New English in Medicine

military medical universityHäc viÖn qu©n y

-----------*******------------NguyÔn sinh kú

NEW English in medicineVOLUME ONE

(Higher education material)

TiÕng anh dïng trong y häc(Gi¸o tr×nh gi¶ng d¹y ®¹i häc)

People’s army publishing houseNhµ xuÊt b¶n qu©n ®éi nh©n d©n

New

English in medicine

0

Lu hµnh néi bé

Use only in Army

Volume one

TiÕng Anh

Dïng trong y häc

TËp 1

Nhµ xuÊt b¶n mong b¹n ®äc ®ãng gãp ý kiÕn phª b×nh

1

Héi ®ång duyÖt tµi liÖu, gi¸o tr×nh, gi¸o khoaCña häc viÖn qu©n y

Trung tíng, GS.TS. Ph¹m Gia Kh¸nh Gi¸m ®èc Häc viÖn Qu©n y - Chñ tÞchThiÕu tíng, BS. NguyÔn Quang Phóc ChÝnh uû Häc viÖn Qu©n y - Phã chñ tÞchThiÕu tíng, GS.TS. Vò §øc Mèi Phã gi¸m ®èc Häc viÖn Qu©n y - ñy viªnThiÕu tíng, GS.TS. Lª B¸ch Quang Phã gi¸m ®èc Häc viÖn Qu©n y - ñy viªnThiÕu tíng, PGS.TS. §Æng Ngäc Hïng Phã gi¸m ®èc Häc viÖn Qu©n y Gi¸m ®èc BÖnh viÖn 103 - ñy viªn§¹i t¸, PGS.TS. NguyÔn TiÕn B×nh Phã gi¸m ®èc Häc viÖn Qu©n y - ñy viªn§¹i t¸, GS.TS. NguyÔn V¨n Mïi Phã gi¸m ®èc BÖnh viÖn 103 - ñy viªn§¹i t¸, PGS.TS. Lª N¨m Gi¸m ®èc ViÖn Báng Quèc gia - ñy viªn§¹i t¸, BS. Ph¹m Quèc §Æng HÖ trëng HÖ §µo t¹o Trung häc - ñy viªn§¹i t¸, BS. §ç TiÕn Lîng Trëng phßng Th«ng tin Khoa häc C«ng nghÖ M«i trêng - ñy viªnThîng t¸, BS. NguyÔn V¨n ChÝnh Phã trëng phßng Th«ng tin Khoa häc C«ng nghÖ M«i trêng - Th kÝ

The publishing house and author would like to have readers ’ comment

The military medical university’s council of reviewing teaching materials and textbooks

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Lieutenant-General Pham Gia Khanh, Ph.D., Prof. Rector of Military Medical University ChairmanMajor-General nguyen quang phuc, m.d. Political Commissar of Military Medical University Vice-

chairmanMajor-General vu duc moi, Ph.D.,Prof. Vice-Rector of Military Medical University CommissionerMajor-General le bach quang, Ph.D., Prof. Vice-Rector of Military Medical University CommissionerMajor-General dang ngoc hung, Ph.D., A.Prof. Vice-Rector of Military Medical University Director of Hospital No. 103 CommissionerSenior-Colonel Nguyen Tien Binh, Ph.D., A.Prof. Vice-Rector of Military Medical University CommissionerSenior-Colonel nguyen van mui, Ph.D., Prof. Vice-Director of Hospital No. 103 CommissionerSenior-Colonel le nam, Ph.D., A.Prof. Director of National Burn Institute CommissionerSenior-Colonel pham quoc dang, M.D. Head of Secondary Vocational School CommissionerSenioe-Colonel Do tien luong, M.D. Departmental Head of Scientific, Technological and Environmental Information CommissionerColonel nguyen van chinh, M.D. Departmental Head of Scientific, Technological and Environmental Information Secretary

Häc viÖn qu©n y

3

-----------*******------------NguyÔn sinh kú

TiÕng anh dïng trong y häc

(Gi¸o tr×nh gi¶ng d¹y ®¹i häc)

Nhµ xuÊt b¶n qu©n ®éi nh©n d©n Hµ néi – 2006

military medical university-----------*******------------

NguyÔn sinh kú

4

Lu hµnh néi bé

NEW English in medicineVOLUME ONE

(Higher education material)

People’s army publishing houseHanoi - 2006

Lêi giíi thiÖu

Nh chóng ta ®Òu biÕt, trong thêi ®¹i ngµy nay, tiÕng Anh rÊt cÇn thiÕt vµ cã mét vÞ trÝ ®Æc biÖt v× tiÕng Anh ®îc sö dông réng r·i trªn kh¾p thÕ giíi vµ tÊt nhiªn nã ®· trë thµnh ng«n ng÷ giao tiÕp quèc tÕ, mét ng«n ng÷ ®îc sö dông trong nhiÒu lÜnh vùc kh¸c nhau, nhÊt lµ trong lÜnh vùc nghiªn cøu khoa häc vµ c«ng nghÖ.

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Use only in Army

Trong nhiÒu n¨m gÇn ®©y, TiÕng Anh Chuyªn Ngµnh (ESP) ®· ®îc ph¸t triÓn chuyªn s©u vµ tËp trung vµo viÖc thiÕt kÕ ch¬ng tr×nh vµ biªn so¹n gi¸o tr×nh giao tiÕp. Vµ hiÖn nay viÖc thiÕt kÕ ch¬ng tr×nh vµ biªn so¹n gi¸o tr×nh TiÕng Anh Chuyªn Ngµnh ph¶i tuú thuéc vµo tõng lÜnh vùc vµ môc tiªu cô thÓ.

TËp gi¸o tr×nh TiÕng Anh Dïng Trong Y Häc, Ên phÈm míi nµy dµnh cho çc sinh viªn y khoa vµ nh÷ng ngêi cã quan t©m trong ngµnh y, cã nhu cÇu häc tiÕng Anh chuyªn ngµnh vµ n©ng cao tr×nh ®é tiÕng Anh chuyªn ngµnh trong t¬ng lai. TËp gi¸o tr×nh tiÕng Anh dïng trong y häc, Ên phÈm míi nµy rÊt linh ho¹t, cã thÓ sö dông trªn líp häc hoÆc tù häc vµ còng cã thÓ vËn dông c¶ hai. TËp gi¸o tr×nh nµy cã thÓ gióp b¹n luyÖn ®äc hiÓu, thµnh lËp çc tõ, côm tõ, dùng c©u, viÕt çc ®o¹n v¨n, vµ tãm t¾t çc v¨n b¶n, vv ...

Chóng t«i hy väng r»ng çc b¹n cã thÓ thu ®îc nhiÒu thuËn lîi tõ tËp gi¸o tr×nh nµy.

Trung tíng, Gi¸o s, TiÕn sü Ph¹m Gia Kh¸nh

Introduction

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As we know, nowadays, English is very necessary and it has a special position since it has been widely used throughout the world, and of course, it has become the international language of communication and the language of various fields, chiefly of researching technology and science.

In the recent years, ESP (English for Specific Purposes) has become a major developmental focus in the area of what maybe called communicative syllabus design and materials production. And now ESP syllabus and materials design must belong to a concrete case of a taget group.

This New English in Medicine is intended for medical students and other with a professional interest in medicine who need to study ESP in medicine and to improve their knowledge of ESP in the future. New English in Medicine is flexible and can be used in class, on your own, or both. It can help you to practise reading comprehension, building words and word combination and writing sentences, paragraghs, or summarizing, and so on. We hope that you can get a lot of advantages from it.

Lieutenant-general Pham Gia Khanh, Ph.D., Prof.

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Lêi nãi ®Çu

Bé s¸ch nµy dµnh cho çc sinh viªn y khoa ®· häc xong ch-¬ng tr×nh tiÕng Anh c¬ b¶n. Nh÷ng ngêi ®· n¾m v÷ng çc thêi, çc cÊu tróc c©u vµ çc lo¹i c©u cña ng«n ng÷ tiÕng Anh. Bé s¸ch nµy ®îc chia thµnh hai tËp. TÊt c¶ çc bµi ®Òu thuéc chuyªn ngµnh y. Cã nhiÒu thuËn lîi cho viÖc häc tiÕng Anh chuyªn ngµnh. Bé s¸ch gióp cho viÖc luyÖn tËp tõ vùng, ®äc hiÓu, tãm t¾t v¨n b¶n, tõ tè, qu¸n tõ, giíi tõ, ng÷ ®éng tõ, tõ kÐp, tõ nèi vµ çc d¹ng thay thÕ danh tõ.

Chóng t«i hy väng, tõ çc bµi tËp çc sinh viªn sÏ cã ®îc nh÷ng thuËn lîi trong viÖc më réng vèn kiÕn thøc tiÕng Anh cña m×nh vµ thÊy nh÷ng th«ng tin thËt hÊp dÉn.

Tõ ®¸y lßng m×nh, chóng t«i mong muèn ®îc c¶m ¬n nh÷ng ngêi ®· gióp ®ì chóng t«i hoµn thµnh vµ xuÊt b¶n bé s¸ch nµy. Chóng t«i rÊt mong nhËn ®îc nh÷ng lêi phª b×nh, nhËn xÐt ®Ó hoµn thiÖn cho lÇn xuÊt b¶n sau.

§¹i t¸ NguyÔn Sinh Kú

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Preface

This book is for medical students who have already learned the basic general English. They know the basic tenses, structures and sentences of English. This book is in two volumes. All lessons are on medicine. There are many advantages to learning English on medical speciality. They provide practice with vocabulary, comprehension, summarizing, word forms, articles, prepositions, phrasal verbs, compound words, connecting words, and noun substitutes.

We hope that the students will find the exercises useful in expanding their knowledge of the English language and that they will find the information interesting.

From the bottom of our heart, we would like to thank several people for their help in publishing this book. We look forward to any comments and remarks on the book for the perfection of the next edition.

Senior colonel Nguyen

Sinh Ky

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Contents

Page

preface 1

Lesson one Medical Specialists 3

Lesson two Industrial Medicine 8

Lesson three Introduction to General Surgery 14

Lesson four Surgical Service to the Population 20

Lesson five The Common Cold 26

Lesson six Influenza 33

Lesson seven Headaches 38

Lesson eight Cholesterol and Heart Disease 43

Lesson nine On migraine Headache and Hypertensive Headache

52

Lesson ten Diseases and Injuries of the Skull 58

Lesson eleven Cigarette Smoking and Chronic Bronchitis 64

Lesson twelve Transplants - New body Parts 70

Lesson thirteen

Shock 75

Lesson fourteen

CPR 81

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Lesson oneMEDICAL SPECIALISTS

Doctors, nurses, and other medical people are all parts of health care. They all work together to give good medical care.

Doctors have two important jobs. First, they make sick people healthy. They often use machines and new drugs to heal patients. Second, doctors try to prevent diseases. They often give vaccinations to stop diseases. Vaccinations prevent diseases, like smallpox, cholera, polio, and measles. Not many people die from these diseases now. Vaccinations save many lives. Doctors also try to prevent diseases with good advice. They tell their patients to eat the right kind of food and to exercise daily.

Many doctors specialize in only one kind of medicine. For example, ophthalmologists are eye specialists. They treat eye diseases and try to prevent blindness. Dentists take care of people's teeth and treat diseases of the mouth.

Some patients need operations. Surgeons use operations to take care of problems inside the body. For example, there are many operations on the heart. Anesthesiologists are specialists who help surgeons with operations. They put patients to sleep during surgery. Then the patients do not feel pain.

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Obstetricians are specialists who care for pregnant women. They check women before the birth of their babies and deliver the babies. Pediatricians are physicians who care for children.

Family medical practice is new specialization. A family doctor cares for the whole family. This doctor cares for the patients who have all kinds of illness. A family practice doctor takes care of babies and old people, but the family physician usually sends very sick patients to other specialists.

Emergency medicine is another speciality. Most hospitals have an emergency room. People sometimes have accidents at home or at work, or they sometimes become ill suddenly. Ambulances, and sometimes helicopters, take people to hospital emergency rooms. Emergency specialists give immediate treatment.

There are many other medical specialists. These specialists, doctors, nurses, and other medical people, all work together to help their patients. They not only heal people who are sick, but also they try to prevent diseases.

I. WORD STUDY

drug / drʌg / (n) thuèc

to heal / hi:l / (vt) ch÷a (bÖnh)

to prevent / pri'vent / (v) phßng (bÖnh)

vaccination / væsi'nei∫n / (n) viÖc dïng vaccine

smallpox /'smɔ:lpɔks / (n) bÖnh ®Ëu mïa

cholera / 'kɔlƏrƏ / (n) bÖnh t¶

polio /'pouliou / (n) viªm tñy x¸m, b¹i liÖt

(vt cña poliomyelitis

/ poulioumaiƏ'laitis / )

measles / 'mi:zlz / (n) bÖnh sëi

to specialize / 'spe∫ Əlaiz / (vi/vt) chuyªn m«n ho¸

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ophthalmologist / ɔf æl'mɔlƏdƷist/ (n) b¸c sü nh·n khoa

to treat / tri:t / (v) ®iÒu trÞ

disease / di'zi:z / (n) bÖnh

patient / 'pei∫Ənt / (n) bÖnh nh©n

operation / ɔpƏ'rei∫n / (n) ca phÉu thuËt

surgeon / 'sƏ:dƷn / (n) nhµ phÉu thuËt

anesthesiologist / ænis i:zjƏ'lƏdƷist / (n)

b¸c sü g©y mª

obstetrician / ɔbste'tri∫n / (n) b¸c sü s¶n khoa

pregnant / 'pregnƏnt / (adj) cã thai

pediatrician / pi:diƏ'tri∫n / (n) b¸c sü nhi khoa

physician / fi'zi∫n / (n) thÇy thuèc

ambulance / 'æmbjulƏns / (n) xe cøu th¬ng

II. Translate these word combinations into Vietnamese.

1. To make sick people healthy.

............................................................................................................................

2. To use machines and new drugs to heal patients.

............................................................................................................................

3. To die from diseases.

............................................................................................................................

4. To prevent diseases.

............................................................................................................................

5. Eye specialists.

............................................................................................................................

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6. To take care of patients.

............................................................................................................................

7. Operations on the heart.

............................................................................................................................

8. A family doctor.

............................................................................................................................

9. Accidents at home or at work.

............................................................................................................................

10. Hospital emergency rooms.

............................................................................................................................

11. Immediate treatment.

............................................................................................................................

12. Different medical specializations.

............................................................................................................................

III. Answer the following questions.

1. What are doctors, nurses, and other medical people?.............................................................................................................................2. Please, name some diseases vaccinations prevent..............................................................................................................................3. How many important jobs have doctors? and what are

they?.............................................................................................................................

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4. What do ophthalmologists do?.............................................................................................................................5. What do dentists do?.............................................................................................................................6. What do surgeons use operations for?.............................................................................................................................7. Who do obstetricians care for ? and when?.............................................................................................................................8. What kinds of illness can a family doctor treat?.............................................................................................................................9. Where do ambulances, and sometimes helicopters take

patients to ?.............................................................................................................................10. What do specialists, doctors, nurses and

other medical people work together for ? ...........................................................................................................................

IV. Translate this paragraph into Vietnamese.

I am a medical student. I am in my last year at the Military Medical University.

Almost every day we are present at some serious operation. Usually an expert surgeon performs such operations.

Sometimes there are some small operations, some small skin incisions for an abscess which any medical student can perform.

We are also shown some methods of examining, e.g , one of the methods of examining in early cases of inflammation is to pass the hand rapidly from the non-affected to the affected area

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and back again. The teachers always advise us to use different methods of examining.

V. Gap - filling

Fill each blank in the following passage with only ONE suitable word.

Nurses are a necessary part of health (1)….…..... Like doctors, they have two jobs. They (2)……........sick people and take care of patients.

Most nurses (3)…….......work in hospitals are general-duty nurses. However, many nurses in other places (4)…….......as clinics, schools, factories and private homes. There are also jobs in the offices of doctors and dentists. Therefore, there are many (5)……..........kinds of nursing jobs.

There are two kinds of nurses: professional and practical. Professional nurses have two to five years of (6).......……education. Both kinds of nurses learn in classes and in clinics. In their classrooms, they learn about the anatomy of the (7)…….........., chemistry, the nutrition of foods, drugs and medicines and the psychology. In their clinical studies, they work with (8)…….......... they learn to take a (9)……............temperature, blood pressure and pulse rate. They also practice different (10)……........in hospitals.

Practical nurses are (11)................kind of nurses. These nurses also (12)..............about nursing care, but they study for only one year or two. Practical nurses usually help (13)..................nurses with the patients. Professional nurses, on the other hand usually assist (14).................

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Lesson two

OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINEPeople who work together often get the same diseases. For

example, lung cancer is common among many asbestos workers and miners. Many people who work with X- rays get skin cancer. Most coal miners develop black lung disease after years of work in coalmines. These people probably get these diseases because of their work. In addition, accidents on the job may also injure and kill workers. For example, farm machines sometimes injure farm workers. Construction workers sometimes fall from buildings. People who work with electricity may get electrical shocks. Fires sometimes kill fire fighters.

Many large companies employ both occupational doctors and safety engineers to protect workers from accidents and illness

17

on the job. They do this in three ways. First, doctors study the workers and their diseases. They know that certain groups of workers often have the same diseases. At the same time, safety engineers study accidents and their causes. Second, doctors and safety engineers work together to change the machines or the jobs because they want to prevent more accidents or illnesses. Third, they educate workers about the dangers in their jobs. They teach the workers about safety on the job. Education is necessary for prevention.

There are many causes of accidents and illness at work. Among them, chemicals, noise, and radiation are a few. For example, gasses in mines cause accidents and poison miners. Toxic chemicals such as lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and silica (SiO2) made people sick in the past, and they make people sick today. In addition, there are new chemicals, and some of them are toxic. They harm the skin, the lungs, and other internal organs such as the heart, liver, or kidney. Industrial noise sometimes causes deafness. People who work around loud noise for a long time sometimes become hard of hearing. Many things cause illnesses and injuries on the job.

Occupational physicians and safety engineers often prevent these problems. After they find the causes, they plan and design new machines to prevent accidents in the future. They design different ways to store and transport toxic chemicals. They measure and control gases in the air. They set standards for work in the dangerous situations. For example, airport workers must cover their ears near the airplanes outside. Some workers must wear personal protective means, like eye goggles, hard hats and safety shoes.

After careful study, both doctors and safety engineers do many things to decrease the danger of injuries and illnesses on the job. They make the work area a safe place.

I. WORD STUDY

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occupational medicine

/ ɔkju:'pei∫Әnl / y häc lao ®éng

lung cancer / lʌŋ'kænsӘ / ung th phæi

common (adj) / 'kɔmӘn / phæ biÕn

among (prep) / Ә 'mʌŋ / trong sè

asbestos (n) / æz'bestɔs, Ә

z'bestɔs / ami-¨ng

black lung diseases

/ di'zi:ziz / bÖnh ®Ëm phæi

construction (n) / kӘn'strʌk∫n / x©y dùng

electrical shock / i 'lektrikӘl ∫ɔk / ®iÖn giËt

occupational doctors

and safety engineers

/ endzi'niӘz /

b¸c sÜ vµ kü s an toµn lao ®éng

protect (v) / pro'tekt / b¶o vÖ, b¶o hé

prevent (v) / pri'vent / ®Ò phßng, ng¨n ngõa

chemicals (n) / 'kemikӘlz / ho¸ chÊt

radiation (n) / reidi'ei∫n / sù bøc x¹

poison (v) / 'pɔizn / g©y ®éc

toxic (adj) / 'tɔksik / ®éc

lead (n) / led / ch×

mercury (n) / 'mƏ:kjuri / thuû ng©n

silica (n) / 'silikƏ / silic dioxyt

liver (n) / 'livƏ / gan

kidney (n) / 'kidni / thËn

deafness (n) / 'defnis / tËt ®iÕc

x-ray (n) / 'eks 'rei / tia X, tia R¬ngen

II. WHAT IS THE MAIN IDEA?

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The main idea is the important idea of the reading. It is usually at the beginning or the end of a paragraph. In a long reading it is usually in the first or last paragraph. Put a tick ( √ ) by the statement of the main idea.

a. Occupational physicians study accidents at home.

b. Safety engineers study the causes of accidents at work.

c. Occupational doctors and safety engineers help make the work place safe.

III. have you understood the reading?

A. Write T by the statements if they are true. If false, write F. Do not look at the reading.

……. 1. People who work together often get the same diseases.

……..2. Accidents at work never hurt workers

……..3. Occupational doctors study the groups of workers and their diseases.

……..4. Safety engineers study the cause of accidents at home.

……. 5. Safety engineers treat workers after illnesses and accidents

……. 6. Education about causes of accidents helps prevent future accidents.

……..7. Doctors sometimes change workers' jobs to prevent illness.

……..8. People who work with chemicals sometimes get sick.

……..9. Safety engineers try to prevent accidents on the job.

B. Fill in the blank in the following sentences. First, decide if you need a verb, noun, or adjective, and write V, N, or Adj on the left. Then choose the correct form of the words in parentheses.

……..1. Drugs and surgery are two different kinds of medical………..(treats,

treatments).

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……..2. Those children are……………(health, healthy).

……..3. The old man is both…………..and deaf. (blind, blindness)

……..4. Doctors who…………. in one field of medicine must study two or

three years more. (specialize, specialist, special)

……..5. You must shout to make him hear you because of his………….

(deaf, deafness).

……..6. The patient is very…………….. (ill, illness).

……..7. There are many……………chemicals. (poison, poisonous)

……..8. Their lives were in…………., but the doctor saved them.

(danger, dangerous)

……..9. Safety shoes are. ……………clothing. (protect, protection, protective)

…….10. The patient needed an…………. to save her life.(operate, operation)

…….11. Safety engineers…………… workers about dangers in their jobs.

(educate, education)

……..12. ........... medicine is another special field of medicine.

(Prevent, Prevention, Preventive)

IV. WHAT IS THE CAUSE AND EFFECT?

Things happen because something causes them.

Example: "There was an explosion in the mine. " Why? It happened because

there was too much methane gas.

"Too much methane" is the cause.

"An explosion" is the effect, or result.

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Read together the following pairs of sentences. One is the cause and one is the effect. Write C for cause and E for effect by the statements.

……..1. Small pieces of asbestos get into the lungs.

……..2. Breathing becomes difficult.

……..1. People sometimes get sick.

……..2. People work with dangerous chemicals.

……..1. Miners have black lung disease.

……..2. Miners breathe coal dust for many years.

……..1. Doctors learn about the causes of diseases.

……..2. Doctors protect workers from the diseases.

……..1. Workers work with toxic chemicals.

……..2. Workers get sick from the chemicals.

……..1. Workers have fewer accidents on the job.

……..2. Workers study about job safety.

V. READING FOR COMPREHENSION AND TRANSLATION.

Read the following passage then mark T by the statements if they are true or F if they are false and translate the passage into Vietnamese.

MINE SAFETY

Coal mining is a very dangerous job for miners. Since 1900, more than one hundred thousand workers have been killed in coal mining accidents in the United States.

There are four kinds of mining accidents. Accidents with machines kill or injure more miners than any other kinds. The

22

second most important danger is cave-ins. The roof or wall of the mine sometimes falls or caves in. Then miners are trapped inside the mine and cannot get out. Gases in mines are also very dangerous. Methane and carbon monoxide are the most dangerous. Too much methane may cause a violent explosion. Carbon monoxide is also a poisonous gas. Methane and carbon monoxide have no smoke, so miners do not know when the gases are in the mine. If there is too much of a poisonous gas in the mine, the miners die. They sometimes take a small bird into the mine with them. The bird will die from the gas first. Then the miners know that they must leave the mine quickly. Because of the poisonous gases, it is important to bring fresh air into the mine.

The fourth danger is from coal dust, which makes the air inside the mine dirty. Miners who breathe large amounts of dust for many years are likely to develop black lung disease. This disease causes problems with the lungs and even death.

Mines are safer places to work today than they were in the late eighteenth century. In 1900, 3.5 miners per 1000 were killed in mine accidents each year. Today, the death rate is 0.5 per 1000. Safety standards have improved conditions in the mines.

...........1. Explosions kill 100.000 workers every year.

...........2. When miners are trapped, they cannot get out of the mine.

...........3. Methane can cause an explosion.

.......... 4. If there is a lot of fresh air in the mine, there will be accidents with

gases.

...........5. Black lung disease is a serious disease.

...........6. People do not die of black lung disease.

.......... 7. Fewer miners died in 1900 than they do today.

...........8. Mining is still a dangerous job.

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...........9. Carbon monoxide may kills miners.

...........10. The air inside mines is always safe to breathe.

Lesson threeINTRODUCTION TO GENERAL SURGERY

The term "Surgery" comes from Greek. Surgery is the branch of medicine in which various mechanical therapeutic manipulations (incisions, punctures, suturing, reductions of dislocations and so on) performed by physicians are used. These procedures are designated by the words "surgical operation" or merely by one word "operation".

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For a very long time, surgical operations were performed only on the superficial parts of the body but even after such operations, severe inflammations due to the infection of the wound were frequently met with, causing death.

Only during the second half of the 19th century, the general development of natural science made it possible to solve this difficult problem. The brilliant Russian surgeon N.I.Pirogov was the first to voice the assumption that wounds were infected by invasion of special causative agents named by him "miasmas". In 1836, the famous French scientist Pasteur published the results of his remarkable studies of the processes of putrefaction. Pasteur proved that these processes were evoked by minute living organisms, bacteria. On the basis of Pasteur's work, the British surgeon Lister concluded that the purulence of wounds was also caused by bacteria which found their way into the wounds from the air. To protect the wounds from the penetration of bacteria or to destroy these bacteria after their penetration into the wounds. Lister began to irrigate the wounds with a solution of carbolic acid and to treat the instruments and dressing material to be used in the operations with the same solution.

The method elaborated by Lister was given the name of antiseptic. This method gave fine results.

During the years that followed scientists found that to protect the wounds from infection it was enough to treat all objects to be handled and used during an operation with a physical agent, namely, heat. This new method of disinfections was given the name of asepsis.

The antiseptic and aseptic methods of treating wounds revolutionized surgery and almost completely eliminated the danger of infecting wounds to be operated on.

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I. WORD STUDY

introduction (n) / intrƏ'dʌk∫n / sù giíi thiÖu, lêi giíi thiÖu

manipulation (n) / mƏnipju'lei∫n / thao t¸c

puncture (n) / 'pʌŋkt∫Ə / sù chÝch, chç chÝch

suturing (n) / 'sju:t∫Əriŋ / sù kh©u

to designate (v) / 'dezigneit / ®Æt tªn, gäi tªn

superficial (adj) / sju:pƏ'fi∫Əl / ë bÒ mÆt

to meet with (v) / mi:t / gÆp ph¶i

century (n) / 'sent∫uri / thÕ kû, tr¨m n¨m

to make it possible to

solve…. lµm cho...cã thÓ gi¶i quyÕt ...

brilliant (adj) / briljƏnt / lçi l¹c, tµi giái

to voice (v) / vɔis/ nãi lªn, ph¸t biÓu

invasion (n) / in'veiƷn / sù x©m nhËp

causative agent /'kɔ:ze tiv 'eidƷƏnt /

t¸c nh©n g©y bÖnh, g©y viªm

miasmas (n) / mi'æzmƏz / khÝ ®éc, chíng khÝ

to publish (v) / 'pʌbli∫ / c«ng bè, xuÊt b¶n

remarkable (adj ) / ri'ma:kƏbl / xuÊt s¾c, ®¸ng chó ý

putrefaction (n) / pju:tri'fæk∫n / sù thèi r÷a

minute (adj) / mai'nju:t / rÊt nhá

living organism / 'ɔ :gƏnizm / sinh vËt

on the basic of / 'beisis / trªn c¬ së cña

to conclude (v) / kƏn'klu:d / kÕt luËn

to find one's way / wei / into vµo ®îc

penetration (n) / peni'trei∫n / sù x©m nhËp

irrigate (v) / 'irigeit / röa

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carbolic acid / ka:'bɔlik 'æsid / axit cacbonlic

to treat (v) / tri :t / xö lý

instrument (n) / 'instrumƏnt / dông cô

antiseptic (n),(adj) / ænti'septik/ khö trïng

object (n) / ɔ'bdzikt / dông cô, ®å vËt

to handle (v) / 'hændl / cÇm, n¾m

physical agent t¸c nh©n lý häc

disinfection (n) / disin'fek∫n / sù khö trïng, tÈy uÕ

asepsis (n) / æ'sepsis / sù v« trïng

aseptic (adj) / æ'septic / v« trïng, v« khuÈn

to revolutionize (v) / revƏ'lu:∫naiz / c¸ch m¹ng ho¸

to eliminate (v) / i'limineit / lo¹i trõ

II. Answer the following questions.

1. Where does the term "surgery" come from?

......................................................................................................

............................

2. What do the words "surgical operation" mean?

......................................................................................................

............................

3. To what were inflammatory processes after operations due?

......................................................................................................

............................

4. When was this difficult problem solved?

......................................................................................................

............................

5. What made it possible to solve the problem?

......................................................................................................

............................

6. Who was the first to discover the real cause of wound infection?

27

......................................................................................................

............................

7. What did the famous French scientist Pasteur publish?

......................................................................................................

............................

8. What did Pasteur prove?

......................................................................................................

............................

9. What did the British surgeon Lister begin to do to protect the wounds from

the penetration of bacteria?

......................................................................................................

............................

......................................................................................................

............................

10. With what did he treat the instruments to be used in the operations?

......................................................................................................

............................

11. What name was given to Lister 's method?

......................................................................................................

............................

12. What new method did the scientists find during the years that followed?

......................................................................................................

............................

13. What is the significance of the antiseptic and aseptic methods for surgery?

......................................................................................................

............................

III. Translate the followings into Vietnamese.

28

1. The brilliant Russian surgeon N.I.Pirogov was the first to voice the assumption that wounds were infected by invasion of special causative agents.

......................................................................................................

............................

......................................................................................................

............................

2. Lister began to irrigate the wounds with a solution of carbolic acid and to treat the instruments and dressing material to be used in the operations with the same solution.

......................................................................................................

............................

......................................................................................................

............................

......................................................................................................

............................

3. During the years that followed scientists found that to protect the wounds from infection it was enough to treat all objects to be handled and used during an operation with heat.

......................................................................................................

............................

......................................................................................................

............................

......................................................................................................

............................

4. These methods of treating wounds completely eliminated the danger of infecting wounds to be operated on.

......................................................................................................

............................

......................................................................................................

............................

5. The patient to be examined was brought to the casualty ward where he was first asked to give his name, age and address.

29

......................................................................................................

............................

......................................................................................................

............................

6. The patient to be admitted to the clinic had a very high temperature and showed evidence of an acute illness.

......................................................................................................

............................

......................................................................................................

............................

7. Measures to be taken to protect the health of people are various.

......................................................................................................

............................

IV. Fill in the blanks.

1. Surgery is the branch of.............in which various ..................manipulations performed by.................. are used.

2. These procedures are designated by the words.................

3. For a long time..............operations were performed only on............... parts of the ................

4. The general development of.................made it possible to solve this problem

5. Pasteur proved that the processes of.................were evoked by..................

6. The British surgeon Lister.................that the purulence of................was caused by..................

7. To protect the wounds from..................Lister began ..................the wounds with................

8. This method was given the name of ....................

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9. Methods of...............and.....................revolutionized surgery and almost completely eliminated................. of infecting wounds

V. Translate the followings into English.

1. Trong mét thêi gian dµi nh÷ng nhµ phÉu thuËt chØ tiÕn hµnh nh÷ng cuéc phÉu thuËt trªn bÒ mÆt c¬ thÓ.

......................................................................................................

............................

......................................................................................................

............................

2. Sau nh÷ng cuéc phÉu thuËt nh vËy thêng bÞ viªm nÆng, g©y ra tö vong.

......................................................................................................

............................

3. Pirogov lµ ngêi ®Çu tiªn nªu mét gi¶ thuyÕt cho r»ng nh÷ng vÕt th¬ng bÞ viªm nhiÔm do sù x©m nhËp cña nh÷ng t¸c nh©n g©y viªm ®îc gäi lµ "chíng khÝ".

......................................................................................................

............................

......................................................................................................

............................

......................................................................................................

............................

4. Nhµ b¸c häc Ph¸p Pasteur ®· chøng minh r»ng nh÷ng tiÕn tr×nh viªm nhiÔm lµ do nh÷ng sinh vËt rÊt nhá, vi khuÈn g©y nªn.

......................................................................................................

............................

......................................................................................................

............................

5. Nhµ b¸c häc Anh Lister ®· röa vÕt th¬ng b»ng dung dÞch axit carbolic ®Ó ng¨n ngõa sù x©m nhËp cña vi khuÈn.

31

......................................................................................................

............................

......................................................................................................

............................

Lesson fourSURGICAL SERVICE TO THE POPULATION

Surgical work is done mainly in specially equipped medical institutions - surgical hospitals, surgical departments of general hospitals, surgical departments of dispensaries and polyclinics. But sometimes in cases of injuries, fractures, hemorrhages, etc, it is necessary to give first aid at the place of the accident or near by. First aid is extremely important but it cannot always be rendered by a physician, for which reason the entire medical personnel must be taught the basic rules of first aid.

Sometimes it is necessary to give not only first aid at the place of accident but also emergency aid as well. Emergency aid is administered to patients brought to medical institutions at a time when the medical personnel

32

have already finished their regular work and have gone home, and when only the physicians, nurses and orderlies on duty are in.

Urgent aid is also very important and therefore surgical institutions must have in readiness everything required for administering it. It is very important that the population should be able to deliver to a medical institution any patient in need of such aid. So the duty of as many laymen as possible is to learn elementary rules of first aid.

To give quick and effective aid, there must be a special organization with transport facilities at one’s disposal.

Many patients with surgical trauma are not in need of hospital treatment. In cases of minor injuries and mild inflammatory processes, as well as after discharge from hospital, the necessary treatment may be given in a dispensary or a polyclinic where the patient comes for special procedures and then goes home. Patients who seek medical assistance in dispensaries and polyclinics for the first time are also given a thorough examination. This form of aid is known as outpatient or polyclinic aid.

The most complicated surgical operations can be performed only in well- equipped special medical institutions where patients are admitted for a long stay. Surgical service in those institutions is referred to as hospital surgical aid.

To render surgical assistance is not an easy task; it requires a wide variety of knowledge and skill.

I. WORD STUDY

surgical (adj) / 'sƏ:dʒikl / ngo¹i khoa, phÉu thuËt

33

surgical service viÖc ®iÒu trÞ ngo¹i khoa

mainly (adv) / 'meinli / phÇn lín; chñ yÕu

to equip (v) / i'kwip / trang bÞ

first aid s¬ cøu

for which reason / 'ri:zn / v× thÕ, v× lý do nµy

basic (adj) / 'beisik / c¬ b¶n

rule (n) / rul / nguyªn t¾c, quy t¾c

emergency, urgent aid

cÊp cøu

to finish (v) / 'fini∫ / kÕt thóc, hoµn thµnh

regular (adj) / 'regjulƏ / thêng lÖ, chÝnh thøc

orderly (n) / 'ɔ:dƏli / hé lý

duty (n) / 'dju:ti / nhiÖm vô

to be on duty trùc

therefore / 'ðƐƏfɔ: / v× vËy

readiness (n) / 'redinis / (sù) s½n sµng

to require (v) / ri'kwaiƏ / cÇn, ®ßi hái

to deliver (v) / di'livƏ / ®a ®Õn

in need of cÇn

layman (n) / 'leimƏn / ngêi kh«ng cã chuyên môn

the duty of as many

ngêi kh«ng cã chuyªn

laymen as possible is...

m«n th× cµng tèt lµ ph¶i

nhiÖm vô cña cµng nhiÒu ...

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facilities (n) / fƏ'silitiz / ph¬ng tiÖn

transport (n) / 'trænspɔ:t / vËn chuyÓn

at one’s disposal / dis'pouzƏl / s½n cã ®Ó dïng

surgical trauma / 'sƏ:dʒikl trɔ:mƏ / sang chÊn

minor (adj) / 'mainƏ / nhÑ, nhá, thø yÕu

a thorough examination

/ ' ʌrƏ igzæmi'nei∫n / kiÓm tra, kh¸m toµn diÖn

stay (n) / stei / sù lu l¹i, ë l¹i

to refer to (v) / ri'fƏ: / nãi ®Õn, xem nh

hospital surgical aid

/ 'hɔspitl / ®iÒu trÞ ngo¹i khoa néi viÖn

to render (v) / 'rendƏ / lµm, lµm cho

to render surgical

assistance / Ə'sistƏns /

®iÒu trÞ ngo¹i khoa

task (n) / ta:sk / nhiÖm vô, c«ng viÖc

variety (n) / vƏ'raiƏti / nhiÒu thø

skill (n) / skil / kü n¨ng, kü x¶o

elementary (adj) / eli'mentƏri / c¬ b¶n

organization (n) / ɔ:gƏnai'zei∫n / tæ chøc, c¬ quan

especially equipped medical institutions : nh÷ng c¬ së y tÕ cã nh÷ng trang bÞ chuyªn dïng

a wide variety of knowledge / 'nɔlidʒ / kiÕn thøc hiÓu réng vÒ nhiÒu mÆt

to have in readiness everything required for... cã s½n mäi thø cÇn thiÕt cho...


1. Where is surgical work done?

...................................................................................................

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2. In what cases is it necessary to give first aid?

...................................................................................................

3. Can first aid always be rendered by a physician?

...................................................................................................

4. What patients is emergency aid administered to?

...................................................................................................

5. What can you say about urgent aid?

...................................................................................................

6. Where is it important to deliver any patient in need of urgent aid?

...................................................................................................

7. What must there be at one’s disposal to give quick and effective aid?

...................................................................................................

8. Where may the necessary treatment be given in cases of minor injures and mild inflammatory processes?

...................................................................................................

...................................................................................................

9. Where does a patient go for special procedures?

...................................................................................................

10. What are patients who seek medical assistance for the first time given at polyclinics?

...................................................................................................

...................................................................................................

11. What do we call the form of aid given in a dispensary or a polyclinic?

...................................................................................................

12. Where are the most complicated surgical operations performed?

...................................................................................................

13. What is required from a person to render surgical assistance in complicated cases?

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...................................................................................................

III. Translate into Vietnamese.

1. To give quick and effective aid is very important as it can save the patient’s life.

...................................................................................................

...................................................................................................

2. The duty of as many laymen as possible is to learn how to give quick and effective medical assistance at the place of the accident.

...................................................................................................

...................................................................................................

3. To give first aid, one must learn the basic first aid rules.

...................................................................................................

4. The patients in need of emergency aid must be brought to medical institutions.

...................................................................................................

5. To render urgent aid, surgical institutions must have in readiness everything required for administering it.

...................................................................................................

...................................................................................................

6. The necessary treatment may be given in a dispensary or polyclinic where the patient comes for special procedures.

...................................................................................................

...................................................................................................

7. To render surgical assistance is not an easy task it requires a wide variety of knowledge and skill.

...................................................................................................

...................................................................................................

8. To give quick and effective aid, there must be a special organization with transport facilities at one’s disposal.

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...................................................................................................

...................................................................................................

9. The object of microbiology is to combat and prevent epidemic diseases.

...................................................................................................

IV. Translate into English.

1. §«i khi nh÷ng bÖnh nh©n bÞ sang chÊn kh«ng cÇn ®iÒu trÞ trong bÖnh viÖn, hä cã thÓ ®iÒu trÞ t¹i mét phßng kh¸m ®a khoa n¬i mµ hä ®Õn ®Ó tiÕn hµnh nh÷ng can thiÖp chuyªn khoa, sau ®ã trë vÒ nhµ.

...................................................................................................

...................................................................................................

...................................................................................................

2. TiÕn hµnh s¬ cøu t¹i n¬i x¶y ra tai n¹n còng nh cÊp cøu t¹i mét c¬ së y tÕ gÇn ®ã lµ cÇn thiÕt.

...................................................................................................

...............................................................................................

....

3. Nh÷ng bÖnh nh©n nh vËy ®îc ®a ®Õn bÖnh viÖn, ë ®ã hä ®îc c¸c b¸c sü chuyªn khoa giµu kinh nghiÖm cÊp cøu.

...................................................................................................

...................................................................................................

V. GAp - filling

Choose one word in the box and fill in each gap.

generally public health personally beings

with on in general without

who healthy attention whom people

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The foreign scientists in (1)................... health who visit our

country draw everybody’s (2)................to three things that

made a lasting impression on them.

People in (3)...................... are very “health conscious”. They are not so much concerned (4)..................... their ailments and symptoms, as they are with things they can do to be (5).........................

Their medical authorities encourage this attitude. Doctors are the men (6).................. must take this stand: “When you are ill, always consult us; but health is not made in hospitals, and to win good health, everyone is (7)................responsible for using in daily life the scientific principles of health”.

Medical scientists (8)................ the world insist that health is the natural way of life for human (9)......................; the goal of their research is to find out how people can live long, healthy lives (10).................... ever having to take medicine or treatment.

Lesson five

THE COMMON COLD

Your head aches and you sneeze and cough. Your nose is all stuffed up, and it keeps running, so you have to blow it every few minutes. You know by these symptoms that you have a cold, and you feel completely miserable. You’re not sure if you live through the day.

Everyone suffers from the common cold at some time or other. It isn’t a serious illness, but over a billion dollars a year is spent on different kinds of cold medicine every year. This medicine can relieve the symptoms. That is, it can make you cough less, make your headache less intense, and stop your nose running for a while. However, it can’t cure your cold. So far, there is no cure for the common cold and no medicine to prevent it.

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Even though there is no cure or preventive medicine for colds, people have all kinds of ideas about how to prevent and treat colds. Some people think that if you eat lots of onions and garlic, you won’t catch cold. Others say that you should avoid getting wet and chilled or you will catch cold. However, this is apparently not so. In an experiment in England, a group of volunteers took a bath, put on cold wet clothing and stood in cold rooms. Others stood outside in a cold rain until they were wet through to the skin. The researchers didn’t find any connection between being wet and chilly and catching a cold.

Dr. Linus Pauling, the winner of the 1954 Nobel prize for chemistry, did experiments with vitamin C. He says his experiments prove that if you take 1 to 2 grams a day of vitamin C, it will prevent colds. Other researchers have tested this theory for years. They have not been able to find that large amounts of vitamin C have any effect on colds. Meanwhile, millions of dollars are spent on vitamin C every year. This money is possibly all wasted.

Colds are caused by a virus. Viruses are even smaller than bacteria, and they cause different kinds of diseases. So far, scientists have found over 200 kinds of viruses that cause colds. Some diseases can be prevented by a vaccine. This liquid is injected into the arm and the person is safe from catching that disease. However, it is probably impossible to develop a vaccine that could work against 200 different viruses. Certainly no one would want to have 200 different shots, one for each cold virus, even if they were available.

One problem with the common cold is that the symptoms are very similar to the symptoms of influenza, or flu for short. Influenza is a much more serious disease, especially for pregnant women, people over 65, and people already suffering from another disease, such as a heart problem. Even doctors cannot always tell the difference between the symptoms without doing laboratory tests. One difference between colds and flu is

40

fever. A person with a cold does not have a high body temperature, but about half of all flu patients do.

A similarity between colds and flu is that they are both contagious. One person catches a cold or the flu from another person; they don’t begin inside the body as heart disease does.

Researchers continue searching for a way to cure or prevent colds. Since colds and flu are closely related diseases, scientists hope that if they find a cure for one, it will also have an effect on the other.

Doctors don’t know what causes colds, but they are beginning to learn how they spread. When scientists discovered in the 1950s that viruses cause colds, it seemed logical to believe that they were spread when people sneezed and coughed. They believed that the explosive cough or sneeze sent the viruses shooting out into the air and then entering the mouth or nose of anyone nearby.

However, researches show that this is not true. Most cold viruses are spread through the hands. When you have a cold and blow your nose, you get viruses on your hands. When you touch another person’s hand, and when that person touches his or her mouth, nose, or eyes, the virus enters the body. It isn’t even necessary to touch the person directly. Cold viruses spread when roommates or members of a family touch the same dishes, towels, and furniture. You can even pick up a virus when you touch the doorknob on your classroom door, or when you touch things in public buildings.

It seems completely illogical, but kissing apparently doesn’t spread colds. In one study, volunteers with a cold kissed volunteers without a cold. Only 8 percent without a cold caught one.

How can you use all this information for your own good health? Students are in close contact in the classroom, the cafeteria or dining room, and dormitories or apartments. When someone you know catches a cold, try to avoid physical contact with that person. If you catch a cold yourself, keep your towel

41

and dishes separate from everyone else’s. Try not to touch things that belong to others. Don’t touch other people, and don’t shake hands. Explain why, however, you don’t want people to think you are impolite. Wash your hands often if you have a cold or if anyone around you has one.

Colds are miserable. It is worth the trouble to try to avoid catching them or giving them to others.

I. Word study

sneeze (v),(n) / sni:z / h¾t h¬i

cough (v),(n) / kɔ:f / ho

miserable (adj) / 'mizƏrƏbl / khæ së, bÊt h¹nh

at some time or other (phrase)

hoÆc lóc nµy hay lóc kh¸c

symptom (n) / 'simptƏm / triÖu trøng

preventive (adj) / pri'ventiv / phßng bÖnh, phßng ngõa

avoid (vt) / Ə'vɔid / tr¸nh

chilled (adj) / t∫ild / bÞ l¹nh cøng

apparently (adv) / Ə'pærƏntli / hiÓn nhiªn, râ rµng

experiment (n), (v) / iks'perƏmƏnt / thÝ nghiÖm

volunteer (n), (v) / vɔlƏn'tiƏ / ngêi t×nh nguyÖn

researcher (n) / ri'sƏ:t∫Ə / nhµ nghiªn cøu

connection (n) / kƏ 'nek∫n / sù liªn quan, mèi quan hÖ

prove (vt), (vi) / pru:v / chøng minh, tá ra

theory (n) / iƏri / thuyÕt, lý thuyÕt

amount (n) / Ə'maunt / sè lîng

meanwhile (adv) / 'mi:n wail / trong khi ®ã

to be wasted (phr) / 'weistid / bÞ l·ng phÝ

to be injected into…. / in'dzektid / ®îc tiªm vµo…..

42

(phr)

shot (n) / ∫ɔt / mòi tiªm

available (adj) / Ə'veilƏbl / cã s½n

to be similar to…. (phr) / 'similƏ / t¬ng tù…, gièng nh-….

pregnant (adj) / 'pregnƏnt / cã thai

similarity (n) / simƏ'lærƏti / sù gièng nhau

contagious (adj) / kƏn'teidzƏs / l©y lan

scientist (n) / 'saiƏntist / nhµ khoa häc

to discover (vt) / dis'kʌvƏ / kh¸m ph¸ ra, ph¸t hiÖn ra

explosive cough (phr) / ik'plousiv kɔ:f /

ho bËt ra

to blow one’s nose (phr) / blou / ph× mòi

roommate (n) / 'ru:mmeit / b¹n cïng phßng

furniture (n) / 'fƏ:nit∫Ə / ®å ®¹c

doorknob (n) / 'dɔ:nɔb / qu¶ ®Êm cöa

to be in close contact (phr)

/ knouz 'kɔntækt /

tiÕp xóc

cafeteria (n) / kæfƏ'tiƏriƏ / qu¸n ¨n tù phôc vô

dormitory (n) / 'dɔ:mitɔri / phßng ngñ (tËp thÓ)

to belong to sb (phr) / bi'lɔŋ / thuéc vÒ….

It is worth st to do st / wƏ: / lµm (c¸i g×) còng bâ….

II. Gap - filling

1. Complete each sentence with one word from the box.

cough prizes polite stuffed

meanwhile contagious sneeze miserable

43

chilled vitamin vaccines influenza

1. ………………is more serious than a cold.

2. When you have a cold, you………………and……………………

3. A pillow is ……………with feathers, cotton, or polyester.

4. Some people like to have their fruit………..………….. instead of at room

temperature.

5. Sweden gives Nobel……………… every year to people who have created great things.

6. When you have a headache, you probably feel…………………

7. Babies should receive………………to prevent common childhood diseases.

Then they won’t catch these………………….diseases.

8. Roald Amundsen reached the South Pole and began the journey back to his

ship…………………., captain Scott and his men were trapped in their tent by blizzards.

9. In most countries, it is………………..to shake hands when you meet

someone.2. Choose one word in the box and fill in each sentence

below.

fever contact vitamins symptoms

relieve volunteer viruses injected

pregnant worth contagious doorknob

44

1. You have to turn the……………………to open a door.

2. When your temperature is above normal, you have a………………………

3. There is no physical………………in tenses. The players don’t touch each

other when they play.

4. Ms. Davis is………………… She is going to have a baby in May.

5. How much is gold…………………today?

6. Colds are caused by…………………..

7. Aspirin can………………….some headaches.

8. What are the……………………...of a cold? How do you know you have one?

9. Thousands of people…………………..to work for the Red Cross without pay.

III. TRanslate into Vietnamese.

1. Blood is carried from the heart through the arteries.

2. If you hit your thumb with a hammer, the thumb will probably swell up.

3. Sometimes the sky is beautiful at dawn.

4. Tom got hit in the forehead with the ball.

5. The army attacked at dawn to surprise the enemy.

6. Rita has a recurring pain in the stomach. It comes and goes.

7. The waves move higher up on the beach as the tide comes in.

8. Iron and cotton are raw materials.

9. Dan pounded on the table to get everyone’s attention.

10. Every rock music band has a drummer.

11. The government keeps a record of the birth of every child.

IV. MULTIPLE CHOICE

45

1. Coughing and sneezing are ………………….of a cold.

a. miserable b. stuffs c. symptoms

2. Cold medicine …………………..cold.

a. can cure b. can relieve the symptoms of

c. can prevent

3. An experiment in England showed that……………

a. getting chilled probably causes colds.

b. keeping warm and dry probably prevents colds.

c. getting chilled probably doesn’t cause a cold.

4. Which one of these sentences is not true?

a. Researchers have shown that vitamin C can prevent colds.

b. Dr. Linus Pauling’s research shows that vitamin C prevents colds.

c. People take vitamin C because they believe it prevents colds.

5. ……………………….. prevent colds.

a. There is no vaccine to

b. There will probably be a vaccine in the future to

c. You can have a vaccine injected into your arm to

6. Most colds spread ………………

a. by hand contact

b. when people cough and sneeze

c. through kissing

7. The best way to avoid getting colds is to …………

a. avoid touching people who have colds or the objects they use

b. avoid getting chilled or wet

c. avoid standing near people who have a cold

V. Answer the QUESTIONS.

46

1. Name the symptoms of a cold.

…………………………………………………………………………………......

2. What does cold medicine do for a cold?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

3. Is it worth the expense to take vitamin C?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

4. Why isn’t it likely that someone will develop a cold vaccine?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

5. How do colds spread?

………………………………………………………………………………..........

6. Do you think you should or should not shake hands with someone who has a cold? Why?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

………………………………………………………………………………..........

7. Why can’t a doctor tell if a person has a cold or the flu?

………………………………………………………………………………..........

VI. find MAIN IDEAs.

What is the main idea of these paragraphs?

P.2 (Everyone - prevent it):.......................................................................................

P.4 (Dr. Linus Pauling - all wasted):.........................................................................

47

P.5 (Colds - availaible):.............................................................................................

P.6 (One problem - patients do):...............................................................................

Lesson six

INFLUENZAInfluenza (grip, grippe) is an acute infectious epidemic

disease caused by a virus and marked by depression, distressing fever, acute catarrhal inflammation of the nose, larynx and bronchi, neuralgic and muscular pains, gastrointestinal disorder, and nervous disturbances. All ages are liable to the disease. It is in severe cases that vomiting is frequent in babies and in young children as well.

It is in the typical form of grippe that the onset is sudden, beginning with chills, muscular pains and aches in the back and limbs, and bronchitis. Nervous symptoms, e.g. , headache and in severe cases convulsions in babies are usually present.

There are mild cases of the disease. The duration of the disease in a mild case is usually three to four days and the temperature is not very high.

It is only in severe cases that the patient's temperature is very high and rises higher with each succeeding paroxysm. Distressing fever and other symptoms, e.g. , acute catarrhal inflammation of the bronchi, muscular pain, and so on, persist for several days. Sometimes pneumonia develops and even death may occur in two or three days. Therefore, it is in the very

48

young or when there are pulmonary complications that grippe is especially serious.

In order to minimize the severity of the attack in grippe and to protect the patient from secondary infection, the patient must go to bed at the beginning of an attack and not be up again without the approval of his physician.

The effects of grippe may persist for a long period of time, therefore a convalescent becomes sensitive to heat, cold, draughts, and so on, he easily gets colds, coughs and other respiratory diseases.

I. WORD STUDY

influenza (n) / influ'enzƏ / bÖnh cóm

epidemic (adj) / epi'demik / dÞch

depression (n) / di'pre∫n / sù khã chÞu, sù sÇu uÊt

distressing (adj) / dis'tresiŋ / lµm khã chÞu, lµm mÖt mái

distressing fever / 'fi:vƏ / c¬n sèt

larynx (n) / 'læriŋks / thanh qu¶n

bronchi (n) / 'brɔŋkai / cuèng phæi, phÕ qu¶n

neuralgic (adj) / njuƏ'rældʒik / (thuéc) ®au d©y thÇn kinh

gastrointestinal disorder

/ 'gæstrouin'testinl /

rèi lo¹n tiªu ho¸

disturbance (n) / dis’tƏ:bƏns / sù rèi lo¹n, tæn th¬ng

nervous disturbance / 'nƏ:vƏs dis'tƏ:bƏns/

sù tæn th¬ng hÖ thÇn kinh

to be liable to / 'laiƏbl / cã kh¶ n¨ng bÞ

bronchitis (n) / brɔŋ 'kaitis / viªm phÕ qu¶n

49

convulsion (n) / kƏn'vʌl∫n / chøng co giËt

mild (adj) / maild / nhÑ, dÞu

succeeding (adj) / sƏk'si:diŋ / kÕ tiÕp, tiÕp theo

paroxysm (n) / 'pærƏsizm / c¬n kÞch ph¸t

pulmonary (adj) / 'pʌlmƏnƏri / (thuéc) phæi, bÞ bÖnh phæi

complication (n) / kɔmpli'kei∫n / biÕn chøng

to minimize (v) / 'minimaiz / gi¶m ®Õn møc tèi thiÓu

severity (n) / si 'veriti / møc ®é trÇm träng

attack (n) / Ə'tæk / c¬n, trËn

to protect (v) / prƏ’tekt / b¶o vÖ

secondary (adj) / 'sekƏndƏri / thø ph¸t

to be up dËy

without (prep) / wið'aut / kh«ng cã

approval (n) / Ə'pru:vƏl / sù cho phÐp

effect (n) / i'fekt / hËu qu¶, t¸c dông

draught (n) / drɔ:t / giã lïa, luång giã

convalescent (n) / kɔnvƏ'lesnt / bÖnh nh©n ®ang håi phôc


1. What other name can you call influenza?

...................................................................................................

2. What kind of disease is it?

...................................................................................................

3. What ages are liable to the disease?

...................................................................................................

4. In what cases and in whom is vomiting frequent?

50

...............................................................................................

....

5. What symptoms are usually present in grippe?

...................................................................................................

6. What is the typical form of the disease?

...................................................................................................

7. What nervous symptoms are usually present in severe cases?

...................................................................................................

8. What are the characteristic features of a mild case? of a severe one?

...................................................................................................

9. What may develop sometimes?

...................................................................................................

10. What else may occur?

...................................................................................................

11. What must one do in order to minimize the severity of the attack in grippe?

...................................................................................................

12. When may the patient be up again?

...................................................................................................

13. How long may the effects of grippe persist?

...................................................................................................

14. What does a convalescent become sensitive to?

...................................................................................................


1. It was in the evening that the patient developed a splitting headache.

...................................................................................................

2. It was after vomiting that patient Ostrov complained of severe pains in his abdomen.

51

...................................................................................................

...................................................................................................

3. It was a patient of the third ward that asked some medicine for a bad headache.

...................................................................................................

...................................................................................................

4. It was severe pains in his legs and feet that patient Ostrov complained of.

...................................................................................................

5. It was about one of the new methods of testing that our professor spoke of at the scientific conference.

...................................................................................................

...................................................................................................

6. It is especial in young children that grippe is dangerous because of its tendency to complications.

...................................................................................................

...................................................................................................

7. It is in severe cases of grippe that vomiting is frequent in babies and in young children as well.

...................................................................................................

...................................................................................................

8. It is in the typical form of grippe that the onset is sudden, beginning with chills.

...................................................................................................

.................................................................................................


1. Influenza is a ………………. disease.

2. It is marked by………………. fever…………………. inflammation of the nose, larynx, and bronchi, ………………pains, …………………disorder, and …………….. disturbances.

52

3. It is in …………………. cases that there are……………….symptoms.

4. Pains often persist .....................for several days.

5. In order to protect the patient from……………….infection, he must be put to bed at the very beginning of an attack.

V. Translate into English.

1. HoÆc lóc nµy hoÆc lóc kh¸c, mäi ngêi ai còng bÞ c¶m l¹nh.

......................................................................................................

............................

2. C¶m l¹nh do virus g©y ra. Cho ®Õn nay, c¸c nhµ khoa häc ®· t×m ra ®îc h¬n 200 loµi virus g©y ra c¶m.

......................................................................................................

......................................................................................................

........................................................

3. C¶m vµ cóm c¶ hai ®Òu l©y lan. Cóm lµ bÖnh trÇm träng h¬n.

......................................................................................................

............................

4. Nh÷ng ngêi bÞ c¶m kh«ng sèt, nhng nh÷ng bÖnh nh©n cóm, kho¶ng mét nöa bÞ sèt.

......................................................................................................

............................

5. TrÎ s¬ sinh nªn ®îc tiªm phßng vac-xin ®Ó phßng ngõa nh÷ng bÖnh trÎ em thêng gÆp.

......................................................................................................

......................................................................................................

........................................................

Lesson seven

HEADACHES

53

Some little man is inside your head, pounding your brain with a hammer. Beside him, a rock musician is playing a drum. Your head feels as if it is going to explode. You have a headache and you think it will never go away.

Doctors say there are several kinds of headaches. Each kind begins in a different place and needs a different treatment.

One kind starts in the arteries in the head. The arteries swell and send pain signals to the brain. Some of these headaches start with a change in vision. The person sees wavy lines, black dots, or bright spots in front of the eyes. This is a warning that a headache is coming. The headache occurs on only one side of the head. The vision is blurred and the person may vomit from the pain. These headaches, which are called migraine headaches, are more frequent in women than in men. Sleep is the best cure for them.

Cluster headaches, which also start in the arteries, are called cluster headaches because they come in clusters or groups for two or three months. Then there are no more for several months or even years. A cluster headache lasts up to two hours and then goes away. At the beginning of the headache, the eyes are red and watery. There is a steady pain in the head. When the pain finally goes away, the head is sore. Men have more cluster headaches than women do.

The muscle headache, which starts in the muscles in the neck or forehead, is caused by tension. A person works too hard, is nervous about something, or has problems at work, at school, or at home. The neck and head muscles become tense, and the headache starts. A muscle headache usually starts in the morning and gets worse as the hours pass. There is a steady pain, pressure, and a bursting feeling. Usually aspirin doesn’t help a muscle headache very much.

About 40 percent of all headaches start in the head and neck muscles. Another 40 percent start in the arteries.

54

How do doctors treat headaches? If a person has frequent headaches, the doctor first has to decide what kind they are. Medicine can help, but there are other ways to treat them.

The doctor asks the patient to analyze his or her daily living patterns. A change in diet or an increase in exercise might stop the headaches. If the patient realizes that difficulties at home, at work, or at school are causing the tension, it might be possible to make changes and decrease these problems. Psychological problems and even medicine for another physical problem can cause headaches. The doctor has to discuss and analyze all these patterns of the patient’s life. A headache can also be a signal of a more serious problem.

Everyone has headaches from time to time. If they continue over several days, or keep recurring, it is time to talk to a doctor. There is no magic cure for headaches, but a doctor can help control most of them because of recent researches.

I. WORD STUDY

headache (n) / 'heideik / ®au ®Çu

to pound (vt) / paund / ®¸nh dån dËp

hammer (n) / 'hæmƏ / c¸i bóa

to explode (vt/vi) / ik'sploud / lµm næ, næ

artery (n) / 'a:tƏri / ®éng m¹ch

to swell (vt/vi) / swel / sng lªn, phång lªn

vision / 'viʒn / thÞ gi¸c

to occur (v) / ƏkƏ: / xÈy ra, xuÊt hiÖn

blurred (adj) / blƏ:d/ bÞ mê, nhßa

migraine (n) / 'maigrein, mi:grein /

®au nöa ®Çu

cluster (n) / 'klʌstƏ / ®¸m, côm

steady (adj) / s'tedi / dai d¼ng

muscle (n) / 'mʌsƏl / b¾p thÞt

55

forehead (n) / 'fɔ:rid, 'fɔ:hed / tr¸n

bursting (adj) / 'bƏ:stiŋ / næ tung

aspirin (n) / 'æsprin, 'æspƏrin / thuèc aspirin,

thuèc gi¶m ®au

tension / 'ten∫Ən, 'ten∫n / c¨ng th¼ng

to analyze (v) / 'ænƏlaiz / ph©n tÝch

pattern (n) / 'pætƏn , pætn / kiÓu, c¸ch, mÉu

psychological (adj) / saikƏ'lɔdʒikl / (thuéc) t©m lý

physical (adj) / 'fizikl , 'fizikƏl / (thuéc) c¬ thÓ

to recur (v) / ri'kƏ: / t¸i ph¸t

II. filling - in

Choose one word in the box and fill in each sentence below.

a. ache b. vision c. vomit d. steady

e. warned f. hammer g. cures h. patients

i. blurred k. drum l. physical m. muscles

n. arteries o. forehead p. swell q. tense

1. When you are sick and in pain, your stomach may protest and make you…………….

2. The teacher…………….. the children that they had to behave or there would be no party.

3. People in the hospital are called …………………

4. While Pat was swimming she got water in her eyes. Everything looked………………….

5. Students feel……………… before an important exam.

6. Tension in the………………. of the neck can cause headache.

7. The farmers were happy when a……………… rain continued all night.

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8. ……………… carry blood from the heart to the rest to the body.

9. Today there are……………….. for many diseases that used to kill people.

10. People with poor ………………... wear glasses or contact lenses.

11. You may get a stomach……………….. if you eat too much.

12. A complete…………………examination is necessary for anyone entering the army.

III. MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. When someone sees black dots or wavy lines, this is a change in……………..

a. blurring b. clusters c. vision

2. A migraine headache causes………………………….

a. blurred vision b. red and watery eyes c. a bursting feeling

3. …………………… is the best cure for migraines.

a. Sleep b. Aspirin c. Arteries

4. ………………... have more of the kind of headache that leaves the head sore.

a. Women b. Men c. Older people

5. A………………. headache usually starts in the morning and gets worse.

a. migraine b. cluster c. muscle

6. Tension causes a………………. headache.

a. migraine b. cluster c. muscle

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7. The muscle and the………………. headache are the most common.

a. migraine b. cluster c. warning

8. Medicine is……………………………..headache.

a. the best treatment for b. not usually helpful for c. one way to treat

9. A change in a patient’s life patterns can…………………………….

a. help cure headaches b. cause headaches c. both a and b

IV. COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS

1. Describe a migraine headache.

......................................................................................................

......................................................................................................

......................................................................................................

....................................................................................

2. Describe a muscle headache.

......................................................................................................

......................................................................................................

......................................................................................................

....................................................................................

3. Describe cluster headaches.

......................................................................................................

......................................................................................................

........................................................

4. Which kind of headache affects more women than men?

......................................................................................................

............................

5. What are some things that can cause a muscle headache?

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......................................................................................................

......................................................................................................

........................................................

6. If you have a headache, will aspirin help?

......................................................................................................

............................

7. Why does a doctor analyze the life patterns of a headache patient?

......................................................................................................

............................

V. TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH.

1. Cã nhiÒu lo¹i ®au ®Çu. §ã lµ ®au nöa ®Çu, ®au ®Çu tõng ®¸m, ®au c¬ ®Çu.

......................................................................................................

............................

2. Nh÷ng bÖnh nh©n migren thêng bÞ nhßa thÞ lùc vµ cã thÓ bÞ n«n do ®au.

......................................................................................................

............................

3. §au ®Çu tõng ®¸m thêng kÐo dµi vµi ba th¸ng. BÖnh nh©n ®au ®Çu kiÓu nµy m¾t bÞ ®á vµ ch¶y níc.

......................................................................................................

......................................................................................................

........................................................

4. Nh÷ng ngêi qu¸ c¨ng th¼ng vÒ mét ®iÒu g× ®ã hoÆc cã nh÷ng vÊn ®Ò vÒ gia ®×nh hoÆc ë n¬i lµm viÖc thêng bÞ ®au c¬ ®Çu.

......................................................................................................

............................

......................................................................................................

............................

59

Lesson eight

Cholesterol and Heart DiseaseDo you know your cholesterol level? Many people don't. A

high level of cholesterol in the blood is an important risk factor for heart disease.

Some people say that the danger of hear disease is exaggerated. However, heart disease is a main cause of death in developed countries. Every year more than one million Americans have heart attacks, and half of them die. People with heart disease suffer chest pains that make simple activities, such as walking, shaving, or taking a shower, difficult.

Research has proven that cholesterol levels are connected with heart disease. One project in Massachusetts has studied the same group of men and women since 1948. The researchers have found that the people who have high levels of cholesterol have more heart attacks.

A natural substance in the blood, cholesterol comes from the liver. The amount of cholesterol is affected by diet and by physical qualities we inherit from our parents. One kind of choleterol sticks fat to the walls of arteries, making them smaller and finally blocking them. It produces a condition called "hardening of the arteries", which causes heart attacks. With tiny cameras, doctors can see blood circulating through the

60

heart valves. Angiograms are x-rays of the heart arteries. They show fat deposits and blockages caused by high cholesterol.

Heart disease begins in children as young as 3 years old. It occurs earlier in boys than in girls. Nearly half of teenagers have some fat deposits on their artery walls. Heart disease develops faster if we have high cholesterol levels and also smoke.

What is a safe level of cholesterol? Adults have a high risk of heart attack if their cholesterol level is above 240 milligrams per deciliter of blood. Below 200 is better. In the Massachusetts study, no one with cholesterol level below 150 has ever had a heart attack. However, about half of American adults have cholesterol level above 200.

To lower our cholesterol level, we must change our eating habits. Anything that comes from an animal is high in fat and high in cholesterol. The American Heart Association National Cholesterol Education Program says that fat should be no more than 30 percent of our diet. Blood cholesterol levels start to fall after 2 to 3 weeks of following a low-cholesterol, low-fat diet.

Dietary changes alone can result in a 10 percent reduction of the everage person's cholesterol level. Aerobic exercise helps, too. Artery blockage can be reduced by as much as 40 percent through changes in diet and amount of exercise. We must educate everyone, including children in elementary schools. We must teach them responsibility for their health through classes in nutrition and aerobic exercise. For example, the smart snack is fruit. Children must be served fruit in the school cafeteria, along with low-fat meals. Schools must send recipes home with the children. Parents must include children in planning and preparing meals and shopping for food.

Adults, including persons over the age of sixty-five, can lower their cholesterol by 30 or 40 percent. It is never too late to change. One man began his health program when he was seventy-three. By the time he was seventy-seven, he had lowered his arteria blockage from 50 percent to 13 percent and his cholesterol from 320 to 145 without drugs. He went on a

61

vegetarian diet with only 10 percent fat, plus programs to reduce stress and get more exercise.

A low-cholesterol diet that cuts out most animal products and high-fat vegetables may be unfamiliar to people. The Heart Association says to use no added fat of any kind. Don't fry food in oil. Cook it in water, vinegar, or vegetable water. Learn about grains and vegetables. Avoid egg yolks (the yellow part of the egg). Eat potatoes, beans, low-fat vegetables, and fruit. People often complain about low-fat diets before they have had time to get used to them. Food can taste good without cream, butter, and salt. You can use olive oil, mustard, fresh herbs, or yogurt instead.

A new diet can cause general anxiety, when people feel worried and nervous about what is going to happen. They must learn to deal with the changes in their lives. Sometimes major changes in diet or lifestyle are easier than minor ones because the results are bigger and faster. Fast results encourage us.

How can you control the amount of fat in your diet if you eat in restaurants? Restaurants must provide healthy meals that are low in fat, salt, and cholesterol. A diet is a personal thing. Restaurant owners should not make customers feel embarrassed because they want to follow a diet that is good for them. Restaurant owners must learn to give equal service to customers on a healthy diet. Some restaurants have items on the menu marked with a heart to show that they are low in fat, cholesterol, salt, or sugar. A few restaurants serve only these recipes.

Heart disease causes one out of every four deaths in East Harlem in New York City. The East Harlem Healthy Heart Program is an educational program. It has 2 goals: to get people to change their diets and to find volunteers to help run educational activities. One way it educates is by street shows. Actors wear costumes and carry big pieces of plastic fat. They entertain so people will listen. Groups of children perform songs and dances that educate people about heart disease and diet.

62

Volunteers lead walking and exercise groups to show people how to begin exercising.

Volunteers also stand in supermarkets to suggest healthy food choices to shoppers. The volunteers have shoppers taste two kinds of milk to see which tastes better. Most people are surprised that the low- fat milk tastes better than the whole milk. Shoppers are encourged to buy low-fat milk instead of whole milk.

Education costs money, but it also brings results. In 1983, only 35 percent of the American public knew their cholesterol levels. By 1990, 65 percent of the people had had theirs checked.

People feel better if they lower their cholesterol through diet. Healthy people are more confident. They are more attactive to themselves, as well as to others. Their friends stare at them because they look so healthy.

We can prevent heart disease by living a healthful lifestyle and eating the right kind of diet. If people don't do this, two out of three men amd women in America will eventually get heart diseases.

I. Word study

cholesterol (n) / kƏ`lestƏrɔl / chÊt colesteron

risk (n) / risk / nguy c¬, rñi ro

exaggerated (adj) / ig`zædʒƏreitid / th¸i qu¸, cêng ®iÖu

substance (n) /`sʌbstƏns / chÊt

to inherit (v) / in`herit / thõa kÕ, di truyÒn

to stick (v) /stik / c¾m, ®©m, d¸n

hardening of the arteries

/`ha:dniŋ Əv i: `a:tƏri:z /

s¬ cøng ®éng m¹ch

valve (n) / vælv / van

angiogram (n) / æn`dʒaiougræm / phim tia x m¹ch

63

deposit (n) / di`pɔzit / líp l¾ng ®äng

blockage (n) /`blɔkidʒ / t¾c nghÏn

deciliter (n) /`desili:tƏ / ®Òxilit

reduction (n) / ri`dʌk∫n / sù gi¶m bít

aerobic (adj) / eƏ`roubik / (thuéc) thÓ dôc nhÞp ®iÖu

elementary school (n)

/ eli`mentri sku:l / trêng tiÓu häc

responsibility (n) / rispɔnsƏ`bilƏti / tr¸ch nhiÖm

nutrition (n) / nju:`tri∫n / dinh dìng

snack (n) / snæk / b÷a ¨n nhÑ, quà

cafeteria (n) / kæfƏ`tiƏriƏ / nhà ¨n tù phôc vô

recipe (n) /`resƏpi / c«ng thøc (nÊu ¨n ...)

vegetarian(n) / vedʒiteƏriƏn / ngêi ¨n chay

unfamiliar ( to smb)(adj)

/ ʌnfƏ`miliƏ / xa l¹ (®èi víi ai)

added (adj) / ædid / thªm, bæ sung

grain (n) / grein / ngò cèc, mÔ cèc

vinegar (n) /`vinigƏ / giÊm

egg yolk (n) / eg jouk / lßng ®á trøng

to complain (about) (v)

/ kƏm`plein / kªu ca, than phiÒn

olive oil (n) /`ɔliv ɔil / dÇu «liu

mustard (n) /`mʌstƏd / mï t¹t

to deal (with) (v) / di:l / gi¶i quyÕt, ®Ò cËp, xö lý

to encourage (v) / in`kʌridʒ / ®éng viªn, khÝch lÖ

embarrassed (adj) / im`bærƏst / bèi rèi, lóng tóng

to get smb to do smt

khiÕn ai lµm g×

64

costume (n) /`kɔstju:m / trang phôc, ¸o quÇn

to entertain (v) / entƏ`tein / tiÕp ®·i, mua vui

to stare (v) / steƏ / nh×n ch»m ch»m, ng¾m nh×n

eventually (adv) / i`vent∫uƏli / rèt cuéc, cuèi cïng

II. Gap - filling

Choose one suitable word in the box and fill in the gap of each sentence below.

confidence

anxiety stare herbs aerobic risk

encouraged

valve unfamiliar inherited personal snack

factor suggestion

deal with complains

attractive

reduction

service angiogram

exaggerated

cholesterol

recipe stress

1. John's parents........................................ him to stay in school even though his grades were not very good.

2. ......................... exercise is good for the heart.

3. Is it impolite to ask someone ............................... questions?

4. Students often suffer from ..........................before an exam.

5. Some people are ............................ with a low-fat diet.

6. Mark ........................... red hair from his mother.

7. Is it impolite to ....................at people?

8. I'm hungry now, but it's 2 hours until dinner. I think I'll have a ....................

65

9. Open the ............................ so the water will flow freely through the pipes.

10. If you are sure of yourself, you have ..........................in yourself.

11. Most television stars are ...........................

12. ........................ occurs naturally in the blood.

13. A .............................in how much fat you eat might make you healthier.

14. One of the students made a good ........................... for what we could do in the International Day program.

15. It is difficult to ..........................a child who doesn't behave well.

16. Smoking is a .............................in many diseases of the heart and lungs.

17. Tom said he earned $1000 a week, but he is really paid only $800. He ......................

18. The doctor wants my mother to have an ........................ to see if her arteries are blocked.

19. This restaurant has good food, but the ........................ is low.

20. The ..........................of running away from the dog was too much for the old man, and he had a heart attack.

III. Match the words with the definition.

1. Nervous ............................. a. length of time

2. Period ................................ b. at the same time

3. Habit ................................. c. stage

4. Meanwhile ........................ d. act in response to something

5. Fever ................................. e. grind

6. Pregnant ............................ f. hit

7. Location ............................ g. watch

8. Strike ................................. h. die in water

66

9. React ................................. i. anxious

10. Drown ............................... j. usual action

11. Solar .................................. k. high body temperature

12. Observe ............................. l. of the sun

m. place

n. going to become a mother

IV. True(T)/False(F)/Not enough(NE) information

....... 1. Around 500,000 Americans die each year from heart disease.

....... 2. More than twice as many people had their blood cholesterol

levels checked in 1990 as in 1983.

....... 3. Smoking can be a risk factor for heart disease.

....... 4. No direct relationship has been proven between high cholesterol

levels and heart attacks.

........5. Girls have no risk of heart disease.

........6. Low-fat diets always taste bad.

....... 7. Children should learn more responsibility for eating healthy food.

........8. People usually feel good about going on a new diet.

....... 9. It can be easier to change our diet a lot than change it a little.

......10. Old people shouldn't bother to change their eating habits

because it's too late for it to do them any good.

......11. Most people think that whole milk tastes better than low-fat milk.

V. Comprehension Questions

1. What are some symptoms of heart disease?

67

................................................................................................................................

2. What is "hardening of the arteries"? How is it connected with high cholesterol?

...............................................................................................................................

3. Why are angiograms useful?

...............................................................................................................................

4. At what age does heart disease start?

...............................................................................................................................

5. What level of cholesterol is believed to be safe?

...............................................................................................................................

6. How long does it take for cholesterol levels to start to drop?

...............................................................................................................................

7. How can schools help teach children healthy eating habits?

...............................................................................................................................

8. How can parents help teach children healthy eating habits?

...............................................................................................................................

9. What are some ways to reduce fat in your diet?

...............................................................................................................................

10. Describe the East Harlem Healthy Heart Program.

...............................................................................................................................

68

VI. These words have more than one meaning. Circle the

letter of the best meanings of the bold word. Choose the

meanings of the words as they are used in these sentences.

1. Mr. Becker has worked in the field of computer science for 10 years.

a. an area of specialization

b. a place where animals or plants are raised

c. the place where baseball is played

2. Carolyn is often late for class because she has to walk so far from her

apartment.

a. until now

b. such for a long distance

c. far enough

3. There are 2.2 pounds in a kilo.

a. the unit of Enghlish money

b. hits or strikes

c. a unit of weight

4. Trappers sometimes cure the skins of the animals they catch before they sell them.

a. dry and prepare for use

b. make better

c. a kind of medicine

5. The current value of gold is $321.

a. The movement of electricity

b. at this time

c. the movement of a stream of water in the ocean

6. I know that it isn't so

a. very

b. too

69

c. true

7. Ali and Muhammed live in a large apartment complex near the university.

a. related group of building

b. complicated

c. anxiety

Lesson nine

ON MIGRAINE HEADACHE AND

HYPERTENSIVE HEADACHEAlthough migraine was described in the first century A.D. and

despite the fact that migraine has been termed the commonest complaint of civilized man, it is only in recent years that its pathophysiology has been extensively investigated.

There are several reasons for the slow accumulation of knowledge concerning migraine. Pain is a subjective sensation which is difficult to measure. Migraine is usually a benign and self-limited disease; hence the lack of autopsy material for study is met with. A large proportion of patients with this complaint fail to consult a physician, presumably preferring to coexist with the intermittent discomfort of their headaches while relying on numerous omnipresent proprietary remedies for relief of pain.

Migraine is characterized not only by headache, but also by anorexia, nausea, photophobia, vomiting, weight gain, and fluid retention.

Some observations about vascular headache of the migraine type can be set down with a fair degree of certainty. In the first place migraine, or at least the tendency to migraine, occurs in families.

70

The headache is often presaged by phenomena produced by vasoconstriction of cranial blood vessels. In some fashion, this initial brief period of vasoconstriction is replaced by a prolonged phase of dilatation of the cranial arteries; this is the painful stage of headache that may be relieved by vasoconstrictor agents.

Migraine is commonly evoked by periods of prolonged wakefulness and extraordinary effort or by prolonged anxiety. It may be produced by medications that stimulate one or another of the subcortical systems.

Descriptions of the so-called hypertensive headache have varied greatly, and although certain characteristics have been emphasized repeatedly, no specific symptom complex has been elaborated. Despite these defects in our knowledge, the relief of headache in the hypertensive individual has been used as a criterion for a good result whenever any new therapy or procedure has been introduced for the treatment of elevated blood pressure.

I. WORD STUDY

migraine (n) / 'migrein / chøng ®au nöa ®Çu

hypertensive (adj) / 'haipƏ:'tensiv / (thuéc) chøng cao huyÕt ¸p.

to describe (v) / dis'kraib / m« t¶

despite (prep) / dis'pait / bÊt chÊp, mÆc dï

complaint (n) / kƏm'pleint / bÖnh, sù ®au, than phiÒn

civilized (adj) / 'si:vilaizd / cã v¨n hãa, v¨n minh

pathophysiology (n) / 'pæ Ə,fizi'ɔlƏdzi / sinh lý bÖnh

to investigate (v) / in'vestigeit / ®iÒu tra, nghiªn cøu

accumulation (n) / Ə,kju:mju'lei∫n / sù tÝch luü

concerning (prep) / kƏn'sƏ: niŋ / vÒ, vÒ viÖc

71

subjective (adj) / sʌb'dʒektiv / chñ quan

sensation (n) / sen'sei∫n / c¶m gi¸c

benign (adj) / bi'nain / nhÑ (bÖnh), lµnh (u)

self-limited disease / self limitid / bÖnh tù khái

hence (adv) / hens / do ®ã

autopsy (n) / 'ɔ:tɔpsi / gi¶i phÉu thi thÓ

material (n) / mƏ'tiƏriƏl / tµi liÖu, bÖnh phÈm

proportion (n) / prƏ'pɔ :∫n / phÇn, tû lÖ

to consult (v) / kƏn'sʌlt / ®i kh¸m bÖnh, hái ý kiÕn

presumably (adv) / pri'zju:mƏbli / cã thÓ ®o¸n chõng

to coexist (v) / kouig'zist / cïng tån t¹i, chung sèng

intermittent (adj) / intƏ'mitƏnt / tõng c¬n, tõng håi

discomfort (n) / dis'kʌmfƏt / sù khã chÞu

to rely (v) / ri'lai / tin, tin cËy, dùa vµo

numerous (adj) / 'nju: mƏrƏs / nhiÒu, ®«ng

omnipresent (adj) / ' mni'preznt / có mặt ở khắp nơi

proprietary (adj) / prƏ'praiƏtƏri / biÖt dîc, thuèc t

remedy (n) / remidi / thuèc

anorexia (n) / ænou'reksiƏ / chøng biÕng ¨n, chøng ch¸n ¨n

photophobia (n) / 'foutƏ'foubiƏ / chøng sî ¸nh s¸ng

weight gain (n) / gein / sù t¨ng c©n

retention (n) / ri' ten∫n / sù bÝ (®¸i), sù gi÷ l¹i

fluid retention / flu:id / sù gi÷ níc

vascular (adj) / 'væskjulƏ / (thuéc) m¹ch

to set down ghi l¹i, chÐp l¹i

fair (adj) / fεƏ / kh¸, hîp lÝ

in the first place tríc hÕt, tríc nhÊt

to presage (v) / 'presidʒ / b¸o tríc

vasoconstriction (n) / veizou kƏn 'strik∫n / sù co th¾t m¹ch

72

vasoconstrictor agent thuèc co m¹ch

cranial (adj) / 'kreiniƏl / (thuéc) sä

in some fashion / 'fæ∫n / ë mét møc ®é nµo ®ã

brief (adj) / bri:f / ng¾n, v¾n t¾t

prolonged (adj) / prƏ'lɔŋd / kÐo dµi

wakefulness (n) / 'weikfulnis / sù mÊt ngñ, sù kh«ng ngñ ®îc

extraordinary (adj) / iks'trɔ:dnri / ®Æc biÖt, l¹ thêng

effort (n) / 'efƏt / sù cè g¾ng

anxiety (n) / æŋ 'zaiƏti / sù lo l¾ng, mèi lo

subcortical (adj) / sʌb'kɔ:tikƏl / díi vá n·o

description (n) / dis'krip∫n / sù m« t¶

so-called (adj) / sou'kɔ:ld / c¸i gäi lµ

dilatation (n) / dai lei'tei∫n / sù gi·n, sù në

to evoke (v) / i'vouk / g©y ra, gîi lªn

to emphasize (v) / 'emfƏsaiz / nhÊn m¹nh

repeatedly (adj) / ri'pi:tidli / nhiÒu lÇn, nh¾c ®i nh¾c l¹i

complex (n) / 'kɔmpleks / mét tËp hîp, phøc hÖ

defect (n) / di'fekt / thiÕu sãt, nhîc ®iÓm

criterion (n) / krai'tiƏriƏn / tiªu chuÈn

to introduce (v) / intrƏ'dju:s / ®a vµo

quanrantine / 'kwɔrƏntin / thêi gian c¸ch ly

one or another of the subcortical systems : vïng nµy hay vïng kh¸c díi vá n·o

specific symptom complex: Héi chøng ®Æc trng


1. When was migraine described first?

......................................................................................................

............................

73

2. How has it (migraine) been termed?

......................................................................................................

............................

3. When was its pathophysiology extensively investigated?

......................................................................................................

............................

4. What is the reason for the slow accumulation of knowledge concerning migraine?

......................................................................................................

............................

5. Why do patients with migraine fail to consult a physician?

......................................................................................................

............................

6. What is migraine characterized by?

......................................................................................................

............................

7. What is migraine commonly evoked by?

......................................................................................................

............................

8. What can you say about the so-called hypertensive headache?

......................................................................................................

............................

9. Has any specific symptom complex concerning hypertensive headache elaborated?

......................................................................................................

............................

10. What has been used as a criterion for a good result in the treatment for hypertensive headache?

......................................................................................................

............................III. Translate into Vietnamese.

74

1. Migraine has been termed the commonest complaint of civilized man.

......................................................................................................

............................

2. The pathophysiology of migraine has been extensively investigated.

......................................................................................................

............................

3. Descriptions of the so-called hypertensive headache have varied greatly and

its characteristics have been emphasized repeatedly.

......................................................................................................

............................

......................................................................................................

............................

4. The relief of headache in the hypertensive individual has been used as a

criterion for a good result of the treatment.

......................................................................................................

......................................................................................................

........................................................

5. Quarantine is the limitation of freedom of movement of persons who have been exposed to communicable diseases.

......................................................................................................

............................

......................................................................................................

............................

6. Shocked patients who have resumed (= have begun again) breathing often later stop breathing and must therefore be watched closely.

......................................................................................................

............................

75

......................................................................................................

............................

7. After the operation had been performed the patient was taken to the ward.

......................................................................................................

............................

8. Before the operation began the instruments had been thoroughly boiled.

......................................................................................................

............................

9. The operation will have been finished by 12 o’clock.

......................................................................................................

............................


1. It is known that pain is a subjective…………. which is difficult…………….

2. Migraine has been termed the commonest……………....of civilized man.

3. There are some reasons for the slow…………. of knowledge………….... migraine.

4. Patients with headache………….to consult a physician, preferring to rely on ………………remedies for ……………… of pain.

5. Migraine, or at least ……………… to migraine occurs in……………..

6. A new procedure has been introduced for……………. of blood pressure.

7. Migraine may be produced by…………………..

V. Translate into English.

76

1. Chøng ®au nöa ®Çu kh«ng chØ cã triÖu chøng ®Æc trng lµ ®au ®Çu mµ cßn cã triÖu chøng ®Æc trng lµ buån n«n, sî ¸nh s¸ng, n«n, t¨ng c©n, vµ gi÷ níc.

……………………………………………………………………………..............

……………………………………………………………………………..............

2. Nh÷ng bÖnh nh©n migren Ýt khi (seldom) ®Õn b¸c sÜ kh¸m bÖnh.

……………………………………………………………………………..............

3. Chøng ®au nöa ®Çu, hay Ýt nhÊt xu híng m¾c chøng ®au nöa ®Çu thêng xuÊt hiÖn ë nh÷ng ngêi cã cïng huyÕt thèng.

……………………………………………………………………………..............

……………………………………………………………………………..............

4. Phô n÷ m¾c chøng ®au nöa ®Çu nhiÒu h¬n nam giíi.

......................................................................................................

............................

Lesson ten

77

DISEASES AND INJURIES OF THE SKULL

CONCUSSION OF THE BRAIN. In severe head injury, for example, blows on the head, the head striking against the pavement during a fall in the street, a fall from a height, etc., very frequently no injuries to the skull are found, but the patient develops a characteristic picture of concussion of the brain.

Concussion of the brain being one of the most serious results of trauma, those who are nearby must seek immediate medical help.

At the moment the injury is sustained or immediately after it, the patient loses consciousness. He produces the impression of a person who is fast asleep, breathing evenly and deeply, answering no questions and not reacting to light stimuli. This condition is frequently accompanied by vomiting and involuntary urination and lasts several minutes, half an hour, and sometimes longer. Then the patient gradually recovers consciousness, but often feels weak and dizzy, has a headache and buzzing in the ears. Having regained consciousness the patient cannot recall what happened. Complete unconsciousness at the moment the injury is sustained; vomiting and amnesia are the most characteristic signs of concussion of the brain.

CONTUSION OF THE BRAIN. In contusions of the brain multiple hemorrhages are observed at points corresponding to the side of the blow or on the opposite side. In addition to hemorrhages, crushing of the brain substance with subsequent softening of its tissue is possible. This picture of the disease at first resembles that of concussion of the brain, but the phenomena do not disappear within a few days as they do in cases of concussion of the brain, but increase and focal symptoms appear (paresis, paralyses,

78

convulsive twitchings). Contusions of the brain run different courses depending on the localization and extent of destruction of the brain tissue. Patients with contusion of the brain must be ensured complete rest for a long period of time and must be administered sedatives, the treatment and care of them being generally the same, as in concussion of the brain.

I. WORD STUDY

concussion (n) / kƏn'kʌ∫n / chÊn ®éng

concussion of the brain

chÊn ®éng n·o

blow (n) / blou / (có) ®¸nh, ®Ëp, gi¸ng

to strike against (v) / straik / ®Ëp vµo, va vµo

a fall from a height ng· tõ trªn cao xuèng

consciousness (n) / 'kɔn∫Əsnis / ý thøc, tri gi¸c

to lose consciousness mÊt ý thøc, mª

to be fast asleep ngñ thiÕp ®i nhanh

evenly (adv) / 'i:vƏnli / ®Òu ®Òu, ®Òu

to seek (v) / si:k / ®i t×m

to react (v) / ri:'ækt / ph¶n øng l¹i

urination (n) / juƏri'nei∫n / (sù) ®i ®¸i, ®i tiÓu

involuntary urination / in'vɔlƏntri / ®¸i dÇm dÒ

to recall (v) / ri'kɔ:l / nhí l¹i

amnesia (n) / æm'ni:ziƏ / chøng quªn

contusion (n) / kƏn'tju:ʒn / chÊn dËp

contusion of the brain chÊn dËp n·o

multiple hemorrhages ch¶y m¸u nhiÒu chç

point (n) / pɔint / ®iÓm, chç

crushing (n) / 'krʌ∫iŋ / sù dËp n¸t

79

brain substance / 'sʌbstƏns / chÊt n·o

softening (n) / 'sɔfƏniŋ / nhòn, nhuyÔn

subsequent / 'subsikwƏnt / sau ®ã, ®Õn sau

to resemble (v) / ri'zembl / gièng víi, gièng nh

focal symptoms: / 'foukƏl / triÖu chøng t¹i chç

paresis (n) / pƏ'ri:sis 'pærisis /

liÖt nhÑ

paralysis (n)(pl.-ses) / pƏ'rælisis / tª liÖt

convulsive (adj) / kƏn'vʌlsiv / (thuéc) co giËt

convulsive twitching / 'twit∫iŋ / chøng co giËt

to run different courses

/ 'kɔ:siz / tiÕn triÓn kh¸c nhau

extent (n) / iks'tent / ph¹m vi, møc ®é

destruction (n) / dis'trʌk∫n / (sù) ph¸ hñy

to ensure (v) / in'∫uƏ / b¶o ®¶m

sedative (n) / 'sedƏtiv / thuèc gi¶m ®au

to have buzzing in the ears

/ bʌziŋ/ ï tai

to recover or to regain consciousness (v) tØnh l¹i

to seek immediate medical help : t×m thÇy thuèc cÊp cøu

a most serious result : mét hËu qu¶ rÊt trÇm träng


1. When does a patient develop concussion of the brain?

...................................................................................................

2. What must those who are nearby do in case of an accident (head injury)?

...................................................................................................

3. When does the patient lose consciousness?

...................................................................................................

80

4. What impression does he produce?

...................................................................................................

5. What is this condition frequently accompanied by?

...................................................................................................

6. How long does this condition last?

...................................................................................................

7. How does the patient feel (after) having regained consciousness?

...................................................................................................

8. What are the most characteristic signs of concussion of the brain?

...................................................................................................

9. What is observed in contusions of the brain?

...................................................................................................

10. What does the picture of contusion of the brain resemble at first?

...................................................................................................

11. Why do contusions of the brain run different courses?

...................................................................................................

12. What are the treatment and care of patients with concussion and contusion of the brain?

...................................................................................................


1. Concussion and contusion of the brain being a very serious result of trauma, persons with head injuries must be given immediate attention.

……………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………..........

81

2. Having lost consciousness, the injured man produced the impression of a person being fast asleep.

……………………………………………………………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………….........

3. Having regained consciousness, the patient could not recall what had happened.

…………………………………………………………………………………......

4. Complete unconsciousness at the moment of injury being a sign of a serious trauma, those who are nearby must seek immediate medical help.

………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………..........

5. Contusion of the brain running different courses, patients with such a trauma must be ensured complete rest for a long period of time.

……………………………………………………………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………….........

6. Ensured complete rest and treatment with sedatives, the above mentioned patients will recover completely.

……………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………..........

7. When the temperature of the body rises above normal the condition then existing is known as fever, and it is usually accompanied by quickened pulse and respiration, and disordered secretions.

……………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………..

82

……………………………………………………………………………..............

8. The onset of fevers may be abrunt or gradual, those of sudden onset being frequently characterized by chills, acute pain, headache, and sometimes accompanied by vomiting, while those of gradual onset are characterized by headache, uneasiness, weariness, loss of appetite, general malaise, etc., as well as by chilly sensations.

……………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………......................

IV. Translate into English.

1. Trong chÊn dËp ®Çu thêng kh«ng thÊy th¬ng tÝch ë sä nhng bÖnh nh©n ph¸t triÓn bÖnh c¶nh ®Æc trng cña chÊn ®éng n·o.

……………………………………………………………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………….........

2. Trong chÊn ®éng n·o, bÖnh nh©n thêng bÞ mª man; sau khi tØnh bÖnh nh©n kh«ng thÓ nhí l¹i nh÷ng c¸i ®· x¶y ra.

……………………………………………………………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………….........

3. BÖnh c¶nh cña chÊn dËp n·o lóc ®Çu gièng nh bÖnh c¶nh cña chÊn ®éng n·o.

…………………………………………………………………………………......

4. Nh÷ng trêng hîp chÊn dËp n·o tiÕn triÓn kh¸c nhau.

83

…………………………………………………………………………………......

V. GAP - FILLING

The patient who has (1).................. a crushing injury often has other severe injuries. In addition (2)................tissue damage from compression, he will die from shock (3)....................lost plasma and blood are replaced promptly. At the same (4)................, pain and anxiety should be (5).................by the administration of suitable drugs.

There are some patients with injuries to the nose. The frequent injuries to the nose are fractures of the nasal (6).......................... . Signs of (7)....................... of the nasal bones are pain in the region of the bridge of the nose, hemorrhage from the (8)........................ and its deformation. The wounds of the soft parts of the head and face are very dangerous because (9)....................the rich blood supply to the face and the skin of the skull. The basic method of treating such wounds consists in an operation and suturing as soon after the injuries as (10)..................

84

Lesson eleven

Cigarette smoking

and chronic bronchitis Almost without exception, available literature suggests

association of cigarette smoking with chronic bronchitis. Accumulating evidence indicates that one of the major causes of chronic bronchitis is smoking, some mention is also made of an increased incidence of respiration illness in smokers.

Of 150 patients seen with chronic bronchitis, 143 were cigarette smokers, most of them were heavy smokers from an early age. Of the 60 who stopped smoking, 44 noted complete, or almost complete relief from coughing or striking improvement in coughing after smoking had been stopped.

These 44 evidenced a lower mortality rate during the 20 years after the onset of their dyspnea than did the 83 who continued to smoke.

The incidence of chronic bronchitis is appreciably less in women than in men, presumably because of considerable difference in their past smoking habits.

85

Emphysematous subjects are especially vulnerable to bronchial irritants, smoking tends to aggravate their airway resistance.

Human lung and bronchial tissues obtained from habitual cigarette smokers show considerably more pathologic changes at postmortem examination than do those from nonsmokers or ex-smokers. Application of cigarette smoke condensate to the bronchial mucosa of laboratory dogs caused similar pathologic changes.

All patients are admonished to stop smoking. Numerous techniques are utilized, always including a frank statement that smoking is unquestionably harmful. But success in stopping smoking is low. More than 90 million persons in America use tobacco in one form or another (pipes, cigars), approximately 72 million of them smoke cigarettes.

With all of the publicity, it is hardly likely that anyone is unaware that there is a great deal of evidence that smoking may be hazardous to health. Nevertheless, the overwhelming majority of these people continue to smoke and it cannot be expected that they will give up smoking, even if cigarette package contains a warning, “Smoking may impair your health”.

I. Word study

cigarette (n) / sigƏ'ret / thuốc lá ®iÕu

exception (n) / ik'sep∫n / ngoµi ra, ngoại lệ

literature (n) / 'litrƏt∫Ə, 'litƏrit∫Ə / tài liệu

association (n) / Əsousi'ei∫n / mối liên quan, liên đới

accumulating (adj) / Ə'kiu:mjuleitiŋ / chồng chất

accumulating evidence

những chứng cớ chồng chất

mention(n/v) / 'men∫n / đề cập, nói đến

striking (adj) / 'straikiŋ / nổi bật, rõ rệt

86

to evidence (v) / 'evidƏns / chứng minh, cho thấy

mortality (n) / mƏ:'tƏliti / số tử vong

mortality rate / reit / tỉ lệ tử vong

appreciably (adv) / Ə'pri:∫iƏbli / rõ rệt

emphysematous (adj)

/ emfi'si:mƏtƏs / (thuộc ) khí thùng

subject (n) / 'sʌbdʒikt / người, ®èi tîng

vulnerable(adj) / 'vʌlnƏrƏbl / dễ bị tổn thương

irritant(n) / 'iritƏnt / chất kích thích

to tend(n) / tend / có khuynh hướng

to aggravate(v) / 'ægrƏveit / làm nặng thêm, trầm trọng thêm

airway(n) / 'εƏwei / khí đạo

resistance(n) / ri'zistƏns / sức cản, c¶n trë

habitual(adj) / hæ'bitjuƏl / nghiện nặng, thường xuyên

smoker(n) / 'smoukƏ / người nghiện thuốc lá

nonsmoker(n) / 'nƏn 'smoukƏ / người không nghiện thuốc lá

ex-smoker(n) / 'eks 'smoukƏ / người đã bỏ thuốc lá

postmortem(adj) / 'poust'mɔ:tƏm / sau khi chết

application(n) / æpli'kei∫n / sự bồi vào, sự đắp vào

mucosa(n) / mju'kousƏ / niêm mạc, mµng nhµy

to admonish(v) / Əd'mɔni∫ / khuyên răn, răn bảo

technique(n) / tek'ni:k / thủ thuật, phương pháp, kỹ thuật

to utilize(v) / 'ju:tilaiz / dùng, sử dụng

frank(adj) / fræŋk / thẳng, bộc trực

statement / 'steitmƏnt / lêi tuyªn bè, lêi nãi

unquestionably(adv)

/ ʌn'kwet∫ƏnƏbli / kh«ng cßn nghi ngê

tobacco(n) / tƏ'bækou / thuốc lá

pipe(n) / paip / tẩu thuốc

87

cigar(n) / si'ga: / điếu xì gà

publicity(n) / pʌb'lisiti / sự tuyên truyền rộng rãi

unaware(adj) / ʌnƏ'wεƏ / không biết, không hay

nevertheless(adv) / nevƏðƏ'les / tuy nhiên, tuy thế mà

to expect(v) / inks'pekt / mong, trông mong, chờ đợi

package(n) / 'pækidʒ / bao, gói, kiện

warning(n) / 'wɔ:niŋ / lời răn, lời báo trước

to impair(v) / im'pεƏ / làm suy yếu

hazardous / 'hæzƏdƏs / may rñi

overwhelming (adj)

/ ouvƏ'welmiŋ / ¸p ®¶o, lÊn ¸t

Almost without exception …..... hầu nh kh«ng cã ngo¹i lÖ

smoke cigarette condensate(n) / kƏn'densƏt / ni-cô-tin


1. What is one of the major causes of chronic bronchitis? In whom can one observe an increased incidence of respiratory illness?

……………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………..........

2. How many patients with chronic bronchitis were examined?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

3. How many of them were cigarette smokers?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

4. Who of them noted relief from coughing?

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…………………………………………………………………………………......

5. In whom men or women is the incidence of chronic bronchitis less and why?

……………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………..........

6. What persons are specially vulnerable to bronchial irritants?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

7. What do lung and bronchial tissues obtained from cigarette smokers show?

…………………………………………………………………………………......

8. Can it be expected that people will give up smoking because it is harmful?

…………………………………………………………………………………......


1. It is certain that smoking is associated with chronic bronchitis.

…………………………………………………………………………………......

2. Having stopped smoking, my patients noted a striking improvement in coughing.

.……………………………………………………………………….....................

......................................................................................................

............................

3. The incidence of chronic bronchitis is less in women because of considerable difference in their past smoking habits.

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……………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………..............

4. Smoking is unquestionably harmful, but success in stopping smoking is low.

…………………………………………………………………………………......

5. The rule of making a thorough examination of the chest daily until the diagnosis is clear should be followed in all cases of acute illness.

……………………………………………………………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………….........

6. The communicable diseases transmitted by the nose and mouth discharges are largely spread by coughing and sneezing.

……………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………..........

7. Great care must be taken to never cough or sneeze in the presence of other persons without first covering the mouth and nose.

……………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………..........

8. Flies may transmit many diseases by having access to discharges containing infectious microorganisms.

……………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………..........

IV. GAP - FILLING

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Fill in each of the blanks in the passage with only one word from the box.

between people disease on pay

which who smoking from money

another costs could paying to

wages connected

smoke back and

The diseases (1)................ to smoking are a big problem. Doctors think that the annual medical cost for lung cancer, heart (2)............... and other illnesses connected to smoking is (3)....................12 and 35 million pounds.

And smoking (4) ...............society money in other ways. (5)...................27 to 61 billion pounds are spent each year on sick days when (6)................don't go to work, on wages that you don't get when you don't go to work, and (7)..............work lost at the company when you are sick.

This money counts the wages from people (8)...............die of cancer at young age and stop (9)................taxes. This does not count fire started by cigarettes, (10)...............kill fifteen hundred people yearly and injure (11).................four thousand. Smoking costs every man, woman and child in the UK from one hundred (12)...............ten to two hundred and fifty pounds each year in the lost work and (13).................when you add another fifty to one hundred and fifty pounds yearly in insurance cost, that comes to one hundred and sixty to four hundred and ten pounds. If every one stopped (14) .................., a family(15)...........have up to one thousand six hundred and forty pounds more a year.

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Lesson twelve

Transplants - New body partsToday, doctors are able to replace sick organs with

operations. Surgeons take healthy parts from one human body and put them into another. These organs are transplants. There are two kinds of medical transplants: tissue transplants and organ transplants. Examples of tissue transplants are skin, bone and the cornea of the eye. Organ transplants include kidney, heart, lung, and liver.

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Skin and cornea transplants are very common and very successful. Surgeons have performed skin transplants for hundreds of years. In 600 B.C., Hindu surgeons in India were probably the first surgeons to transplant skin. Today, people with serious burns often have skin transplants. The surgeon usually uses the patient’s own skin. Skin from other people often does not help.

Many blind patients can see again because of cornea transplantation cornea is the clear, outer cover of the eye. Some kinds of blindness occur when the cornea becomes cloudy. A cornea transplant provides a new, clear cornea.

There are many kidney transplant operations, and they are often successful. The donor kidney may come from someone in the patient’s family. When the donor comes from the patient’s own family, there is an 80 percent chance of success. When the donor is not from the patient’s family, the body more often does not accept the kidney, and the rate of success is only 50 percent.

All organ transplants are difficult to perform successfully. Consequently, surgeons perform them only when the patient is dying. However, when the operation is successful, the patient can live an almost normal life.

Organ transplants are not easy. There are several major problems. First, the doctor must have a donor. A donor is a person who gives an organ for an operation. Donor organs may come from people who have just died or are still alive and well. Heart or lung donors must be people who have died, but who had healthy hearts and lungs.

Another transplant problem is the danger of infection. When surgeons operate, bacteria enter the body and cause infection. The third problem is rejection. The human body naturally rejects, or does not accept, tissue from another body. The blood produces antibodies, which kill the new tissue. Rejection of the new tissue or organ is the major reason for the failure of

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transplant operations. Doctors are developing drugs that will stop rejection and increase the number of successful operations.

Dr. Christian Barnard performed the first heart transplant in 1967 in South Africa. Since then, there have been many successful operations. A number of patients have lived for more than four years after successful surgery.

Kidney and heart transplants are successful due to and lung machines and kidney machines, which keep patients alive during the operation. A kidney machine is a large machine that works like a real kidney because it clears the blood. Patients must use it several times a week. Until 1982, surgeons used heart and lung machines only during operations. However, in 1982, Dr. Barney Clark of Salt Lake city, Utah, received the first artificial heart. It was nothing like the large heart and lung machines, which surgeons used for operations. It was a small, plastic pump. Dr. Clark lived for about four months after the operation with the artificial heart inside him.

Transplant surgery has helped many people. It has saved people with bad burns. It has helped blind people to see again. It has saved the lives of people who have kidney and heart diseases. There are problems with transplant surgery, but doctors are finding new ways to solve them. There will certainly be more successful transplant surgery in the future.

I. WORD STUDY

transplant (v,n) / trænsplænt / cÊy ghÐp

transplantation (n) / trænsplæn'tei∫n / sù cÊy ghÐp

tissue (n) / 'ti∫u: / m«

cornea (n) / 'kɔ:niƏ / gi¸c m¹c

donor (n) / 'dounƏ / ngêi hiÕn, ngêi cho

recipient (n) / risipiƏnt / ngêi nhËn

accept (v) / æk'sept / chÊp nhËn

consequently (adv) / 'kɔnsƏkwentli / bëi vËy, kÕt qu¶ lµ

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infection (n) / infek∫n / sù nhiÔm trïng

rejection (n) / ridʒek∫n / sù ®µo th¶i

antibody (n) / 'æntibɔdi / kh¸ng thÓ

failure (n) / 'feiljƏ / sù thÊt b¹i

due to (adv) / dju: tu: / nhê, bëi

machine (n) / mƏ'∫i:n / m¸y

pump (n,v) / pʌmp / b¬m

artificial (adj) / a:tifi∫l / nh©n t¹o

naturally (adv) / 'næt∫ƏrƏli / tù nhiªn

II. WHAT IS THE MAIN IDEA ?

Put a circle in front of the main idea of “Transplants - New Body Parts”

a. The first skin transplant was in 600 BC.

b. Organ and tissue transplants help sick people in many ways.

c. Kidney and heart machines keep patients alive during operation.

d. Transplant surgery has helped many people.

III. HAVE YOU UNDERSTOOD THE READING ?

Write T by the true statements and F by the false statements. Do not look at the reading.

……1. Surgeons transplant many parts of the body.

…....2. The first skin transplant was in the United States.

……3. People with bad burns have skin transplants.

……4. A blind person who has a successful cornea transplant can see again.

……5. Donor organs are always artificial.

……6. Machines cause problems for transplant operations.

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……7. Heart and lung machines keep patients alive during operations.

……8. There will never be an artificial heart.

……9. Transplants save people’s lives.

……10. All transplant operations are successful.

IV. HAVE YOU UNDERSTOOD THESE WORDS IN CONTEXT ?Circle the meaning for the underlined words. Do not

use your dictionary. If you are not sure, go back to the reading for more context.

1. Some kinds of blindness occur when the cornea becomes cloudy.

a. prevent b. protect c. happen d. treat2. A cloudy cornea causes blindness. A transplant gives the blind person a new, clear cornea.

a. old b. clear c. not cleard. new

3. An artificial heart is a machine. a. real b. mechanical c. donor d.

transplant4. Surgeons perform many operations to transplant parts of the body.

a. assist b. educate c. harm d. do5. A lung transplant provides the patient with a new lung.

a. causes b. checks c. gives d. injures6. The human body rejects, or does not accept, tissue from another person.

a. does not accept b. does not eject c. accepts d. keeps7. Because cornea transplants are usually successful, there have been a number of them.

a. few b. many c. not many d. two

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8. Heart and lung machines keep heart patients alive during operations.

a. living b. dead c. happy d. awake9. Organ transplants are not always successful. Consequently, surgeons perform them only when the patient is dying.

a. but b. and c. or d. so

V. TIME EXPRESSIONSRead the following sentences. Pay attention to the

verb and its tense. Circle the time expression that goes with the verb.1. Dr. Barnard performed the first heart transplant ......................

a. about twenty years ago

b. since 1967

c. nowd. until now

2. Doctors are finding ways to solve these problems......................

a. five years agob. since 1980

c. nowd. until now

3. Transplant surgery has helped many people......................a. two years agob. in the past

c. now d. last year

4. Barney Clark received the first artificial heart...................... a. now

b. alwaysc. in 1982d. since 1982

5. The first skin transplant was in India...................... a. sometimes b. since 600

c. now d. 2600 years ago

VI. MODALS May, must, can, and will are modals. A modal works with verbs to add meaning to the verb. Read the following sentences and guess the meaning of the modals.1. After successful cornea transplants, blind patients can see again.

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a. are able to b. is necessary

c. try to d. do not

2. There must be a donor for a heart transplant. a. It is a good idea b. It is necessary

c. It is not possible d. Both b and c

3. The donor kidney may come from someone in the patient’s family, when the donor organ is not from someone in the same family, the body often rejects it. a. It is necessary b. It is possible

c. It is not possible d. Both b and c

4. There will be more surgery in the future. a. It is not possible b. It is not necessary

c. In the future d. now

Lesson thirteen

SHOCKShock is one of the severest complications of wounds,

injuries, grave operations and wide - spread burns. Shock is particularly dangerous under war conditions because it ends fatally in many cases. The following is a description of shock made by the famous surgeon N. Pirogov.

“You see a wounded soldier without an arm or leg lying stock-still at the dressing station; he does not cry or moan or complain, but is indifferent to everything and does not ask for anything; his eyes are immovable and he gazes into the distance, his body being cold and his face pale as those of a corpse. His pulse is like a thread, barely palpable and intermittent. He either answers no questions at all, or answers them under his breath, in a hardly audible whisper, his respiration being also barely noticeable. His wound and skin are

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almost completely insensitive, the patient displaying a sign of sensation only by contraction of the facial muscles. Sometimes this state passes off within a few hours, and sometimes it persists unchanged until death.

The essence of shock and its genesis are not known well enough as yet. Experimental data and clinical observations warrant the assumption that the nervous system plays the leading role in this affection.

The problem of the genesis of shock is solved on the basis of I. P. Pavlov’s teaching, considerable importance being attached in the mechanism of its development to exhaustion of the cerebral cortex under the influence of the harmful action of the stimuli (pain, intoxication, and so on).

An enormous part in the development of shock is played by physical overstrain, insomnia, exhaustion and starvation, cooling, hemorrhage, emotional experience, etc.

The stimulation transmitted to the central nervous system at first excites and then depresses the vitally important centers, including the vasomotor ones. As the result, vascular tone diminishes, the internal vessels in the abdominal cavity dilate and accumulate a lot of blood, so that the peripheral arterial system is drained of blood hence the blood pressure drops and shock develops.

I. WORD STUDY

shock (n) / ∫ɔk / choáng, sèc

stock-still (adj) / 'stɔk'stil / không nhúc nhích, bất động

to moan (v) / moun / rên, rên rỉ

indifferent (adj) / in'difƏrƏnt / thờ ơ, không để ý

immovable (adj) / im'mu:vƏbl / bất động

to gaze (v) / geiz / nhìn chằm chằm

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distance (n) / 'distƏns / phía xa, đằng xa

corpse (n) / kɔ:ps / xác chết

thread (n) / red / chỉ, sợi chỉ

his pulse is like a thread mạch anh ta chỉ còn là mạch chỉ

under his breath nhỏ, qua hơi thở

audible (adj) / 'ɔ:dibl / có thể nghe thấy

whisper (n) / 'wispƏ / tiếng nói thầm

to display (v) / dis'plei / thể hiện , để lộ ra

contraction (n) / kƏn'træk∫n / sự co rút , sự co

facial (adj) / 'fei∫Əl / (thuộc) mặt

to pass off (v) / pa:s / biến mất, mất đi

to persist (v) / pƏ 'sist / vẫn

to persist unchanged vẫn không đổi

essence (n) / 'esns / bản chất, thực chất

genesis (n) /'dʒenisis / căn nguyên, nguồn gốc

experimental (adj) /esk peri'mentl / dựa trên thí nghiệm thực nghiệm

to warrant (v) / 'wɔrƏnt / cho phép, đảm bảo

assumption (n) / Ə'sʌmp∫n / giả thuyết, thừa nhận

leading (adj) / 'li:diŋ / chính, quan trọng, chủ đạo

teaching (n) / 'ti:t∫iŋ / học thuyết

exhaustion (n) / ig' zɔ:st∫n / tình trạng kiệt sức

cerebral (adj) / 'seribrƏl / (thuộc) não

cortex (x) / 'kɔ:teks / vỏ não, vỏ

influence (n) / 'influƏns / ảnh hưởng

under the influence do ảnh hưởng

to attach importance to coi trọng

intoxication (n) / in tɔksi'kei∫n / sự làm nhiễm độc

overstrain (n) / ouvƏs'trein / sự g¾ng qu¸ søc

starvation (n) / sta: 'vei∫n / sự đói ăn, sự đói, sự thiếu ăn

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cooling (n) / 'ku:liŋ / sự giảm thể nhiệt

insomnia (n) / in'sɔmniƏ / sự mất ngủ

emotional (adj) / i'mou∫Ənl / xúc động

experience (n) / iks'piƏriƏns / sự trải qua

emotional experience sự xúc động mạnh

stimulation (adj) / stimu'lei∫n / sự kích thích

to transmit (v) / trænz'mit / truyền

to excite (v) / ik'sait / kích thích

to express (v) / di'pres / ức chế

vitally important tối quan trọng

vasomotor (adj) / 'veizou'moutƏ / vận mạch

vascular (adj) / 'væskjulƏ / (thuộc) mạch

vascular tone trương lực mạnh

to dilate (v) /dai'leit / làm giãn

to accumulate (v) / 'kju:mjuleit / tích lại, tích luỹ

hence / hens / do đó

to drop (v) / drɔp / sụt, giảm

to drain (v) / drein / làm kiệt, rút hết, dẫn lưu

he either answers no questions at all: anh ta hoặc không trả lời câu hỏi nào cả

to see a wouded soldier… lying stock- still : nhìn thấy một người lính bị thương nằm bất động.


1. What do we call shock?

………………………………………………………………………..…................

2. When is shock particularly dangerous?

…………………………………………………………………………..................

3. How does it end in many cases?

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……………………………………………………………………..........................

4. By whom was the description of shock made?

…………………………………………………………………..............................

5. What is the clinical picture of a patient in shock like?

…………………………………………………………………..............................

6. How does the patient display a sign of sensation?

……………………………………………………………………..........................

7. When does this state of the patient pass off? And what may occur if it does not?

……………………………………………………………………………................................................................................................................................................

8. What assumption do experimental data warrant?

………………………………………………………………………......................

9. On what basis is the problem of the genesis of shock solved?

…………………………………………………………………..............................

10. What stimuli may cause shock?

……………………………………………………………………..........................

11. Can you describe the mechanism of the development of shock?

…………………………………………………………………..............................

II. Translate in to Vietnamese.

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1. The patient’s eyes are immovable and he gazes into the distance, his body being cold and his face pale as those of corpse.

……………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………..............

2. He either answers no questions at all, or answer them under his breath, his respiration being also barely noticeable.

……………………………………………………………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………….........

3. His wound and skin are almost completely insensitive, the patient displaying a sign of sensation only by contraction of the facial muscles.

……………………………………………………………………………………............………………………………………………………………………………

4. The mass being rather large and tender, laparotomy was indicated.

…………………………………………………………………………………......

5. The patient’s symptoms having been explained to her, she no longer was troubled by the left sided symptoms.

……………………………………………………………………………………............………………………………………………………………………………

6. Grippe is a highly communicable and rapidly spreading disease, all ages being liable to it, especially children.

……………………………………………………………………………………................……………………………………………………………………………

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7. Some palpable mass in the epigastria having been revealed at the physical examination, the surgeon made a second X-ray examination.

......................................................................................................

......................................................................................................

8. The barium meal having showed signs of a large mass displacing the stomach to left, laparotomy was indicated.

……………………………………………………………………………………....………………………………………………………………………………........

IV. Complete the following sentences.

1. A wounded soldier in shock is lying stock-still, his face (to be)………….pale as that of corpse.

2. His pulse is like a thread and barely palpable, his respiration (to be)………. also barely noticeable.

3. The patient’s wound and skin (to be)…………. almost completely insensitive, he does not cry or moan when examined.

4. The development of shock (to be attached)………………to exhaustion of the cerebral cortex, an enormous part in its development is played by physical overstrain, hemorrhage, starvation, and emotional experience.

V. Translate in to English.

1. Phần lớn choáng phát triển là do gắng quá sức, mất ngủ, đói ăn, giảm thể nhiệt...

……………………………………………………………………………………....................................................................................................................................

2. Choáng là một trong những biến chứng trầm trọng nhất sau những ca ®¹i phÉu thuËt, sau khi bị bỏng rộng hoÆc bị chấn thương, …

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……………………………………………………………………………………............………………………………………………………………………………

3. Trạng thái choáng đã được nhà phẫu thuật nổi tiếng N.I.Pirogov mô tả.

…………………………………………………………………………………......

4.Vấn đề căn nguyên của choáng đã được giải quyết trên cơ sở häc thuyết của I.P.Pavlov.

…………………………………………………………………………………......

......................................................................................................

Lesson fourteen

CPR

CPR stands for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Cardio is a medical word for heart. Pulmonary is a medical word for lungs. To resuscitate means to bring back to life. CPR starts someone’s lungs and heart functioning again after they have stopped.

It is an amazing idea that there is a cure for sudden death. It is equally amazing that this magic is not done by today’s high technology. Any ordinary person can do it. You use your own lungs to breathe into the patient’s mouth and start his or her

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lungs working. You push on the heart with your hands to make it start beating again. It is as easy as that.

The heart is a large muscle that pumps blood through the arteries. It is located in the center of the chest behind the breastbone. The lungs are at either side of the heart. Air enters the nose and mouth and moves through the airway to the lungs, bringing oxygen into the body. As the blood moves through the lungs, it picks up the oxygen and carries it to the cells throughout the body. At the same time that the blood picks up the oxygen, it leaves carbon dioxide as a waste material, and the lungs breathe it out through the airway.

When the heart stops beating, or a person stops breathing, this whole process stops. No oxygen is taken into the body, and the blood doesn’t move through the arteries. CPR can start the process moving again.

There are several situations where CPR is needed. It can be used when a person has a heart attack and the heart stops. A heart attack occurs when the heart cannot get enough oxygen. This usually happens because one of the two arteries to the heart has become narrow or completely blocked. The heart muscle cells that are supplied with oxygen by that artery die because they stop receiving oxygen.

One of the symptoms of a heart attack is a feeling of pressure and tightness or aching in the center of the chest. It lasts longer than two minutes, and it may come and go. The person having a heart attack may also starts sweating, feel weak, be short of breath, and feel like vomiting. However, there may be no symptoms at all; the heart may stop suddenly and the person stops breathing. If CPR is started immediately, it may bring the person back to life.

Electric shock is another situation where CPR can be used. If enough electricity enters the body, the person dies immediately. CPR can resuscitate the person. An electric shock usually happens to someone who has been working carelessly with electricity. It can also be caused if lightning strikes a person.

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A third situation is drowning, or dying in the water, which happens most often in the summer when many people go swimming. Children can also drown when they are left alone near a swimming pool. A person trained in CPR can help a person start to breathe after clearing the water of the airway.

These are the three most common causes of sudden death when CPR can be used. There are others less common. Someone in a burning building may breathe in too much smoke and not get any oxygen into the lungs. Some people have an intense reaction to certain drugs or to the sting of a bee or some other insect, and the heart and lungs stop functioning.

CPR is an example of first aid. An ordinary can take a first aid class and learn what to do until the patient receives professional help. This might mean helping someone until an ambulance comes. The professionals can use their equipment to take charge of the patient. Or it might mean giving first aid and then taking the patient to a doctor. CPR can keep a person alive until he or she reaches a hospital.

When you give CPR, you breathe directly into the patient’s mouth. Then you press on the heart in the center of the chest. You continue alternating these two actions.

CPR is easy to learn, but you shouldn’t learn it from a book. You should receive instruction in a class where you practice in front of the teacher until you do it correctly. As you know, if the brain is without oxygen for four minutes, there will be permanent brain damage. It is necessary to start CPR immediately when a person stops breathing, or as soon as possible. You have to know how to do it quickly and well.

If someone in your family has heart trouble, if you go swimming a lot, or if you plan to work with electricity, you should learn CPR. In fact, everyone should learn it, in case they ever need it.

Where can you learn it? The Red Cross has CPR classes, many hospitals teach it, and so do some university student

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health centers. If there are no classes where you live, ask the Red Cross or a nearby hospital to organize a class.

CPR is worth learning. It can give you the chance to save someone’s life.

I. WORD STUDY

cardio (adj) / 'ka:diƏ / (thuéc) tim

pulmonary (adj) / 'pʌlmƏnƏri / (thuéc) phæi

resuscitation (n) / risʌsi 'tei∫n / sù lµm håi sinh

to resuscitate (v) / ri 'sʌsiteit / lµm tØnh l¹i

amazing (adj) / Ə 'meiziŋ / kinh ng¹c

magic (n) / 'mædʒik / phÐp kú diÖu

technology (n) / tek 'nɔlƏdʒi / kü thuËt

to breathe (v) / bri:ð / h« hÊp, thë

artery (n) / 'a:tƏri / ®éng m¹ch

breastbone (n) / 'brestboun / x¬ng øc

airway (n) / 'eƏwei / khÝ ®¹o

oxygen (n) / 'ɔksidʒƏn / khÝ «xy

carbon dioxide (phr) / 'ka:bƏn daiɔksaid /

khÝ cacbon ®i«xit

heart attack (phr) / ha:t Ə'tæk / ®au tim

to block (v) / blɔk / lµm t¾c

to sweat (v) / swet / v· må h«i

electric shock (phr) / i 'lektrik ∫ɔk / có ®iÖn giËt

lightning (n) / 'laitniŋ / tia chíp, sÐt

to strike (v) / straik / ®¸nh

to drown (v) / draun / chÕt ®uèi

intense reaction (phr)

/ in'tens riæk∫n / ph¶n øng m¹nh

sting (n,v) / stiŋ / ch©m, ®èt

to function (v) / 'fʌŋk∫n / cã chøc n¨ng

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professional (n) / prƏ 'fe∫Ənl / nhµ chuyªn m«n

to take charge of... (phr)

/ t∫a:dʒ / chÞu tr¸ch nhiÖm vÒ...

to keep sb alive (phr)

/ Ə 'laiv / gi÷ cho ai sèng

to alternate (v) / 'ɔ:ltƏneit / thay phiªn, lu©n phiªn

permanent brain damage (phr) : tæn th¬ng n·o vÜnh viÔn

to give sb the chance to do smt : t¹o cho ai c¬ héi ®Ó lµm g×

to save someone's life : cøu sèng tÝnh m¹ng cho ai

II. VOCABULARY

Complete each sentence with one word or phrase from the box.

resuscitation

located pump strike chest

ambulance first aid react lungs shock

breastbone process drown function take charge

so in case process reaction so

1. The heart is directly behind the…………...

2. Village people often have to ………………water by hand.

3. Volcanoes are…………….. in chains and clusters.

4. Hail and snow are formed by a similar………………

5. The...................... of the heart is to pump blood through the arteries.

6. Children should wear a life preserver when they are around water so they can't ..................

7. Anyone can learn to give...................You don't have to be a doctor or a nurse.

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8. The R in CPR stands for........................

9. The..................are in the chest and ..............................is the heart.

10. An electric................ can kill a person.

11. An ................... is used to take patients to a hospital.

12. A strong....................to a drug can kill a person.

13. Edward volunteered to .....................of arranging food for the party.

14. Handwriting analysis is a ..................... of studying handwriting in order to

understand the person who wrote it.

15. You cannot save up sleep ahead of time.......................you need it later.

III. VOCABULARY REVIEW: SYNONYMS

Match the words that mean the same.

1. worth .......................

2. miserable...................

....

3. contagious...................

....

4. a great deal...................

....

5. at times...................

....

a. a lot

b. blur

c. teenager

d. catching

e. vision

f. forever

g. value

h. location

i. painful

j. unhappy

k. sometimes

l. sunrise

m. mixed up

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6. nightmare...................

....

7. confused...................

....

8. adolescent...................

....

9. permanently...................

....

10. sore...................

....

11. dawn...................

....

12. position...................

....

n. bad dream

IV. TRUE(t) / FALSE(f) / NO INFORMATION(ni).

...........1. Resuscitation is a medical word.

...........2. Sudden death can be cured only by using today's technology.

...........3. The arteries take carbon dioxide out of the lungs.

...........4. Carbon dioxide enters the lungs through the airways.

...........5. CPR can be used in cases of drowning.

...........6. CPR can help a person with sleep apnea.

...........7. A common situation when CPR is needed is with an intense reaction

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to an insect sting.

...........8. First aid is an example of CPR.

...........9. Everyone should get a book about CPR and learn how to do it.

...........10. You should call an ambulance before you start CPR.

V. COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS.

1. What is the function of the lungs?

......................................................................................................

............................

2. What are the symptoms of a heart attack?

......................................................................................................

............................

3. What are the three most common situations where CPR is needed?

......................................................................................................

............................

4. What is the first aid?

......................................................................................................

............................

5. How can CPR prevent brain damage?

......................................................................................................

............................

6. What professionals work with patients?

......................................................................................................

............................

VI. TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH.

1. Håi søc tim phæi ®îc thùc hiÖn ®Ó cøu sèng ngêi bÞ ®ét tö vµ bÊt kú ai còng cã thÓ lµm ®îc.

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......................................................................................................

............................

2. Khi tiÕn hµnh håi søc tim phæi, b¹n cÇn thay ®æi gi÷a hµ h¬i trùc tiÕp vµo miÖng bÖnh nh©n vµ Ðp lªn tim ë gi÷a lång ngùc cña bÖnh nh©n.

......................................................................................................

......................................................................................................

........................................................

3. Mét ngêi bÞ ®ét tö do ®au tim, do ®iÖn giËt hay bÞ chÕt ®uèi cÇn ph¶i ®îc tiÕn hµnh håi søc tim phæi ngay lËp tøc.

......................................................................................................

......................................................................................................

........................................................

4. Håi søc tim phæi dÔ häc. B¹n kh«ng nªn häc qua s¸ch vë mµ b¹n nªn tiÕp thu sù híng dÉn cña gi¸o viªn. Sau ®ã b¹n ph¶i luyÖn tËp cho ®Õn khi b¹n cã thÓ tiÕn hµnh mét c¸ch nhanh chãng vµ chuÈn x¸c.

......................................................................................................

............................

......................................................................................................

......................................................................................................

........................................................

5. Cµng cã nhiÒu ngêi kh«ng chuyªn nghµnh y biÕt tiÕn hµnh ®îc håi søc tim phæi th× cµng tèt.

......................................................................................................

............................

......................................................................................................

............................

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Lesson 15 :

NATURAL MEDICINE

Doctor in India and China are famous for their knowledge of medicine plants, but healers in many countries all over the world use natural medicine. Many modern drugs come from a few of thousands of plants with medicinal uses. For example, aloe is good for skin. It helps minor burns, such as sunburn. Camomile and sage teas are good for stomach problems. Mint or ginger teas often relax people. There is new interest in natural medicine all over the world. Scientists want to learn more about medicinal plants and their uses. The World Health Organization (WHO) has a program to study natural medicines in many countries. For hundreds of years, native healers used plants to help the sick. Natural medicines, such as the opium poppy or the outside bark of the cinchona tree from South America, were common. Then in the 1800s, pharmacists recognized their value and began to study them. In 1803s, Friedrich Sherburne took morphine from the opium poppy . He was the first pharmacist to extract a drug from a plant. Later, scientists extracted quinine, which is a treatment for malaria, from the cinchona bark. Since then, scientists have extracted natural drugs from many plants. They found aspirin in willow bark tea, which is a natural treatment for headaches. Scientists have studied medicinal plants and used, the knowledge to make synthetic drugs for some natural drugs that are not always common or easy to get. At the present, pharmacists and physicians are studying drugs from different plants to treat cancer. Many of these natural drugs are effective in the treatment of cancer. Many different kinds of scientists, such as physicians, biologists, and anthropologists, are studying medicinal plants. One kind of scientist who specializes in collecting medicinal plants is the ethnobotanist. Ethnobotanist study groups of people and their medicines. They travel to many places, such as South America and Africa , where there are

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thousands of medicinal plants. They live with the native people and learn how the people use these plants. Then th ethnobotanist bring the plants back to the laboratory where other scientists extract and study the drugs in them. These studies are helping doctors find new cures for many diseases.

WORD STUDY

aloe (n) /’ælou/

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New English in Medicine

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