characteristic luminosity?Why is evolution synchronous but time-dependent?
![Page 55: New Puzzles in Supermassive Black Hole Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56813de9550346895da7c07b/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
The supermassive black hole lifecycle: new, open questions
1) Seeding
2) Growth
3) Turnoff
Are all quasars at a characteristic luminosity?Why is evolution synchronous but time-dependent? Why is the accretion rate sublinear in mass?
![Page 56: New Puzzles in Supermassive Black Hole Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56813de9550346895da7c07b/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
The supermassive black hole lifecycle: new, open questions
1) Seeding
2) Growth
3) Turnoff
Are all quasars at a characteristic luminosity?Why is evolution synchronous but time-dependent? Why is the accretion rate sublinear in mass?Can we use quasars as standard candles?
![Page 57: New Puzzles in Supermassive Black Hole Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56813de9550346895da7c07b/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
The supermassive black hole lifecycle: new, open questions
1) Seeding
2) Growth
3) Turnoff
Are all quasars at a characteristic luminosity?Why is evolution synchronous but time-dependent? Why is the accretion rate sublinear in mass?Can we use quasars as standard candles?
Is turnoff permanent?
![Page 58: New Puzzles in Supermassive Black Hole Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56813de9550346895da7c07b/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
The supermassive black hole lifecycle: new, open questions
1) Seeding
2) Growth
3) Turnoff
Are all quasars at a characteristic luminosity?Why is evolution synchronous but time-dependent? Why is the accretion rate sublinear in mass?Can we use quasars as standard candles?
Is turnoff permanent?Are “intrinsically red” quasars in the midst of turnoff?
![Page 59: New Puzzles in Supermassive Black Hole Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56813de9550346895da7c07b/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
The supermassive black hole lifecycle: new, open questions
1) Seeding
2) Growth
3) Turnoff
Are all quasars at a characteristic luminosity?Why is evolution synchronous but time-dependent? Why is the accretion rate sublinear in mass?Can we use quasars as standard candles?
Is turnoff permanent?Are “intrinsically red” quasars in the midst of turnoff?Why is turnoff synchronized?
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The supermassive black hole lifecycle: new, open questions
1) Seeding
2) Growth
3) Turnoff
Are all quasars at a characteristic luminosity?Why is evolution synchronous but time-dependent? Why is the accretion rate sublinear in mass?Can we use quasars as standard candles?
Is turnoff permanent?Are “intrinsically red” quasars in the midst of turnoff?Why is turnoff synchronized?Why is turnoff but not growth linked to the host galaxy?
![Page 61: New Puzzles in Supermassive Black Hole Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56813de9550346895da7c07b/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
The supermassive black hole lifecycle: new, open questions
1) Seeding
2) Growth
3) Turnoff
Are all quasars at a characteristic luminosity?Why is evolution synchronous but time-dependent? Why is the accretion rate sublinear in mass?Can we use quasars as standard candles?
Is turnoff permanent?Are “intrinsically red” quasars in the midst of turnoff?Why is turnoff synchronized?Why is turnoff but not growth linked to the host galaxy?What is the origin of the M- relation?
![Page 62: New Puzzles in Supermassive Black Hole Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56813de9550346895da7c07b/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
The supermassive black hole lifecycle: new, open questions
1) Seeding
2) Growth
3) Turnoff
Are all quasars at a characteristic luminosity?Why is evolution synchronous but time-dependent? Why is the accretion rate sublinear in mass?Can we use quasars as standard candles?
Is turnoff permanent?Are “intrinsically red” quasars in the midst of turnoff?Why is turnoff synchronized?Why is turnoff but not growth linked to the host galaxy?What is the origin of the M- relation?
How are supermassive black holes seeded synchronously?
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The supermassive black hole lifecycle: new, open questions
1) Seeding
2) Growth
3) Turnoff
Are all quasars at a characteristic luminosity?Why is evolution synchronous but time-dependent? Why is the accretion rate sublinear in mass?Can we use quasars as standard candles?
Is turnoff permanent?Are “intrinsically red” quasars in the midst of turnoff?Why is turnoff synchronized?Why is turnoff but not growth linked to the host galaxy?What is the origin of the M- relation?
How are supermassive black holes seeded synchronously?How do the biggest, earliest central black holes form?
![Page 64: New Puzzles in Supermassive Black Hole Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56813de9550346895da7c07b/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
The supermassive black hole lifecycle: new, open questions
1) Seeding
2) Growth
3) Turnoff
Are all quasars at a characteristic luminosity?Why is evolution synchronous but time-dependent? Why is the accretion rate sublinear in mass?Can we use quasars as standard candles?
Is turnoff permanent?Are “intrinsically red” quasars in the midst of turnoff?Why is turnoff synchronized?Why is turnoff but not growth linked to the host galaxy?What is the origin of the M- relation?
How are supermassive black holes seeded synchronously?How do the biggest, earliest central black holes form?Does this mean they are seeded before the first stars?
![Page 65: New Puzzles in Supermassive Black Hole Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56813de9550346895da7c07b/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
The supermassive black hole lifecycle: new, open questions
1) Seeding
2) Growth
3) Turnoff
Are all quasars at a characteristic luminosity?Why is evolution synchronous but time-dependent? Why is the accretion rate sublinear in mass?Can we use quasars as standard candles?
Is turnoff permanent?Are “intrinsically red” quasars in the midst of turnoff?Why is turnoff synchronized?Why is turnoff but not growth linked to the host galaxy?What is the origin of the M- relation?
How are supermassive black holes seeded synchronously?How do the biggest, earliest central black holes form?Does this mean they are seeded before the first stars?Is it possible to make primordial black hole seeds?
![Page 66: New Puzzles in Supermassive Black Hole Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56813de9550346895da7c07b/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
The supermassive black hole lifecycle: new, open questions
1) Seeding
2) Growth
3) Turnoff
Are all quasars at a characteristic luminosity?Why is evolution synchronous but time-dependent? Why is the accretion rate sublinear in mass?Can we use quasars as standard candles?
Is turnoff permanent?Are “intrinsically red” quasars in the midst of turnoff?Why is turnoff synchronized?Why is turnoff but not growth linked to the host galaxy?What is the origin of the M- relation?
How are supermassive black holes seeded synchronously?How do the biggest, earliest central black holes form?Does this mean they are seeded before the first stars?Is it possible to make primordial black hole seeds?
Summary: We don’t know how supermassive black holes are born, how they grow, or why they die.
![Page 67: New Puzzles in Supermassive Black Hole Evolution](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56813de9550346895da7c07b/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
The supermassive black hole lifecycle: new, open questions
1) Seeding
2) Growth
3) Turnoff
Are all quasars at a characteristic luminosity?Why is evolution synchronous but time-dependent? Why is the accretion rate sublinear in mass?Can we use quasars as standard candles?
Is turnoff permanent?Are “intrinsically red” quasars in the midst of turnoff?Why is turnoff synchronized?Why is turnoff but not growth linked to the host galaxy?What is the origin of the M- relation?
How are supermassive black holes seeded synchronously?How do the biggest, earliest central black holes form?Does this mean they are seeded before the first stars?Is it possible to make primordial black hole seeds?
Summary: We don’t know how supermassive black holes are born, how they grow, or why they die.
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The supermassive black hole lifecycle: new, open questions
1) Seeding
2) Growth
3) Turnoff
Are all quasars at a characteristic luminosity?Why is evolution synchronous but time-dependent? Why is the accretion rate sublinear in mass?Can we use quasars as standard candles?
Is turnoff permanent?Are “intrinsically red” quasars in the midst of turnoff?Why is turnoff synchronized?Why is turnoff but not growth linked to the host galaxy?What is the origin of the M- relation?
How are supermassive black holes seeded synchronously?How do the biggest, earliest central black holes form?Does this mean they are seeded before the first stars?Is it possible to make primordial black hole seeds?
Summary: Something exciting is about to happen!
Steinhardt & Elvis 2010, MNRAS 402, 2637 (sub-Eddington boundary)Steinhardt & Elvis 2010, MNRAS in press (Turnoff/Synchronization)Steinhardt & Elvis 2010, MNRAS 406, L1(Virial Masses)Steinhardt, Elvis, & Amarie 2010, sub. MNRAS (tracks)