1620Pilgrims land at Plymouth

1630Puritans settle the Massachusetts Bay Colony

1636Thomas Hookerfounds Hartford

1638Anne Hutchinsonfounds Portsmouth

Main IdeaSettlers begin to form the New Eng-land Colonies.

Key Termsdissent, persecute, Puritan, Separatist, Pilgrim, MayflowerCompact, toleration

Reading StrategyClassifying Information As you readSection 2, re-create the diagrambelow and explain why differentcolonies in New England were settled.

Read to Learn• why the Pilgrims and the Puritans

came to America.• how the Connecticut, Rhode Island,

and New Hampshire colonies began.

Section ThemeCivic Rights and ResponsibilitiesPuritan and Pilgrim colonists settled inAmerica in search of religious freedom.

New EnglandColonies

76 CHAPTER 3 Colonial America

Colony Reasons the colony was settled

Massachusetts

Connecticut

Rhode Island

Shoes, Plymouth Colony

The young man looked around at the other passengers aboard the Mayflower. Heand the other passengers sailed to the new world not knowing what they would find.They had muskets but knew little about shooting. They planned to fish but knew noth-ing about fishing. They had hoped to settle in Virginia but instead landed in New Eng-land without enough supplies to last the winter. The only thing these people had plentyof was courage. They would need it.

Religious FreedomUnlike the Jamestown settlers, the next wave of colonists would arrive in

search of religious freedom. England had been a Protestant country since 1534,when King Henry VIII broke away from the Roman Catholic Church and formedthe Anglican Church. Not everyone in England was happy with the new church,however. Many people dissented—they disagreed with the beliefs or practices ofthe Anglicans. English Catholics, for example, still considered the pope the headof the church, and they were often persecuted, or treated harshly, for that reason.

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

✦ 1620 ✦ 1630 ✦ 1640

N

S

EW

100 kilometers0Lambert Equal-Area projection

100 miles0

40°N

44°N

68°W

Con

nect

icut

R.

AtlanticOcean

MAINE(part of Mass.)

NEWHAMPSHIRE

RHODEISLAND

MASSACHUSETTS

CONNECTICUT

Portsmouth

SalemBoston

Plymouth

NewportNew

Haven

Area claimedby New Yorkand NewHampshire

77CHAPTER 3 Colonial America

At the same time, some Protestants wanted tochange—or reform—the Anglican Church, whileothers wanted to break away from it altogether.The Protestants who wanted to reform the Angli-can Church were called Puritans. Those whowanted to leave and set up their own churcheswere known as Separatists.

The Separatists were persecuted in England,and some fled to the Netherlands. Though theyfound religious freedom there, the Separatists had difficulty finding work. They also worriedthat their children were losing their religiousvalues and their English way of life.

The Pilgrims’ JourneySome Separatists in the Netherlands made an

arrangement with the Virginia Company. TheSeparatists could settle in Virginia and practicetheir religion freely. In return they would givethe company a share of any profits they made.

The Separatists considered themselves Pilgrims because their journey had a religiouspurpose. Only 35 of the 102 passengers whoboarded the Mayflower in September 1620 werePilgrims. The others were called “strangers.”They were common people—servants, crafts-people, and poor farmers—who hoped to find abetter life in America. Because Pilgrim beliefsshaped life in the Plymouth colony, however, allthe early settlers are usually called Pilgrims.

The Mayflower CompactThe Mayflower’s passengers planned to settle

in the Virginia colony. The first land they sightedwas Cape Cod, well north of their target.Because it was November and winter was fastapproaching, the colonists decided to dropanchor in Cape Cod Bay. They went ashore on acold, bleak day in December at a place calledPlymouth. William Bradford, their leader andhistorian, reported that “all things stared uponthem with a weather-beaten face.”

Plymouth was outside the territory of the Vir-ginia Company and its laws. Before goingashore, the Pilgrims drew up a formal documentcalled the Mayflower Compact. The compactpledged their loyalty to England and declaredtheir intention of forming “a civil body politic,

The Atlantic waters and thick forests proved valuable for fishing and shipbuilding in New England.1. Region What were the four New England Colonies?2. Analyzing Information What did Connecticut

produce?

Grain

Cattle

Lumber

Fish

Whales

Furs

Ships

Iron

Rum

Products

for our better ordering and preservation.” Thesigners also promised to obey the laws passed“for the general good of the colony.” TheMayflower Compact was a necessary step in thedevelopment of representative government inAmerica. ; (See page 986 of the Appendix for the entire text ofthe Mayflower Compact.)

Help From the Native AmericansTheir first winter in America, almost half

the Pilgrims died of malnutrition, disease, and

The New EnglandColonies

cold. In the spring a few Native Americansapproached the settlement. Two of them,Squanto and Samoset, befriended the colonists.Squanto was a Pawtuxet who had been kid-napped to Europe and had learned English.

Squanto and Samoset showed the Pilgrimshow to grow corn, beans, and pumpkins andwhere to hunt and fish. Without their help thePilgrims might not have survived. Squanto and Samoset also helped the Pilgrims make atreaty with the Wampanoag people who lived in the area. Massasoit, a Wampanoag leader,signed a treaty with the Pilgrims in March 1621,and the two groups lived in harmony.

Summarizing Why was theMayflower Compact an important step toward representa-tive government?

New SettlementsIn 1625 the English throne passed to Charles I.

Charles objected to the Puritans’ calls for reformin the Anglican Church, and persecution of Puri-tans increased again. Some Puritans looked for away to leave England.

In 1629 a group of Puritans formed the Mas-sachusetts Bay Company and received a royalcharter to establish a colony north of Plymouth.This was the Puritans’ chance to create a newsociety in America—a society based on theBible.

The company chose a well-educated Puritannamed John Winthrop to be the colony’s gover-nor. In 1630 Winthrop led about 900 men,women, and children to Massachusetts Bay.Most of them settled in a place they called Boston.

78 CHAPTER 3 Colonial America

First Thanksgiving by Jennie A. Brownscombe

The First Thanksgiving

In the autumn of 1621 the Pilgrims invited theNative Americans to celebrate the peace betweenthem. After the struggle through the first winter, thePilgrims also felt relieved to be raising food. Duringthe feast the Pilgrims thanked God for the harvestand for their survival.

Who took part? About 50 men, women, and chil-dren colonists and 90 Wampanoag Native Americanstook part in the three-day feast.

What did they do? Dancing, singing, and playinggames were part of the celebration. The Wampanoagdemonstrated their skills with the bow and arrow.

What did they eat? They most likely ate wild fowl,duck, and turkey shot by the colonists and deer pro-vided by the Wampanoag.

When was it held? Exactly when the festival tookplace is uncertain, but it is believed the celebrationoccurred sometime between September 21 andNovember 9.

Anne Hutchinson cameto Massachusetts withher husband in 1634. Shebegan questioning thereligious authority of thecolony’s ministers.

As Hutchinson gainedfollowers, she was seen asa danger to the colony’s

stability. In 1637 theMassachusetts leadersput her on trial for speak-ing false ideas.

Hutchinson defendedherself well, but sheclaimed God spoke to herdirectly. This disagreedwith Puritan beliefs that

God spoke only throughthe Bible. Her accusersfound her guilty andordered her to leave thecolony. With her familyand some followers,Hutchinson moved toRhode Island.

79CHAPTER 3 Colonial America

CitizenshipGrowth and Government

During the 1630s, more than 15,000 Puritansjourneyed to Massachusetts to escape religiouspersecution and economic hard times in Eng-land. This movement of people became knownas the Great Migration.

At first, John Winthrop and his assistantsmade the colony’s laws. They were chosen bythe General Court, which was made up ofthe colony’s stockholders. In 1634, settlersdemanded a larger role in the government. TheGeneral Court became an elected assembly.Adult male church members were allowed tovote for the governor and for their town’s repre-sentatives to the General Court. In later years,they also had to own property to vote.

The Puritans came to America to put theirreligious beliefs into practice. The Puritans hadlittle toleration—they criticized or persecutedpeople who held other religious views. This lackof toleration led to the creation of new colonies.

Connecticut and Rhode IslandThe fertile Connecticut River valley, south of

Massachusetts, was much better for farming

than was the stony soil around Boston. In the1630s colonists began to settle in this area.

A minister named Thomas Hooker becamedissatisfied with Massachusetts. He did not likethe way that Winthrop and the other Puritanleaders ran the colony. In 1636 Hooker led hiscongregation through the wilderness to Con-necticut, where he founded the town of Hart-ford. Three years later Hartford and two othertowns, Windsor and Wethersfield, agreed toform a colony. They adopted a plan of govern-ment called the Fundamental Orders of Con-necticut. This was the first written constitutionin America, and it described the organization ofrepresentative government in detail.

Good land drew colonists to Connecticut, butRhode Island was settled by colonists who wereforced out of Massachusetts. The first of these wasRoger Williams, a minister. Williams felt that peo-ple should not be persecuted for their religiouspractices. In his view the government should notforce people to worship in a certain way. Williamsalso believed it was wrong for settlers to take landaway from the Native Americans.

The ideas of Roger Williams caused Massachu-setts leaders to banish him in 1635. He tookrefuge with the Narraganset people, who later

sold Williams land where he founded the town ofProvidence. Williams received a charter in 1644for a colony east of Connecticut called RhodeIsland and Providence Plantations. With its pol-icy of religious toleration, Rhode Island became asafe place for dissenters. It was the first place inAmerica where people of all faiths—includingJews—could worship freely.

Others followed Williams’s example, formingcolonies where they could worship as theypleased. In 1638 John Wheelwright led a group ofdissidents from Massachusetts to the north. Theyfounded the town of Exeter in New Hampshire.The same year, a group of Puritans settled Hamp-ton. The colony of New Hampshire became fullyindependent of Massachusetts in 1679.

Conflict With Native AmericansNative Americans traded with the settlers,

exchanging furs for goods such as iron pots,blankets, and guns. In Virginia the colonists hadfrequent encounters with the many tribes of thePowhatan confederacy. In New England the set-tlers met the Wampanoags, Narragansets, andother groups.

Conflicts arose, however. Usually settlersmoved onto Native American lands withoutpermission or payment. Throughout the colo-nial period, English settlers and Native Ameri-cans competed fiercely for control of the land.

In 1636 war brokeout between the settlersand the Pequot people.After two traders werekilled in Pequot terri-tory, Massachusetts senttroops to punish thePequot. The Pequotthen attacked a town inConnecticut killing nine people. In May 1637,troops from Connecticut attacked the main Pequotfort with the help of the Narraganset people. Theyburned the fort, killing hundreds.

In 1675 New England went to war against theWampanoag people and their allies. Metacomet,the Wampanoag chief, was known to settlers asKing Philip. He wanted to stop the settlers frommoving onto Native American lands. The warbegan after settlers executed three Wampanoagsfor murder. Metacomet’s forces attacked townsacross the region, killing hundreds of people.

The settlers and their Native American alliesfought back. King Philip’s War, as the conflict wascalled, ended in defeat for the Wampanoag andtheir allies. The war destroyed the power of theNative Americans in New England, leaving thecolonists free to expand their settlements.

Evaluating Describe the signifi-cance of the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut.

80 CHAPTER 3 Colonial America

The colonists interact with the Native Americans

HISTORY

Student Web ActivityVisit taj.glencoe.com andclick on Chapter 3—Student Web Activitiesfor an activity on KingPhilip’s War.

Checking for Understanding1. Key Terms Write a short paragraph

in which you use the following terms:dissent, persecute, Puritan, Separatist, Pilgrim, MayflowerCompact, toleration.

2. Reviewing Facts Identify the rea-sons why the Separatists left Europefor the Americas.

Reviewing Themes3. Civic Rights and Responsibilities

What freedom did Rhode Island offerthat other colonies did not?

Critical Thinking4. Comparing What did the Mayflower

Compact and the FundamentalOrders of Connecticut have in common?

5. Determining Cause and EffectRe-create the diagram below anddescribe the effects as colonistsinteracted with Native Americans.

Analyzing Maps6. Geography Skills Study the map

on page 77. What products camefrom New Hampshire?

Music Create a song that the Pilgrimsmight have sung as they crossed theAtlantic on the Mayflower. Create thelyrics for the song by using what youhave learned about why the Pilgrimssailed to New England. Teach yoursong to your class.

sold Williams land where he founded the town ofProvidence. Williams received a charter in 1644for a colony east of Connecticut called RhodeIsland and Providence Plantations. With its pol-icy of religious toleration, Rhode Island became asafe place for dissenters. It was the first place inAmerica where people of all faiths—includingJews—could worship freely.

Others followed Williams’s example, formingcolonies where they could worship as theypleased. In 1638 John Wheelwright led a group ofdissidents from Massachusetts to the north. Theyfounded the town of Exeter in New Hampshire.The same year, a group of Puritans settled Hamp-ton. The colony of New Hampshire became fullyindependent of Massachusetts in 1679.

Conflict With Native AmericansNative Americans traded with the settlers,

exchanging furs for goods such as iron pots,blankets, and guns. In Virginia the colonists hadfrequent encounters with the many tribes of thePowhatan confederacy. In New England the set-tlers met the Wampanoags, Narragansets, andother groups.

Conflicts arose, however. Usually settlersmoved onto Native American lands withoutpermission or payment. Throughout the colo-nial period, English settlers and Native Ameri-cans competed fiercely for control of the land.

In 1636 war brokeout between the settlersand the Pequot people.After two traders werekilled in Pequot terri-tory, Massachusetts senttroops to punish thePequot. The Pequotthen attacked a town inConnecticut killing nine people. In May 1637,troops from Connecticut attacked the main Pequotfort with the help of the Narraganset people. Theyburned the fort, killing hundreds.

In 1675 New England went to war against theWampanoag people and their allies. Metacomet,the Wampanoag chief, was known to settlers asKing Philip. He wanted to stop the settlers frommoving onto Native American lands. The warbegan after settlers executed three Wampanoagsfor murder. Metacomet’s forces attacked townsacross the region, killing hundreds of people.

The settlers and their Native American alliesfought back. King Philip’s War, as the conflict wascalled, ended in defeat for the Wampanoag andtheir allies. The war destroyed the power of theNative Americans in New England, leaving thecolonists free to expand their settlements.

Evaluating Describe the signifi-cance of the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut.

80 CHAPTER 3 Colonial America

The colonists interact with the Native Americans

HISTORY

Student Web ActivityVisit taj.glencoe.com andclick on Chapter 3—Student Web Activitiesfor an activity on KingPhilip’s War.

Checking for Understanding1. Key Terms Write a short paragraph

in which you use the following terms:dissent, persecute, Puritan, Separatist, Pilgrim, MayflowerCompact, toleration.

2. Reviewing Facts Identify the rea-sons why the Separatists left Europefor the Americas.

Reviewing Themes3. Civic Rights and Responsibilities

What freedom did Rhode Island offerthat other colonies did not?

Critical Thinking4. Comparing What did the Mayflower

Compact and the FundamentalOrders of Connecticut have in common?

5. Determining Cause and EffectRe-create the diagram below anddescribe the effects as colonistsinteracted with Native Americans.

Analyzing Maps6. Geography Skills Study the map

on page 77. What products camefrom New Hampshire?

Music Create a song that the Pilgrimsmight have sung as they crossed theAtlantic on the Mayflower. Create thelyrics for the song by using what youhave learned about why the Pilgrimssailed to New England. Teach yoursong to your class.

http://taj.glencoe.com

CHAPTER XX Chapter Title 81

Reading a Bar Graph

Why Learn This Skill?A bar graph presents numerical information in a

visual way. Bars of various lengths stand for differentquantities. A bar graph lets you see a lot of informa-tion in an organized way. Bars may be drawn verti-cally—up and down—or horizontally—left to right.Labels along the left axis and the bottom axis explainwhat the bars represent.

Learning the SkillTo read a bar graph:•Read the title to learn the subject of the graph. •Look at the horizontal and vertical axes to find

out what information the graph presents. •Compare the lengths of the bars on the graph.

Practicing the SkillStudy the bar graph on this page and answer thefollowing questions.

1 Which colony had the largest total population in 1700? The smallest?

2 Did Virginia or Maryland have a larger AfricanAmerican population?

Applying the SkillReading a Bar Graph Create a bar graph torepresent the number of students in each Ameri-can history class in your school.

Glencoe’s Skillbuilder InteractiveWorkbook CD-ROM, Level 1, providesinstruction and practice in key socialstudies skills.

Social StudiesSocial Studies

TotalPopulation

African AmericanPopulation

Source: Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970.

Popu

latio

n (in

thou

sand

s)

0

5

10

15

Massachusetts Connecticut New York Pennsylvania Maryland Virginia

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

Population of Six English Colonies, 1700

Colonies