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Reported and impersonal passive structures  by Sandra Àlvarez, TEACHER at LANGUAGE SCHOOL on Apr 23, 2013

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dtommy79'(to have + pp)' 

What is 'pp'? 

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Reported and impersonal passive structuresDocument Transcript

1. 5th LEVEL. GRAMMAR UNIT 8EOI REUSREPORTED AND IMPERSONAL PASSIVEWith opinion verbs such as allege, believe, consider, estimate, expect, know, report,say, think, understand a passive construction is used when reporting people’sgeneralized opinions.This happens because the action referred to is more important than the subject who isdoing the action, usually because it would be a weak subject (they, people).You can build this kind of sentences following both these structures:IT + PASSIVE OPINION VERB + THAT CLAUSEPERSONAL SUBJECT + PASSIVE OPINION VERB + TO INFINITIVEDepending on the tense reference in the active sentence, the infinitive may vary intoperfect infinitive (to have + pp), present continuous infinitive (to be + -ing form),perfect continuous infinitive (to have been + -ing form), or perfect passive infinitive (tohave been + pp).1. PRESENT REFERENCEPeople say that Sam is in the UK.It is said that Sam is in the UK.Sam is said to be in the UK.2. PAST REFERENCEPeople know that Shane left Galway last week.It is known that Shane left Galway last week.Shane is known to have left Galway last week.3. CONTINUOUS PRESENT/PAST REFERENCEPeople rumour that George is / was visiting his relatives.It is rumoured that George is / was visiting his relatives.George is rumoured to be visiting / to have been visiting his relatives.4. PASSIVE REFERENCEPeople consider that Jane was badly mistreated.It is considered that Jane was badly mistreated.Jane is considered to have been badly mistreated.ALSO KEEP IN MIND If the reporting or opinion verb is in the past in the active sentence, it stays thesame in the passive sentence:People thought she had paid too much.It was thought that she had paid too much.She was thought to have paid too much.

2. 5th LEVEL. GRAMMAR UNIT 8EOI REUS If the verb clause in the second part of the sentence contains a modal, or averb form which does not have an infinitive form, you wioll have to use analternative equivalent which can become an infinitive.Can/could forms of to be able toWill forms of to be going toMust forms of to have toPRACTICEEXERCISE 1Rewrite these sentences using the introductory words given, and one of theconstructions above.1. We know that customs officials confiscated ten foreign passports last week.Ten foreign passports ______________________________________________2. People say that most small corner shops are losing business with the recession.Most small corner shops ____________________________________________3. It is expected that tax increases will be announced in tomorrow’s budget.Tax increases _____________________________________________________4. People thought at first that the Crown Prince had been attacked.The Crown Prince _________________________________________________5. We know that inner-city crime rates are increasing.Inner-city crime rates ______________________________________________6. They say the star’s wife has had at least two face-lifts.The star’s wife ____________________________________________________7. It is rumoured that the Princess is in hiding in Balmoral Castle in Scotland.The Princess ______________________________________________________8. It is feared that nine crew members were lost overboard.Nine crew members ________________________________________________9. It was considered that his speech was one of the best.His speech _______________________________________________________10. We can’t deny that we made certain mistakes early on.It ______________________________________________________________11. Police reported that a man had been helping them with their investigation.A man ___________________________________________________________12. The accused was alleged to have committed fraud.It ______________________________________________________________

3. 5th LEVEL. GRAMMAR UNIT 8EOI REUSEXERCISE 2Rewrite each sentence so that it contains the word in capitals.1. We believe that the government has prepared a plan. HAVE________________________________________________________________2. We are thinking of getting someone to paint the outside of the house. PAINTED________________________________________________________________3. In the end I was unable to find a garage to service my car. GET________________________________________________________________4. People say that Mrs Turner was having business difficulties. BEEN________________________________________________________________5. The treasure is thought to date from the 13th century. IT________________________________________________________________6. The police towed away Alan’s car. GOT________________________________________________________________7. Your hair needs cutting. GET________________________________________________________________8. The police believe that a professional thief stole the statue. BEEN________________________________________________________________9. Jill’s parents are making her study hard. MADE________________________________________________________________

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