NEW MEXICO MUSEUMS ENERGY AUDITS - New Mexico Department of Energy… · 2012-03-03 · NEW MEXICO...

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NEW MEXICO MUSEUMS ENERGY AUDITS Final Report 6/30/07 Museum of Natural History, Albuquerque This report contains the findings of the State of New Mexico Energy Audit for the Museum of Natural History in Albuquerque. It contains the results of the audit, listings of energy efficiency measures, and an economic analysis of energy saving opportunities.

Transcript of NEW MEXICO MUSEUMS ENERGY AUDITS - New Mexico Department of Energy… · 2012-03-03 · NEW MEXICO...

Page 1: NEW MEXICO MUSEUMS ENERGY AUDITS - New Mexico Department of Energy… · 2012-03-03 · NEW MEXICO MUSEUMS ENERGY AUDITS Final Report 6/30/07 Museum of Natural History, Albuquerque

NEW MEXICO MUSEUMS ENERGY AUDITS

Final Report

6/30/07 Museum of Natural History, Albuquerque

This report contains the findings of the State of New Mexico Energy Audit for the Museum of Natural History in Albuquerque. It contains the results of the audit, listings of energy efficiency measures, and an economic analysis of energy saving opportunities.

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New Mexico Museum of Natural History Energy Audit

EMC Engineers, Inc. - ii - 6/30/07

This Report prepared for:

New Mexico Museum of Natural History Michael McDiarmid Warren Bronson 1801 Mountain Road NW Albuquerque, NM 87104 505.841.2824

This Report Prepared By:

EMC Engineers, Inc. 143 Union Blvd. Suite 350 Lakewood, CO 80228 303.974.1200 Dan Addink, CEM Project Manager 303.974.1234 [email protected]

Celeste Cizik Staff Engineer 303.974.1212 [email protected]

Asa Firestone Junior Engineer 303.573.1666 [email protected]

This report has been prepared at the request of the client, and the observations, conclusions, and recommendations contained herein constitute the opinions of E M C Engineers, Inc. In

preparing this report, EMC has relied on some information supplied by the client, the client’s employees, and others which we gratefully acknowledge. Because no warranties were given

with this source of information, E M C Engineers, Inc. cannot make certification or give assurances except as explicitly defined in this report.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1  EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................. 1-1 1.1  INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 1-1 1.2  MAIN MUSEUM ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURES (EEMS) ........................................ 1-1 1.3  R&E ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURES (EEMS) ................................................................ 1-3 

2  FACILITY DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................... 2-1 2.1  MAIN MUSEUM BUILDING .......................................................................................................... 2-1 

2.1.1  FUNCTION & SCHEDULE .............................................................................................................. 2-1 2.1.2  STRUCTURE ........................................................................................................................................ 2-1 2.1.3  MECHANICAL SYSTEMS .............................................................................................................. 2-3 2.1.4  LIGHTING SYSTEMS ..................................................................................................................... 2-19 

2.2  RESEARCH & EDUCATION ANNEX ....................................................................................... 2-19 2.2.1  FUNCTION & SCHEDULE ............................................................................................................ 2-19 2.2.2  STRUCTURE ...................................................................................................................................... 2-20 2.2.3  MECHANICAL SYSTEMS ............................................................................................................ 2-20 2.2.4  LIGHTING SYSTEMS ..................................................................................................................... 2-21 

3  ENERGY USE ANALYSIS ................................................................................................ 3-1 3.1  MAIN MUSEUM ................................................................................................................................. 3-1 

3.1.1  ELECTRICITY ..................................................................................................................................... 3-1 3.1.2  NATURAL GAS .................................................................................................................................. 3-4 3.1.3  WEATHER NORMALIZATION ..................................................................................................... 3-5 

3.2  R&E ANNEX ........................................................................................................................................ 3-8 3.2.1  ELECTRICITY ..................................................................................................................................... 3-8 3.2.2  NATURAL GAS ................................................................................................................................ 3-11 

4  ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURES (EEMS) ................................................................ 4-1 4.1  MAIN MUSEUM BUILDING EEMS ............................................................................................. 4-1 

4.1.1  EQUEST MODEL ................................................................................................................................ 4-1 4.1.2  EEM-1: INSTALL VFDS ON CONDENSER WATER PUMPS AND 2-WAY

VALVES ON EQUIPMENT ........................................................................................................... 4-10 4.1.3  EEM-2: INSTALL VFD ON COOLING TOWER FAN ........................................................... 4-13 4.1.4  EEM-3: INCREASE CONDENSER WATER CONTROL DEADBAND AND

LOWER SUPPLY SETPOINTS ..................................................................................................... 4-16 4.1.5  EEM-4: OPTIMIZE EQUIPMENT SCHEDULING .................................................................. 4-18 4.1.6  EEM-5: DAYLIGHTING CONTROL IN ATRIUM ................................................................. 4-21 4.1.7  EEM-6: DEMAND CONTROLLED VENTILATION AT AIR HANDLERS .................... 4-23 4.1.8  EEM-7: LIMIT USE OF PREHEAT BOILER ............................................................................ 4-26 4.1.9  EEM-8: CLOSE PROJECTOR ROOM OUTSIDE AIR DAMPER ....................................... 4-28 4.1.10  EEM SAVINGS SUMMARY ......................................................................................................... 4-31 

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4.1.11  ADDITIONAL EEMS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................ 4-33 4.2  R&E ANNEX ...................................................................................................................................... 4-36 

4.2.1  EEM-1: DISABLE HUMIDIFIER ................................................................................................ 4-36 4.2.2  EEM-2: SETBACK THERMOSTATS ........................................................................................ 4-38 4.2.3  EEM-3: UPGRADE LIGHTING WITH HIGH EFFICIENCY LIGHTING ........................ 4-38 4.2.4  EEM SAVINGS SUMMARY ......................................................................................................... 4-39 

5 APPENDICES – MAIN MUSEUM 5.1 GENERAL BUILDING INFORMATION .......................................................................... 5-1 5.2 SYSTEMS & EQUIPMENT INFORMATION ................................................................. 5-14 5.3 TREND DATA ................................................................................................................. 5-120 5.4 ENERGY MODELS & SIMULATIONS ........................................................................ 5-172 5.5 COST ESTIMATES ......................................................................................................... 5-226 5.6 LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS .................................................................................... 5-241 5.7 ENERGY USE ANALYSIS ............................................................................................. 5-251

6 APPENDICES – R&E ANNEX 6.1 GENERAL BUILDING INFORMATION .......................................................................... 6-1 6.2 SYSTEMS & EQUIPMENT INFORMATION ................................................................... 6-4 6.3 TREND DATA ................................................................................................................... 6-24 6.4 ENERGY MODELS & SIMULATIONS .......................................................................... 6-38 6.5 ENERGY USE ANALYSIS ............................................................................................... 6-39

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New Mexico Museum of Natural History Energy Audit

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INDEX OF FIGURES

FIGURE 2-1: MAIN MUSEUM PLANETARIUM EXTERIOR ELEVATION ........................................... 2-2 FIGURE 2-2: MAIN MUSEUM ENTRY AND ATRIUM ELEVATION .................................................... 2-2 FIGURE 2-3: MAIN MUSEUM EXHIBIT AREA ELEVATION ................................................................ 2-2 FIGURE 2-4: MAIN MUSEUM CENTRAL AREA ELEVATION .............................................................. 2-2 FIGURE 2-5: MAIN MUSEUM RTU ............................................................................................................ 2-3 FIGURE 2-6: MAIN MUSEUM AHU TRENDS - SCHEDULES ................................................................ 2-4 FIGURE 2-7: MAIN MUSEUM AHU HOBO DATA ................................................................................... 2-5 FIGURE 2-8: MAIN MUSEUM AHU TRENDS - TEMPERATURES ........................................................ 2-7 FIGURE 2-9: MAIN MUSEUM HEAT PUMP ............................................................................................. 2-8 FIGURE 2-10: MAIN MUSEUM SAMPLE HP TRENDS ......................................................................... 2-10 FIGURE 2-11: MAIN MUSEUM HP HOBO DATA .................................................................................. 2-11 FIGURE 2-12: MAIN MUSEUM SAMPLE TREND DATA – SMALL HPS ............................................ 2-12 FIGURE 2-13: MAIN MUSEUM SAMPLE TREND DATA – PROJECTOR ROOM .............................. 2-13 FIGURE 2-14: MAIN MUSEUM PIPING SCHEMATIC ........................................................................... 2-15 FIGURE 2-15: MAIN MUSEUM SAMPLE TREND DATA – COOLING TOWER SYSTEM ................ 2-16 FIGURE 2-16: MAIN MUSEUM CONDENSER WATER BOILERS ....................................................... 2-17 FIGURE 2-17: MAIN MUSEUM SAMPLE TREND DATA – BOILERS AND CONDENSER WATER

PUMPS ................................................................................................................................ 2-17 FIGURE 2-18: MAIN MUSEUM SAMPLE TREND DATA – BOILER 3/PREHEAT COIL ................... 2-18 FIGURE 2-19: MAIN MUSEUM CONDENSER WATER CIRCULATION PUMPS .............................. 2-18 FIGURE 2-20: MAIN MUSEUM WATER HEATER ................................................................................ 2-19 FIGURE 2-21: R&E ANNEX BUILDING .................................................................................................. 2-20 FIGURE 2-22: R&E ANNEX AHU-1 .......................................................................................................... 2-20 FIGURE 2-23: R&E REZNOR UNIT HEATER IN EXHIBIT PREP ......................................................... 2-21 FIGURE 3-1: MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ELECTRICITY USE ................................................ 3-2 FIGURE 3-2: MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ON-PEAK ELECTRICITY USE ............................. 3-3 FIGURE 3-3: MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY OFF-PEAK ELECTRICITY USE ............................ 3-3 FIGURE 3-4: MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ELECTRICITY DEMAND ...................................... 3-4 FIGURE 3-5: MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NATURAL GAS USE ............................................. 3-5 FIGURE 3-6: ON-PEAK ELECTRICITY USE WEATHER NORMALIZATION ..................................... 3-6 FIGURE 3-7: OFF-PEAK ELECTRICITY USE WEATHER NORMALIZATION .................................... 3-7 FIGURE 3-8: ELECTRICITY DEMAND WEATHER NORMALIZATION .............................................. 3-7 FIGURE 3-9: NATURAL GAS WEATHER NORMALIZATION .............................................................. 3-8 FIGURE 3-10: R&E ANNEX MONTHLY PEAK ELECTRICITY USE ..................................................... 3-9 FIGURE 3-11: R&E ANNEX MONTHLY OFF-PEAK ELECTRICITY USE .......................................... 3-10 FIGURE 3-12: R&E ANNEX MUSEUM MONTHLY ELECTRIC DEMAND ......................................... 3-10 FIGURE 3-13: R&E ANNEX GAS USE ..................................................................................................... 3-11 FIGURE 4-1: MAIN MUSEUM EQUEST MODEL RENDITION.............................................................. 4-1 FIGURE 4-2: MAIN MUSEUM LEVEL ONE ZONING .............................................................................. 4-5 FIGURE 4-3: MAIN MUSEUM LEVEL TWO ZONING ............................................................................. 4-6 FIGURE 4-4: MAIN MUSEUM BASELINE ELECTRICITY USE CALIBRATION ................................. 4-7 

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FIGURE 4-5: MAIN MUSEUM ELECTRICAL DEMAND CALIBRATION ............................................. 4-7 FIGURE 4-6: MAIN MUSEUM NATURAL GAS CALIBRATION ............................................................ 4-8 FIGURE 4-7: MAIN MUSEUM BASELINE EQUEST OUTPUT – ELECTRIC CONSUMPTION .......... 4-8 FIGURE 4-8: MAIN MUSEUM BASELINE EQUEST OUTPUT – GAS CONSUMPTION ...................... 4-9 FIGURE 4-9: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-1 – PUMP OPERATION ............................................................... 4-10 FIGURE 4-10: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-1 EQUEST OUTPUT – ELECTRIC CONSUMPTION .............. 4-11 FIGURE 4-11: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-1 EQUEST OUTPUT – GAS CONSUMPTION ......................... 4-12 FIGURE 4-12: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-1 – COOLING TOWER FAN OPERATION .............................. 4-13 FIGURE 4-13: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-2 EQUEST OUTPUT – ELECTRIC CONSUMPTION .............. 4-14 FIGURE 4-14: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-2 EQUEST OUTPUT – GAS CONSUMPTION ......................... 4-15 FIGURE 4-15: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-2 - LOOP TEMPERATURES ...................................................... 4-16 FIGURE 4-16: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-3 EQUEST OUTPUT – ELECTRIC CONSUMPTION .............. 4-17 FIGURE 4-17: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-3 EQUEST OUTPUT – GAS CONSUMPTION ......................... 4-18 FIGURE 4-18: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-4 EQUEST OUTPUT – ELECTRIC CONSUMPTION .............. 4-20 FIGURE 4-19: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-4 EQUEST OUTPUT – GAS CONSUMPTION ......................... 4-20 FIGURE 4-20: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-5 EQUEST OUTPUT – ELECTRIC CONSUMPTION .............. 4-22 FIGURE 4-21: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-5 EQUEST OUTPUT – GAS CONSUMPTION ......................... 4-22 FIGURE 4-22: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-6 EQUEST OUTPUT – ELECTRIC CONSUMPTION .............. 4-24 FIGURE 4-23: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-6 EQUEST OUTPUT – GAS CONSUMPTION ......................... 4-25 FIGURE 4-24: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-7 EQUEST OUTPUT – ELECTRIC CONSUMPTION .............. 4-27 FIGURE 4-25: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-7 EQUEST OUTPUT – GAS CONSUMPTION ......................... 4-27 FIGURE 4-26: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-8 EQUEST OUTPUT – ELECTRIC CONSUMPTION .............. 4-29 FIGURE 4-27: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-8 EQUEST OUTPUT – GAS CONSUMPTION ......................... 4-30 FIGURE 4-28: MAIN MUSEUM ELECTRICAL ENERGY USE WITH EEMS ....................................... 4-31 FIGURE 4-29: MAIN MUSEUM ELECTRICAL DEMAND WITH EEMS .............................................. 4-32 FIGURE 4-30: MAIN MUSEUM NATURAL GAS USE WITH EEMS .................................................... 4-32 FIGURE 4-31: AHU-1 TREND DATA ISSUES ......................................................................................... 4-35 FIGURE 4-32: AHU-2 TREND DATA ISSUES ......................................................................................... 4-35 FIGURE 4-33: R&E HUMIDITY................................................................................................................. 4-37 

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INDEX OF TABLES

TABLE 1-1: MAIN MUSEUM ENERGY SAVINGS AND SIMPLE PAYBACK SUMMARY ................ 1-3 TABLE 1-2: MAIN MUSEUM LIFE CYCLE COST SAVINGS SUMMARY ............................................ 1-3 TABLE 2-1: MAIN MUSEUM OCCUPANCY SCHEDULE ....................................................................... 2-1 TABLE 2-2: MAIN MUSEUM AHU SUPPLY FAN INFORMATION ....................................................... 2-4 TABLE 2-3: MAIN MUSEUM AHU TEMPERATURE INFORMATION .................................................. 2-6 TABLE 2-4: MAIN MUSEUM AHU DX COIL AND GAS HX .................................................................. 2-8 TABLE 2-5: MAIN MUSEUM HEAT PUMP INFORMATION .................................................................. 2-9 TABLE 2-6: MAIN MUSEUM HEAT PUMP ELECTRICAL INFORMATION AND EFFICIENCIES .. 2-10 TABLE 2-7: MAIN MUSEUM CONDENSER WATER PUMPS .............................................................. 2-19 TABLE 3-1: MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ELECTICITY RATES ............................................... 3-1 TABLE 3-2: MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY AGGREGATE RATES ............................................. 3-1 TABLE 3-3: MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NATURAL GAS RATES (FEBRUARY 2007) ........ 3-4 TABLE 3-4: MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS ELECTICITY RATES ................................................................ 3-8 TABLE 3-5: MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS AGGREGATE RATES ............................................................... 3-9 TABLE 3-6: MAIN MUSEUM NATURAL GAS RATES ......................................................................... 3-11 TABLE 3-7: MAIN MUSEUM NATURAL GAS SEASONAL RATES ................................................... 3-11 TABLE 4-1: MAIN MUSEUM OCCUPANCY SCHEDULE PROFILE ...................................................... 4-3 TABLE 4-2: MAIN MUSEUM LIGHTING SCHEDULE PROFILE ........................................................... 4-3 TABLE 4-3: MAIN MUSEUM HEAT PUMP OUTSIDE AIR ..................................................................... 4-4 TABLE 4-4: MAIN MUSEUM EEM LIST ................................................................................................... 4-9 TABLE 4-5: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-1 MONTHLY SAVINGS SUMMARY ........................................... 4-11 TABLE 4-6: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-1 DDC POINTS LIST ...................................................................... 4-12 TABLE 4-7: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-1 SAVINGS SUMMARY ................................................................ 4-13 TABLE 4-8: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-2 MONTHLY SAVINGS SUMMARY ........................................... 4-14 TABLE 4-9: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-2DDC POINTS LIST ....................................................................... 4-15 TABLE 4-10: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-2 SAVINGS SUMMARY .............................................................. 4-15 TABLE 4-11: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-3 MONTHLY SAVINGS SUMMARY ......................................... 4-17 TABLE 4-12: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-3 SAVINGS SUMMARY .............................................................. 4-18 TABLE 4-13: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-4 MONTHLY SAVINGS SUMMARY ......................................... 4-19 TABLE 4-14: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-4 SAVINGS SUMMARY .............................................................. 4-21 TABLE 4-15: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-5 MONTHLY SAVINGS SUMMARY ......................................... 4-21 TABLE 4-16: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-5 SAVINGS SUMMARY .............................................................. 4-23 TABLE 4-17: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-6 MONTHLY SAVINGS SUMMARY ......................................... 4-24 TABLE 4-18: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-6 DDC POINTS LIST .................................................................... 4-25 TABLE 4-19: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-6 SAVINGS SUMMARY .............................................................. 4-25 TABLE 4-20: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-7 MONTHLY SAVINGS SUMMARY ......................................... 4-26 TABLE 4-21: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-7 SAVINGS SUMMARY .............................................................. 4-28 TABLE 4-22: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-8 MONTHLY SAVINGS SUMMARY ......................................... 4-28 TABLE 4-23: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-8 SAVINGS SUMMARY .............................................................. 4-30 TABLE 4-24: MAIN MUSEUM SAVINGS AND SIMPLE PAYBACK SUMMARY ............................. 4-33 

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TABLE 4-25: MAIN MUSEUM LIFE CYCLE COST SAVINGS SUMMARY ........................................ 4-33 TABLE 4-26: R&E EEM-1 MONTHLY SAVINGS SUMMARY .............................................................. 4-36 TABLE 4-27: R&E EEM-1 SAVINGS SUMMARY ................................................................................... 4-37 TABLE 4-28: R&E EEM-3 MONTHLY SAVINGS SUMMARY .............................................................. 4-38 TABLE 4-29: R&E LIGHTING POWER LEVELS .................................................................................... 4-38 TABLE 4-30: R&E EEM-3 SAVINGS SUMMARY ................................................................................... 4-39 

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Museum of Natural History E N E R G Y A U D I T

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.1 Introduction An investment grade energy audit was conducted for the New Mexico Museum of Natural History during Spring 2007. The goal of the energy audit was to identify energy efficiency measures (EEMs) that allow the New Mexico Museum of Natural History to reduce its overall consumption of energy and enhance the comfort of the facility. Energy saving and comfort enhancing opportunities were identified through a series of two site visits conducted on March 6th and March 27th of 2007. Pertinent building and HVAC system data were gathered during the site visits through interviews with building personnel, photographs, instantaneous measurements, and construction drawings. Portable data logging equipment was used to collect a month of valuable data pertaining to the operation of the museum’s HVAC system. The Museum Direct Digital Control (DDC) system data was also collected and reviewed. All of the collected data was then used to model the baseline and EEM energy usage of the building. The computer model was calibrated using the gathered information and data so the energy use of the computer model closely matched the existing facility’s utility bills. Energy savings and cost saving were determined from the simulation. Cost estimates were obtained from contractors and were combined with savings to complete the lifecycle cost analysis.

1.2 Main Museum Energy Efficiency Measures (EEMs) A brief listing of EEMs follows. Project economics such as a simple pay back (SPB) less than 15 years and a discounted savings to investment (SIR) ratio greater than 1.0 indicate that a measure should be implemented. The economics for recommended EEMs are presented in Table 1-1 and Table 1-2.

EEM-1: Install VFDs on Condenser Water Pumps and 2-way Valves on Equipment

Three sets of large pumps are used to circulate condenser water to heat pumps throughout the building. This measure proposes installing VFDs on these condenser water pumps and 2-way valves at each heat pump. This will allow the circulation pumps to ramp down in speed when heat pump compressors are not running, reducing the amount of energy used by the pumps.

EEM-2: Install VFD on Cooling Tower Fan

An outdoor open cooling tower with a flat plate heat exchanger is used to cool the heat pump condenser loop. This measure proposes installing a VFD on the cooling tower fan to allow the fan speed to ramp up and down to match the cooling load.

EEM-3: Increase Condenser Water Control Deadband and Lower Supply Setpoints

The heat pump condenser water loop currently has a fixed supply temperature setpoint of 81ºF. This measure proposes lowering this setpoint so the cooling equipment maintains a loop temperature of 72ºF. It also proposes increasing the control dead band so the heating equipment does not come on until the loop reaches 60ºF. This will allow the heat pumps to operate more efficiently in the cooling mode and will allow the boilers to operate less frequently in the heating mode.

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EEM-4: Optimize equipment scheduling

All building equipment is currently operating on a single building schedule causing the entire building to stay on when an after hours event occurs. This measure proposes operating the equipment on individual schedules so overrides only occur in the areas where the after hours event is taking place. It also proposes changing the start time of the equipment to more closely match the opening time of the museum.

EEM-5: Daylighting Control in Atrium

The central atrium has glazing for a large portion of the roof. This measure proposes turning the electric lighting in this space off during the day since the natural lighting is sufficient. This could be accomplished using manual control, automatic control by time clock, or automatic control with daylight sensors. The implementation cost for this measure was based on timed automatic control using a programmable timer with a security cover.

EEM-6: Demand Controlled Ventilation at Air Handlers

The air handlers added in the 1998 expansion all have outdoor air dampers set to a minimum position during occupied hours. This measure proposes to greatly reduce this minimum position and control the outside air damper based on the ventilation demand of the space. Demand will be evaluated using CO2 sensors in the air handler return air. The energy used to heat and cool the ventilation air at the air handlers will be greatly reduced since the spaces served by the air handlers have varying occupancies which are rarely at full capacity.

EEM-7: Limit Use of Preheat Boiler

Mechanical room 256 contains four large heat pumps. To provide ventilation to the spaces served by the heat pumps, a large outside air damper opens into the mechanical room. A heating coil, served by a dedicated boiler, is attached to this outside air damper to provide preconditioning for the heat pumps and prevent space freezing. The heating coil and boiler currently operate when the outdoor temperature is below 68ºF and the heating equipment operates throughout the night when the heat pumps are not operating. This measure proposes to limit the use of the preheat boiler by locking out the boiler when the outdoor temperature is above 45ºF and only allowing the boiler to activate when the heat pumps are in occupied mode.

EEM-8: Close Projector Room Outside Air Damper

The planetarium projector room contains equipment that requires space conditions to stay at 72ºF and 55% relative humidity. This is accomplished using a dedicated air handling unit and an electric humidifier. Currently, the outside air damper on the air handling unit is set to bring in 20% outside air. This measure proposes to close the outside air damper to this unit. Leakage through the closed damper will still provide approximately 3% outside air which is sufficient for the 2-4 people that are intermittently in the space. This will reduce the amount of energy required to cool and humidify.

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Savings Summary

All of the above EEMs are recommended for implementation because they have a simple pay back (SPB) less than 15 years and a discounted savings to investment (SIR) ratio greater than 1.0. The following tables present the energy savings and simple payback of each measure as well as the Life Cycle Cost Savings summary.

TABLE 1-1: MAIN MUSEUM ENERGY SAVINGS AND SIMPLE PAYBACK SUMMARY

EEM LabelElectric Energy

Savings (kWh/year)

Demand Savings (Annual Peak kW)

Natural Gas Savings (Therms)

Annual Electric Energy Cost

Savings

Annual Natural Gas Cost Savings

Total Energy Cost Savings

Implementation Cost

SPB (Yrs)

EEM-1 175,803 439 -823 $11,228 ($600) $10,628 $71,220 6.7EEM-2 7,200 35 0 $632 $0 $632 $2,760 4.4EEM-3 17,500 78 470 $1,439 $343 $1,782 $300 0.2EEM-4 73,800 0 2,323 $1,839 $1,694 $3,533 $300 0.1EEM-5 19,300 64 -7 $1,267 ($5) $1,262 $750 0.6EEM-6 9,000 173 9,420 $2,311 $6,878 $9,189 $7,690 0.8EEM-7 2,500 0 1,755 $91 $1,281 $1,372 $1,080 0.8EEM-8 8,700 32 37 $684 $27 $711 $300 0.4Total 313,803 820 13,175 $19,491 $9,618 $29,109 $84,400 2.9

TABLE 1-2: MAIN MUSEUM LIFE CYCLE COST SAVINGS SUMMARY

Maintenance Costs

Case Description

Include In Recom-mended Project

(Yes/No)

1st Year Implementa-tion Cost ($)

Total Utility Cost Savings 1st Year ($)

Total Discounted Utility Cost

Savings (PV $)

Annual Recurring

($)

Discounted Recurring

(PV $)

Total Discounted Life Cycle

Cost (PV $)

Simple Payback

(yrs)

Discounted Savings-to-Investment Ratio (SIR)

Adjusted Internal Rate of Return (AIRR)

EEM #1 Install VFDs on Source Water Pumps Yes $71,220 $10,628 $119,857 $0 $0 $71,220 6.70 1.68 6.6%

EEM #2 Install VFD on Cooling Tower Fan Yes $2,760 $632 $7,125 $0 $0 $2,760 4.37 2.58 9.7%

EEM #3 Increase Source Water Control Deadband Yes $300 $1,782 $20,064 $0 $0 $300 0.17 66.88 36.3%

EEM #4 Optimize Equipment Scheduling Yes $300 $3,533 $39,706 $0 $0 $300 0.08 132.35 42.7%

EEM #5 Daylighting Control in Atrium Yes $750 $1,262 $14,227 $0 $0 $750 0.59 18.97 25.3%

EEM #6 Demand Contolled Ventilation on AHUs Yes $7,690 $9,189 $103,091 $0 $0 $7,690 0.84 13.41 22.5%

EEM #7 Limit Use of Preheat Boiler Yes $1,080 $1,372 $15,374 $0 $0 $1,080 0.79 14.24 22.9%

EEM #8 Close Projector Room Outside Air Damper Yes $300 $711 $8,013 $0 $0 $300 0.42 26.71 28.2%

All EEMs Recommended Projects with SPBs <15 yrs $84,400 $29,109 $327,458 $0 $0 $84,400 2.90 3.88 12.7%

1.3 R&E Energy Efficiency Measures (EEMs) A brief listing of EEMs follows. A simple pay back (SPB) less than 15 years indicates that a measure should be implemented.

EEM-1: Disable Humidifier

The Collections Area is currently humidified with an electric steam injection humidifier which has a capacity of 5.7 lbs/hr and an electrical demand of 7.6 kW. This measure proposes to disable this unit to reduce both electrical demand and electrical use.

EEM-2: Programmable Thermostats

Both the East & West Classrooms are served by air-to-air heat pumps which are controlled by space thermostats. Currently, a continuous space temperature is maintained when the space is occupied or

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unoccupied. This measure proposes installing programmable thermostats so the space temperature can be setback when the space is not in use.

EEM-3: Lighting Retrofit

T12 fixtures and incandescent bulbs are used in various locations in the building. This measure proposes upgrading this lighting with T8 fixtures and compact fluorescents (cfl’s).

Savings Summary

All of the above EEMs are recommended due to their low implementation cost and short payback. If these EEMs are implemented, there is an opportunity for an estimated annual savings of 28,000 kWh/Yr and $2,500.

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2 FACILITY DESCRIPTION

2.1 Main Museum Building The New Mexico Museum of Natural History, located in Albuquerque, opened its doors to the public for the first time in 1982. In 1998, the building was expanded making the total area approximately 127,000 ft2. The original building contains six large exhibit areas and the majority of the administrative and support areas. The exhibit areas are located throughout the first and second level, primarily in the east portion of the building. The administration areas are primarily located in the western portion of the building and in a central 4-story area that extends into the tall central roof. The 1998 expansion added a theater, entry food court area, and planetarium. The theater and entry food court area are in the northeast expansion and the planetarium is in the southeast expansion.

2.1.1 Function & Schedule As described above, the museum consists of general museum exhibit areas, administration areas, a theater, and a planetarium. These areas have the following operating schedules.

TABLE 2-1: MAIN MUSEUM OCCUPANCY SCHEDULE

Space Operating Schedule General Museum • 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. seven days a week

Planetarium/Theater

• Planetarium – One show per hour from 10:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m.

• Theater – One show per hour from 10:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.

Administrative Areas • 7:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. Monday through Friday • Closed on weekends

The lighting system is controlled manually. In general, lights throughout the building are on between 7:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. Lighting in the theater and planetarium is on for approximately 20 minutes per hour before and after show times.

Most of the HVAC equipment is controlled on a DDC system. Equipment is scheduled to operate from 6:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. Pumps, heat pump fans, and air handler fans run continuously during occupied mode. The boilers, cooling tower, heat pump DX compressors, and air handlers cycle on demand. Currently all equipment is operating on a single schedule so when an after hours event occurs, all equipment goes into override for the scheduled amount of time.

The boilers, which provide heat to the condenser water system, are manually turned off during the summer. Miscellaneous exhaust fans throughout the building are manually operated. Bathroom fans in general run during occupied hours and are turned off with the lights. Shop and kitchen fans are activated as needed.

2.1.2 Structure The majority of the Natural History Museum is on two floors. The large sloping roofs create more volume to the center of the building where a 4-story office area is located. The planetarium and theater are both tall, single story areas. An atrium is located in the center of the building and extends to the high sloped roof which contains skylights.

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Most of the original building and the addition have walls constructed of 6” CMU block, an exterior layer of rigid insulation, a stucco finish, and an interior metal stud wall with a drywall finish. Specific information on the windows was not available but they are assumed to be double paned.

The roof is constructed of “Pan and Batten” with metal decking. Insulation is located above the dropped ceiling tiles. The ceiling heights vary greatly in the building due to large sloped roofs. The lower areas with other floors above are between 12 and 14 feet. The taller sloped roof areas range from approximately 15 to 30 feet. The atrium area is approximately 48 feet tall.

The pictures below give various exterior views of the building and construction materials:

FIGURE 2-1: MAIN MUSEUM PLANETARIUM EXTERIOR ELEVATION

FIGURE 2-2: MAIN MUSEUM ENTRY AND ATRIUM ELEVATION

FIGURE 2-3: MAIN MUSEUM EXHIBIT AREA ELEVATION

FIGURE 2-4: MAIN MUSEUM CENTRAL AREA ELEVATION

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2.1.3 Mechanical Systems

Air Systems

General Information

The original museum built in 1982 is conditioned primarily by water to air heat pump units. Sixteen large heat pumps serve the main exhibits and large open areas and small heat pumps serve the miscellaneous spaces and offices. The museum was expanded in 1998 to include a theater, a planetarium, and an entry lobby and food court. The new spaces in the expansion are conditioned with (6) packaged roof top units.

AHU 1-6 (Aaon)

All air handlers are singe zone, packaged roof-mounted units. They contain a DX cooling coil, condensing unit, and a gas fired heat exchanger. AHU-1, 2, 4, and 5 have (2) supply fans, one exhaust fan, and a 4-stage compressor. AHU-3 and 6 have (1) supply fan, no return fan, and a 1-stage compressor.

A DDC system controls all airside equipment in the musuem. Trend data from March and April of 2007 indicates that all air handlers and heat pumps run on a single schedule that turns the equipment ON at 6:00 a.m. and OFF at 6:00 p.m. During the

trending period there were several days that the equipment remained on for several hours after 6:00 p.m. This occurred because the DDC schedule was overridden for special events. The operation schedule and overrides can be seen in the following graph.

FIGURE 2-5: MAIN MUSEUM RTU

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NM Museum of Natural History & Science - Alburquerque, NMAHU-1 Trends (Apr - May 2007) BAS - On/Off Schedule

05

101520253035404550556065707580859095

1005/

1/07

6:0

0 A

M

5/1/

07 1

:12

PM

5/1/

07 8

:24

PM

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07 3

:36

AM

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07 1

0:48

AM

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07 6

:00

PM

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07 1

:12

AM

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07 8

:24

AM

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07 3

:36

PM

5/3/

07 1

0:48

PM

5/4/

07 6

:00

AM

5/4/

07 1

:12

PM

5/4/

07 8

:24

PM

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07 3

:36

AM

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07 1

0:48

AM

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07 6

:00

PM

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07 1

:12

AM

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07 8

:24

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07 3

:36

PM

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07 1

0:48

PM

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07 6

:00

AM

5/7/

07 1

:12

PM

5/7/

07 8

:24

PM

Date & Time

Tem

pera

ture

(Deg

F) -

Fan

, Coo

ling,

& H

eatin

g St

atus

(On-

Off)

Space Temp Space Setpoint DAT RAT MATOAT Econ Exh Fan Stat Supply Fan Stat Heat Stg 1Heat Stg 2 Cool Stg 1 Cool Stg 2 OA%

AHU ON at 6:00am, typical. EF stays off.

AHU OFF at 9:00pm. AHU ON through the

night and following day.

AHU OFF at 6:00pm.

FIGURE 2-6: MAIN MUSEUM AHU TRENDS - SCHEDULES

The following table includes information on the AHU supply fans. TABLE 2-2: MAIN MUSEUM AHU SUPPLY FAN INFORMATION

Tag Area Served TAB Measured

CFM

Nameplate HP

Total Static Pressure (inWG)

Measured Power (KW)

Estimated BHP

AHU – 1 Entry and Food Court

17,500 (2) 10 3.16 (1) 6.3, (1) 6.1

(1) 7.0, (1) 6.8

AHU – 2 Classrooms 10,500 (2) 5 2.49 N/A

N/A

AHU – 3 Lodestar Planetarium

1,800 (1) 1 1.55 N/A

N/A

AHU – 4 Lodestar Planetarium

10,280 (2) 5 2.56 N/A

N/A

AHU – 5 Lev. 2 Office Area by

13,000 (2) 5 2.76 (1) 3.4, (1) 3.0

(1) 3.9, (1) 3.4

AHU – 6 Entry and Food Court

1,050 (1) 0.5 1.27 N/A

N/A

*Power measurements were taken on 3/27/07. N/A indicates equipment was not measured.

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The following graph includes HOBO measured data for AHU-1.

NM Museum of Natural History & Science - Alburquerque, NMAHU-1 Trends HOBO - Typical Week Day

01020

3040506070

8090

100

5/1/

07 6

:00

AM

5/1/

07 8

:24

AM

5/1/

07 1

0:48

AM

5/1/

07 1

:12

PM

5/1/

07 3

:36

PM

5/1/

07 6

:00

PM

5/1/

07 8

:24

PM

5/1/

07 1

0:48

PM

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07 1

:12

AM

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07 3

:36

AM

5/2/

07 6

:00

AM

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07 8

:24

AM

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07 1

0:48

AM

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07 1

:12

PM

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07 3

:36

PM

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07 6

:00

PM

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07 8

:24

PM

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07 1

0:48

PM

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07 1

:12

AM

5/3/

07 3

:36

AM

5/3/

07 6

:00

AM

Date & Time

Cur

rent

(A)

AHU-1 (A)

Amps ranging from 20 to 63.

Small amount of amperage drawn during unoccupied mode.

FIGURE 2-7: MAIN MUSEUM AHU HOBO DATA

AHU-1 contains a 5 HP exhaust fan and AHU-2, 4, and 5 contain 3 HP exhaust fans. The DDC data indicated that these fans do not operate. It was confirmed by the maintenance staff that these fans were deactivated because they were not needed to maintain appropriate space pressures.

System and space temperatures during the March and April 2007 trending period were analyzed. It was found that for all air handlers except AHU-2, the discharge air temperature (DAT) from the air handler was generally higher than expected. The DAT often raised above the space and return air temperatures without the gas heat exchanger turning on. Despite the high DAT, space temperatures remain within an acceptable range of the setpoint. AHU-2 discharge temperatures remain lower than the space and return temperatures but still vary widely.

The DDC programming indicates a supply air temperature reset with the following equation:

Supply air temperature = 65ºF – (Space Temperature-Space Setpoint)*3

However, DDC indicated discharge air temperatures did not follow this equation and got as far as 8.5 degrees from this setpoint.

The outside air percentages were determined from the return air, outside air, and mixed air temperatures. These percentages did not follow the DDC trending of the economizer damper position. The mixed air temperature (MAT) often dropped below the outside air and return air temperatures. When this occurred, the outside air damper was assumed to be in the minimum position. The DDC programming indicates that the outside air damper should open when the return air temperature is higher that the outside air temperature

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plus 5 degrees. This does happen in some instances but the system does not appear to follow this programming consistently.

The following table summarizes the average temperatures during the trending period when the air handler was ON.

TABLE 2-3: MAIN MUSEUM AHU TEMPERATURE INFORMATION

Tag Discharge Air Temp

(ºF)

Return Air Temp (ºF)

Mixed Air Temp (ºF)

Minimum Outside Air %

Thermostat Setpoint (ºF)

AHU – 1 70.5 70.4 64.0 32 72

AHU – 2 62.7 71.9 64.0 58 74

AHU – 3 69.5 70.6 64.4 32 72

AHU – 4 66.3 71.4 64.0 45 70

AHU – 5 67.6 69.9 63.9 35 71

AHU – 6 67.8 69.7 63.1 41 72

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The following graph indicates sample trend data with the various temperatures discussed above.

NM Museum of Natural History & Science - Alburquerque, NMAHU-1 Trends (Apr - May 2007) BAS - Typical Temperatures

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

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07 6

:00

AM

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:12

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:36

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:00

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:12

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:36

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:00

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:24

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:12

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:00

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07 1

:12

AM

5/3/

07 3

:36

AM

5/3/

07 6

:00

AM

Date & Time

Tem

pera

ture

(Deg

F) -

Fan

, Coo

ling,

& H

eatin

g St

atus

(On-

Off

)

Space Temp Space Setpoint DAT RAT MATOAT Econ Exh Fan Stat Supply Fan Stat Heat Stg 1Heat Stg 2 Cool Stg 1 Cool Stg 2 OA%

Space setpoint and temperature are consistent around 72*F. All AHUs are between 70*F and 74*F.

Econ point indicates 20%. OA% based on temperatures varies between 30% and 75%. OA damper should be at 100% since RA temp is greater than OA+5*F.

RAT is lower then space temp and DAT is higher than MAT without activation of heating coil.

MAT is lower than RAT and OAT.

FIGURE 2-8: MAIN MUSEUM AHU TRENDS - TEMPERATURES

The DX coil and duct furnace in each air handler are designed to cool and heat the full supply air flow. The design discharge air temperatures for all AHUs excluding AHU-6 are 110ºF for heating and 53.4ºF for cooling. AHU-6 is designed for a leaving discharge air temperature of 110ºF for heating and 55ºF for cooling. All gas heat exchangers have a design efficiency of 80%. Gas heat exchanger outputs listed in the following table are at altitude.

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TABLE 2-4: MAIN MUSEUM AHU DX COIL AND GAS HX

Tag DX Coil Total MBH

DX Coil Sensible

MBH

DX Coil Nominal

Tons

HX Total Output MBH

AHU – 1 571 323 50 509

AHU – 2 320 200 26 352

AHU – 3 67 69 5 117

AHU – 4 372 220 30 509

AHU – 5 382 242 30 509

AHU – 6 48 26 4 59

Heat Pumps 1-16 (Singer)

HPs 1-16 serve the larger areas of the original museum. The heat pumps consist of a belt-driven supply fan, a hermetic compressor, and a coaxial condenser.

Most of the heat pumps are located in two main mechanical rooms. These mechanical rooms act as plenums to mix outside air from a louver and return air from a transfer grille or return fans. Mechanical room 256 has a heating coil on the outside air louver and return air is accomplished via a plenum transfer grille. A heating coil is used in this location because of the high volume of outside air and the limited amount of return air to this room. Mechanical room 120 has two return fans and an outside

air louver without a heating coil.

The museum DDC system controls HP-1-16. Trend data from March and April of 2007 indicates that the heat pumps operate on the same schedule as the AHUs turning ON at 6:00 a.m. and OFF at 6:00 p.m. During the trending period there were several days that the equipment remained on for several hours after 6:00 p.m. This occurred because the DDC schedule was overridden for special events. HP-5 does not run on the typical building schedule and currently operates continuously. HP-4 and HP-8 are currently not operational.

FIGURE 2-9: MAIN MUSEUM HEAT PUMP

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The following table contains information on the heat pump airflows and capacities. Airflows were obtained from the original test and balance report.

TABLE 2-5: MAIN MUSEUM HEAT PUMP INFORMATION

Tag Location Area Served Supply Airflow (CFM)

Blower HP

Blower Static

(in-WG)

Cooling Capacity (MBH)

Heating Capacity (MBH)

HP-1 Mech 120 Exhibit 1 - 2 level 11,354 5.0 0.5 277 410 HP-2 Mech 120 Changing Exhibits 9,465 5.0 0.9 210 279 HP-3 Mech 120 N.

Exhibit/Naturalist 4,237 2.0 0.6 88 125

HP-4 Mech 208 West Exhibit 7,677 3.0 0.4 171 226 HP-5 Mech 120 Atrium Exhibit 11,261 5.0 0.5 277 410 HP-6 Mech 170 Gift Shop 4,395 2.0 0.6 88 125 HP-7 Mech 170 Staging Area 3,640 1.5 0.7 75 105 HP-8 Mech 256 Plenum Above

Offices Near Startup Gallery

7,098 3.0 0.4 171 226

HP-9 Mech 256 Startup Gallery 9,360 5.0 0.9 210 279 HP-10 Mech 120 Central Exhibit

Room 10,912 5.0 0.5 277 410

HP-11 Mech 120 Exhibit (Super Giants)

9,920 5.0 0.9 210 279

HP-12 Mech 120 Area Around Central Atrium

6,465 3.0 0.5 148 195

HP-13 Mech 208 Exhibit by Planetarium

(Mars)

6,770 3.0 0.5 148 195

HP-14 Mech 256 Central Area by Offices

6,641 3.0 0.5 148 195

HP-15 Mech 256 Central Area by Offices

6,501 3.0 0.5 148 195

HP-16 Mech 305 3rd Level Offices 3732 1.5 0.7 75 105

System and space temperatures during the March and April 2007 trending period were analyzed. The DDC system monitors heat pump zone thermostat setpoints, zone space temperatures, and the mixed air temperatures of the mechanical rooms. Supply air temperatures are not monitored. The outside air dampers in both mechanical rooms are in a fixed open position. The Room 256 outside air louver is approximately 50% open. The position of the Room 120 louver is not known but is believed to be 100% open.

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All heat pump thermostat setpoints are between 70ºF and 73ºF. Mixed air temperatures of the mechanical rooms varied widely but averaged around 70ºF. These temperatures can be seen in the following graph.

Orca HP1 - Typical Weekday

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

5/1/

07 6

:00

5/1/

07 8

:24

5/1/

07 1

0:48

5/1/

07 1

3:12

5/1/

07 1

5:36

5/1/

07 1

8:00

5/1/

07 2

0:24

5/1/

07 2

2:48

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07 1

:12

5/2/

07 3

:36

5/2/

07 6

:00

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:24

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07 1

0:48

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07 1

3:12

5/2/

07 1

5:36

5/2/

07 1

8:00

5/2/

07 2

0:24

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07 2

2:48

5/3/

07 1

:12

5/3/

07 3

:36

5/3/

07 6

:00

Date & Time

Tem

pera

ture

(F) &

Sta

tus

(On/

Off

)

HP1 Fan Stat HP1 Comp Sta HP1 Cool SS HP1_HEAT_SS

HP1 Space TE HP1 Temp SP RM120_MA_TEM… OAT

Same schedule overrides as AHUs, typical all HPs.

Space setpoint is 70*F. Space temp varies from 70*F to 75*F. All HPs set between 70*F and 73*F.

Rm120 temp is warmer than the temp of the space served and the OA temp without the use of a heating coil.

FIGURE 2-10: MAIN MUSEUM SAMPLE HP TRENDS

The following table indicates the heat pump nameplate operating current and efficiencies at 480 V, 3 phase power. Measured data was obtained for two heat pumps. HP-13 has been replaced since the original installation and new nameplate information was not available.

TABLE 2-6: MAIN MUSEUM HEAT PUMP ELECTRICAL INFORMATION AND EFFICIENCIES

Tag Operating Amps - Cooling

Operating Amps - Heating

Cooling EER

Heating COP

Measured KW

HP-1 56.0 59.0 10.6 3.1 HP-2 40.5 42.5 10.5 3.0 3.0

HP-3 18.9 18.0 8.9 2.9 HP-4 32.0 33.5 11.4 3.2 Not currently

operational. HP-5 56.0 59.0 10.6 3.1 HP-6 18.9 18.0 8.9 2.9 HP-7 16.0 15.5 9.5 3.0 HP-8 32.0 33.5 11.4 3.2 Not currently

operational. HP-9 40.5 42.5 10.5 3.0

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Tag Operating Amps - Cooling

Operating Amps - Heating

Cooling EER

Heating COP

Measured KW

HP-10 56.0 59.0 10.6 3.1 3.6

HP-11 40.5 42.5 10.5 3.0 HP-12 30.5 31.5 10.6 3.1 HP-14 30.5 31.5 10.6 3.1 HP-15 30.5 31.5 10.6 3.1 HP-16 16.0 15.5 9.5 3.0

HOBO data loggers were used to measure the power of two heat pumps, HP-2 and HP-10. HP-10 indicated amps between 7A to 51A during occupied mode and zero electrical consumption during unoccupied periods. Although the DDC data indicates that HP-2 is off during unoccupied mode with the other building equipment, the HOBO data indicates amperage during this unoccupied time which can be seen in the following graph.

NM Museum of Natural History & Science - Alburquerque, NMHP-2 Trends HOBO - Typical Week Day

05

101520253035404550556065707580859095

100

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07 6

:00

AM

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:00

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PM

5/3/

07 1

:12

AM

5/3/

07 3

:36

AM

5/3/

07 6

:00

AM

Date & Time

Cur

rent

(A)

HP-2 (A)

HP-2 cycling off at night according to DDC. HOBO indicates 30A during unoccupied mode.

FIGURE 2-11: MAIN MUSEUM HP HOBO DATA

Return Fans

Two return fans pull air into Mechanical Room 120 from the adjacent zones. RF-1 has an airflow of 36,690 CFM, design static pressure of 1.0 in-WG, and a 15 HP motor. RF-2 has an airflow of 12,230 CFM, design static pressure of 1.0 in-WG, and a 5 HP motor. These fans are not on the DDC system but they operate on the same schedule as the heat pumps in the space. Design drawings indicate a connection to an exhaust

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louver with motorized dampers to either exhaust or return air. However, the maintenance staff does not think these dampers are operational so all air is being returned. The original test and balance report indicates that RF-1 was operating at 15.8 A and RF-2 was operating at 6.3 A.

Small Heat Pumps

An additional 49 heat pumps serve smaller zones. These smaller heat pumps are given enable/disable output from the DDC system but no temperatures are monitored. They are controlled in seven different groups, one of which operates continuously. The other six groups of heat pumps operate on the same schedule as the rest of the building. Their sizes range from 1/3 ton to 3 ton units. Many of the smaller heat pumps have been recently replaced. The operation of the zones can be seen in the following graph.

NM Museum of Natural History & Science - Alburquerque, NMHeat Pump Zone Status - Typical Week

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10

15

20

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30

35

40

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07 6

:00

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07 1

8:00

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07 6

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07 1

8:00

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07 6

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8:00

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07 6

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Sta

tus

(On/

Off)

HP_ZONE_A_SS HP_ZONE_B_SS HP_ZONE_C_SS HP_ZONE_F_SS HP_ZONE_D_SS

HP_ZONE_E_SS HP_ZONE_G_SS

Same on/off as all other DDC equipment.

Zone A operates 24/7

FIGURE 2-12: MAIN MUSEUM SAMPLE TREND DATA – SMALL HPS

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Projector Room

The Dyna-Theater projector room is cooled by a dedicated packaged roof top unit and humidity is maintained with an electric humidifier that distributes steam into the supply ductwork. The 6.5 ton unit has a cooling capacity of 80,000 btuh and supplies an airflow of 2,200 CFM with a 1.5 HP blower. Supply and return air are off the bottom of the unit. The unit has two compressors, each with a rating of 13.5 RLA, and the efficiency is 10.2 EER.

The projector room unit fan runs continuously to maintain a space temperature of 72ºF. The temperature in the space remained within an acceptable range of setpoint during the trending period. Supply air temperatures ranged from 52ºF to 70ºF with an average of 64.5ºF during the trending period. One compressor at a time operated continuously and the compressors switched from lead to standby one time per week. The hot gas bypass valve modulated to maintain temperatures.

The supply fan in the unit ran continuously during the trending period. There are exhaust fans in this area for restroom exhaust and to exhaust heat off of the projector. These fans operate on the same schedule as the rest of the building running from 6:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. unless on override. General operation can be seen in the following graph.

Projector Room

0

10

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30

40

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60

70

80

4/28

/07

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4/30

/07

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07 0

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07 0

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07 0

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0:00

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pera

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(F) H

um S

tatu

s (O

n/O

ff)

PR_SF_STATUS PR_EF_STATUS PR Space Temp PR Space SetpointPR Space Humidity PR SP HUM SP PR_SA_TEMP PR_HEAT_VLVPR_HUM_CON PR_COOL1_SS PR_COOL2_SS

COOL1 and COOL2 run continuously and switch each week.

Supply fan runs continuously.

SA Temp Varies from 52*F to 70*F.

Good temp and RH control at 72*F and 55%RH

Hot gas bypass modulates.

EF runs on schedule with other DDC equipment.

FIGURE 2-13: MAIN MUSEUM SAMPLE TREND DATA – PROJECTOR ROOM

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An electric space humidifier is used to maintain relative humidity at a setpoint of 55%RH. The humidifier is designed for a capacity of 18 lbs/hr with a power rating of 6 KW. The humidifier cycled on and off during the trend period operating at a maximum current of approximately 33A.

General Fans

The original design included (14) exhaust fans, (13) ceiling exhaust units, (2) make up air fans, (1) kitchen hood, (2) fume hood exhaust fans, and (2) supply fans. All of these fans have fractional horse power motors excluding EF-2. The museum expansion contained (5) more exhaust fans also with fractional horse powers. The power for all of these small exhaust fans totals to 7.9 HP. These fans are controlled manually and the majority are switched off by 6:00 p.m.

EF-2 exhausts air from the carpenter shop. This fan has a 5 HP motor. The measured power for this fan was 2.9 KW which equates to an approximate brake horse power of 3.1. This exhaust fan is controlled manually and is on approximately one hour per week.

A dust collector with a 5 HP motor is located on the west side of the museum near the loading dock. This equipment is controlled manually and is on approximately one hour per week.

Gas Fired Unit Heaters

There are two gas fired unit heaters located above the loading dock that were installed with the original construction. Their design input capacity is 25 MBH. These heaters are manually operated and are generally turned on at 6:00 a.m. on cold days. An additional gas fired unit heater was added in storage room 106 with the 1998 expansion and has a heating capacity of 20 MBH. This unit heater operates on a thermostat.

Make-Up Air Unit

To accommodate the food court in the 1998 expansion, a gas fired make-up air unit was added in the food prep area. This unit has a design airflow of 1,600 CFM, a 1.0 HP supply fan, and an 80 MBH gas fired heat exchanger. This unit is not currently used.

Condenser Water and Heating System

The original museum building contains sixty-five (65) water-to-air heat pumps that provide space heating and cooling. These heat pumps use condenser water piped throughout the building to reject or absorb heat. According to the trend data, the condenser water loop is maintained at a supply temperature of 81ºF. The DDC programming indicates that the condenser water heating setpoint is 78ºF but this is assumed to be overridden since the condenser water DDC schematic has a single setpoint temperature and the trend data has a continuous setpoint temperature. An outdoor cooling tower with a flat plate heat exchanger is used to reject heat from the loop and two boilers are used to add heat to the loop. The condenser water piping is divided into three separate supply lines with three sets of pumps to provide different operating schedules. The piping schematic is presented in the following figure.

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FIGURE 2-14: MAIN MUSEUM PIPING SCHEMATIC

Cooling Tower System

The outdoor cooling tower is designed to cool 1,070 gpm of water 10ºF. It contains a 15 HP fan motor that has a measured power of 9.7 KW. This equates to an approximate brake horse power of 11.1. Trend data indicates that the tower cycles during occupied mode to maintain the condenser water heat exchanger leaving temperature of 81ºF. The average leaving tower temperature going to the heat exchanger was 78.8ºF and the average return temperature was 80.8ºF.

A VFD motor for the cooling tower supply fan has been purchased but has not yet been installed. The following graph includes sample cooling tower trend data.

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NM Museum of Natural History & Science - Alburquerque, NMCooling Tower System Trends - Typical Weekday

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100

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07 6

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5/1/

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:24

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07 1

0:48

AM

5/1/

07 1

:12

PM

5/1/

07 3

:36

PM

5/1/

07 6

:00

PM

5/1/

07 8

:24

PM

5/1/

07 1

0:48

PM

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07 1

:12

AM

5/2/

07 3

:36

AM

5/2/

07 6

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AM

5/2/

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:24

AM

5/2/

07 1

0:48

AM

5/2/

07 1

:12

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:12

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07 3

:36

AM

5/3/

07 6

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AM

Date & Time

Tem

pera

ture

(F) &

Pum

p S

tatu

s (O

n/O

ff)

OAT Tower Supply Temp Tower Return TempPump 7 Status Pump 8 Status TOWER_FAN_SSHX_OUT_TEMP Loop Setpoint

P-7 running on the same schedule as airside equipment. P-8 stays off.

Fan cycling on to maintain 81*F supply temp.

Open damper and spray pumps providing somke cooling prior to fans turning on.

HX-OUT equal to CT return.81*F supply setpoint.

FIGURE 2-15: MAIN MUSEUM SAMPLE TREND DATA – COOLING TOWER SYSTEM

The flat plate heat exchanger between the cooling tower and the condenser loop is designed for 1,100 GPM of flow on both sides of the heat exchanger. The tower side is designed with an entering temperature of 82ºF and a leaving temperature of 94ºF. The condenser side is designed with an entering temperature of 102ºF and a leaving temperature of 90ºF.

Two cooling tower pumps circulate water through the cooling tower and the heat exchanger. Both pumps have a 35 HP motor and they operate in lead/standby fashion. They are each rated for a flow rate of 1,100 GPM with a pressure drop of 64 ft water gauge (Wg). The measured pump power was 22.5 kW which equates to a brake horse power of 24.8. Pumps are activated via the DDC system and one pump runs continuously during occupied mode on the same schedule as the building equipment.

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Natural Draft Boilers

Two 80% efficient, natural draft boilers provide heating for the condenser water loop when needed. Both boilers have an input capacity of 1,630 MBH and an output capacity of 1,304 MBH. These boilers were shut off for the season prior to the trending period in March and April of 2007. The condenser water circulation pumps circulate water through the boilers. Butterfly valves are manually adjusted to allow flow through the boilers when needed. According to the trend data, temperatures for B-2 follow the condenser water supply temperature which is expected since the boiler did not activate. Temperatures for B-1 are nearly constant around 48ºF indicating a problem with the sensor or the trending.

NM Museum of Natural History & Science - Alburquerque, NMCondenser Water Loop and Boilers - Typical Weekday

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:00

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07 1

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07 6

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Date & Time

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pera

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(F) &

Pum

p S

tatu

s (O

n/O

ff)

OAT HP Loop Supply Temp HP Loop Return Temp Loop SetpointBoiler 1 Temp Boiler 2 Temp Pump 1 Status Pump 2 StatusPump 3 Status Pump 4 Status Pump 5 Status Pump 6 StatusHX_OUT_TEMP

HX-OUT, Loop Supply and B-2 temps are all equal during occupied. Boilers are not operating.

B-1 temperature should be closer to other temperatures.

P-4 continuous operation; P-1 and P-6 on during occupied; P-2, P-3, and P-5 remain off.

FIGURE 2-17: MAIN MUSEUM SAMPLE TREND DATA – BOILERS AND CONDENSER WATER PUMPS

Heat pumps 8, 9, 14, and 15 are located in mechanical room 256. This room has an outdoor air damper to supply ventilation for the spaces served by these heat pumps. To prevent freezing, a heating coil preheats this outside air using heating water supplied from boiler B-3. This boiler has the same capacities as the other two boilers but it includes 30% glycol. The boiler design leaving water temperature is 180ºF.

FIGURE 2-16: MAIN MUSEUM CONDENSER WATER

BOILERS

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The outdoor air preheat boiler has a 57 GPM pump to circulate water to the preheat coil. This pump has a 1.5 HP motor and a measured current of 2.5 A at 500V from the original TAB report. This equates to 1.2 KW and an approximate brake horse power of 1.3. The DDC data from this system can be seen in the following graph.

NM Museum of Natural History & Science - Alburquerque, NMBoiler 3 and Heat Pump Room

System Trends (Apr - May 2007) BAS

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120

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10:4

8 A

M

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s (O

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ff)

OAT Boiler 3 Temp RM256 Mixed Air Temp

HP9 Fan Stat HP9 Space Temp HP14 Space Temp

Boiler stops operating for the season.

Boiler is activating during unoccupied mode when fans are OFF.

Boiler activates when the outside air is below 68*F.

Preheat coil is overheating mech room.

FIGURE 2-18: MAIN MUSEUM SAMPLE TREND DATA – BOILER 3/PREHEAT COIL

Condenser Water Circulation Pumps

Condenser water is circulated through the building with three sets of pumps that pump water to three sets of condenser water supply lines. All heat pumps are connected to one of these supply lines and they all feed into a common return line.

All three sets of pumps operate lead/standby so only one of the two pumps operates at a time. This operation can be seen above in Figure 2-17. The P-3/4 set of pumps operates continuously for spaces that need continuous conditioning. The other two sets operate on the same schedule as all other equipment in the building.

The following table contains the size and measured power of the pumps.

FIGURE 2-19: MAIN MUSEUM CONDENSER WATER

CIRCULATION PUMPS

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TABLE 2-7: MAIN MUSEUM CONDENSER WATER PUMPS

Tag Schedule Flow (GPM)

Head (ftWg)

HP Measured KW

Estimated BHP

P-1/2 6:00 a.m.-6:00 p.m. 986 130 50 37.0 44.7

P-3/4 24/7 153 108 10 6.8 7.8

P-5/6 6:00 a.m.-6:00 p.m. 50 108 7.5 3.7 4.1

VFD motors for these pumps have been purchased but are not yet installed.

Domestic Water Heater (PVI)

Domestic hot water for the various sinks throughout the museum is provided by a 250 gallon gas water heater. The water heater is sized for 140 MBH input and 134 GPH output.

2.1.4 Lighting Systems Lighting in the exhibit areas consists of incandescent floods and spots. Fluorescent T8 fixtures are used in the general office areas and corridors. The high atrium area in the center of the building has 400W metal halides above the high skylight light shelves. The house lights in the theater and planetarium are incandescent spots and floods mounted high in the ceiling. Replacing the lamps in many of these high fixtures has not been possible so lower spot lights

have been added.

All fixtures are manually controlled. The general lighting in the offices, exhibits, and corridors is turned on during occupied hours. General lighting in the theater and planetarium is manually turned on before and after shows. Some lighting is left on through the night for security.

2.2 Research & Education Annex The New Mexico Museum of Natural History Research and Education Annex building was constructed in 1983. The building is part of the New Mexico Museum of Natural History’s complex which also includes the main museum and the north annex building.

2.2.1 Function & Schedule The R&E Annex building has one level and is rectangular in shape. A collections room, where many of the exhibits are stored, is located on the east end of the building. Offices and a receiving space are located in the middle of the building. An exhibit preparation area and restrooms are located on the west end of the building. The R&E Annex building is used from 7:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m., five days per week.

The lighting throughout the building is controlled manually. In general, lights are on between 7:00 a.m. and 7:00 p.m on the weekdays. On Saturdays the lights are on between 8:00 a.m. and 12:00 p.m. The building is closed on Sundays and holidays and no lighting is used.

Most of the mechanical equipment in the building cycles on when needed based on zone temperature. The only unit running continuously is the air handling unit serving the Collections Area.

FIGURE 2-20: MAIN MUSEUM WATER

HEATER

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2.2.2 Structure As previously mentioned the Research & Education Annex building consists of one story and is rectangular in shape.

The building is constructed of exterior metal building panels, R-19 fiberglass batt insulation, a polypropylene vapor barrier, and gypsum board on the interior. The roof is composed of the same materials.

2.2.3 Mechanical Systems

Air Systems

A Carrier Air Handler Unit is located in the south storage room and provides space conditioning and ventilation air to the collections area. The AHU is comprised of a supply fan, duct furnace, and a DX cooling coil. An air-cooled condensing unit serves the AHU. The 5 HP supply fan provides 6,000 cfm to the collections area. The

measured power on 3/29/07 was 2.74 kW. Trend data from March to May of 2007 indicates that the unit runs continuously.

A DRI deionized steam humidifier serves the collections area. This unit has a capacity of 5.7 lbs/hr with an electrical demand of 7.6 kW.

The curatorial offices are served by a ground-mounted Carrier Roof Top Unit. This unit was installed to replace the outdated Trane unit previously serving the space. Performance and capacity data is not available for this unit.

There is one exhaust fan in the building serving the restrooms. It provides 400 cfm at 0.13” SP and runs at 0.139 kW.

Both the east and west classrooms are served by dedicated exterior mounted air-source heat pumps. Performance and capacity data are not

available for these units.

There are four Champion evaporative coolers in the facility. Three serve the exhibit preparation area and one serves the receiving area. One of the units serving the exhibit preparation area has a ½ HP fan supplying 2,900 cfm whereas all other units have ¾ HP fans supplying 3,810 cfm.

FIGURE 2-21: R&E ANNEX BUILDING

FIGURE 2-22: R&E ANNEX AHU-1

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There are two gas-fired unit heaters in the building, one located in the exhibit preparation area, and one in the receiving room. Both heaters supply 1,600 cfm of air with 1/20 HP fans and have a heating efficiency of 80%.

There are two gas-fired furnaces serving the exhibit prep and restrooms area. These units supply 1,600 cfm of air with a 1/2 HP fans and have heating efficiencies of 82%.

There is one domestic hot water heater with a 40 gallon storage tank. This unit runs at 32.8 gal/hr with an input capacity of 32,500 Btuh and a temperature rise of 90° F.

Control System

The majority of the building equipment is controlled by programmable thermostats. The heat pumps in the East & West classrooms are controlled by standard, constant temperature thermostats.

2.2.4 Lighting Systems The general lighting throughout the building consists of T12 and T8 fluorescent fixtures. The

exit signs have been upgraded to LED lighting technologies. There are some incandescent bulbs in use.

FIGURE 2-23: R&E REZNOR UNIT HEATER IN EXHIBIT PREP

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3 ENERGY USE ANALYSIS Three years of utility bills were collected for electricity and natural gas. These bills were used to track historical use, identify energy use anomalies, determine the aggregate utility rates, and to calibrate the baseline energy model.

3.1 Main Museum

3.1.1 Electricity

RATE ANALYSIS Electricity is provided to the Museum of Natural History by PNM® through a single meter which operates on the TOU-EN11 tariff schedule. This schedule is a non-residential, large power, time-of-use (TOU) tariff that includes line item charges for the following categories:

TABLE 3-1: MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ELECTICITY RATES

Line Item Rate Description Off-Peak Use $0.029162/kWh All off-peak use On-Peak Use $0.043744/kWh All on-peak use Customer Charge

$5,016.50/month ($10.03/kW) Static charge which includes the first 500 kW of monthly demand

Demand Charge $10.03/kW Monthly peak demand (highest 15-minute period of the month) Power Factor $1.82/kVa All kVa above 48% of billable demand Franchise Fee 2.00% Applied to all charges except late fees Late Charges Varies $1,161 in late charges from 9/06 to 2/07

The “On-Peak” period is defined as 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m., Monday through Friday. “Off-Peak” hours are defined as the remainder of the annual hours. There are no monthly rate changes nor are there separate rates for winter and summer periods.

The use and demand rates that were used in the savings calculations reflect the actual effect of an increase in demand and/or use and thus include the effects of miscellaneous charges that fluctuate with the demand and use. Power factor charges averaged less than 0.5% of the total bills and were therefore ignored in the analysis. The following table outlines the most current aggregate rates which were used in the savings calculations:

TABLE 3-2: MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY AGGREGATE RATES

Line Item Rate Description Off-Peak Use $0.029745/kWh All off-peak use On-Peak Use $0.044619/kWh All on-peak use Demand Charge $10.23/kW Monthly peak demand (highest 15-minute period of the month)

HISTORICAL USE Total electricity use varies seasonally with January use being approximately 58% of July use. Demand follows a similar seasonal pattern with December demand being approximately 66% of July demand. Base energy usage (fixed energy use items such as lighting, fans, and computers) hovers around 150,000 kWh per

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month while the base demand is approximately 375 kW. Total electricity use is split almost evenly between on-peak and off-peak use.

The base demand consists of the following estimated electrical loads:

Lighting: 110 kW HVAC Fans: 66 kW Equipment: 98.5 kW HVAC Pumps: 67 kW Space Cooling: 35 kW

The increase peak (summer) demand over the base (winter) demand is attributed to increased cooling demand as there are more heat pump and AHU compressors on simultaneously.

Figure 3-1 through Figure 3-4 show electricity use and demand for the three year period from 2004 through 2006. The baseline use and demand (normalized for weather) that were used to calibrate the building simulation model are also included. More information on how the baseline was determined, including weather normalization techniques, can be found in Section 3.3.

-

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

OnP

k kW

h

Main Museum Electric Use - Total

2004 2005 2006 Baseline

FIGURE 3-1: MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ELECTRICITY USE

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-

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

160,000

180,000

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

OnP

k kW

h

Main Museum Electric Use - On Peak

2004 2005 2006 Baseline

FIGURE 3-2: MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ON-PEAK ELECTRICITY USE

-

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80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

160,000

180,000

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

OffP

k kW

h

Main Museum Electric Use - Off-Peak

2004 2005 2006 Baseline

FIGURE 3-3: MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY OFF-PEAK ELECTRICITY USE

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-

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

kW

Main Museum Electric Demand

2004 2005 2006 Baseline

FIGURE 3-4: MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ELECTRICITY DEMAND

3.1.2 Natural Gas

RATE ANALYSIS Natural Gas is currently provided to the Museum of Natural History by Wasatch Energy who contracts PNM® for the actual delivery and transmission. The museum has a single meter which operates on a pre-negotiated tariff schedule. This schedule includes line item charges for the following categories:

TABLE 3-3: MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NATURAL GAS RATES (FEBRUARY 2007)

Line Item Rate Distribution $0.0607/therm Transmission $0.0613/therm Gas Cost $0.6535/therm Access Fee $15.00/month Franchise Fee 2.00% of total bill

The rates vary slightly month-to-month but the average monthly aggregate rate from August, 2006 (the first month with Wasatch Energy) to February, 2007 was $0.73/therm. This is the rate that was used in the energy savings calculations.

HISTORICAL USE Natural gas use varies quite dramatically from winter to summer. The natural gas consuming devices include the hot-water boilers and gas water heater. The boilers are shut off from approximately mid-April through mid-October.

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Figure 3-5 shows natural gas use for the three year period from 2004 through 2006. The baseline use (normalized for weather) that was used to calibrate the building simulation model is also included. More information on how the baseline was determined, including weather normalization techniques, can be found in Section 3.1.3.

Main Museum Gas Use

-

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Ther

m

2004 2005 2006 Baseline

FIGURE 3-5: MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NATURAL GAS USE

3.1.3 Weather Normalization Utility data is useful for making educated observations about historical energy use characteristics. Generally, the more utility data that is gathered, the more useful it becomes. Anomalies can be identified and weather-dependant patterns can be evened out. The most useful and accurate way of analyzing utility data is to gather historical weather data for each month that utility bills are gathered and to use linear regression techniques to compare the effects of weather on natural gas and electricity use.

This project collected three years of utility bills starting with January, 2004 and ending with December, 2006 along with daily high, low, and average temperatures for Albuquerque for the same period of time. Linear regression techniques were used to determine the relationships between the following variables:

• Heating-degree-days (HDDs) and natural gas use (therms) • Cooling-degree-days (CDDs) and electricity use (kWh) • Peak daily temperature and electricity demand (kW)

Statistical indicators were examined to ensure that energy use was actually weather dependant.

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The process of normalization first seeks to find a balance-point temperature for which weather-dependency begins. For example: electricity use may be flat for the winter months and may begin to rise when the average daily high temperature rises above 55°F which would be the balance point temperature. Once a balance point is determined (the intercept of the normalization line) the slope of the line is calculated. Individual data points for certain months may need to be disregarded if they seem to be isolated anomalies (for example see May 2006 in Figure 3-7). Figure 3-6 is a graph of actual on-peak use compared to the predictions made by the weather normalization equations. Standard practice is to use the most recent 12-month period for normalization. Normalization for off-peak use, peak demand, and natural gas use are depicted in Figure 3-7 through Figure 3-9.

FIGURE 3-6: ON-PEAK ELECTRICITY USE WEATHER NORMALIZATION

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FIGURE 3-7: OFF-PEAK ELECTRICITY USE WEATHER NORMALIZATION

FIGURE 3-8: ELECTRICITY DEMAND WEATHER NORMALIZATION

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FIGURE 3-9: NATURAL GAS WEATHER NORMALIZATION

3.2 R&E Annex

3.2.1 Electricity

Rate analysis

Electricity is provided to the Research and Education Building by PNM® through a single meter which operates on the TOU-EN0K tariff schedule. This schedule is a non-residential, general power, time-of-use (TOU) tariff that includes line item charges for the following categories:

TABLE 3-4: R&E ANNEX ELECTICITY RATES

Line Item Rate Description Off-Peak Use $0.036556/kWh All off-peak use Peak Use #1 $0.110996/kWh First 80 on-peak kWh per kW billing demand per month Peak Use #2 $0.083783/kWh Next 120 on-peak kWh per kW billing demand per month Customer Charge

$187.00/month ($3.74/kW) Static charge which includes the first 50 kW of monthly demand

Demand Charge $3.74/kW Monthly peak demand (highest 15-minute period of the month) Franchise Fee 2.00% Applied to all charges except late fees Late Charges Varies $788 in late charges were accrued in 2006

The “On-Peak” period is defined as 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m., Monday through Friday. “Off-Peak” hours are defined as the remainder of the annual hours. There are no monthly rate changes nor are there separate rates for winter and summer periods. On-peak use charges are split into two different rates and the portion

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of the total on-peak use that is distributed to each of these rates is directly dependant upon the monthly peak demand. This on-peak use rate structure thus effectively incorporates peak demand charges into the on-peak use rates. These demand charges were extracted out of the use rates and applied to the demand rates in the savings analysis.

The use and demand rates that were used in the savings calculations reflect the actual effect of an increase in demand and/or use and thus include the effects of miscellaneous charges that fluctuate with the demand and use. The following table outlines the most current aggregate rates which were used in the savings calculations:

TABLE 3-5: R&E ANNEX AGGREGATE RATES

Line Item Rate Description Off-Peak Use $0.037287/kWh All off-peak use Peak Use $0.085459/kWh All peak use Demand Charge $6.04/kW Monthly peak demand (highest 15-minute period of the month)

Historical Use

Utility bills were only available from May, 2005 through December, 2006. Total electricity use varies seasonally with spring and fall months showing the lowest use and demand due to the use of electricity for heating, cooling, and humidification.

The following figures show electricity use (on-peak and off-peak) and demand for the period from May 2005 through December 2006. The energy efficiency measures in this facility did not require an entire building simulation; therefore, weather normalization (utility baseline) was not necessary.

-

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7,000

8,000

9,000

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OnP

k kW

h

R&E Annex Electric Use - On Peak

2005 2006

FIGURE 3-10: R&E ANNEX MONTHLY PEAK ELECTRICITY USE

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OffP

k kW

h

R&E Annex Electric Use - Off-Peak

2005 2006

FIGURE 3-11: R&E ANNEX MONTHLY OFF-PEAK ELECTRICITY USE

-

10

20

30

40

50

60

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

kW

R&E Annex Electric Demand

2005 2006

FIGURE 3-12: R&E ANNEX MUSEUM MONTHLY ELECTRIC DEMAND

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3.2.2 Natural Gas Rate Analysis

Natural gas was is provided by PNM® through a single meter on the small volume, general service, GB2A tariff schedule. These rates vary from summer to winter and an aggregate rate was calculated for each season (Table 3-7). These two rates were then used in the savings and economic analysis of the energy efficiency measures.

The tariff schedule includes line item charges for the following categories:

TABLE 3-6: R&E ANNEX NATURAL GAS RATES

Line Item Rate Cost of Gas $0.8075/therm Distribution $0.0607/therm Transmission $0.0613/month Access Fee $15.00/month Franchise Fee 2.00% of total bill Gross Receipts Tax 7.0% of total bill

TABLE 3-7: R&E ANNEX NATURAL GAS SEASONAL RATES

Line Item Rate Winter Rate $1.05/therm Summer Rate $0.97/therm

Historical Use

Natural gas use varies significantly from winter to summer. The natural gas consuming devices include unit heaters, residential furnaces, a duct heater, and a gas water heater.

The following figure shows natural gas use for the period from 2004 through 2006. The energy efficiency measures in this facility did not require an entire building simulation; therefore, weather normalization (utility baseline) was not necessary.

R&E Annex Gas Use

-

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Ther

m

2004 2005 2006

FIGURE 3-13: R&E ANNEX GAS USE

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4 ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURES (EEMS) EMC Engineers, Inc. conducted two site visits to the New Mexico Museum of Natural History on 3/6/07 and 3/27/07. During the site visits, interviews with the facility maintenance staff and detailed equipment surveys were conducted to identify potential EEMs. In addition to interviews and surveys, portable trend data loggers were placed on key pieces of energy using equipment to assist in the identification of EEMs and show operating characteristics of the equipment. Building drawings, equipment cutsheets, and performance data were also collected and analyzed in selecting EEMs.

4.1 Main Museum Building EEMs

4.1.1 eQuest Model eQUEST was the energy modeling tool used for evaluating the energy performance of the recommended measures. eQUEST allows the development of an energy performance baseline model that closely mimics the actual performance of the “as found” building. Additionally, eQUEST simulates interactive effects between large numbers of EEMs effectively and predicts a reasonable level of energy savings.

The methodology used for this hourly simulation model follows accepted industry standard approach for energy analysis:

• Construct the analytical Baseline Model in eQUEST.

• Calibrate the baseline model with actual building system data and overall weather-adjusted energy consumption performance data to confirm that the Baseline Model is representative of “as found” building performance.

• Model the EEMs to predict the level of energy savings for the EEMs.

A 3-D model of the Museum of Natural History is provided in the following figure.

The following is an overview of the process used to create the Baseline Model in eQUEST: • Weather File Selection. Albuquerque TMY2 weather data was selected for the model. • Building Envelope Construction. Building envelope data was obtained from construction drawings

and photographs taken during site surveys. These data included dimensions, orientation, and construction information on the number of floors, exterior walls, roof, windows, and doors. This was

FIGURE 4-1: MAIN MUSEUM EQUEST MODEL RENDITION

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entered into the program to create the building geometry composition and was also used to define zoning.

• Lighting Systems and Plug Loads. Lighting types were confirmed during field surveys. Lighting density was estimated based on lighting type, the number of fixtures taken from the lighting survey, and estimated utilization schedules based on field surveys and occupant interviews. Estimates of plug loads were included in the model and calibrated based on overall building energy consumption.

• Mechanical Systems:

o Component Capacity - Information on system capacity and power input (heat pumps, air handlers, cooling tower, boilers, fans, and pumps) was taken from mechanical schedules, nameplate data, and manufacturer data. Instantaneous “spot” measurements were also utilized.

o Component Performance – Equipment performance parameters such as heat pump and boiler efficiencies were input based on trended data as well as design and manufacturer’s information. Default eQUEST performance curves were used for fans, pumps, heat pumps, and AHU DX coils. Pump and fan power were input based on electrical measurements and manufacturer’s information.

o System Performance – System level performance parameters such as air flow rates were taken from construction drawings and manufacturer’s information.

o System Assignment – Systems such as heat pumps and air handling units were assigned to zones based on construction drawings and field notes.

• Control Setpoints and Scheduling – Control setpoints and schedules were based upon field observations, interviews and data trending. Operating schedules were applied to the majority of the equipment in the building such as heat pumps, air handling units, pumps, and lighting.

Once all inputs have been defined, eQUEST runs an hourly simulation (8,760 hours) for the entire year based on location-specific weather data. The output hourly file was examined at key operating points to ensure equipment control was being simulated properly and equipment performance was reasonable.

Assumptions

The following assumptions were made to create the eQUEST model.

Building Envelope

Specific information on the building glazing was not available. The windows and skylight are assumed to be double paned with a U-Value of 0.4 btu/(hr* ft2*ºF) and a shading coefficient of 0.8. The skylight is assumed to have these same properties with light diffusion.

Internal Loads

Occupancies in the museum areas and theaters are based on the number of tickets sold each month. It is assumed that the number of people is evenly distributed through each day. Occupancies in the administrative areas are based on the code occupancy of 140 ft2/person. The occupancy schedules used in eQuest can be seen in the following tables.

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TABLE 4-1: MAIN MUSEUM OCCUPANCY SCHEDULE PROFILE

Time Period

Planetarium/ Theater

(everyday) Museum

(everyday) Administrative

(weekdays) Administrative

(weekends) 9:00 p.m. – 6:00 a.m. 0% 0% 0% 0% 6:00 a.m. – 7:00 a.m. 0% 0% 50% 0% 7:00 a.m. – 8:00 a.m. 0% 0% 90% 0% 8:00 a.m. – 9:00 a.m. 0% 15% 90% 0%

9:00 a.m. – 10:00 p.m. 40% 90% 90% 10% 10:00 a.m. – 4:00 p.m. 80% 90% 90% 10% 4:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m. 40% 90% 90% 5% 5:00 p.m. – 6:00 p.m. 40% 15% 90% 0% 6:00 p.m. – 7:00 p.m. 0% 0% 50% 0% 7:00 p.m. – 9:00 p.m. 0% 0% 0% 0%

The lighting power density (LPD) was obtained from a field survey of the installed fixtures. An LPD of 1.0 W/ ft2 was used for the museum and exhibit areas and an LPD of 0.65 W/ ft2 was used for the administrative areas and miscellaneous spaces such as the workshops and preparation areas. The following lighting schedules were used in eQuest:

TABLE 4-2: MAIN MUSEUM LIGHTING SCHEDULE PROFILE

Time Period

Planetarium/ Theater

(everyday) Museum

(everyday) 9:00 p.m. – 6:00 a.m. 0% 10% 6:00 a.m. – 7:00 a.m. 0% 50% 7:00 a.m. – 8:00 a.m. 0% 100% 8:00 a.m. – 9:00 a.m. 0% 100% 9:00 a.m. – 6:00 p.m. 100% 100% 6:00 p.m. – 7:00 p.m. 0% 80% 7:00 p.m. – 8:00 p.m. 0% 50% 8:00 p.m. – 9:00 p.m. 0% 10%

The equipment plug loads are assumed to be uniform for the facility at 0.5 W/ ft2. This assumes several small PCs, printers, and other small appliances in the office spaces and display power and lighting in the exhibit areas. The plug loads are assumed to follow the same schedule as the lighting. The projector is assumed to have a 3 KW load with 2.5 KW rejected to the projector room and 0.5 KW rejected to the theater space.

The building was assumed to have no infiltration since the majority of the equipment has outside air and the building does not have any heating or cooling during unoccupied hours.

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Airside Equipment

Measured data was obtained for two out of the six air handlers. The fan power for the other four air handlers was determined based on the kW/CFM of the units measured. Minimum outside air to the air handlers was based on the trend data. The air handler economizer operation is programmed into the DDC system but from the trend data, it was not clear that the economizers were operating properly. However, since the outside air quantities did vary throughout the day, proper economizer operation was modeled in eQuest for all six air handlers.

Measured data was obtained for two out of the sixteen large heat pumps. The power for the other heat pumps was based on this information and the manufacturer’s submittals. To simplifying the model, areas with smaller heat pumps were modeled in combined zones with similar exterior exposures and space uses. The capacities and airflows in these zones were determined based on the average ft2/ton and CFM/ft2 used in other spaces. Values above or below the averages were used where deemed appropriate.

Several of the heat pumps are located in mechanical rooms with outside air louvers. Since the exact quantity of outside air to these rooms is not known, outside air percentages were estimated based on a combination of the visible position of the outside air dampers, the original design outside airflows, the sizes of the louvers and return openings, and the system temperatures including outside air, space and mixed air temperatures. The following outside air percentages were assumed.

TABLE 4-3: MAIN MUSEUM HEAT PUMP OUTSIDE AIR

Room Number Heat Pumps in Room Percent Outside Air 120 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 11, 12 17% 256 8, 9, 14, 15 30% 107 6, 7 15% 208 4, 13 10%

All airside equipment currently operates on a single schedule. During the trending period, the schedule was overridden several times for evening events. It is assumed that all equipment is in override mode an average of two times per week, three hours at a time.

Condenser Water and Heating Water System

Based on information from the maintenance staff, the heating system is assumed to be disabled from May to October. During the other months, it is assumed that the boiler does not have a maximum temperature cut out. Due to the low condenser water temperatures, an efficiency of 85% was used for the boilers. The cooling system is assumed to operate year round with a low temperature lockout of 40ºF outside air temperature.

Zoning

Spaces within the facility were zoned in eQuest according to the HVAC system conditioning the space. To simplify the computer model, some zones were adjusted so the stacking zone above or below had equivalent dimensions. The equipment airflows and capacities were adjusted to match these altered floor areas. Portions of the building with multiple small heat pumps were divided into areas with similar exterior exposures and space types. These divided areas were treated as zones with a single piece of equipment. The zoning of the first and second floor can be seen in the figures below. The central trapezoidal area has offices on the

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third and fourth floor. Other zones have a maximum of two levels but the second level ceiling heights extend into the high central portion of the building.

FIGURE 4-2: MAIN MUSEUM LEVEL ONE ZONING

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FIGURE 4-3: MAIN MUSEUM LEVEL TWO ZONING

Special Techniques

While eQUEST is a robust building simulation tool, there are some limitations in modeling certain building properties and systems. The following limitations were found when modeling this building:

• eQuest requires that stacking zones have the same dimensions. To minimize the number of shells added to the model, adjustments were made to the dimensions of various zones.

• Vaulted sloped ceilings cannot be modeled in eQuest. Flat roofs were used in the model with an average ceiling height. The domed roof of the planetarium was also modeled as a flat roof.

• Heat pump systems do not have the option of specifying an airflow in eQuest. Heat pump airflows were auto-sized based on the capacity entered.

• The option for a preheat coil on a heat pump is not available in eQuest. The preheat coil in Mechanical Room 256 was modeled by adding an additional 100% outdoor air heating unit.

• eQuest allows one schedule for all condenser water loop circulation pumps. Since one of the condenser water pumps operates continuously, this pump power was added directly to the electricity meter.

Calibration

To get more accurate results from eQuest, the baseline model was calibrated to closely match the building’s weather adjusted utility bills. The eQuest model was adjusted until the mechanical system operation closely represented the actual operation and the energy use was within an acceptable range of the utility data. This

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was achieved by adjusting the schedules and information entered for the various pieces of mechanical equipment in the building and by adjusting plug loads and schedules. Adjustments were made based on trend data, measurements, nameplate data, and performance data.

The results of the calibration are illustrated in the figures below:

Electric Energy Use

0

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100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov DecElec

tric

Ene

rgy

Use

(kW

h)

eQUEST AVG Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

FIGURE 4-4: MAIN MUSEUM BASELINE ELECTRICITY USE CALIBRATION

Electrical Demand

0100200300400500600700800

Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Elec

tric

al D

eman

d (k

W)

eQUEST AVG Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

FIGURE 4-5: MAIN MUSEUM ELECTRICAL DEMAND CALIBRATION

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Natural Gas Energy Use

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Nat

ural

Gas

Ene

rgy

Use

(Th

erm

s)

eQUEST AVG Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

FIGURE 4-6: MAIN MUSEUM NATURAL GAS CALIBRATION

eQuest Baseline Energy Consumption

The following figures display the electric and gas consumption of the baseline building calibrated in eQuest. The EEMs were applied to this baseline use to assess savings.

Electric Consumption by Month - Baseline

0

50

100

150

200

250

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Use

(kW

h) x

1,00

0

Space Cool

Heat Reject.

Space Heat

Vent. Fans

Pumps & Aux.

Misc. Equip.

Area Lights

FIGURE 4-7: MAIN MUSEUM BASELINE EQUEST OUTPUT – ELECTRIC CONSUMPTION

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Gas Consumption by Month - Baseline

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Use

(Btu

) x1,

000,

000

Space Heat

Hot Water

FIGURE 4-8: MAIN MUSEUM BASELINE EQUEST OUTPUT – GAS CONSUMPTION

eQuest EEMs

Eight EEMs, as listed in the table below, were analyzed with eQUEST using the parametric runs feature. This feature allows specific parameters, such as operating schedules, setpoints, or operational data, to be adjusted for each EEM. It also allows each EEM to be applied to the previous measure to achieve a combined savings result. Further discussion of each EEM and their subsequent results is provided in the next section.

TABLE 4-4: MAIN MUSEUM EEM LIST

EEM # Label Description

1 Main Museum – EEM-1 Install VFDs on Condenser Water Pumps and 2-way Valves

on Equipment

2 Main Museum – EEM-2 Install VFD on Cooling Tower Fan

3 Main Museum – EEM-3 Increase Condenser Water Control Deadband and Lower

Supply Setpoints

4 Main Museum – EEM-4 Optimize equipment scheduling - Limit Unoccupied Operation

and Change Start to 8:00 a.m.

5 Main Museum – EEM-5 Daylighting Control in Atrium

6 Main Museum – EEM-6 Demand Controlled Ventilation at Air Handlers

7 Main Museum – EEM-7 Limit Use of Preheat Boiler

8 Main Museum – EEM-8 Close Projector Room Outside Air Damper

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4.1.2 EEM-1: Install VFDs on Condenser Water Pumps and 2-way Valves on Equipment

Description

To circulate condenser water to the heat pumps throughout the building, three sets of pumps are connected to three different supply pipes. Two 50 HP pumps and two 7.5 HP pumps are connected to an 8” and 2.5” supply pipes respectively. The two parallel pumps operate lead/standby with one pump operating continuously during the DDC occupied mode. Two 10 HP pumps are connected to a 4” supply pipe and one pump operates continuously. The pump operation can be seen in the following graph.

NM Museum of Natural History & Science - Alburquerque, NMCondenser Water Loop and Boiler - Typical Weekday

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Date & Time

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pera

ture

(F) &

Pum

p S

tatu

s (O

n/O

ff)

OAT HP Loop Supply Temp HP Loop Return Temp Loop SetpointBoiler 1 Temp Boiler 2 Temp Pump 1 Status Pump 2 StatusPump 3 Status Pump 4 Status Pump 5 Status Pump 6 StatusHX_OUT_TEMP

P-4 operating continuously; P-1 and P-6 ON during occupied; P-2, P-3, and P-5 remain OFF.

FIGURE 4-9: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-1 – PUMP OPERATION

Under this measure, it is proposed to install variable frequency drives (VFDs) on all six condenser water pumps and install 2-way valves at all heat pumps to isolate flow when the heat pump is off. This will allow the pump speeds to lower with varying building loads, reducing the pump power consumption.

The following table lists the predicted energy savings for this measure. The additional heating energy is assumed to be due to the reduced heat output from the pumps since they are operating at lower power levels.

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New Mexico Museum of Natural History Energy Audit

EMC Engineers, Inc. - 4-11 - 6/30/07

TABLE 4-5: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-1 MONTHLY SAVINGS SUMMARY

EEM -1 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec TotalEnergy Savings (kWh) 15,862 14,015 15,259 14,390 14,571 14,015 14,196 14,470 13,901 14,261 15,020 15,843 175,803Demand Savings (kW) 37 37 37 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 37 38 439Gas Savings (Therms) -232 -143 -89 -23 0 0 0 0 0 -4 -107 -226 -823

Calculations

To determine the savings of installing VFDS on the condenser water pumps, a parametric run was performed in eQuest. The following changes were made to the model:

• The pump control was changed from constant speed to variable speed with a 30% minimum speed.

• Pump motor class was changed from standard to premium. • Isolation valves were added to all heat pumps.

Monthly outputs from the eQUEST model are shown in the figures below.

Electric Consumption by Month - EEM-1

0

50

100

150

200

250

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Use

(kW

h) x

1,00

0

Space Cool

Heat Reject.

Space Heat

Vent. Fans

Pumps & Aux.

Misc. Equip.

Area Lights

FIGURE 4-10: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-1 EQUEST OUTPUT – ELECTRIC CONSUMPTION

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New Mexico Museum of Natural History Energy Audit

EMC Engineers, Inc. - 4-12 - 6/30/07

Gas Consumption by Month - EEM-1

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Use

(Btu

) x1,

000,

000

Space Heat

Hot Water

FIGURE 4-11: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-1 EQUEST OUTPUT – GAS CONSUMPTION

Implementation

VFDs for the condenser water pumps and 2-position valves for all (65) heat pumps have already been purchased for this system. To implement this measure, the valves and VFDs will need to be installed and control will need to be programmed into the DDC. This will require the following:

• Install 2-position valves at the heat pumps including necessary pipe, fittings, and unions. System will need to be drained prior to valve installation and filled after completion.

• Provide necessary wiring to open 2-way valve prior to heat pump activating. • It is recommended that an additional isolation valve is installed at each heat pump and the existing

isolation valve is relocated further from the hose connection to allow for future equipment isolation. • Replace standard pump motors with premium inverter duty rated motors. • Install VFDs at the six condenser water pumps including VFD stands and electrical wiring. • Install pressure sensors in the three supply pipes including control wiring, necessary pipe, fittings, and

isolation valves. • Program control of the pump VFDs into the DDC system. The necessary control parameters for EEM-1

can be found in the following table:

TABLE 4-6: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-1 DDC POINTS LIST

Point Name Point Type Hardware Pump VFD Speed Control (6 pumps) AO

Supply Water Pressure AI (3) pressure sensors

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New Mexico Museum of Natural History Energy Audit

EMC Engineers, Inc. - 4-13 - 6/30/07

Economics

The following table lists the proposed energy savings, implementation cost, and simple payback for this measure. The cost of implementing the DDC system adjustments, valve installation, VFD installation, commissioning, and project management are based on an Engineer’s Opinion of Probable Cost (EOPC).

TABLE 4-7: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-1 SAVINGS SUMMARY

EEM LabelElectric Energy

Savings (kWh/year)

Demand Savings (Annual Peak kW)

Natural Gas Savings (Therms)

Annual Electric Energy Cost

Savings

Annual Natural Gas Cost Savings

Total Energy Cost Savings

Implementation Cost

SPB (Yrs)

EEM-1 175,803 439 -823 $11,228 ($600) $10,628 $71,220 6.7

The total present value discounted utility cost savings is $119,857 and the discounted SIR is 1.68. This measure is recommended for implementation because it has a SPB lower than 15 years and an SIR greater than 1.0.

4.1.3 EEM-2: Install VFD on Cooling Tower Fan

Description

The open cooling tower fan currently cycles on and off to maintain the tower water temperature setpoint. This can be seen in the following figure.

NM Museum of Natural History & Science - Alburquerque, NMCooling Tower System Trends - Typical Weekday

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Date & Time

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ture

(F) &

Pum

p S

tatu

s (O

n/O

ff)

OAT Tower Supply Temp Tower Return TempPump 7 Status Pump 8 Status TOWER_FAN_SSHX_OUT_TEMP

Fan cycling on to maintain 81*F supply temp.

FIGURE 4-12: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-1 – COOLING TOWER FAN OPERATION

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Under this measure, it is proposed to install a variable frequency drive (VFD) on the 15 HP cooling tower fan. This will allow the fan speed to vary to match the condenser water cooling load which will reduce the fan power consumption.

The following table lists the predicted energy savings for this measure.

TABLE 4-8: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-2 MONTHLY SAVINGS SUMMARY

EEM-2 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec TotalEnergy Savings (kWh) 0 0 100 200 500 1,100 2,000 1,900 1,000 300 100 0 7,200Demand Savings (kW) 0 1 1 2 3 6 5 9 5 3 1 0 35Gas Savings (Therms) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Calculations

To determine the savings of installing a VFD on the cooling tower fan, a parametric run was performed in eQuest. The following changes were made to the model:

• Cooling tower fan control was changed from constant speed to variable speed. • The minimum fan speed was set to 30%.

Monthly outputs from the eQUEST model are shown in the figures below.

Electric Consumption by Month - EEM-2

0

50

100

150

200

250

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Use

(kW

h) x

1,00

0

Space Cool

Heat Reject.

Space Heat

Vent. Fans

Pumps & Aux.

Misc. Equip.

Area Lights

FIGURE 4-13: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-2 EQUEST OUTPUT – ELECTRIC CONSUMPTION

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New Mexico Museum of Natural History Energy Audit

EMC Engineers, Inc. - 4-15 - 6/30/07

Gas Consumption by Month - EEM-2

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Use

(Btu

) x1,

000,

000

Space Heat

Hot Water

FIGURE 4-14: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-2 EQUEST OUTPUT – GAS CONSUMPTION

Implementation

The VFD for the cooling tower fan has already been purchased. To implement this measure, the VFD will need to be installed in the mechanical room including a mounting stand and necessary wiring. Control of the VFD will also need to be programmed into the DDC system. This programming should vary the fan VFD speed to maintain a specified cooling tower leaving water temperature. The cooling tower leaving water temperature should be on a reset schedule maintaining 70ºF or the wet bulb temperature plus 5ºF, whichever value is greater. The necessary control parameters for EEM-2 can be found in the following table:

TABLE 4-9: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-2DDC POINTS LIST

Point Name Point Type Hardware Fan VFD Speed Control AO

Economics

The following table lists the proposed energy savings, implementation cost, and simple payback for this measure. The cost of implementing the DDC system adjustments, VFD installation, commissioning, and project management are based on an EOPC.

TABLE 4-10: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-2 SAVINGS SUMMARY

EEM LabelElectric Energy

Savings (kWh/year)

Demand Savings (Annual Peak kW)

Natural Gas Savings (Therms)

Annual Electric Energy Cost

Savings

Annual Natural Gas Cost Savings

Total Energy Cost Savings

Implementation Cost

SPB (Yrs)

EEM-2 7,200 35 0 $632 $0 $632 $2,760 4.4

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New Mexico Museum of Natural History Energy Audit

EMC Engineers, Inc. - 4-16 - 6/30/07

The total present value discounted utility cost savings is $7,125 and the discounted SIR is 2.58. This measure is recommended for implementation because it has a SPB lower than 15 years and an SIR greater than 1.0.

In addition to the economic benefits produced by this measure, there is also the benefit of reduced wear on the cooling tower fan motor since it will rarely run at full power.

4.1.4 EEM-3: Increase Condenser Water Control Deadband and Lower Supply Setpoints

Description

The condenser water supply temperature setpoint is controlled through the DDC system and is currently set to maintain 81ºF. The cooling equipment activates when the condenser water reaches 83ºF and runs until the setpoint of 81ºF is reached. The heating system was turned off during the trending period but it is assumed that the setpoint does not change when the system requires heating. The condenser water temperatures can be seen in the following figure:

NM Museum of Natural History & Science - Alburquerque, NMCondenser Water Loop and Boiler - Typical Weekday

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:12

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Date & Time

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pera

ture

(F) &

Pum

p St

atus

(On/

Off)

OAT HP Loop Supply Temp HP Loop Return Temp Loop SetpointPump 1 Status Pump 2 Status Pump 3 Status Pump 4 StatusPump 5 Status Pump 6 Status

HP Loop Supply Temp varies between 80*F and 83*F during occupied mode.

Loop setpoint is continuous at 81*F.

FIGURE 4-15: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-2 - LOOP TEMPERATURES

Under this measure, it is proposed to lower the condenser loop temperature setpoint to 72ºF and increase the supply temperature deadband by setting the heating setpoint to 60ºF. Lowering the cooling setpoint will reduce the electrical energy used by the heat pumps since they will operate more efficiently with lower condenser water temperatures. Lowering the heating setpoint will reduce the gas consumption of the boilers

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EMC Engineers, Inc. - 4-17 - 6/30/07

by reducing the load and heat losses. This lowered heating setpoint will reduce the efficiency of the heat pumps in the heating mode but the gas savings offsets the increase in winter electrical use.

The following table lists the predicted energy savings for this measure.

TABLE 4-11: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-3 MONTHLY SAVINGS SUMMARY

EEM-3 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec TotalEnergy Savings (kWh) -1,100 -200 600 1,800 3,000 4,000 2,200 2,500 3,400 2,000 400 -1,100 17,500Demand Savings (kW) 0 6 6 9 11 7 12 0 9 12 7 0 78Gas Savings (Therms) 112 81 63 27 0 0 0 0 0 3 71 113 470

Calculations

To determine the savings of lowering the condenser water temperature and increasing the setpoint deadband, a parametric run was performed in eQuest. The following changes were made to the model:

• The condenser loop cooling setpoint was lowered from 81ºF to 72 ºF. • The condenser loop heating setpoint was lowered from 81ºF to 60 ºF.

Monthly outputs from the eQUEST model are shown in the figures below.

Electric Consumption by Month - EEM-3

0

50

100

150

200

250

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Use

(kW

h) x

1,00

0

Space Cool

Heat Reject.

Space Heat

Vent. Fans

Pumps & Aux.

Misc. Equip.

Area Lights

FIGURE 4-16: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-3 EQUEST OUTPUT – ELECTRIC CONSUMPTION

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New Mexico Museum of Natural History Energy Audit

EMC Engineers, Inc. - 4-18 - 6/30/07

Gas Consumption by Month - EEM-3

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Use

(Btu

) x1,

000,

000

Space Heat

Hot Water

FIGURE 4-17: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-3 EQUEST OUTPUT – GAS CONSUMPTION

Implementation

This measure will be implemented by adjusting the loop temperatures in the DDC programming.

Economics

The following table lists the proposed energy savings, implementation cost, and simple payback for this measure. The cost of implementing the DDC system adjustments, commissioning and project management are based on an EOPC.

TABLE 4-12: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-3 SAVINGS SUMMARY

EEM LabelElectric Energy

Savings (kWh/year)

Demand Savings (Annual Peak kW)

Natural Gas Savings (Therms)

Annual Electric Energy Cost

Savings

Annual Natural Gas Cost Savings

Total Energy Cost Savings

Implementation Cost

SPB (Yrs)

EEM-3 17,500 78 -470 $1,439 $343 $1,782 $300 0.2

The total present value discounted utility cost savings is $20,064 and the discounted SIR is 66.88. This measure is recommended for implementation because it has a SPB lower than 15 years and an SIR greater than 1.0.

4.1.5 EEM-4: Optimize equipment scheduling

Description

The airside equipment in the building is controlled by the DDC system. Air handlers and large heat pumps have several DDC control points including an enable/disable. Smaller heat pumps are grouped in zones which only receive an enable/disable from the DDC. The equipment typically runs from 6:00 a.m. to 6:00

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p.m. However, the schedule was overridden many times during the trending period for special events keeping all equipment running past 6:00 p.m. Operation schedules for the air handlers and heat pumps can be seen above in Figure 2-6, Figure 2-10, and Figure 2-12. HP-5 in the central atrium is currently operating continuously.

This measure proposes operating the airside equipment on individual schedules so only the necessary portion of the building will stay active for evening and overnight events. It also proposes adjusting the system start time from 6:00 a.m. to 8:00 a.m. for all equipment since the museum does not open until 9:00 a.m. This will save electrical energy by reducing the run times of all equipment fans and will reduce the energy used for heating and cooling by reducing the amount of time spaces are conditioned.

The following table lists the predicted energy savings for this measure.

TABLE 4-13: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-4 MONTHLY SAVINGS SUMMARY

EEM-4 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec TotalEnergy Savings (kWh) 6,200 5,500 5,700 5,400 7,100 7,200 6,600 7,400 5,500 5,600 5,800 5,800 73,800Demand Savings (kW) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Gas Savings (Therms) 489 401 325 143 13 2 1 2 12 112 337 486 2,323

Calculations

To determine the savings of optimizing the equipment scheduling, a parametric run was performed in eQuest. The following changes were made to the model:

• The start time for all equipment was changed from 6:00 a.m. to 8:00 a.m. • HP-5 operation was changed from continuous to operating during occupied mode. • The operating schedules were changed so equipment turns OFF at 6:00 p.m. every day in areas

that are not likely to hold special events. The typical override schedule of three hours of override time, two days per week, was kept for HP-1, HP-2, HP-5, HP-6, AHU-2, and AHU-3. This equipment serves the main exhibit areas, the central atrium, the gift shop with surrounding circulation space, the entry and food court areas, and the classrooms.

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Monthly outputs from the eQUEST model are shown in the figures below.

Electric Consumption by Month - EEM-4

0

50

100

150

200

250

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Use

(kW

h) x

1,00

0

Space Cool

Heat Reject.

Space Heat

Vent. Fans

Pumps & Aux.

Misc. Equip.

Area Lights

FIGURE 4-18: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-4 EQUEST OUTPUT – ELECTRIC CONSUMPTION

Gas Consumption by Month - EEM-4

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Use

(Btu

) x1,

000,

000

Space Heat

Hot Water

FIGURE 4-19: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-4 EQUEST OUTPUT – GAS CONSUMPTION

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Implementation

This measure will be implemented by adjusting the equipment schedules in the DDC programming.

Economics

The following table lists the proposed energy savings, implementation cost, and simple payback for this measure. The cost of implementing the DDC system adjustments, commissioning and project management are based on an EOPC.

TABLE 4-14: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-4 SAVINGS SUMMARY

EEM LabelElectric Energy

Savings (kWh/year)

Demand Savings (Annual Peak kW)

Natural Gas Savings (Therms)

Annual Electric Energy Cost

Savings

Annual Natural Gas Cost Savings

Total Energy Cost Savings

Implementation Cost

SPB (Yrs)

EEM-4 73,800 0 2,323 $1,839 $1,694 $3,533 $300 0.1

The total present value discounted utility cost savings is $39,706 and the discounted SIR is 132.35. This measure is recommended for implementation because it has a SPB lower than 15 years and an SIR greater than 1.0.

In addition to the economic benefits produced by this measure, there is also the benefit of reducing wear on equipment by reducing run times.

4.1.6 EEM-5: Daylighting Control in Atrium

Description

The central area of the museum contains an atrium that extends to the tall sloping roof. A large portion of the roof above the atrium is a skylight which lets in a large amount of natural light. Currently, the electrical lighting in this space remains on throughout the day. This measure proposes leaving the lighting off in this area during the day since the natural light is sufficient. This will reduce the amount of electrical energy consumed by the lighting.

The following table lists the predicted energy savings for this measure. The additional heating energy is due to the reduction in heat coming from the lights.

TABLE 4-15: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-5 MONTHLY SAVINGS SUMMARY

EEM-5 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec TotalEnergy Savings (kWh) 1,500 1,400 1,700 1,700 1,700 1,600 1,700 1,700 1,700 1,700 1,500 1,400 19,300Demand Savings (kW) 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 4 64Gas Savings (Therms) -4 -2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 -3 -7

Calculations

To determine the savings of leaving the lighting off in the atrium during the day, a parametric run was performed in eQuest. The schedule of the lighting in the atrium was changed from a 7:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. schedule to a 5:00 p.m. to 7:00 p.m. schedule.

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Monthly outputs from the eQUEST model are shown in the figures below.

Electric Consumption by Month - EEM-5

0

50

100

150

200

250

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Use

(kW

h) x

1,00

0

Space Cool

Heat Reject.

Space Heat

Vent. Fans

Pumps & Aux.

Misc. Equip.

Area Lights

FIGURE 4-20: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-5 EQUEST OUTPUT – ELECTRIC CONSUMPTION

Gas Consumption by Month - EEM-5

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Use

(Btu

) x1,

000,

000

Space Heat

Hot Water

FIGURE 4-21: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-5 EQUEST OUTPUT – GAS CONSUMPTION

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Implementation

This measure can be implemented in a few different ways. The lights could continue to be manually operated by the museum staff so they are only on when the natural lighting is not sufficient. Automatic operation could also be incorporated with either an on/off programmable timer or daylight sensors. Daylight sensors are the most ideal operation method since they would ensure that there is always a sufficient level of light and would not require staff interaction. However, since daylight sensors have a higher initial cost, the economic analysis was based on the cost of installing a programmable timer with a security cover. The on/off times would need to be adjusted throughout the year based on the hours of daylight.

Economics

The following table lists the proposed energy savings, implementation cost, and simple payback for this measure. The cost of installing the programmable timer is based on an EOPC.

TABLE 4-16: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-5 SAVINGS SUMMARY

EEM LabelElectric Energy

Savings (kWh/year)

Demand Savings (Annual Peak kW)

Natural Gas Savings (Therms)

Annual Electric Energy Cost

Savings

Annual Natural Gas Cost Savings

Total Energy Cost Savings

Implementation Cost

SPB (Yrs)

EEM-5 19,300 64 -7 $1,267 ($5) $1,262 $750 0.6

The total present value discounted utility cost savings is $14,227 and the discounted SIR is 18.97. This measure is recommended for implementation because it has a SPB lower than 15 years and an SIR greater than 1.0.

In addition to the economic benefits produced by this measure, there is also the benefit of less frequent lamp replacement.

4.1.7 EEM-6: Demand Controlled Ventilation at Air Handlers

Description

All six air handlers serving the spaces added in the 1998 expansion have outside air dampers controlled by the DDC system. The dampers have a minimum setting which lets in a certain percentage of outside air. These minimum percentages were calculated from the system temperatures and range from approximately 32% to 58%. Approximate minimum outside air percentages for each air handler can be found in Table 2-3. The outside air damper position fluctuated during the trend period due to an economizer mode but it was assumed that the damper remains in the minimum position when the system is not in economizer.

This measure proposes adding demand controlled ventilation to the air handlers. This will allow the outside air damper to go to a lower minimum outside air percentage when the space has few occupants. A CO2 sensor in the air handler return air duct will be used along with an outdoor ambient CO2 sensor to determine the quantity of outside air needed. When the CO2 level in the return air duct rises to 800 PPM above the outdoor ambient CO2 level, the outdoor air damper will slowly modulate open. When the CO2 level in the return air drops back to an acceptable level, the outdoor air damper will go back to its minimum position. This will save energy by reducing the amount of outside air heated by the gas heat exchanger or cooled by the air cooled DX coil.

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The following table lists the predicted energy savings for this measure:

TABLE 4-17: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-6 MONTHLY SAVINGS SUMMARY

EEM-6 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec TotalEnergy Savings (kWh) 0 0 0 0 0 1,700 4,600 2,700 0 0 0 0 9,000Demand Savings (kW) 0 0 0 16 22 36 34 35 20 10 0 0 173Gas Savings (Therms) 2,075 1,512 1,188 507 141 20 2 8 55 488 1,337 2,087 9,420

Calculations

To determine the savings of demand controlled ventilation, a parametric run was performed in eQuest. The following changes were made to the model:

• The outside air was changed from a fixed minimum percentage to demand controlled via a return air sensor with a minimum setting of 2%. A small percentage of outside air was used as a minimum to maintain positive pressure in the building.

• The outside air per person was set to 20 CFM.

Monthly outputs from the eQUEST model are shown in the figures below.

Electric Consumption by Month - EEM-6

0

50

100

150

200

250

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Use

(kW

h) x

1,00

0

Space Cool

Heat Reject.

Space Heat

Vent. Fans

Pumps & Aux.

Misc. Equip.

Area Lights

FIGURE 4-22: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-6 EQUEST OUTPUT – ELECTRIC CONSUMPTION

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Gas Consumption by Month - EEM-6

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Use

(Btu

) x1,

000,

000

Space Heat

Hot Water

FIGURE 4-23: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-6 EQUEST OUTPUT – GAS CONSUMPTION

Implementation

This measure will be implemented by installing CO2 sensors in the return air ductwork of each air handler and installing a CO2 sensor outside to measure ambient conditions. Control will be accomplished via the DDC system. This will require software programming and necessary control wiring. The following control parameters will be needed:

TABLE 4-18: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-6 DDC POINTS LIST

Point Name Point Type Hardware Return Air CO2 Level (6 AHUs) AI CO2 Sensor Outside Air CO2 Level AI CO2 Sensor

Economics

The following table lists the proposed energy savings, implementation cost, and simple payback for this measure. The costs of implementing the DDC system adjustments, installing the CO2 sensors, commissioning, and project management are based on an EOPC.

TABLE 4-19: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-6 SAVINGS SUMMARY

EEM LabelElectric Energy

Savings (kWh/year)

Demand Savings (Annual Peak kW)

Natural Gas Savings (Therms)

Annual Electric Energy Cost

Savings

Annual Natural Gas Cost Savings

Total Energy Cost Savings

Implementation Cost

SPB (Yrs)

EEM-6 9000 173.1 9,420 $2,311 $6,878 $9,189 $7,690 0.8

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The total present value discounted utility cost savings is $103,091 and the discounted SIR is 13.41. This measure is recommended for implementation because it has a SPB lower than 15 years and an SIR greater than 1.0.

4.1.8 EEM-7: Limit Use of Preheat Boiler

Description

Mechanical room 256 contains heat pumps 8, 9, 14, and 15 (HP-8 is not currently operational). Outside air is brought into this space through an outside air louver and the room acts as a mixing plenum for the heat pumps. The outside air louver has a preheat coil to prevent freezing and to maintain an acceptable mixed air temperature for the heat pumps. The preheat coil is served by a dedicated boiler. Currently, this boiler cycles on when the outdoor air temperature drops below 68ºF and during the night when the heat pumps are not operating. This operation can be seen in Error! Reference source not found.. The DDC system includes programming for the outside air damper position but this control connection has been disabled leaving the damper in a fixed position.

This measure proposes limiting the use of the preheat boiler by having a lock-out temperature of 45ºF and only allowing the boiler to activate when the heat pumps are in occupied mode. This will require that the outside air damper closes at night. Some of the heating load will be transferred to the heat pumps. However, the 45ºF preheated outside air will mix with return air to provide a reasonable heat pump entering air temperature. Closing the outside air damper and limiting the use of the preheat boiler will save energy by reducing the natural gas used for heating and reducing the electricity used by the pump due to reduced run times.

The following table lists the predicted energy savings for this measure.

TABLE 4-20: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-7 MONTHLY SAVINGS SUMMARY

EEM-7 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec TotalEnergy Savings (kWh) 400 400 400 500 0 0 0 0 0 0 400 400 2,500Demand Savings (kW) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Gas Savings (Therms) 218 276 326 375 0 0 0 0 0 0 354 207 1,755

Calculations

To determine the savings of limiting the use of the preheat boiler, a parametric run was performed in eQuest. The following changes were made to the model:

• The boiler schedule was changed to only enable the boiler from 6:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. • The boiler operation was changed to only enable the boiler when the outdoor air temperature is

below 45ºF.

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Monthly outputs from the eQUEST model are shown in the figures below.

Electric Consumption by Month - EEM-7

0

50

100

150

200

250

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Use

(kW

h) x

1,00

0

Space Cool

Heat Reject.

Space Heat

Vent. Fans

Pumps & Aux.

Misc. Equip.

Area Lights

FIGURE 4-24: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-7 EQUEST OUTPUT – ELECTRIC CONSUMPTION

Gas Consumption by Month - EEM-7

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Use

(Btu

) x1,

000,

000

Space Heat

Hot Water

FIGURE 4-25: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-7 EQUEST OUTPUT – GAS CONSUMPTION

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Implementation

This measure will be implemented by the following: • Install new actuator and linkage at the outside air damper. • Update DDC programming of the outside air damper to only open during occupied mode. • Program boiler to be enabled only during occupied mode. • Program a boiler lock-out temperature of 45ºF.

Economics

The following table lists the proposed energy savings, implementation cost, and simple payback for this measure. The cost of implementing the DDC system adjustments, damper actuator replacement, commissioning, and project management are based on an EOPC.

TABLE 4-21: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-7 SAVINGS SUMMARY

EEM LabelElectric Energy

Savings (kWh/year)

Demand Savings (Annual Peak kW)

Natural Gas Savings (Therms)

Annual Electric Energy Cost

Savings

Annual Natural Gas Cost Savings

Total Energy Cost Savings

Implementation Cost

SPB (Yrs)

EEM-7 2500 0 1,755 $91 $1,281 $1,372 $1,080 0.8

The total present value discounted utility cost savings is $15,374 and the discounted SIR is 14.24. This measure is recommended for implementation because it has a SPB lower than 15 years and an SIR greater than 1.0.

In addition to the economic benefits produced by this measure, there is also the benefit of lowered equipment run times which will reduce the wear on the boiler and extend the equipment life.

4.1.9 EEM-8: Close Projector Room Outside Air Damper

Description

A dedicated packaged air handler is used to condition the planetarium projector room. This space is maintained at a constant temperature of 72ºF. An electric humidifier maintains a space relative humidity of 55%. Currently the air handler outside air damper is set to bring in approximately 20% outside air.

This measure proposes closing the air handler outside air damper. With a closed damper, outside air will still leak into the system. Outside air leakage through the damper will be sufficient to provide the code required ventilation for three occupants. This will reduce the energy used by the air handling unit for heating and cooling. Eliminating the outside air will also keep a more consistent humidity level in the space reducing the energy used by the electric humidifier.

The following table lists the predicted energy savings for this measure.

TABLE 4-22: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-8 MONTHLY SAVINGS SUMMARY

EEM-8 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec TotalEnergy Savings (kWh) 800 800 1,100 1,000 1,000 700 300 300 300 800 800 800 8,700Demand Savings (kW) 2 4 4 5 3 3 1 2 0 3 3 2 32Gas Savings (Therms) 11 5 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 12 37

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Calculations

To determine the savings of closing the projector room outside air damper, a parametric run was performed in eQuest. The projector room unit outside air was changed from fixed at 20% to fixed at 3% to allow for leakage through a closed damper.

Monthly outputs from the eQUEST model are shown in the figures below.

Electric Consumption by Month - EEM-8

0

50

100

150

200

250

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Use

(kW

h) x

1,00

0

Space Cool

Heat Reject.

Space Heat

Vent. Fans

Pumps & Aux.

Misc. Equip.

Area Lights

FIGURE 4-26: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-8 EQUEST OUTPUT – ELECTRIC CONSUMPTION

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Gas Consumption by Month - EEM-8

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Use

(Btu

) x1,

000,

000

Space Heat

Hot Water

FIGURE 4-27: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-8 EQUEST OUTPUT – GAS CONSUMPTION

Implementation

This measure will be implemented by manually closing the projector unit outside air damper and balancing the system. Approximately four hours of balancing time will be required to close the damper, measure space pressures, and measure system airflows.

Economics

The following table lists the proposed energy savings, implementation cost, and simple payback for this measure. The cost of closing the damper and balancing the system is based on an EOPC.

TABLE 4-23: MAIN MUSEUM EEM-8 SAVINGS SUMMARY

EEM LabelElectric Energy

Savings (kWh/year)

Demand Savings (Annual Peak kW)

Natural Gas Savings (Therms)

Annual Electric Energy Cost

Savings

Annual Natural Gas Cost Savings

Total Energy Cost Savings

Implementation Cost

SPB (Yrs)

EEM-8 8700 31.8 37 $684 $27 $711 $300 0.4

The total present value discounted utility cost savings is $8,013 and the discounted SIR is 26.71. This measure is recommended for implementation because it has a SPB lower than 15 years and an SIR greater than 1.0.

In addition to the economic benefits produced by this measure, there is also the benefit of maintaining more continuous space conditions. Temperatures and humidity levels in the space were acceptable during the trend period but these conditions may fluctuate with more extreme outdoor conditions. Without outside air, humidity levels and temperatures in the space will be easier to maintain which will improve the operation of the projection equipment. The AHU and humidifier will also experience less use which will extend equipment life.

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4.1.10 EEM Savings Summary If the recommended EEMs are implemented as presented, there is the opportunity to save 313,803 kWh, 820 kW, and 13,175 therms annually which equates to an annual energy cost savings of $29,109. Predicted monthly energy use and demand for the baseline energy model and each consecutive EEM are presented in the following figures:

Electrical Use by Month

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Elec

tric

al U

se (k

Wh)

Baseline EEM #1 EEM #2 EEM #3 EEM #4 EEM #5 EEM #6 EEM #7 EEM #8

FIGURE 4-28: MAIN MUSEUM ELECTRICAL ENERGY USE WITH EEMS

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Electrical Demand by Month

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Elec

tric

al P

eak

Dem

and

(kW

)

Baseline EEM #1 EEM #2 EEM #3 EEM #4 EEM #5 EEM #6 EEM #7 EEM #8

FIGURE 4-29: MAIN MUSEUM ELECTRICAL DEMAND WITH EEMS

Natural Gas Use by Month

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Nat

ural

Gas

Use

(The

rms)

Baseline EEM #1 EEM #2 EEM #3 EEM #4 EEM #5 EEM #6 EEM #7 EEM #8

FIGURE 4-30: MAIN MUSEUM NATURAL GAS USE WITH EEMS

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A listing of energy savings, cost savings and the life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) summary are presented in the following tables.

TABLE 4-24: MAIN MUSEUM SAVINGS AND SIMPLE PAYBACK SUMMARY

EEM LabelElectric Energy

Savings (kWh/year)

Demand Savings (Annual Peak kW)

Natural Gas Savings (Therms)

Annual Electric Energy Cost

Savings

Annual Natural Gas Cost Savings

Total Energy Cost Savings

Implementation Cost

SPB (Yrs)

EEM-1 175,803 439 -823 $11,228 ($600) $10,628 $71,220 6.7EEM-2 7,200 35 0 $632 $0 $632 $2,760 4.4EEM-3 17,500 78 470 $1,439 $343 $1,782 $300 0.2EEM-4 73,800 0 2,323 $1,839 $1,694 $3,533 $300 0.1EEM-5 19,300 64 -7 $1,267 ($5) $1,262 $750 0.6EEM-6 9,000 173 9,420 $2,311 $6,878 $9,189 $7,690 0.8EEM-7 2,500 0 1,755 $91 $1,281 $1,372 $1,080 0.8EEM-8 8,700 32 37 $684 $27 $711 $300 0.4Total 313,803 820 13,175 $19,491 $9,618 $29,109 $84,400 2.9

TABLE 4-25: MAIN MUSEUM LIFE CYCLE COST SAVINGS SUMMARY

Maintenance Costs

Case Description

Include In Recom-mended Project

(Yes/No)

1st Year Implementa-tion Cost ($)

Total Utility Cost Savings 1st Year ($)

Total Discounted Utility Cost

Savings (PV $)

Annual Recurring

($)

Discounted Recurring

(PV $)

Total Discounted Life Cycle

Cost (PV $)

Simple Payback

(yrs)

Discounted Savings-to-Investment Ratio (SIR)

Adjusted Internal Rate of Return (AIRR)

EEM #1 Install VFDs on Source Water Pumps Yes $71,220 $10,628 $119,857 $0 $0 $71,220 6.70 1.68 6.6%

EEM #2 Install VFD on Cooling Tower Fan Yes $2,760 $632 $7,125 $0 $0 $2,760 4.37 2.58 9.7%

EEM #3 Increase Source Water Control Deadband Yes $300 $1,782 $20,064 $0 $0 $300 0.17 66.88 36.3%

EEM #4 Optimize Equipment Scheduling Yes $300 $3,533 $39,706 $0 $0 $300 0.08 132.35 42.7%

EEM #5 Daylighting Control in Atrium Yes $750 $1,262 $14,227 $0 $0 $750 0.59 18.97 25.3%

EEM #6 Demand Contolled Ventilation on AHUs Yes $7,690 $9,189 $103,091 $0 $0 $7,690 0.84 13.41 22.5%

EEM #7 Limit Use of Preheat Boiler Yes $1,080 $1,372 $15,374 $0 $0 $1,080 0.79 14.24 22.9%

EEM #8 Close Projector Room Outside Air Damper Yes $300 $711 $8,013 $0 $0 $300 0.42 26.71 28.2%

All EEMs Recommended Projects with SPBs <15 yrs $84,400 $29,109 $327,458 $0 $0 $84,400 2.90 3.88 12.7%

All proposed EEMs are recommended because they have a simple payback (SPB) less than 15 years and a discounted savings to investment ratio (SIR) greater than 1.0.

4.1.11 Additional EEMs and Recommendations

Occupancy Sensors for Bathroom Lights and Fans

The bathroom exhaust fans and lights throughout the building are currently operated manually by switches in the respective spaces. Building personnel turn the lights and fans on in the morning and off in the evening. Occupancy sensors could be installed in the bathrooms so the lights and fans only activate when the space is in use. This would lower energy use by reducing the amount of time these fixtures are on. If the lights and fans in all bathrooms are automatically turned off via sensors for three hours per day, the predicted savings is 4,930kWh per year which equates to an annual savings of $220 at current utility rates.

Replace DHW Tank/Heater With Instantaneous Heater

Domestic hot water for sinks throughout the building is currently generated with a gas tank type water heater. To save energy by reducing stand-by heat losses, this tank type heater could be replaced with an instantaneous gas water heater.

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Isolating Flat Plate Exchanger

An open cooling tower and flat plate heat exchanger are used to reject heat from the building’s condenser water loop. The condenser water currently flows through the heat exchanger at all times regardless of whether or not there is a call for cooling. Adding an automatic control valve to bypass the heat exchanger when it is not needed was explored. The original balance report and manufacture’s data indicated that this particular flat plate heat exchanger has a relatively low pressure drop around 8ftWg. Due to the high cost of a control valve on an 8” pipe and the low potential savings, this measure was not explored further.

Full Building Commissioning

Based on review of the building’s DDC trend data, DDC programming, and equipment operation, full building commissioning is recommended for the Natural History Museum. Commissioning of the building will help to identify operational and control issues and will confirm that equipment is operating correctly. Rectifying operational issues has the potential to save energy, improve space comfort, and extend equipment longevity. The items below are some of the issues noted in the trend data. Full building commissioning would include further exploration of these items as well as a review of other systems.

• The DDC programming indicates that the outside air damper for all six air handlers should operate in an economizer mode, opening when the outside air is 5ºF cooler than the return air. A point labeled “Econ” on the DDC indicates values between 20 and 100. This is assumed to indicate damper position percent open. However, this value does not appear to have a correlation with the percent outside air calculated from system temperatures. This operation can be seen in the figures below for AHU-1 and AHU-2. All six air handlers have similar readings.

• Air handler temperature readings appear to have potential issues. The discharge air temperature (DAT) is often higher than the return air or mixed air temperatures but the heating coil is not shown as activating. The mixed air temperature is also often cooler than the outside air or return air which should not be possible. Space temperatures seem to be within acceptable ranges of the setpoints so these temperature readings could be due to issues with the sensors or sensor locations. These temperatures can also be seen in the figures below.

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NM Museum of Natural History & Science - Alburquerque, NMAHU-1 Trends (Apr - May 2007) BAS

05

101520253035404550556065707580859095

100

5/1/

07 6

:00

AM

5/1/

07 1

:12

PM

5/1/

07 8

:24

PM

5/2/

07 3

:36

AM

5/2/

07 1

0:48

AM

5/2/

07 6

:00

PM

5/3/

07 1

:12

AM

5/3/

07 8

:24

AM

5/3/

07 3

:36

PM

5/3/

07 1

0:48

PM

5/4/

07 6

:00

AM

5/4/

07 1

:12

PM

5/4/

07 8

:24

PM

5/5/

07 3

:36

AM

5/5/

07 1

0:48

AM

5/5/

07 6

:00

PM

5/6/

07 1

:12

AM

5/6/

07 8

:24

AM

5/6/

07 3

:36

PM

5/6/

07 1

0:48

PM

5/7/

07 6

:00

AM

5/7/

07 1

:12

PM

5/7/

07 8

:24

PMTe

mpe

ratu

re (D

eg F

) - F

an, C

oolin

g, &

Hea

ting

Sta

tus

(On-

Off)

Space Temp Space Setpoint DAT RAT MAT OATEcon Exh Fan Stat Supply Fan Stat Heat Stg 1 Heat Stg 2 Cool Stg 1Cool Stg 2 OA% Space Temp Space Setpoint DAT RATMAT OAT Econ Exh Fan Stat Supply Fan Stat Heat Stg 1Heat Stg 2 Cool Stg 1 Cool Stg 2 OA%

Econ point indicates 20% most of the time. However, OA% based on mixed air temp varies.

Discharge frequnetly goes above space and OA temps without heating coil. Mixed air is colder than

outside air or return air.

FIGURE 4-31: AHU-1 TREND DATA ISSUES

NM Museum of Natural History & Science - Alburquerque, NMAHU-2 Trends (Apr - May 2007) BAS - Typical Weekday

05

101520253035404550556065707580859095

100105

5/1/

07 6

:00

AM

5/1/

07 8

:24

AM

5/1/

07 1

0:48

AM

5/1/

07 1

:12

PM

5/1/

07 3

:36

PM

5/1/

07 6

:00

PM

5/1/

07 8

:24

PM

5/1/

07 1

0:48

PM

5/2/

07 1

:12

AM

5/2/

07 3

:36

AM

5/2/

07 6

:00

AM

5/2/

07 8

:24

AM

5/2/

07 1

0:48

AM

5/2/

07 1

:12

PM

5/2/

07 3

:36

PM

5/2/

07 6

:00

PM

5/2/

07 8

:24

PM

5/2/

07 1

0:48

PM

5/3/

07 1

:12

AM

5/3/

07 3

:36

AM

5/3/

07 6

:00

AM

Date & Time

Tem

pera

ture

(Deg

F) -

Fan

, Coo

ling,

& H

eatin

g St

atus

(On-

Off)

Space Temp Space Setpoint DAT RAT MATOAT Econ Exh Fan Stat Supply Fan Stat Heat Stg 1Heat Stg 2 Cool Stg 1 Cool Stg 2 OA%

Econ values match appropriate operation but mixed air temperature does not indicate 100% outside air.

MAT is lower than RAT or OAT

FIGURE 4-32: AHU-2 TREND DATA ISSUES

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• DDC data indicates that the HP-2 fan is turning on and off with the general building schedule. However, HOBO data measurements indicate continuous amperage through the night indicating that the fan remains on.

• The DDC programming indicates a deadband in the condenser loop temperature setpoint between heating and cooling. However, the actual operation indicates a single temperature setpoint.

• One condenser water boiler indicates a consistent leaving water temperature of 48ºF. This temperature is well below any other temperatures including outside air.

• The DDC includes programming for opening and closing the outside air louver in mechanical room 256. However, this damper has been disabled and is not functioning.

4.2 R&E Annex Site visits, interviews with the facility maintenance staff, and detailed equipment surveys were conducted to identify potential EEMs. In addition, portable trend data loggers were placed on key pieces of energy using equipment to assist in the identification of EEMs and show operating characteristics of the equipment. Detailed engineering analysis of the building resulted in our recommendation of three simple EEMs for immediate implementation to maximize energy savings in the R&E Annex Building. Two of these EEMs have close to negligible implementation costs, translating to near immediate simple pay back periods.

4.2.1 EEM-1: Disable Humidifier

Description

Currently an electric steam injection humidifier is used to maintain space humidity in the Collections Area. This humidifier consumes a significant amount of the total energy for this facility and is not functional approximately 25% of the time due to operational issues. This measure recommends disabling this unit to reduce energy consumption and save maintenance costs. The facility manager was consulted about the possibility of disabling this unit and he agreed that this would not cause comfort or functional issues.

The following table lists the predicted energy savings for this measure:

TABLE 4-26: R&E EEM-1 MONTHLY SAVINGS SUMMARY

EEM - # 1 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec TotalEnergy Savings (kWh) 2628 2262 2495 2327 2137 1107 260 193 611 1782 2325 2578 20707Demand Savings (kW) 11.4 11.4 11.4 11.4 11.4 11.4 11.4 11.4 11.4 11.4 11.4 11.4 137

Calculations

The energy savings for EEM-1 were calculated using a spreadsheet to model the humidifier and the building systems using hourly TMY2 weather data for Albuquerque, New Mexico. Humidification is required for the outside air which is approximately 15% of the airside equipment airflow. Based on trend data, the humidifier is able to maintain relative humidity (RH) at 30%, as can be seen in the figure below. It is assumed that the outside air must be humidified to 50% RH at 70° F to maintain the desired space conditions at 30% RH. The energy necessary to provide this humidity was calculated based on the psychometric properties of the outside air. This was achieved by using BIN data to obtain relative humidity for each hour of each day of a full year and comparing this to the desired relative humidity (50%) to calculate the amount of energy necessary for the humidifier to maintain a space humidity of 30%. This calculation is built into the humidity spreadsheet model and can be reviewed in Appendix 6.4.

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New Mexico Museum of Natural Hisory and Science - R & E AnnexRelative Humidity / Humidifier Amps & OAT (5/8 - 5/18, 2007) HOBO

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FIGURE 4-33: R&E HUMIDITY

Implementation

To implement this measure, the humidifier will be disconnected from the main power source. There is no implementation cost for this measure.

Economics

The following table lists the proposed energy savings, implementation cost, and simple payback for this measure.

TABLE 4-27: R&E EEM-1 SAVINGS SUMMARY

EEM Label

Electric Energy Savings

(kWh/year)

Demand Savings (Annual Peak kW)

Annual Energy Cost

Savings

Annual Demand

Cost Savings

Annual O&M Cost Savings

Total Annual

Cost Savings

Implementation Cost SPB (Yrs)

EEM - 1 20707 11 $850 $826 $0 $1,675 $0 0

The total annual cost savings for this measure is approximately $1,675. This measure is recommended for implementation because the simple payback is immediate. In addition to the economic benefits produced by this measure, there is also the benefit of eliminating maintenance on the humidifier which requires frequent repairs.

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4.2.2 EEM-2: Setback Thermostats

Description

Both the East & West Classrooms are served by air-to-air heat pumps which are controlled by space thermostats. Currently, a continuous space temperature is maintained when the space is occupied or unoccupied. This measure proposes installing programmable thermostats so the space temperature can be setback when the space is not in use. Proposed setback temperatures are 80°F for cooling and 60°F for heating. This will save energy with very low implementation costs. Historically, setback thermostats of this type provide paybacks of less than one year. Due to the low level of costs associated with this measure, a detailed economic analysis was not performed. A secure case should be installed around the thermostat to prevent tampering.

4.2.3 EEM-3: Upgrade Lighting With High Efficiency Lighting

Description

The R&E Annex lighting consists primarily of 32-watt T8 fixtures with a few fluorescent T12 lighting fixtures. EEM-3 proposes upgrading the T12 fixtures to T8 lamps and ballasts. It is also proposed to replace all incandescent bulbs with compact fluorescents (CFLs).

The following table lists the predicted energy savings for this measure. TABLE 4-28: R&E EEM-3 MONTHLY SAVINGS SUMMARY

EEM - # 3 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec TotalEnergy Savings (kWh) 592 592 592 592 592 592 592 592 592 592 592 592 7108Demand Savings (kW) 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3

Calculations

The lighting retrofit was modeled in a lighting spreadsheet which can be found in Appendix 5.6. The savings were calculated by summing energy use reductions for each fixture that will be retrofitted from the baseline power level to the higher efficiency power level. Lighting was assumed to be in use from 7:00 am to 5:00 pm. The following lighting power levels were used in the spreadsheet model:

TABLE 4-29: R&E LIGHTING POWER LEVELS

ZoneBaseline Lighting Level

(W/sq. ft.)Proposed Lighting Level

(W/sq. ft.)

Exhibit Prep 0.84 0.65West Classroom 1.89 1.1East Classroom 0.57 0.33Shop/RCVG 1.75 1.43

Curatorial Office 0.79 0.67Collections 0.75 0.62

Implementation

This measure will be implemented by replacing the fixture ballasts with electronic ballasts to accommodate the high efficiency lamps and installing T8 fluorescent lamps. A state approved lighting contractor will install the higher efficiency lighting equipment.

The implementation cost for this measure was estimated at $991. This cost was calculated using material costs from lighting vendors and labor costs from an EOPC.

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Economics

The following table lists the proposed energy savings, implementation cost, and simple payback for this measure.

TABLE 4-30: R&E EEM-3 SAVINGS SUMMARY

EEM Label

Electric Energy Savings

(kWh/year)

Demand Savings (Annual Peak kW)

Annual Energy

Cost Savings

Annual Demand

Cost Savings

Annual O&M Cost Savings

Total Annual

Cost Savings

Implementation Cost SPB (Yrs)

EEM - 3 7108 2 $607 $165 $105 $877 $991 1.1

This measure is recommended since the simple payback is less than 15 years. In addition to the economic benefits produced by this measure, there is also the benefit of reduced maintenance and lamp replacement costs. The new T8 fluorescents will also provide superior color and higher quality light.

4.2.4 EEM Savings Summary All of the above EEMs are recommended due to their low implementation cost and short payback. If these EEMs are implemented, there is an opportunity for an estimated annual savings of 28,000 kWh/Yr and $2,500.