New geographies of innovation Innovative India on the map · New geographies of innovation...
Transcript of New geographies of innovation Innovative India on the map · New geographies of innovation...
New geographies of innovation
Innovative India on the map
R A Mashelkar, India
Thapar lecture booklet
Material Science
R&D in Global Context
R&D Expenditure as % of GDP
Researchers in R&D per million
India is a developing country but it is
a developed country as far as its
intellectual infrastructure is
concerned. We get the highest
intellectual capital per dollar here.
John Welch
CEO, GE
Intellectual Capital per Dollar
• SCI publications per dollar ?
• Citations per dollar ?
• Patents per dollar ?
CountryUS
Patents
GDP per
capita
US patents per GDP per capita
1United States
50000 (est.)
36,006 1.389
2 Japan 36889 31,407 1.175
3 India 444 487 0.913
4 China 724 989 0.732
5 Germany 12960 24,051 0.539
6Korea, Rep.
4246 10,006 0.424
7 France 4906 24,061 0.204
8 Canada 4368 22,777 0.192
272
Indian IQ Creating IP for Foreign Firms
16.2991683Lucknow
51.91819487Pune
68.526718384Mumbai
29.91344094Hyderabad
56.5329186143Delhi
91.847443539Bangalore
%IP Created
For foreign firms
Total PatentsUS Patents granted to
foreign firms with Indian inventors
US Patents granted for Indian firms
City
Shifting Geography of Innovation
Emerging TrendsEmerging Trends
•• Approx 30,000 R&D Approx 30,000 R&D professionals returned to professionals returned to India in the last 3 yearsIndia in the last 3 years
•• IIT graduates migrating IIT graduates migrating abroadabroad–– ~70% (ten years ago)~70% (ten years ago)
–– ~30% (today)~30% (today)
NASSCOM Study (2005)
Flight of Human Capital
• Brain drain ?
• Brain bank ?
• Brain Circulation ?
A Flight to a land of opportunity
• “ A scientist is like a painter. Michael
Angelo became a great artist because he had
been give a wall to paint. My wall was
given to me by the United States”
• Riardo Giacconi, Nobel Laureate(Physic)
• IT specialists are coming to India
because frontline development work is
being done here.
• Executives, managers and supervisors
are coming in at all levels because
India is no longer hardship country
• Even interns coming to companies like
Infosys, Biocon, and Mahyco to learn
first hand about a real happening place
New Role for In-house R&D :
Managing Innovation Networks
• Monitoring external developments and capabilities
• Managing access to external technology
• Shifting focus from creation to access
• Assembling and managing R&D networks
• Dependence of external sourcing has increased from 5% to 15-20%, anticipated to grow to 40-50%
Demographic Challenge(US)
• 85% working doctorates in Sc & Engg. > 55
yrs
• 76% working doctorates in Sc. & Engg. >
60 yrs
NSF Data (2003)
Strategy
• Supply side
– Massive expansion of high quality education & research system
• Demand side
– Bold policy to enhance competition & hunger for R&D coupled with judicious government support for R&D
Expenditure on R&D (in billion US $ PPP)
As % of GDP
2.962.60Korea
1.090.60China
1.050.77Brazil
0.780.55India
20011996Country
Source : UNESCO Institute of Statistics (1996-2002)
Govt.’s commitment to R&D spend
“
“We are committed to
increasing the annual
expenditure on science
and technology from less
than 1% of our GDP to
2% of our GDP in the
next 5 years”
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh,
94th Indian Science Congress-2007
Some recent initiatives
• TRIPS compliant IP laws
• 3 new institute of science
• Autonomous National Science & Engineering Foundation
• Scheme to attract back migrated talent
• New progressive
Growth of Corporate R&D
Europe (+2.3%)
USA (+5.2%)
Chindia (+17%)
Booz Allen Hamilton-2006
Reverse Engineering to Forward
Engineering
• Drugs & pharmaceutical
industry
– Copying molecules to
creating molecules
• Auto industry
– New indigenously designed
models launched globally
(Pre 1991)
Wheels Turns the Full Circle
• 1950
• British Morris Oxford ---- Indian
Ambassador
• 50 years later
• Indian Indica – British Morris Rover