New England vs. Chesapeake Development and Differences.
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Transcript of New England vs. Chesapeake Development and Differences.
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New England vs. Chesapeake
Development and Differences
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New England (Massachusetts Bay)
• Puritans– Reform Church of England from within
• 1629 major persecution under Charles-I – 400 settlers left with charter for Mass Bay
• 1630 expedition led by John Winthrop;– 700 settlers– City on a Hill (sermon while under way)– Usual 1st year mortality figures
• By 1634 – 10,000+ settlers
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New England (Massachusetts Bay)• Religion was primary driving force for society
– Colony rules required church attendance, set tithe rates– Organized by individual congregations - chose own minister,
controlled own finances, membership (who actually was a “saint” - born again/salvation experience publicly recounted)
– Only the “saints” could vote
• Not a theocracy (rule by the clergy), but all laws would follow biblical teaching
• “Meeting House” served as both church and town hall– All houses within ½ mile of meeting house (travel time on
Sabbath)
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Education• Education important (had to be
able to read the Bible men AND women)
• Every town over 50 had to have a school master, over 100 had to have a grammar school– attendance not mandatory
• Harvard founded in 1638 to educate clergy
• Literacy Rate – New England: men - 90%, women
40%– Other colonies 35%-50%– England 30%
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Expansion of New England Colonies
• Expansion seeking new land– Connecticut (1635)– New Hampshire– Maine
• Expansion due to religious differences– Rhode Island (1631)
• Roger Williams - Kicked out for heresy (separation of church and state [state would corrupt church], no mandatory attendance, religious tolerance); est. Providence. Other dissenters followed;
• Anne Hutchinson (1638) - kicked out for heresy: knew scripture better than her accusers; called Puritans on own game (how can person judge interior state on outward signs)
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New England (Massachusetts Bay)• Strengths:
– Close-knit family groups– Compact communities– Relatively healthy environment– Education– Self-governance based on written documents
• Mayflower Compact (1620)• Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1635)• Massachusetts Body of Liberties (1641)
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New England (Massachusetts Bay)• Issues:
– Short growing season– Relatively poor soil– Indians (mostly wiped out by epidemics prior to
arrival of Pilgrims [1620])• Only a few dozen in Mass.
– Sell land– Settle into “praying towns”
• Approx 10,000 in all New England– Conflicts in Conn River valley – see text (pg. 79, 83) for details
» Pequot War (1637)» King Philip’s War (1642)
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Chesapeake (Virginia-Maryland)• 1619 House of Burgesses established
• similar to the British Parliament, that would meet once annually.• It was the first such assembly in the Americas. • Beginnings of bi-cameral legislature:
– The governor, appointed by the King/Parliament– The governor’s council, six prominent citizens selected by the governor– The burgesses (representatives) from various locales, and larger plantations.
– 1624 King James revokes charter, disbands House– Charles (1632) allows measure of self-government; Reinstitutes
House of Burgesses• Economics primary driving force
– Tobacco trade influenced most decisions– A few wealthy planters (“First Families”), majority (75%)
indentured servants, poor farmers• Small number of black slaves
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Chesapeake (Virginia-Maryland)• Settlements spread along rivers
– ~6 people per square mile– “Community” seldom more than a couple dozen
• Within 3 mile walk
• Women– “Target rich” environment (< 1/3 of males could find a
bride)– Negotiate very favorable marriage terms
• Keep much of their property if widowed• Often had perpetual control• Pass it along to children on remarriage
– Many step families
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Chesapeake (Virginia-Maryland)• Religion
– Church of England official religion– Hierarchical
• Appointed groups governed parishes, finances, poor relief– Widely scattered parishes
• 10 ministers for 45 parishes• Religion played minor role
• Government– Royal governor and council, locally elected reps– English Common Law– Travelling (Circuit) Courts– Controlled by “First Families”
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Chesapeake (Virginia-Maryland)• Strengths:
– Solid economic basis with cash crop– Lots of available land– Individual self-sufficiency
• Spread out, had to rely on own resources
– Few Indian issues• <3,500 by 1650• Retreated towards frontier, settled in “reservations”
– Established representative government– Benign religious environment
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Chesapeake (Virginia-Maryland)• Issues:
– Serious mortality due to disease– Transportation difficulties
• limited expansion to rivers• Few places for new arrivals, released indentured servants to expand
into
– Economy at the mercy of tobacco prices• Haves and have-nots
– Corruption issues with government• Conflict between Crown reps and local reps• Each take care of own• Bacon’s Rebellion (1675) see page 80 in text
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New England vs. Chesapeake
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Conflict and War
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HW: Read pp76 (Prop. Colonies) – 84; GIST
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Follow-up
• Lexington Practice DBQ (HW)• Enduring Voices set 3-3• 1993 Chesapeake-N.E. DBQ (HW)
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“Enduring Voices”Document Analysis
• Groups of ~4• Pp 62-70
– Intro, preview questions– Read docs– Discuss questions 1-6 among group (jot down
thoughts to share)– Large group discussion