New firewood trade practices, WP4.3 (D11)

Quality Wood project – EIE/06/178/SI2.444403

Dietmar Hagauer, Austrian Energy Agency Claudia Pasteiner, Austrian Energy Agency

2

Dietmar Hagauer, Claudia Pasteiner. Demonstration of new firewood trade practices, Quality Wood

Project Report 7/2007, Project EIE/06/178/SI2.444403. Vienna, December 2008, 25 pages.

Keywords firewood, trade, marketing, new trading practices.

Abstract

Countries with a high forest appearance like Norway, Finland and Austria show a well

developed firewood trade. However, countries like Spain and France don‟t possess a

structured firewood trade.

Big differences between countries as well as at national level can be seen concerning

firewood trading units.

Nevertheless most of the countries feature one commonness, their firewood market is

dominated by the traditional form of trade. That means that the main part of small scale

firewood trade takes place through personal contacts. Most of the providers don‟t

inform themselves about market situation. In the majority of cases they start to sell their

firewood to neighbours, relatives and other acquaintance. The further network of

customers is usually built through word-of-mouth advertisement. At this level, active

marketing is not really an issue.

The whole firewood market is affected by an absence of target-group specific market

analyses, uncoordinated approach of the actors, a small scale fragmented forest structure

and particularly a weak market transparency.

In general the principle of new trade practices is to shorten the production chain of

distribution. That means to enhance direct selling and therefore to eliminate additional

middle men. Concerning the product supply a wider range of products should be

provided, but the stock should be minimized. A keyword in this regard could be

delivery just-in-time or buffer store. To increase the customer satisfaction the possibility

of delivery as well as pick up should be offered. And of course a well developed

marketing becomes more and more important these days.

Therefore best practice examples of new trading models, that are applied partially in

Finland, Austria, Norway and Slovenia and in few cases also in other countries are the

virtual chopped firewood factory, the pick-up terminal, improved marketing and E-

trading.

3

Preface

This report is a WP4 summary report of Quality Wood – Increased deployment of

firewood by improving fuel quality and low emission combustion – project

(EIE/06/178/SI2.444403) carried out during 2006 – 2009.

Each partner has gathered information on new business models and has made national

reports with the same content but focus on what is important for their country. After that

the summary report should show, how new business models are implemented in the

participating countries.

The main objective of the Quality wood project is to enhance a significant increase of

the actual energy produced from firewood in the EU by promoting better fuel quality

management, to improve firewood production and supply chains and to promote the use

of more efficient combustion appliances with less environmental impacts.

Dietmar Hagauer is program leader of the climate protection initiative program “timber

for energetic use” launched by the Austrian Federal Ministry of Environment at the

Austrian Energy Agency. He has been working on this topic since 2001 and at the

Energy Economics & Policy Group of the Austrian Energy Agency since 2007. As one

result of the work there is a rising awareness, how important it is to improve firewood

quality and that this is also a main contribution for improving energy efficiency.

Claudia Pasteiner is employed at the Austrian Energy Agency as research assistant since

2008 with the main focus on timber in the Energy Economics & Policy Group.

The sole responsibility for the content of this report lies with the authors. It does not

necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Communities. The European

Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information

contained therein.

The content is based on the current state of knowledge and information, and has been

compiled to the best of the author‟s knowledge and experience. However, the authors

accept no liability whatsoever for errors, omissions or misreading.

March 2009

Dietmar Hagauer

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Contents

Abstract .............................................................................................................................. 2

Preface ............................................................................................................................... 3

1. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 5

2. Actual status of trade practices .................................................................................... 7

2.1 Typical traders .................................................................................................... 7

2.2 Trading units ....................................................................................................... 8

2.3 International trade ............................................................................................. 12

3. New trade practices .................................................................................................... 14

3.1 Virtual chopped firewood „factory‟ .................................................................. 14

3.2 Pick up terminal ................................................................................................ 18

3.3 Improved marketing ......................................................................................... 19

3.4 E-Trading .......................................................................................................... 19

4. Summary and recommendation ................................................................................. 24

References ....................................................................................................................... 25

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1. Introduction

Wood plays an important role in the energy sector. Especially firewood shows up a very

long tradition. Thus almost all foresters do have long experience in firewood

production. There are two types of producers: Farmers (small amounts) and

professionals (larger amounts, more than 1000 m3). Currently majority of firewood is

produced by farmers, but more professionals are coming into markets especially in

France, Norway and Finland. Unprofessional producers use older technology (a lot of

manual work), but professionals are investing in modern, more efficient technology and

marketing strategies.

But as there are „new“ consumers especially in the urban area and the surrounding of

cities new business models and trade practices have to be established.

Focus of this task therefore is an analysis of the new trade practices in the participating

countries. Nevertheless a short summary of the traditional trade practices will be given

as it is for sure that these models will continue and play an important role in the future

as well.

The trend to new trade practices seems to be obvious, but nobody can say at the

moment, if these new models are really competitive on the market.

The trends shown in the following seem to be quite successful and should help to

optimise actual existing trade practices in the participating countries.

Particularly in international firewood trading, the high quality of the product is very

important. It has to meet the customer‟s requirements and has to be produced in a cost-

effective way. For trading firewood common standards are needed. The use of firewood

standards or quality control is still not very common but the interest is growing.

All over the world the firewood production account for an enormous number (1.772

million m³), by comparison the international trade makes up only a small share (see

table 1).

6

Table 1: Global biomass production and trade – an overview

Source: Heinimö 2006a&b

7

2. Actual status of trade practices

Having a look at the actual development status of trade practices in the European Union,

we can see that even in this area there are big differences between the countries.

Especially the countries with a high forest appearance like Norway, Finland and Austria

show a well developed firewood trade. However, countries like Spain and France don‟t

possess a structured firewood trade. As an example Slovenia is situated in a transition

zone, the firewood trade functions quite well although is of somewhat unregulated

manner. In Slovenia, the grey market is so well adapted to customer needs that the

professional producers can hardly compete without making losses in the firewood trade.

Unfortunately, small scale firewood trade often includes so called grey market business.

It might be possible to diminish grey trade with taxation, for example no taxes under

125 m3 firewood per year. Very often delivery is not considered a part of the firewood

trading, and thus it is not fully priced. Yet, it is time consuming and easily limits the

total volume of what one traditional trader can sell. On the other hand, a personal

contact with customers is very important for the continuity of the business and meeting

the customers‟ needs for service.

Nevertheless most of the countries feature one commonness, their firewood market is

dominated by the traditional form of trade. That means that the main part of small scale

firewood trade takes place through personal contacts. Most of the providers don‟t

inform themselves about market situation. In the majority of cases they start to sell their

firewood to neighbours, relatives and other acquaintance. The further network of

customers is usually built through word-of-mouth advertisement. At this level, active

marketing is not really an issue.

2.1 Typical traders

In Norway and Finland typical traders of firewood are small-scale producers, pulp- and

timber wood producers who also sell firewood, professional enterprises and service

companies. Organized do it yourself markets are not common, but may occur in some

cases, which helps the forest owner keeping otherwise uneconomic forest resources

from becoming overgrown. The main part of the Spain market is concentrated on small-

scale producers, usually farmers that complement their farming business with the

firewood production. The typical French traders are divided into forest owners

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themselves, forest owner cooperatives, forest exploiters and firewood specialized

companies.

Specialized companies in firewood production or forest exploiters assure sizing, drying,

packaging, storage and delivery to clients. Specialized companies buy firewood from

forest owners, forest cooperatives and forest exploiters

In Finland the most common way to organize professional firewood trading business is

to sell through internet small and large amounts. Some bigger firewood producers use

subcontractors for raw material of firewood and delivery.

The Austrian as well as in Spain firewood trade exhibits big differences between the

urban and the rural areas. In the countryside the people prefer the traditional way of

firewood trade direct at the farmer or forester. Self-collectors can even buy the

marketable lumpy firewood at the forest road. This is mostly about partly produced fuel

for example split or unsplit meter or two-meter-timber.

In towns the firewood is sold in retail like supermarket, do-it-yourself store. The

mixture of both variants affords the in Austria so-called „Lagerhäuser“ which offer also

small amounts at a comparatively low price. End consumer can buy their timber

ovenready in loose or stacked form, in containers or foil fused on expendable pallets of

2 stacked-m³.

The whole firewood market is affected by an absence of target-group specific market

analyses, uncoordinated approach of the actors, a small scale fragmented forest structure

and particularly a weak market transparency.

2.2 Trading units

In all participating countries the end consumer receives or collects the firewood cut and

split, oven-ready, i.e. in suitable lengths for wood stoves (25-30 cm) with moisture

content of about 20 %. In rural areas it is usually delivered unpacked in bulk, and in

places close to cities usually in bags or boxes of different sizes.

9

Especially in Finland and Norway the producers and retailers take care that the moisture

content is not higher than 20 %.

Figure 1: Oven-ready firewood

Big differences between the countries we can see at the units. For example in France

cubic meters and steres (one stere of wood is the volume filled by a batch of firelogs of

1 meter length piled in order to make a parallelepiped of 1 meter side length, see table 2

and figure 2) are the typical trade units, as well as in Austria. However in Norway

firewood is sold by the fathoms. Another type of supply there is in Slovenia, where the

firewood is usually sold unpacked by volume in length or cubic meters and rarely in

bags.

Table2: Equivalence between stere and cubic meters

Stere

Woodlog length

(m)

Bulk volume

(m³)

1 1 1

1 0.50 0.8

1 0.45 0.77

1 0.40 0.74

1 0.33 0.70

1 0.30 0.66

1 0.25 0.60

1 0.20 0.57

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Figure 2 : Illustrated definition of stere

But there are also special offers for the end consumers in all countries like fireplace

wood assortments, which include the whole equipment for heating with firewood. 1-

Meter-timber is sometimes also sold to bundles with tearproof non-metallic straps of 1

stacked-m³. This facilitates the loading through crane and fork-lift.

Figure 3 and 4: Different trading units

Source: BauMax Photo: Dietmar Hagauer

A frequency misunderstanding which is caused on this concerns the question of price. In

Austria the reference basis of the price mark is inconsistent (see figure 3 and 4).

For timber with a length up to 50 cm the most common measuring unit is loose-m³,

however for short wood it is stacked wood. But the problem is that the reference unit of

price is mostly mentioned only called on demand. A lot of customers don‟t know the

familiar units and so they expect another firewood amount as they get.

11

Firewood prices in Austria (€/rm)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

2006 2007 2008

beech mixed

Figure 5: Firewood prices in Austria from 2006 to 2008

Source: A.E.A.

Using annual delivery prices of Austria‟s firewood from 2006 to 2008 we can see, that

the firewood market is rather constant in Austria. Average price of firewood in France is

92 € per stacked-m3 all tax included and delivery fee included (2007). It represent about

30 € per MWh. Of course there are regional and also seasonal differences in all

countries, but basically the fluctuations of the firewood market are less pronounced than

of other energy source, especially because the firewood is irrespective of the import.

Magnitudes, which are influencing the prices, are the weather and of course the

consumers thus the firewood market is a buyers‟ market. Unforeseeable ascendancies,

we have often seen in the last years, could be natural disasters like windstorms.

A possible solution for the mentioned problem of misunderstandings concerning the

firewood units and with these units connected prices could be to include the price marks

for the energy content. This offers the customers the possibility to compare the different

wood offers but also other energy sources.

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2.3 International trade

Foreign trade requires an effective retail network in a destination country. Usually

developing such a network requires much more enthusiasm than in domestic trade.

Firewood must be of best quality and production has to be flexible enough to be

conform to great volumes at times.

Many people buy the firewood at the reseller. The reseller may be a firewood reseller

only or a big shopping centre or gas station. Firewood import takes place to some

extent, and big resellers are the typical importers. This is not typical for Austria or

Slovenia, where the firewood import is close to none, even tough in Slovenia big

hardware stores import firewood to sell it in their premises for urban customers. In

Finland minor amounts of firewood are imported from Baltic States and Russia.

In Finland export of firewood plays still a minor role, compared to the domestic trade.

Less than 20,000 loose-m3 of firewood was exported from Finland in 2005 (Heinimö &

Alakangas, 2005). Of course the potential is much bigger and the export is steadily

growing. Particular Norway has become a popular market for professional traders in

northern Finland. Prices are higher than in Finland, so it is possible to trade this kind of

bulk product despite transport cost. To some extent Slovenia also exports firewood to

Italy.

Regarding timber the trade in relationship to firewood production is not important in

Spain, as it reaches just 1 – 3 % of the whole production with closest countries.

Anyway, it is much more an export country than an import country. The amount of

exported firewood does not reach 60,000 t /year, what is just 3 % of the whole

production. The amount of imported firewood is even less, and it does not reach 1 % of

the whole production.

Ukraine

19.8% France

10.4%

Argentina

4.5%

Estonia

0.8%

Russia

0.4%

Netherlands

0.1%

Ireland

0.1%

Marocoo

0.1%Otros

0.3%

Portugal

63.9%

Andorra

7%

Portugal

5%

Gibraltar

0%

France

88%

Figure 6 .Origin of imported firewood to Spain.

Year 2000. Source: I.P.R.O.C.O.R.

Figure 7 .Main destinations of Spanish firewood

exportation. Year 2000. Source: I.P.R.O.C.O.R.

13

Firewood import trade in Spain has not been important last years. Due to country‟s

closeness, Spain usually exports firewood to France and imports firewood from Portugal

(see figure 6 and 7).

Firewood import and export price varies from 35 to 43 € / t depending on the supply and

demand of each year. The pattern is not constant among the years, that way some years

import price is higher than export one, while other year‟s situation is just the opposite.

36.739.0

36.537.236.1

38.2 38.0

35.6

43.5

37.9

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Firewood price (€/t)

Import price

Export price

Figure 8.Firewood export and import price in Spain.

Source: I.P.R.O.C.O.R.

The biggest problem of the traditional as well as the international firewood trade is that

it is mostly raw material and production oriented. To tap the full potential, new trading

models are being developed.

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3. New trade practices

In general the principle of new trade practices is to shorten the production chain of

distribution. That means to enhance direct selling and therefore to eliminate additional

middle men. Concerning the product supply a wider range of products should be

provided, but the stock should be minimized. A keyword in this regard could be

delivery just-in-time or buffer store. To increase the customer satisfaction the possibility

of delivery as well as pick up should be offered. And of course a well developed

marketing becomes more and more important these days.

Therefore best practice examples of new trading models, that are applied partially in

Finland, Austria, Norway and Slovenia and in few cases also in other countries are

described in the following.

For the future development the construction of central terminals seems to be

indispensable to achieve high quality in case of large volumes. Usually at these

terminals all types of wood for energy recovery are provided (this includes firewood,

wood chips and other biomass combustions). But it is also their goal to appear as energy

service provider. Thus a terminal is ideal for end consumers as central contact point.

3.1 Virtual chopped firewood ‘factory’

The basic idea in this new business model is that firewood production is spread out in

small units in the countryside. The round wood procurement and firewood

manufacturing are part time work for farmers or other people living in rural areas.

Produced firewood is collected and larger volumes are transported to a terminal.

At a central terminal the purchase takes place through cash-and-carry customers or

delivery. The drying of the firewood occurs on the open area with permanent control or

artificial drying (see figure 9). Because of the huge amount of wood a fully automatic

sawing splitting machine is rentable. Basically the drying requires in total between two

and three month, therefore the wood remains not longer than one year at the terminal

(from delivery to selling).

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Figure 9: Large volumes of oven ready firewood.

Source: Dietmar Hagauer

The main focus of these central terminals (see figure 10) is at offering firewood adapted

to the customers‟ preferences. Therefore it is also possible to acquire fresh chopped

firewood at a lower price.

For upgrading the productivity the plant logistics of the chopping site must be examined

as a whole, with cost-effective work phases and handling of raw material and product,

and with the production process being seamlessly combined with sales and the order

and delivery process.

Figure10: Central terminal in Austria

Source: Chamber of agriculture in Styria

Delivery to customers might be the biggest problem. The problems with packing and the

lack of cost-effective solutions are partly connected with these problems. For

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counteracting this problem some individual terminals have established “packing

machines” for a short time to offer the customers ovenready firewood for example in

tearproof nylon grids of 1 stacked-m³ (see figure 11). Another innovation is the use of a

split log colander to provide high quality firewood.

Figure 11: Packing machine Bosch Packfix 1.0.

Source: Dietmar Hagauer

The ideal solution for this problem is to store and sell in the same packing units as it is

dried. In the majority of cases that means storage in lattice or wood boxes (see figure

12).

Figure 12: Drying and selling unit at the central terminal.

Source: Dietmar Hagauer

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Outsourcing of customer deliveries to terminals in prime locations offers a clear

opportunity to save in costs. Comprehensive customer service, customer loyalty and

consequent mutual benefits will provide growth opportunities for well-planned service

concepts in the future.

Chopped firewood is collected with full trailer trucks and transported closer to the

markets by another entrepreneur. The entrepreneur organizes transport and deliveries to

customers and is in charge of marketing. The entrepreneur may use a terminal as an

intermediate storage or just organize deliveries directly from producer to customer (see

figure 13). Firewood is dried outdoors (seasoned), but strict quality standards are

applied. Saving in delivery and marketing costs are the main benefits of this model.

Figure 13: Virtual firewood ‘factory’.

Source: Sikanen 2005

Both traditional farm based enterprises and terminal entrepreneurs use the „firewood

net‟ for marketing.

END USE

FIREWOOD PRODUCERS

TRANSPORT from

Producers 50- 100 m3

FIREWOOD TERMINAL To TERMINAL

DELIVERY TO CUSTOMER PICK UP AT TERMINAL

Forestry societies Own forest

e-TRADING

18

From PRODUCERS

PICK UP 50- 100 m3 To TERMINAL

Forestry societies Own forest

PICK UP AT TERMINAL

The basic principle for such central terminals is the time and quantity flexibility of the

supplier as well as of the customer and the try to keep transport distances as short as

possible.

3.2 Pick up terminal

In the firewood pickup terminal (see figure 14), the idea of ordinary supermarkets is

applied. Large quantities of goods, chopped firewood in this case, are transported to a

retail terminal where customers can choose and buy them. In this model the most time

consuming and expensive link of the supply chain, delivery is outsourced to the

customer. Most customers buying firewood at terminals would pick up firewood with

small car towed trailers. Ideally, they can pick up firewood at the same as doing their

daily shopping. In some cases a kind of showroom is even integrated in normal

household supply stores and the pick up takes place over separate warehouse. In Austria

these kinds of pick up terminals are the so-called “Lagerhäuser” and Do-It-

Yourself_Markets (“Baumärkte”), which also offer small amounts at a comparatively

low price. The customer is willing to do the delivery by himself if the price of chopped

firewood is lower than by ordering it directly from the manufacturer. Good marketing

and a right location – e.g. besides supermarkets - are the key factors to make this

concept successful.

Figure 14: Firewood pick up terminal.

Source: Sikanen 2005

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The flexible direct sale saves a lot of storage space at the customer‟s home, because of

the possibility to buy firewood in smaller quantities and shorter intervals without

additional costs.

3.3 Improved marketing

For central terminal but especially for all big producers active marketing is a relevant

part in trading. The marketing then takes place through advertisement in local

newspapers/media, internet or through branch magazines e.g. Norsk Ved. Quality in

Norway or Holzkurrier in Austria (wood species, moisture content, particle size,

measures is an issue, in addition to price).

In these days it is one of the most important basic rules of marketing to meet customer‟s

preferences. Effective business requires professional marketing and customer service.

The firewood market is a buyer‟s market and therefore the producer has to adapt to

maximise profits or looses his customer to maximise profit.

Another possibility for increasing the sales is online marketing and sale or to export

products in other countries.

3.4 E-Trading

As it is shown in table 1, firewood plays comparatively a minor role at the international

trade. E-trading offers an ideal possibility to improve the national as well as the

international firewood market.

The general principle of these online platforms should be well-arranged configuration as

well as a simple appliance. For speeding up the delivery optimized route of transport are

decisive and well distributed storage location. As far as possible the supply of products

from the region should be aspired.

At the moment different types of organisations of online firewood platforms exist. For

example in the case of single entrepreneurs E-trading offers the opportunity of relatively

20

easy kind of direct selling. A more common way is co-operative selling of several forest

owners of one region. This kind of E-trading is characterized by uniform prices and

delivery conditions. Special advantage of this new trading model is the support to

connect customers and producers over a single contact point

An important duty of the e-trading is to offer the customers and also the producers the

possibility to get the information about the current market situation especially referring

to prices and quality. Internet has proved to be an effective channel for marketing and

even ordering firewood. Customer friendly networks have been built to cover the whole

country.

In Austria there is the “Holzbörse” (see figure 16), which has the target to arrange the

firewood market more transparent by offering information about firewood via the

internet. A similar model is established in Slovenia (see figure 15), the biomass

exchange portal – Borzen (URL: http://ove.borzen.si/DesktopDefault.aspx).

Figure 15: Screenshot of the Slovenian biomass exchange portal,

Source: http://ove.borzen.si/DesktopDefault.aspx

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Figure 16: E-Trading in Austria.

Source: http://www.infopoint.at.

In Finland the e-trading-system (see figure 17) was initiated by local forestry centers

that are governmental organizations promoting and controlling private forestry in

Finland. Eventually the whole country was covered with such a network. Because the

development of these networks was not centralized, three parallel systems prevail, one

in east, west and north. Basically they all function in the same way. Firewood traders

can register as firewood suppliers and have access to enter their own data onto the web

pages. Customers, for their part, can easily see what kind of firewood is available and

compare prices. Ordering is also possible through the Internet. In a short time, e-trading

has proved to be an effective market channel to provide firewood in urban areas.

Figure 17: The front page of halkoliiteri.com e-trading site.

22

By contrast in Spain the use of internet for trading firewood is not very usual, it is just

for advertisement, but not for selling and ordering directly in the web page, firewood

must be ordered by phone. In France, consumers can buy their firewood in internet like

any other product. A distributor company (Biomee) specialised in firewood sales via

internet has been founded in 2006.

Most of the e-trading platforms offer all the information required for an unobstructed

firewood trade, which includes prices, description of the different wood species and

their characteristics concerning the combustion.

In the Finnish model one can compare the prices from several sellers through internet.

Figure 18: Screenshots of German and French firewood e-trade.

Sources: www.die-holzboerse.de, www.e-bois.fr.

As stated before the firewood trade is usually just a national market. That is underlined

by the fact that for example the German firewood-sales-platform (see figure 18) is just

available in German. It offers an ideal possibility for selling and buying various kinds of

wood products. There are big differences concerning the information content of

advertisements. The shortest ones give only general information and contact details; the

more detailed ones may include moisture content, offered wood species, length and also

the packing units.

23

Key benefit of the e-trading for the customers is definitely a market that is much more

transparent than an informal market. It offers a better overview of the different prices

and the whole firewood market. For firewood producer purposes the e-trading affords a

relatively cheap form of advertisement and direct selling.

Webpages can also include information- and guide material for producers (for ex. in

Halkoliiteri.com).

Basis of an efficient e-trading is a well-oiled and easy to comprehend platform, so that

the trade via internet exhibits advancement for the customers.

24

4. Summary and recommendation

As also stated in report D 10 the market is quite confusing for a new end consumer due

to the multitude of different offers. For this reason in general the selling and marketing

are often restricted to neighbourly word-of-mouth recommendation or leaflets of DIY

stores.

On the one side we can see those restrictions in connection with smaller

producers/traders. On the other side the bigger traders as seen in case of the central

terminals in Austria and Finland show already professional marketing appearance in

accordance to their traded volume. They offer their products via newspapers or

magazines as well as in the way of E-trading.

In the range of E-trading there are also pioneers (e.g. Finland), which occupy this form

of marketing already very intensive. Nevertheless there is an enormous potential

concerning this manner to arrange the market more transparent.

Therefore beside the information about wood species, length and price, in future also

the conforming to standard production and quality should be marketed. An improved

marketing with a transparent description of the quality (at least moisture content,

mixture of wood species, ideally heat value, period of storage, storage recommendation,

etc.) would be an advantage for smaller suppliers of firewood.

But the problem is that the reference units of price are quite varying (on the national as

well as on the international trade). A lot of customers don‟t know the familiar units and

so they expect another firewood amount as they get. A possible solution for the

mentioned problem of misunderstandings concerning the firewood units and with these

units connected prices could be to include the price marks for the energy content. This

offers the customers the possibility to compare the different wood offers but also other

energy sources. To enhance the market transparency in Austria a calculation tool for the

parameters and prices of wood fuel assortments has been developed, which helps the

consumers as well as the producers to convert the different units.

Finally it is to say that E-trading in all countries is an absolute must to enhance the

market transparency and to facilitate not just the national but also the international trade

of firewood.

25

References

1. BORZEN; SLOVENIAN INTERNET WOOD EXCHANGE. URL [http://ove.borzen.si].

2. E-Bois, FRENCH INTERNET WOOD EXCHANGE. URL [http://e-bois.fr].

3. HEINIMÖ, J., 2006a. Future visions of international biomass markets, Developing bioenergy markets

– Focus on Forest Sector and Russia – seminar, Lappeenranta 24 October 2006, seminar folder. URL

[http://www.lut.fi/nordi].

4. HEINIMÖ, J., 2006b. Methodological aspects on international biofuels trade: International streams and

trade of solid and liquid biofuels in Finland, Submitted to Biomass & Bioenergy Journal, 28 p.

5. DIE HOLZBÖRSE, GERMAN INTERNET WOOD EXCHANGE. URL [http://die-holzboerse.de].

6. INFOPOINT (2006): Holzbörse der Holzplattform Mittelburgenland. URL [http://infopoint.at].

7. NÖ. LANDES-LANDWIRTSCHAFTSKAMMER. (2001): Energie aus Holz. St.Pölten: Selbstverlag.

8. PILCHER, W. (2001): Marketing – Strategien für den österreichischen Scheitholzmarkt unter

besonderer Berücksichtigung der bäuerlichen Waldbesitzer (Marketing – Strategies fort he Austrian

firewood market in accordance with the structure of the land- and forest owners) Wien:

unveröffentlichtes Skript.

9. SIKANEN, L. 2005. New models of firewood business. TEKES seminar at Rajamäki, Finland

2.9.2005.

10. NATIONAL REPORTS (2008) of participating countries in the Quality Wood Project: Austria,

Finland, France, Norway, Slovenia, Spain.