Fun

with

Botany

2009

Fun

with

Botany

April, 2002

Plant Uses and Types

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

Monocots

Dicots

Gymnosperms

Keep leaves which are either

needles or flat scales

Seeds are not enclosed

Give off sticky substance (resin)

Angiosperms – Monocots

Seeds – One (1) cotyledon

Flowers – Flower parts in

mutiples of three (3)

Leaves – Linear, parallel

veination

Vascular System – Scattered

bundles

Growth Habit – Herbaceous to

wood-like, no true wood

Angiosperms – Dicot

Seeds – Two (2) cotyledons

Flowers – Flowers parts in

mutiples of four (4) or five (5)

Leaves – Broad, petiole present,

net veination

Vascular System – Ring of

vascular bundles

Growth Habit – Herbaceous or

woody

Plant Classifications

Annuals

Biennials

Perennials

Annuals

Complete cycle from seed

germination to seed production

in one growing season, and then

die

Biennials

Produce vegetative structures

and food storage organs in the

first season. During the second

season, flowers, fruit and seed

develop to complete the life

cycle.

Perennials

Plants live for many years and

typically produce flowers and

seeds each year after reaching

maturity. If top dies back

considered herbaceous. If top

persists it is classified as woody.

Parts of a Plant

Vegetative

Reproductive

Roots – Function

Anchor the plant

Absorb water and nutrients

Storage organ

Roots – Types

Types

Taproot

Fibrous

Roots – Cross Section

Cross Section

Xylem and Phloem

Root Hair

Epidermis

Cortex

Roots

How they grow

Root Tip

Zone of

Elongation

Zone of

Maturation

Fun

with

Botany

2007

Stem – Functions

Support leaves and buds

Carries water, nutrients, and

food

Stem – External Parts

Node

Internode

Buds

Types

Leaf

Flower

Location

Terminal

Lateral/Axillary

Adventitious

Stem – Internal Parts

Vascular Bundles

Xylem

Phloem

Cambium

Epidermis

Cortex

Pith

Bark

Modifications of Stems

Crown

Spurs

Rhizomes/Stolons

More Modifications of

Stems

Tuber

Bulb

Corm

Fun

with

Botany

2007

Leaves – Functions

Primarily responsible for absorbing

sunlight for manufacturing plant

sugars

Leaves – External Parts

Blade

Veins

Lobe

Midrib

Petiole

Leaves – Internal Parts

Waxy layer

Upper/Lower epidermis

Stomata

Guard cells

Vein

Palisade layer

Spongy layer

Leaves – Types

Simple

Compound

Leaves – Arrangement

Alternate

Opposite

Whorled

Leaves – Shapes

Leaf blade

Apex & bases

Margins

Leaves - Veination

Pinnate veination

Feather-like, net veination with lateral

veins extending from a central midrib

Leaves – Veination (con’t)

Palmate

Finger-like, net veination with several

major veins diverging from the petiole-

leaf blade union

Leaves – Veination (con’t)

Parallel

Principle veins parallel to the axis of the

leaf

Fun

with

Botany

2007

In the Garden

Flowers – Parts

Petals

Sepals

Pistils

Stamens

Photos from Sex in Your Garden by Angela Overy

Graphic from Sex in Your Garden by Angela Overy

Flowers – Types

Complete – contains all floral

parts: sepals, petals, stamens,

and pistils

Incomplete – Lacks one one more

of floral parts

Graphic from Sex in Your Garden by Angela Overy

Flowers – Reproductive

Differences

Perfect –

Contains both

pistils and

stamens

Graphic from Sex in Your Garden by Angela Overy

Flowers – Reproductive

Differences (con’t)

Imperfect – lacks either pistils

or stamens

Pistillate – contains only pistils

Staminate – contains only stamens

Imperfect Flower Types

Monoecious – Both

staminate and

pistillate flowers

on the same plant

Dioecious –

Staminate and

pistillate flowers

occur on separate

plants

Graphics from Sex in Your Garden by Angela Overy

Attracting Pollinators

Graphic from Sex in Your Garden by Angela Overy

Advertising with Color

Graphic from Sex in Your Garden by Angela Overy

Advertising with Scents

Advertising with

Shapes

Fruit –Types

Simple

Multiple

Aggregate

Seeds – Parts

Seedcoat

Endosperm

Embryo

Seed Germination

Factors Affecting

Water

Light

Oxygen

Heat

Seed Dispersal

Wind

Water

Animals, etc.

Seeds – Dormancy

Scarification

Stratification

Plant Naming

Binomial Nomenclature

K kingdom

P phylum

C class

O order

F family

G genus

S species

Pyrus calleryana ‘Bradford’

Rosaceae

Plant Processes

Photosynthesis

Produces food

Stores energy

Occurs in cells that contain

chloroplasts

Releases oxygen

Uses water

Plant Processes (con’t)

Respiration

Uses food for plant energy

Releases energy

Occurs in all cells

Uses oxygen

Produces water

Factors Affecting Growth

Light

Quality – red and blue best, green is

reflected

Daylength – short day (SD) vs. long day

(LD) plants

Temperature

Affects flowering

Affects plant growth

Protects plants from blooming at wrong

time

Increases respiration, transpiration

Fun

with

Botany

2007