New APPENDIX C – AIR QUALITY TECHNICAL REPORT · 2016. 9. 7. · AIR QUALITY TECHNICAL REPORT For...

APPENDIX C – AIR QUALITY TECHNICAL REPORT

AIR QUALITY TECHNICAL REPORT

FortheProposed1020S.FigueroaStreetProject

1020S.FigueroaStreetLosAngeles,CA

Preparedfor:

HAZENS GROUP – JIA YUAN USA CO., INC. 801SouthFigueroaStreet,Suite1800

LosAngeles,CA90017

Preparedby:

ESAPCR80SLakeAvenue,Suite570

Pasadena,CA91101TEL626.204.6170FAX626.204.6171

June2016

1020S.FigueroaStreetProject AirQualityTechnicalReportESAPCR i

Table of Contents Page

ACRONYMSANDABBREVIATIONS....................................................................................................................................1

EXECUTIVESUMMARY.....................................................................................................................................................ES‐1

1.0INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................................................1 1.1 ExistingConditions..............................................................................................................................................................1 1.2 ProjectDescription...............................................................................................................................................................1

1.2.1HotelTower.......................................................................................................................................................................1 1.2.2ResidentialUses...............................................................................................................................................................2 1.2.3Podium(CommercialUsesandParking)..............................................................................................................2 1.2.4Construction......................................................................................................................................................................2 1.2.5Operation............................................................................................................................................................................2

1.3 ExistingSiteEmissions.......................................................................................................................................................5 1.4 ExistingAirQualityConditions.......................................................................................................................................6

1.4.1RegionalAirQuality.......................................................................................................................................................6 1.4.2LocalAirQuality..............................................................................................................................................................8

2.0REGULATORYSETTINGANDSIGNIFICANCETHRESHOLDS..........................................................................15 2.1 RegulatorySetting.............................................................................................................................................................15

2.1.1Federal..............................................................................................................................................................................15 2.1.2State...................................................................................................................................................................................19 2.1.3Regional............................................................................................................................................................................20 2.1.4Local...................................................................................................................................................................................24

2.2 SignificanceThresholds..................................................................................................................................................25 2.2.1ConstructionEmissions.............................................................................................................................................26 2.2.2OperationalEmissions...............................................................................................................................................27 2.2.3ToxicAirContaminants.............................................................................................................................................28 2.2.4ConsistencywithAirQualityPlansandPolicies.............................................................................................29

3.0METHODOLOGY............................................................................................................................................................31 3.1 ConsistencywithAirQualityPlan...............................................................................................................................31 3.2 ConstructionEmissions...................................................................................................................................................31

3.2.1EmissionsfromConstructionEquipment..........................................................................................................32 3.2.2EmissionsfromOn‐RoadTrips..............................................................................................................................33 3.2.3EmissionsfromArchitecturalCoating................................................................................................................34 3.2.4EmissionsfromPaving..............................................................................................................................................34

3.3 OperationalEmissions.....................................................................................................................................................35 3.3.1AreaSources(ConsumerProductsandCoatings)..........................................................................................36 3.3.2BuildingEnergyUsage...............................................................................................................................................37 3.3.3MobileSourceEmissions..........................................................................................................................................37 3.3.4StationarySourceEmissions...................................................................................................................................39

3.4 ToxicAirContaminantImpacts(ConstructionandOperations)...................................................................40

Table of Contents (Continued) Page

1020S.FigueroaStreetProject AirQualityTechnicalReportESAPCR ii

3.5 LandUseCharacteristicsandProjectDesignFeatures......................................................................................40 3.5.1LandUseCharacteristics...........................................................................................................................................40 3.5.2ProjectDesignFeatures.............................................................................................................................................44

4.0COMPLIANCEWITHAMBIENTAIRSTANDARDS...............................................................................................47 4.1 RegionalSignificanceThresholds...............................................................................................................................47

4.1.1ConstructionEmissions.............................................................................................................................................47 4.1.2OperationalEmissions...............................................................................................................................................48

4.2 LocalizedSignificanceThresholds..............................................................................................................................50 4.2.1ConstructionEmissions.............................................................................................................................................50 4.2.2OperationalEmissions...............................................................................................................................................51

4.3 LocalizedCarbonMonoxideImpacts.........................................................................................................................51 4.4 ToxicAirContaminants‐Construction....................................................................................................................53 4.5 ToxicAirContaminants‐Operation..........................................................................................................................60

5.0CUMULATIVEANALYSIS.............................................................................................................................................62 5.1 ConstructionImpacts.......................................................................................................................................................62 5.2 OperationalImpacts.........................................................................................................................................................62

6.0SUMMARYOFRESULTS..............................................................................................................................................65 6.1 Construction.........................................................................................................................................................................65 6.2 Operation...............................................................................................................................................................................65

APPENDICES

APPENDIXA:AIRQUALITYWORKSHEETSANDOUTPUTFILES

List of Figures Figure Page

1 VicinityLocationMap.........................................................................................................................................................3 2 AerialPhotographofProjectSiteandVicinity.........................................................................................................4 3 SensitiveReceptorLocationsNearesttotheProjectSite.................................................................................12 4 ConstructionHealthRiskAssessmentSource‐ReceptorDiagram................................................................57

– PRELIMINARY WORKING DRAFT –

1020S.FigueroaStreetProject AirQualityTechnicalReportESAPCR iii

List of Tables Table Page

1 EstimatedExistingSiteEmissions(poundsperday)a.........................................................................................5 2 PollutantStandardsandAmbientAirQualityDatafromRepresentativeMonitoringStations..........9 3 AmbientAirQualityStandards....................................................................................................................................16 4 SouthCoastAirBasinAttainmentStatus(LosAngelesCounty)...................................................................18 5 Phase1–MaximumUnmitigatedRegionalConstructionEmissions(poundsperday)a...................47 6 Phase2–MaximumUnmitigatedRegionalConstructionEmissions(poundsperday)a...................48 7 InterimYear–MaximumUnmitigatedRegionalOperationalEmissions(poundsperday)a...........49 8 FullBuildoutYear–MaximumUnmitigatedRegionalOperationalEmissions(poundsper

day)a.......................................................................................................................................................................................49 9 Phase1–MaximumUnmitigatedLocalizedConstructionEmissions(poundsperday)a.................50 10 Phase2–MaximumUnmitigatedLocalizedConstructionEmissions(poundsperday)a.................51 11 InterimYear–MaximumUnmitigatedLocalizedOperationalEmissions(poundsperday)a.........52 12 FullBuildoutYear–MaximumUnmitigatedLocalizedOperationalEmissions(poundsper

day)a.......................................................................................................................................................................................52 13 OEHHARecommendedResidentialDailyBreathingRatesforPointEstimateDose

Calculations(L/kgbodyweight)..............................................................................................................................55 14 OEHHARecommendationsforFractionofTimeatHome(FAH)forEvaluatingResidential

CancerRisk..........................................................................................................................................................................56 15 MaximumCarcinogenicRiskforOff‐SiteSensitiveReceptorsfromConstruction................................59 16 MaximumNon‐CancerChronicImpactsforOff‐SiteSensitiveReceptors.................................................59

1020S.FigueroaStreetProject AirQualityTechnicalReportESAPCR 1

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS Acronym Description ASF agesensitivityfactorASHRAE AmericanSocietyofHeating,Refrigerating,andAir‐ConditioningEngineersAQMP AirQualityManagementPlanATCM AirToxicsControlMeasureBACT BestAvailableControlTechnologyBasin SouthCoastAirBasinCAA CleanAirActCalEEMod CaliforniaEmissionsEstimatorModelCARB CaliforniaAirResourcesBoardCEC CaliforniaEnergyCommissionCEUS CommercialEnd‐UseSurveyCEQA CaliforniaEnvironmentalQualityActCity CityofLosAngelesCO carbonmonoxideCPF CancerPotencyFactorDPF dieselparticulatefilterDPM dieselexhaustparticulatematterEF emissionfactorEMFAC on‐roadvehicleemissionsfactormodelFAH fractionoftimeathomeGVWR grossvehicleweightratingHARP HotspotsAnalysisandReportingProgramhp horsepowerHRA healthriskassessmentHVAC heating,ventilation,andairconditioningLAMC LosAngelesMunicipalCodeLOS LevelofServiceLST localizedsignificancethresholdLUT LandUseTransportationMATESIV MultipleAirToxicsExposureStudy,May2015MERV MinimumEfficiencyReportingValueMPO MetropolitanPlanningOrganizationNAAQS NationalAmbientAirQualityStandardsNO nitricoxideNO2 nitrogendioxideNOX nitrogenoxidesOEHHA OfficeofEnvironmentalHealthandHazardAssessmentPb leadPM2.5 fineparticulates

Acronyms and abbreviations June 2016


Acronym Description PM10 particulatematterppm partspermillionRTIP RegionalTransportationImprovementProgramRTP/SCS RegionalTransportationPlan/SustainableCommunitiesStrategySCAG SouthernCaliforniaAssociationofGovernmentsSCAQMD SouthCoastAirQualityManagementDistrictSIP StateImplementationPlanSO2 sulfurdioxideTAC toxicaircontaminantµg/m3 microgramspercubicmeterµm micrometersURF UnitRiskFactorUSEPA UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyVDECS VerifiedDieselEmissionControlStrategiesVMT vehiclemilestraveledVOC volatileorganiccompounds

1020S.FigueroaStreetProject AirQualityTechnicalReportESAPCR ES‐1

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY HazensGroup–JiaYuanUSACo.,Inc.,theApplicant,proposestodevelopthe1020S.FigueroaStreetProject(theProject)onanapproximately2.7acre(116,660squarefeet)‘L’‐shapedsite(ProjectSite)boundedbyS.FigueroaStreettothewest,S.FlowerStreettotheeast,OlympicBoulevardtothenorth,and11thStreettothesouth.InaccordancewiththerequirementsundertheCaliforniaEnvironmentalQualityAct(CEQA),thisTechnical Report provides an estimate of air quality emissions for the Project and predicts the potentialimpacts from construction and operational activities. The report includes the categories and types ofemission sources resulting from the Project, the calculation procedures used in the analysis, and anyassumptionsorlimitations.TheProjectSiteislocatedinthesouthwestportionoftheDowntowncommunityoftheCityofLosAngeles(City)whichfallswithintheSouthParkdistrictoftheCentralCityCommunityPlanArea.TheProjectwouldconsistofmixed‐useresidential,hotelandcommercialuses.Overall,theProjectwouldatotalofupto300hotelrooms,650residentialcondominiumunits,anduptoapproximately80,000sfofretail,restaurant,andothercommercialuses,foratotalofapproximately1,130,000squarefeetoffloorarea.TheProjectincludesdemolition of all existing on‐site buildings and features, excavation for subterranean parking, andconstructionofbuildings.ThisreportsummarizesthepotentialfortheProjecttoconflictwithanapplicableairqualityplan,toviolateanairqualitystandardorthreshold,toresultinacumulativelynetincreaseofcriteriapollutantemissions,toexposesensitivereceptorstosubstantialpollutantconcentrations,ortocreateobjectionableodorsaffectingasubstantialnumberofpeople.Thefindingsoftheanalysesareasfollows: The incremental increase in emissions from construction and operation of the Project would not

exceedtheregionaldailyemissionthresholdssetforthbytheSouthCoastAirQualityManagementDistrict(SCAQMD).Thus,theProjectwouldnotresultinaregionalviolationofapplicableairqualitystandardsorjeopardizethetimelyattainmentofsuchstandardsintheSouthCoastAirBasin.

Theincrementalincreaseinon‐siteemissionsfromconstructionandoperationoftheProjectwouldnotexceedthe localizedsignificancethresholdsset forthbytheSCAQMD. Thus, theProjectwouldnotresult ina localizedviolationofapplicableairqualitystandardsorexposeoff‐sitereceptors tosubstantiallevelsofregulatedaircontaminants.

Emissions from the increase in trafficdue tooperationof theProjectwouldnothavea significantimpact upon 1‐hour or 8‐hour local carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations due to mobile sourceemissions.

Project operations would not expose off‐ or on‐site receptors to significant levels of toxic aircontaminants.Construction‐phasedieselparticulateemissionswouldbereducedbyimplementationofProjectDesignFeature (PDF)‐AQ‐1andwouldresult in less thansignificantconstructionhealthriskimpacts.

Projectconstructionandoperationswouldnotresultinsignificantlevelsofodors. The Projectwould be consistentwith air quality policies set forth by the City of Los Angeles, the

SCAQMD,andtheSouthernCaliforniaAssociationofGovernments(SCAG). TheProjectwouldnotresultinasignificantcumulativeairqualityimpact.


1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 EXISTING CONDITIONS Theproposed1020S.FigueroaStreetProjectislocatedonanapproximately2.7acre(116,660squarefeet)‘L’‐shapedsite(ProjectSite)boundedbyS.FigueroaStreettothewest,S.FlowerStreettotheeast,OlympicBoulevardtothenorth,and11thStreettothesouth.TheProjectSiteislocatedinthesouthwestportionoftheDowntowncommunityoftheCityofLosAngeles(City)whichfallswithintheSouthParkdistrictoftheCentralCityCommunityPlanArea.TheProjectSiteshowninFigure1,VicinityLocationMap.TheProjectSiteisinahighlyurbanizedandactiveareaadjacenttoLALIVE,StaplesCenterArena,MicrosoftTheater,andincloseproximitytotheLosAngelesConventionCenter.

TheProjectSiteiswellservedbyanetworkofregionaltransportationfacilities.TheProjectSiteislocatedapproximately 0.2 miles north of the Pico Station operated by the Los Angeles County MetropolitanTransportationAuthority(Metro). ThePicoStationservestheBlueLineandtheExpoLine.TheBlueLineprovidesrailservicebetweentheCityofLongBeachandDowntownLosAngeleswithconnectingservicetotheMetroGreenLine(servingNorwalk,RedondoBeach,andLAXviashuttle).RegionalaccesstotheProjectSite isprovidedby thePasadena/HarborFreeway (I‐110/SR110), locatedapproximately0.3miles to thewest; the SantaMonica Freeway (I‐10) located approximately 0.5miles to the south; and, theHollywoodFreeway(US‐101),locatedapproximately1.5milestothenorth.Thesethreefreewaysalsoprovideaccesstothe Golden State/Santa Ana Freeway (I‐5) to the north, and the San Bernardino Freeway (I‐10) and thePomonaFreeway(SR‐60)totheeastandsoutheast,respectively.

The Project Site is currently developed with the Luxe City Center Hotel (Luxe Hotel) on the northwestportionoftheProjectSitewiththeremainderoftheProjectSitedevelopedwithsurfaceparking.TheLuxeHotelisa112,748squarefoot,ninestory,100foottallbuildingthatincludes178guestrooms,amainlobby,meetingrooms,an interior restaurant,an indoor/outdoorbarand loungearea (NixonBarandLounge), afitnesscenter,andaone‐levelparkingdeckwithparkingbelowandabovethedeck,allofwhichwouldbedemolishedandremovedtosupportdevelopmentoftheProject.Figure2,AerialPhotographofProjectSiteandVicinity,showstheProjectSiteandsurroundinglanduses.

1.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION TheProjectwouldconsistofmixed‐useresidential,hotelandcommercialuseswithtworesidentialtowersandonehoteltower.PhaseIoftheProjectwouldincludeconstructionofthe34storyHotelTower,locatedonthecornerof11thStreetandS.FigueroaStreetwouldincludeupto300hotelrooms,banquet,conferencespaceandvariousamenities.PhaseIwouldalsoincludeconstructionoftheResidentialTower1thatwouldincludeup to290residentialunitsandwouldbe locatedat thecornerof11thStreetandS.FlowerStreet.DuringPhase2,theResidentialTower2wouldbeconstructedthatwouldincludeupto360residentialunitsandwouldbelocatedatthecornerofS.FigueroaStreetandOlympicBoulevard.

1.2.1 Hotel Tower ConstructedduringPhaseIoftheProject,onthesouthwestportionoftheProjectSitedirectlyacrossfromStaplesCenter,a34storyHotelTowerisproposedthatwouldhaveamaximumheightof430feet.Itwould

1.0 Introduction June 2016


be designed as a high‐quality hotelwith up to 300 hotel rooms, alongwith banquet facilities, conferencespaceandamenities,foratotalof280,000sfofhoteluse.Additionalamenitieswouldalsobelocatedatthetop/penthouseleveloftheHotelTower(HotelRooftopAmenityDeck),includingaswimmingpool,bar,spatub,loungingarea,andfunctionspace.

1.2.2 Residential Uses Developed as part of Phase 1 of the Project, Residential Tower 1would be constructed at the southeastcorneroftheProjectSiteattheintersectionof11thStreetandFlowerStreet.TheResidentialTower1wouldbe 32 stories above grade with a maximum height of 490 feet and would include up to 290 residentialcondominium units consisting of lofts, studios, one‐bedroom, two‐bedroom, three‐bedroom units, andpenthouseunits. Phase2wouldincludeconstructionofResidentialTower2, locatedonthenorthwesternportion of the Project Site at the intersection of S. Figueroa Street and Olympic Boulevard. ResidentialTower2wouldbe38storiesabovegrade,withamaximumheightof540 feet.Phase2would include theconstructionof360unitsconsistingoflofts,studios,one‐bedroom,two‐bedroom,three‐bedroomunits,andpenthouseunits.Amenitiesassociatedwiththeresidentialtowerswouldincludelobbies,fitnesscenters,andrecreationalspace.

1.2.3 Podium (Commercial Uses and Parking) ThePodiumareawouldincludeupto80,000sfofcommercialuses,including40,000sfofcommercialuseand40,000sfofrestaurantuseslocatedwithintwo‐storiesfronting11thStreet,S.FigueroaStreet,OlympicBoulevard, and S. Flower Street. The Podiumwould be 75 feet in height and levels three and four of thePodiumwouldincluderesidentialunitsandhotelamenities.

1.2.4 Construction The Project will be constructed in two phases. Construction of Phase 1 of the Project is expected tocommenceinthethirdquarterof2017andwouldbecompletedinthesecondquarterof2020.ConstructionofPhase2oftheProjectwouldbeginimmediatelyafterPhase1andwouldbecompletedinthefirstquarterof2023.Totalcutwouldbeapproximately202,000cubicyardsofsoil1andnofillwouldberequiredontheSite.Adetaileddiscussionof themethodologyused to estimate the construction emissions is provided inSection3.0,Methodology,below.

1.2.5 Operation TheProjectwould increasethebuilding floorareaontheSiteandassociatedvehicle tripsascomparedtoexistingconditions. Therefore, the incremental increase inairemissions isestimated fortheProject. TheProjectwouldbebuilttomeetorexceedcurrentbuildingenergyefficiencystandards,whichwouldminimizeoperationalemissions.AdetaileddiscussionofthemethodologyusedtoestimatetheoperationalemissionsisprovidedinSection3.0,Methodology,below.

1 Includedinthiscalculationisasoilexpansionfactorof1.25

Los AngelesConvention CenterWest Exhibit Hall

Los AngelesConventionCenter

Staples Center

LA LIVE

PROJECT SITE

FIGURE

Source: ESRI, 2015; PCR Services Corporation, 2015.

0 800 1,600 Feet1020 S. Figueroa Street Project

Vicinity Location Map1

PROJECTSITE

Olympic Boulevard

W 11th Street

W 12th Street

S Figue

roa Stre

et

W 9th Street

¬«110

S Flowe

r Street

Staples Center

MicrosoftTheaterLA LIVE

LA LIVE

The Ritz-Carlton Residences and JW Marriott (Hotel/Residences)

Construction

Construction

Multi-FamilyMulti-Family Multi-Family

CommercialRetail/Parking

Multi-Family

Multi-Family Multi-FamilyMulti-Family

Multi-Family

OfficePetroleumBuilding/Office

Restaurant

Mixed Use/Multi-Family

Park

Multi-FamilyCommercial Mixed Use/Multi-family

Multi-FamilyParking

HotelHotel

OfficeOfficeMedicalOffice

Multi-FamilySalvation Army

Departmentof Water and Power

FIGURE

Source: Google Maps, 2015 (Aerial); PCR Services Corporation, 2016.0 300 Feet

1020 S. Figueroa Street ProjectAerial Photograph of Project Site and Vicinityo 2

Project Site

June 2016 1.0 Introduction


1.3 EXISTING SITE EMISSIONS TheProjectSiteislocatedwithintheDowntownareaoftheCityofLosAngeles,andiscurrentlydevelopedwith the nine‐story Luxe Hotel and surrounding surface parking lots, which would be demolished andremoved from theProject Site. Air pollutant emissions are currently associatedwith vehicle trips to andfromtheexistingProjectSite,on‐sitecombustionofnaturalgasforheatingandcooking,on‐sitecombustionemissions from landscapingequipment,andon‐site fugitiveemissions fromtheuseofconsumerproductsand architectural coatings. Emissions are estimated using the California Emissions Estimator Model(CalEEMod), which is a statewide land use emissions computer model designed to provide a uniformplatformforgovernmentagencies,landuseplanners,andenvironmentalprofessionalstoquantifypotentialcriteria pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions from a variety of land use projects. CalEEMod wasdeveloped in collaboration with the air districts of California. Regional data (e.g., emission factors, triplengths,meteorology, source inventory, etc.) have been provided by the various California air districts toaccount for local requirements and conditions. The model is considered to be an accurate andcomprehensive tool for quantifying air quality and GHG impacts from land use projects throughoutCalifornia.2BuildingelectricityandnaturalgasusageratesareadjustedtoaccountforpriorTitle24BuildingEnergyEfficiencyStandards.3Mobile sourceemissionsareestimatedbasedonCARB’supdatedversionofthe on‐road vehicle emissions factor (EMFAC) model. The most recent version is EMFAC2014, which“represents ARB's current understanding ofmotor vehicle travel activities and their associated emissionlevels.”4AdetaileddiscussionofthemethodologyusedtoestimatetheemissionsisprovidedinSection3.0,Methodology,below.

TheexistingProjectSiteemissionsaresummarizedinTable1,EstimatedExistingSiteEmissions.Asshown,the primary source of emissions is from transportation. Detailed emissions calculations are provided inAppendixA.

Table 1

Estimated Existing Site Emissions (pounds per day) a

Source VOC NOX CO SO2 PM10 PM2.5

ExistingSiteEmissions Area(ConsumerProducts,Landscaping) 5



1.4 EXISTING AIR QUALITY CONDITIONS

1.4.1 Regional Air Quality The distinctive climate of the Basin is determined primarily by its terrain and geographical location.Regionalmeteorology is dominated by a persistent high pressure areawhich commonly resides over theeasternPacificOcean.Seasonalvariationsinthestrengthandpositionofthispressurecellcausechangesintheweatherpatternsofthearea. Warmsummers,mildwinters, infrequentrainfall,moderatedaytimeon‐shorebreezes, andmoderatehumidity characterize local climatic conditions. Thisnormallymild climaticconditionisoccasionally interruptedbyperiodsofhotweather,winterstorms,andhoteasterlySantaAnawinds.TheBasinisanareaofhighairpollutionpotential,particularlyfromJunethroughSeptember.Thisconditionis generally attributed to the large amount of pollutant emissions, light winds and shallow verticalatmosphericmixing.Thisfrequentlyreducespollutantdispersion,thuscausingelevatedairpollutionlevels.PollutantconcentrationsintheBasinvarywithlocation,seasonandtimeofday.Ozoneconcentrations,forexample,tendtobeloweralongthecoast,higherinthenearinlandvalleysandlowerinthefarinlandareasoftheBasinandadjacentdesert.Certainairpollutantshavebeenrecognizedtocausenotablehealthproblemsandconsequentialdamagetothe environment either directly or in reaction with other pollutants, due to their presence in elevatedconcentrationsintheatmosphere.Suchpollutantshavebeenidentifiedandregulatedaspartoftheoverallendeavortopreventfurtherdeteriorationandfacilitateimprovementinairquality.ThefollowingpollutantsareregulatedbytheUnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(USEPA)andaresubjecttoemissionscontrolrequirementsadoptedbyfederal,stateandlocalregulatoryagencies.Thesepollutantsarereferredtoas“criteriaairpollutants”asaresultof thespecificstandards,orcriteria,whichhavebeenadoptedforthem.Abriefdescriptionofthehealtheffectsofthesecriteriaairpollutantsareprovidedbelow.

Ozone(O3):Ozoneisasecondarypollutantformedbythechemicalreactionofvolatileorganiccompoundsand nitrogen oxides (NOX) under favorable meteorological conditions such as high temperature andstagnation episodes. Ozone concentrations are generallyhighestduring the summermonthswhendirectsunlight,lightwind,andwarmtemperatureconditionsarefavorable.Anelevatedlevelofozoneirritatesthelungs and breathing passages, causing coughing and pain in the chest and throat, thereby increasingsusceptibilitytorespiratoryinfectionsandreducingtheabilitytoexercise.Effectsaremoresevereinpeoplewithasthmaandother respiratoryailments. Long‐termexposuremay lead to scarringof lung tissueandmaylowerthelungefficiency.

VolatileOrganicCompounds(VOCs).VOCsaretypicallyformedfromcombustionoffuelsand/orreleasedthroughevaporationoforganicliquids.SomeVOCsarealsoclassifiedbytheStateastoxicaircontaminants.These are compounds comprised primarily of atoms of hydrogen and carbon. Internal combustionassociated with motor vehicle usage is the major source of hydrocarbons, as are architectural coatings.EmissionsofVOCsthemselvesarenot“criteria”pollutants;however,theycontributewithNOXtoformationofO3andareregulatedasO3precursoremissions.

NitrogenDioxide(NO2)andNitrogenOxides(NOX):NOX isa termthat refers toagroupof compoundscontainingnitrogenandoxygen.TheprimarycompoundsofairqualityconcernincludeNO2andnitricoxide



(NO),which canquicklyoxidize in the atmosphere to formNO2.Ambient air quality standardshavebeenpromulgated for NO2, which is a reddish‐brown, reactive gas. The principle form of NOX produced bycombustionisNO,butNOreactsquicklyintheatmospheretoformNO2,creatingthemixtureofNOandNO2referred to as NOX. Major sources of NOX emissions include power plants, large industrial facilities, andmotor vehicles. Emissions of NOX are a precursor to the formation of ground‐level ozone. NO2 canpotentiallyirritatethenoseandthroat,aggravatelungandheartproblems,andmayincreasesusceptibilitytorespiratoryinfections,especiallyinpeoplewithasthma.AccordingtotheCaliforniaAirResourcesBoard(CARB), “NO2 is an oxidizing gas capable of damaging cells lining the respiratory tract. Exposure toNO2alongwithothertraffic‐relatedpollutants,isassociatedwithrespiratorysymptoms,episodesofrespiratoryillnessandimpairedlungfunctioning.Studiesinanimalshavereportedbiochemical,structural,andcellularchangesinthelungwhenexposedtoNO2abovethelevelofthecurrentstateairqualitystandard. Clinicalstudiesofhumansubjects suggest thatNO2exposure to levelsnear the current standardmayworsen theeffectof allergens in allergic asthmatics, especially in children.”5NO2 also contributes to the formationofparticulatematter(PM10). Theterms“NOX”and“NO2”aresometimesusedinterchangeably. However,theterm “NOX” is primarily usedwhen discussing emissions, usually from combustion‐related activities. Theterm “NO2” is primarily used when discussing ambient air quality standards. More specifically, NO2 isregulatedasacriteriaairpollutantundertheCleanAirActandsubjecttotheambientairqualitystandards,whereasNOXandNOarenot.Incaseswherethethresholdsofsignificanceorimpactanalysesarediscussedin the context ofNOX emissions, it is basedon the conservative assumption that allNOX emissionswouldoxidizeintheatmospheretoformNO2.

CarbonMonoxide (CO): Carbon monoxide is primarily emitted from combustion processes and motorvehicles due to incomplete combustion of fuel. Elevated concentrations of CO weaken the heart'scontractionsandlowertheamountofoxygencarriedbytheblood.Itisespeciallydangerousforpeoplewithchronic heart disease. Inhalation of CO can cause nausea, dizziness, and headaches at moderateconcentrationsandcanbefatalathighconcentrations.

SulfurDioxide(SO2): MajorsourcesofSO2includepowerplants,largeindustrialfacilities,dieselvehicles,and oil‐burning residential heaters. Emissions of sulfur dioxide aggravate lung diseases, especiallybronchitis. It also constricts the breathing passages, especially in asthmatics and people involved inmoderatetoheavyexercise.Sulfurdioxidepotentiallycauseswheezing,shortnessofbreath,andcoughing.High levelsofparticulates appear toworsen theeffectof sulfurdioxide, and long‐termexposures tobothpollutantsleadstohigherratesofrespiratoryillness.

ParticulateMatter(PM10andPM2.5):Thehumanbodynaturallypreventstheentryoflargerparticlesintothebody. However,smallparticles including fugitivedust,withanaerodynamicdiameterequal toor lessthantenmicrons(PM10)andevensmallerparticleswithanaerodynamicdiameterequaltoorlessthan2.5microns(PM2.5),canenterthebodyandaretrappedinthenose,throat,andupperrespiratorytract.Thesesmallparticulatescouldpotentiallyaggravateexistingheartandlungdiseases,changethebody'sdefensesagainst inhaledmaterials, and damage lung tissue. The elderly, children, and thosewith chronic lung orheartdiseasearemostsensitivetoPM10andPM2.5.Lungimpairmentcanpersistfortwotothreeweeksafterexposuretohighlevelsofparticulatematter.Sometypesofparticulatescouldbecometoxicafterinhalationduetothepresenceofcertainchemicalsandtheirreactionwithinternalbodyfluids.Theelderly,children,5 California Air Resources Board, “Nitrogen Dioxide – Overview,” http://www.arb.ca.gov/research/aaqs/caaqs/no2‐1/no2‐1.htm.

AccessedMay2016.



andthosewithchroniclungorheartdiseasearemostsensitivetoPM10andPM2.5.Inchildren,studieshaveshownassociationsbetweenPMexposureandreduced lungfunctionand increasedrespiratorysymptomsand illnesses.6 Lung impairment can persist for two to three weeks after exposure to high levels ofparticulatematter. Some typesofparticulates couldbecome toxicafter inhalationdue to thepresenceofcertainchemicalsandtheirreactionwithinternalbodyfluids.

Lead (Pb): Lead is emitted from industrial facilities and from the sanding or removal of old lead‐basedpaint.Smeltingorprocessingthemetalistheprimarysourceofleademissions,whichisprimarilyaregionalpollutant. Leadaffects thebrainandotherpartsof thebody'snervous system. Exposure to lead inveryyoungchildrenimpairsthedevelopmentofthenervoussystem,kidneys,andbloodformingprocessesinthebody.

1.4.2 Local Air Quality

1.4.2.1 Existing Ambient Air Quality in the Surrounding Area

The SCAQMDmaintains a network of air qualitymonitoring stations located throughout the Air Basin tomeasureambientpollutantconcentrations.ThemonitoringstationmostrepresentativeoftheProjectSiteisthe Central Los Angeles County Monitoring Station, located at 1630 North Main Street, Los Angeles, CA90012.Criteriapollutantsmonitoredatthisstationincludeozone,NO2,CO,SO2,PM10,andPM2.5.Themostrecent data available from the SCAQMD for this monitoring station are from years 2010 to 2014.7 ThepollutantconcentrationdatafortheseyearsaresummarizedinTable2,PollutantStandardsandAmbientAirQualityDatafromRepresentativeMonitoringStations.

1.4.2.2 Existing Health Risk in the Surrounding Area

BetweenJuly2012andJune2013,theSCAQMDconductedtheMultipleAirToxicsExposureStudy(MATESIV), which is a follow‐up to previous air toxics studies conducted in the Air Basin. TheMATES IV FinalReport was issued in May 2015. The study, based on actual monitored data throughout the Air Basin,consisted of several elements. These included amonitoring program, an updated emissions inventory ofTACs,andamodelingeffort tocharacterizecarcinogenicriskacross theAirBasin fromexposure toTACs.Thestudyappliedatwo‐kilometer(1.24‐mile)gridovertheAirBasinandreportedcarcinogenicriskwithineachgridspace(coveringanareaoffoursquarekilometersor1.54squaremiles).ThestudyconcludedthattheaverageofthemodeledairtoxicsconcentrationsmeasuredateachofthemonitoringstationsintheAirBasin equates to a background cancer risk of approximately 418 in 1,000,000 primarily due to dieselexhaust, which is about 65 percent lower than the previous MATES III cancer risk.8 Subsequent to theSCAQMD’s risk calculations estimates performed for MATES IV, the California Environmental ProtectionAgencyOffice of EnvironmentalHealthHazardAssessment (OEHHA) updated themethods for estimating

6 California Air Resources Board, “Particulate Matter – Overview,” http://www.arb.ca.gov/research/aaqs/caaqs/pm/pm.htm.

AccessedMay2016.7 SouthCoastAirQualityManagementDistrict,HistoricalDatabyYear,http://www.aqmd.gov/smog/historicaldata.htm. Accessed

April2016.8 SouthCoastAirQualityManagementDistrict,FinalReport–MultipleAirToxicsExposureStudyintheSouthCoastAirBasin,(2015)

ES‐2.



Table 2

Pollutant Standards and Ambient Air Quality Data from Representative Monitoring Stations

Pollutant/Standard 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

O3(1‐hour)MaximumConcentration(ppm)Days>CAAQS(0.09ppm)

0.0981

0.0870

0.0930

0.0810

0.1133

O3(8‐hour)MaximumConcentration(ppm)

4thHigh8‐hourConcentration(ppm)Days>CAAQS(0.070ppm)Days>NAAQS(0.075ppm)

0.0800.06411

0.0650.06000

0.0770.06821

0.0690.06000

0.0940.07272

NO2(1‐hour)MaximumConcentration(ppm)

98thPercentileConcentration(ppm)NO2(Annual)

AnnualArithmeticMean(0.030ppm)

0.0890.071

0.025

0.1100.067

0.023

0.0770.069

0.025

0.0900.063

0.022

0.0820.067

0.022CO(1‐hour)

MaximumConcentration(ppm)CO(8‐hour)

MaximumConcentration(ppm)

3

2.3

‐‐

2.4

‐‐

1.9

‐‐

2.0

3

2.0SO2(1‐hour)

MaximumConcentration(ppm)99thPercentileConcentration(ppm)

SO2(24‐hour)MaximumConcentration(ppm)

0.010‐‐

0.015

0.0200.011‐‐

0.0050.005‐‐

0.0060.005‐‐

0.0050.004‐‐

PM10(24‐hour)MaximumConcentration(µg/m3)Samples>CAAQS(50µg/m3)Samples>NAAQS(150µg/m3)

PM10(AnnualAverage)AnnualArithmeticMean(20µg/m3)

4200

27.1

531029

8040

30.2

5710

29.5

6630

30.6PM2.5(24‐hour)

MaximumConcentration(µg/m3)98thPercentileConcentration(µg/m3)

Samples>NAAQS(35µg/m3)PM2.5(Annual)

AnnualArithmeticMean(12µg/m3)

39.227.12

11.9

49.331.54

13.00

58.731.84

12.55

43.129.01

11.95

59.934.56

12.36Lead

Maximum30‐dayaverage(µg/m3) 0.020 0.012 0.014 0.013 0.013

Notes: ppm = parts per million; µg/m3 = micrograms per cubic meter Sources: South Coast Air Quality Management District, Historical Data by Year, http://www.aqmd.gov/home/library/air‐quality‐data‐

studies/historical‐data‐by‐year. Accessed April 2016; California Air Resources Board, Air Quality Data Statistics, http://www.arb.ca.gov/adam/. Accessed April 2016; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, AirData, http://www.epa.gov/airdata/ad_rep_mon.html. Accessed April 2016.



cancerrisks.9Theupdatedmethodutilizeshigherestimatesofcancerpotencyduringearly lifeexposuresand uses different assumptions for breathing rates and length of residential exposures. When combinedtogether,SCAQMDstaffestimatesthatrisksforthesameinhalationexposurelevelwillbeabout2.5to2.7times higher using the updatedmethods. This would be reflected in the average lifetime air toxics riskestimated from the monitoring sites data going from 418 per million to 1,023 per million.10 Under theupdatedOEHHAmethodology,adoptedinMarchof2015,therelativereductioninriskfromtheMATESIVresultscomparedtoMATESIIIwouldbethesame(about65percent).

Approximately68percentoftheriskisattributedtodieselparticulateemissions,approximately22percentto other toxics associated with mobile sources (including benzene, butadiene, and formaldehyde), andapproximately10percentofallairbornecarcinogenicriskisattributedtostationarysources(whichincludeindustriesandothercertainbusinesses,suchasdrycleanersandchromeplatingoperations).11Thestudyalso found lower ambient concentrations of most of the measured air toxics compared to the levelsmeasuredinthepreviousstudyconductedduring2004and2006.Specifically,benzeneand1,3‐butadiene,pollutants generated mainly from vehicles, were down 35 percent and 11 percent, respectively.12 Thereductionswereattributedtoairqualitycontrolregulationsandimprovedemissioncontroltechnologies.Inadditiontoairtoxics,MATESIVincludedcontinuousmeasurementsofblackcarbonandultrafineparticles(particlessmallerthan0.1micronsinsize),whichareemittedbycombustionofdieselfuels.Samplingsiteslocatednearheavily‐traffickedfreewaysornear industrialareaswerecharacterizedby increased levelsofblackcarbonandultrafineparticlescomparedtomoreruralsites.

As part of the MATES IV, the SCAQMD prepared maps that show regional trends in estimated outdoorinhalationcancerriskfromtoxicemissions,aspartofanongoingefforttoprovideinsightintorelativerisks.Themapsrepresenttheestimatednumberofpotentialcancerspermillionpeopleassociatedwithalifetimeofbreathingairtoxics(24hoursperdayoutdoorsfor70years).Thebackgroundpotentialcancerriskpermillionpeople in theProjectareausing theupdateOEHHAmethodology isestimatedat1,516permillion(comparedtoanoverallSouthCoastAirBasin‐wideriskof1,023permillion).13Generally,theriskfromairtoxics is lower near the coastline: it increases inland,with higher risks concentrated near diesel sources(e.g.,freeways,airports,andports).

1.4.2.3 Sensitive Receptors

Certainpopulationgroups,suchaschildren,elderly,andacutelyandchronicallyillpersons(especiallythosewithcardio‐respiratorydiseases),areconsideredmoresensitivetothepotentialeffectsofairpollutionthanothers. Sensitive land useswithin 500 feet of the Project Site are shown inFigure3, SensitiveReceptorLocationsNearesttotheProjectSite,andincludethefollowing:

9 CaliforniaEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,OfficeofHealthHazardAssessment,AirToxicsHotSpotsProgram,RiskAssessment

Guidelines,GuidanceManualforPreparationofHealthRiskAssessments,(2015).10 SouthCoastAirQualityManagementDistrict,FinalReport–MultipleAirToxicsExposureStudyintheSouthCoastAirBasin,(2015)

2‐11.11 SouthCoastAirQualityManagementDistrict,FinalReport–MultipleAirToxicsExposureStudyintheSouthCoastAirBasin,(2015)

ES‐2.12 SouthCoastAirQualityManagementDistrict,FinalReport–MultipleAirToxicsExposureStudyintheSouthCoastAirBasin,(2015)

6‐1.13 SouthCoastAirQualityManagementDistrict,MultipleAirToxicsExposure Study,MATES IVCarcinogenicRisk InteractiveMap,

http://www.aqmd.gov/home/library/air‐quality‐data‐studies/health‐studies/mates‐iv.AccessedMay2016.



Multi‐Family Residential Dwellings at LA LIVE: The Ritz‐Carlton Residences are located across S.FigueroaStreetwestoftheProjectSite.

Multi‐FamilyResidentialDwellings:Severalhighrisemixed‐useresidentialbuildingsare locatedtothe north of the Project Site across from Olympic Boulevard. Mid‐ and high‐rise multi‐familyresidentialarealsolocatedeastoftheProjectSitefrontingonS.FlowerStreet.High‐riseresidentialbuildingsarelocatedapproximately300feettothesouthoftheProjectSiteacrossfrom11thStreet.

FutureResidentialUses:Mixed‐useprojectsthatincorporateresidentialusesincludetheFigCentralproject and the Circa project. These projects are currently under construction and are locatedapproximately80feetand700feetthesouthoftheProjectSiterespectively.

Future Residential Uses: Mixed‐use project that incorporates residential uses at the proposedOlympicTowerproject.Theprojectisnotcurrentlyunderconstructionandislocatedapproximately140feetnorthoftheProjectSite.

AllotherairqualitysensitivereceptorsarelocatedatgreaterdistancesfromtheProjectSite,andwouldbelessimpactedbyProjectemissions.Impactsarequantifiedfortheabovesensitivereceptors.

Olympic Boulevard

W 11th Street

W 12th Street

S Figue

roa Stre

et

W 9th Street

S Flowe

r Street

LA LIVE

LA LIVE

The Ritz-Carlton Residences and JW Marriott (Hotel/Residences)

Construction

Construction

Multi-FamilyMulti-Family

Multi-Family

Commercial

Retail/Parking

Multi-Family

Multi-Family Multi-Family

Multi-Family

Office

PetroleumBuilding/Office

Restaurant

Mixed Use/Multi-Family

Multi-FamilyCommercialMixed Use/Multi-family

Multi-FamilyParking

Hotel

HotelDepartmentof Water and Power

FIGURE

Source: Google Maps, 2015 (Aerial); PCR Services Corporation, 2016.0 200 400 Feet

1020 S. Figueroa Street Project

Sensitive Receptor LocationsNearest to the Project Siteo 3

Project SiteSensitive Receptor500-ft Buffer fromProject Site



Thispageintentionallyblank.


2.0 REGULATORY SETTING AND SIGNIFICANCE THRESHOLDS

2.1 REGULATORY SETTING Anumberofstatutes,regulations,plansandpolicieshavebeenadoptedwhichaddressairqualityconcerns.TheProjectSiteandvicinityissubjecttoairqualityregulationsdevelopedandimplementedatthefederal,State,and local levels. At the federal level, theUnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(USEPA) isresponsible for implementationofthefederalCleanAirAct(CAA). Someportionsof theCAA(e.g.,certainmobile source requirements and other requirements) are implemented directly by the USEPA. OtherportionsoftheCAA(e.g.,stationarysourcerequirements)areimplementedthroughdelegationofauthoritytoStateandlocalagencies.

Anumberof plans andpolicieshave been adoptedby various agencies that address air quality concerns.ThoseplansandpoliciesthatarerelevanttotheProjectarediscussedbelow.

2.1.1 Federal The federal CleanAirAct of 1963was the first federal legislation regarding air pollution control andhasbeenamendednumeroustimesinsubsequentyears,withthemostrecentamendmentsoccurringin1990.At the federal level, theUSEPA is responsible for implementation of certain portions of theCleanAirActincluding mobile source requirements. Other portions of the Clean Air Act, such as stationary sourcerequirements,areimplementedbystateandlocalagencies.

TheCleanAirActestablishesfederalairqualitystandards,knownasNationalAmbientAirQualityStandards(NAAQS)andspecifies futuredates forachievingcompliance. The1990AmendmentstotheCleanAirActidentifyspecificemissionreductiongoalsforareasnotmeetingtheNAAQS.Theseamendmentsrequirebothademonstrationofreasonablefurtherprogresstowardattainmentandincorporationofadditionalsanctionsfor failure toattainor tomeet interimmilestones. Title I (NonattainmentProvisions)andTitle II (MobileSourceProvisions)oftheCleanAirActaremostapplicabletothedevelopmentandoperationsoftheProject.TitleIprovisionswereestablishedwiththegoalofattainingtheNAAQSforthefollowingcriteriapollutants:(1)O3;(2)NO2;(3)CO;(4)SO2;(5)PM10;and(6) lead. Table3,AmbientAirQualityStandards,showstheNAAQScurrentlyineffectforeachcriteriapollutant.

The Project is located within the South Coast Air Basin, which is an area designated as non‐attainmentbecause it does not currentlymeet NAAQS for certain pollutants regulated under the Clean Air Act. TheCleanAirActsetscertaindeadlinesformeetingtheNAAQSwithintheBasinincluding:(1)1‐hourO3bytheyear2010;(2)8‐hourO3bytheyear2024;14(3)PM10bytheyear2006;and(4)PM2.5bytheyear2015.OntheNAAQSatallmonitoringstationsandtheUSEPAapprovedtherequestforre‐designationtoattainmentJune11,2007,theUSEPAreclassifiedtheAirBasinasafederal“attainment”areaforCOandapprovedthe

14 The8‐hourozoneattainmentdeadlineforthe1997standardof80partsperbillionis2024.The8‐hourozoneattainmentdeadline

forthe2008standardof75partsperbillionis2032.

2.0 Regulatory Setting and Significance Thresholds June 2016


Table 3

Ambient Air Quality Standards

Pollutant Average Time California Standards a National Standards b

Concentration c Method d Primary c,e Secondary c,f Method g

O3h1Hour 0.09ppm(180µg/m3)

UltravioletPhotometry — SameasPrimary

StandardUltravioletPhotometry8Hour 0.070ppm(137µg/m3)

0.070 ppm(137µg/m3)

NO2i1Hour 0.18ppm(339µg/m3) GasPhase

Chemi‐luminescence

100ppb(188µg/m3) None GasPhaseChemi‐

luminescenceAnnualArithmeticMean

0.030ppm(57µg/m3)

53ppb(100µg/m3)

SameasPrimaryStandard

CO

1Hour 20ppm(23mg/m3) Non‐DispersiveInfrared

Photometry(NDIR)

35ppm(40mg/m3) None Non‐Dispersive

InfraredPhotometry(NDIR)

8Hour 9.0ppm(10mg/m3)9ppm

(10mg/m3)8Hour(LakeTahoe)

6ppm(7mg/m3) — —

SO2j

1Hour 0.25ppm(655µg/m3)UltravioletFluorescence

75ppb(196µg/m3) —

UltravioletFluorescence;

Spectrophotometry(Pararosaniline

Method)9

3Hour — —0.5ppm(1300µg/m3)

24Hour 0.04ppm(105µg/m3)0.14ppm(forcertainareas)j —

AnnualArithmeticMean

— 0.030ppm(forcertainareas)j

—

PM10k24Hour 50µg/m3

GravimetricorBetaAttenuation

150µg/m3 SameasPrimaryStandard

InertialSeparationandGravimetric

AnalysisAnnual

ArithmeticMean

20µg/m3 —

PM2.5k24Hour NoSeparateStateStandard 35µg/m3

SameasPrimaryStandard InertialSeparationandGravimetric

AnalysisAnnualArithmeticMean

12µg/m3 GravimetricorBetaAttenuation 12.0µg/m3k 15µg/m3

Leadl,m

30DayAverage 1.5µg/m3

AtomicAbsorption

— —HighVolumeSamplerand

AtomicAbsorptionCalendarQuarter —

1.5µg/m3 (forcertainareas)m SameasPrimary

StandardRolling3‐MonthAveragem

‐‐ 0.15µg/m3

VisibilityReducingParticlesn

8HourExtinctioncoefficientof0.23perkilometer—visibilityoftenmilesormore(0.07—30milesormoreforLakeTahoe)duetoparticles

whenrelativehumidityislessthan

NoFederalStandards

September 2016 2.0 Regulatory Setting and Significance Thresholds

Table 3 (Continued)

Ambient Air Quality Standards


Pollutant Average Time California Standards a National Standards b

Concentration c Method d Primary c,e Secondary c,f Method g

70percent.Method:BetaAttenuationandTransmittance

throughFilterTape.Sulfates(SO4) 24Hour 25µg/m3

IonChromatography

HydrogenSulfide 1Hour

0.03ppm(42µg/m3)

UltravioletFluorescence

VinylChloridel 24Hour

0.01ppm(26µg/m3)

GasChromatography

a California standards for ozone, carbon monoxide (except 8‐hour Lake Tahoe), sulfur dioxide (1 and 24 hour), nitrogen dioxide, and

particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5, and visibility reducing particles), are values that are not to be exceeded. All others are not to be equaled or exceeded. California ambient air quality standards are listed in the Table of Standards in Section 70200 of Title 17 of the California Code of Regulations.

b National standards (other than ozone, particulate matter, and those based on annual arithmetic mean) are not to be exceeded more than once a year. The ozone standard is attained when the fourth highest 8‐hour concentration measured at each site in a year, averaged over three years, is equal to or less than the standard. For PM10, the 24 hour standard is attained when the expected number of days per calendar year with a 24‐hour average concentration above 150 micrograms/per cubic meter (μg/m3) is equal to or less than one. For PM2.5, the 24 hour standard is attained when 98 percent of the daily concentrations, averaged over three years, are equal to or less than the standard.

c Concentration expressed first in units in which it was promulgated. Equivalent units given in parentheses are based upon a reference temperature of 25°C and a reference pressure of 760 torr. Most measurements of air quality are to be corrected to a reference temperature of 25°C and a reference pressure of 760 torr; ppm in this table refers to ppm by volume, or micromoles of pollutant per mole of gas.

d Any equivalent procedure which can be shown to the satisfaction of the California Air Resources Board to give equivalent results at or near the level of the air quality standard may be used.

e National Primary Standards: The levels of air quality necessary, with an adequate margin of safety to protect the public health. f National Secondary Standards: The levels of air quality necessary to protect the public welfare from any known or anticipated adverse

effects of a pollutant. g Reference method as described by the USEPA. An “equivalent method” of measurement may be used but must have a “consistent

relationship to the reference method” and must be approved by the USEPA. h On October 1, 2015, the national 8‐hour ozone primary and secondary standards were lowered from 0.075 to 0.070 ppm. i To attain the 1‐hour national standard, the 3‐year average of the annual 98th percentile of the 1‐hour daily maximum concentrations

at each site must not exceed 100 ppb. j On June 2, 2010, a new 1‐hour SO2 standard was established and the existing 24‐hour and annual primary standards were revoked. To

attain the 1‐hour national standard, the 3‐year average of the annual 99th percentile of the 1‐hour daily maximum concentrations at each site must not exceed 75 ppb. The 1971 SO2 national standards (24‐hour and annual) remain in effect until one year after an area is designated for the 2010 standard, except that in areas designated non‐attainment for the 1971 standards, the 1971 standards remain in effect until implementation plans to attain or maintain the 2010 standards are approved.

k On December 14, 2012, the national annual PM2.5 primary standard was lowered from 15 μg/m3 to 12.0 μg/m3.

l The California Air Resources Board has identified lead and vinyl chloride as 'toxic air contaminants' with no threshold level of exposure for adverse health effects determined. These actions allow for the implementation of control measures at levels below the ambient concentrations specified for these pollutants.

m The national standard for lead was revised on October 15, 2008 to a rolling 3‐month average. The 1978 lead standard (1.5 μg/m3 as a quarterly average) remains in effect until one year after an area is designated for the 2008 standard, except that in areas designated non‐attainment for the 1978 standard, the 1978 standard remains in effect until implementation plans to attain or maintain the 2008 standard are approved.

n In 1989, the California Air Resources Board converted both the general statewide 10‐mile visibility standard and the Lake Tahoe 30‐mile visibility standard to instrumental equivalents, which are "extinction of 0.23 per kilometer" and "extinction of 0.07 per kilometer" for the statewide and Lake Tahoe Air Basin standards, respectively.

Source: California Air Resources Board, Ambient Air Quality Standards (10/1/15), http://www.arb.ca.gov/research/aaqs/aaqs2.pdf.

Accessed January 2016.

2.0 Regulatory Setting and Significance Thresholds September 2016


COmaintenanceplanfortheAirBasin.15TheAirBasinpreviouslyexceededtheNAAQSforPM10,buthasmeteffectiveJuly26,2013.16TheAirBasindoesnotmeettheNAAQSforO3andPM2.5andisclassifiedasbeinginnon‐attainment forthesepollutants. Table4,SouthCoastAirBasinAttainmentStatus(LosAngelesCounty),liststhecriteriapollutantsandtheirrelativeattainmentstatus.

TheCleanAirActalsospecifies futuredates forachievingcompliancewith theNAAQSandmandates thatstatessubmitandimplementaStateImplementationPlan(SIP)forlocalareasnotmeetingthesestandards.Theseplansmust includepollution controlmeasures that demonstrate how the standardswould bemet.The1990amendmentstotheCleanAirActidentifyspecificemissionreductiongoalsforbasinsnotmeetingthe NAAQS. These amendments require both a demonstration of reasonable further progress towardattainmentandincorporationofadditionalsanctionsforfailuretoattainortomeetinterimmilestones.

TitleIIoftheCleanAirActpertainstomobilesources,suchascars,trucks,buses,andplanes.Reformulatedgasoline,automobilepollutioncontroldevices,andvaporrecoverynozzlesongaspumpsarea fewof themechanismstheUSEPAusestoregulatemobileairemissionsources.TheprovisionsofTitleIIhaveresultedintailpipeemissionstandardsforvehicles,whichhavestrengthenedinrecentyearstoimproveairquality.6 “ApprovalandPromulgationofImplementationPlansandDesignationofAreasforAirQualityPlanningPurposes:California,Final

Rule.”FederalRegister72(11May2007):26718‐267217 FederalRegister,Vol.78,No.123,June26,2013,38223‐38226.

Table 4

South Coast Air Basin Attainment Status (Los Angeles County)

Pollutant National Standards California Standards Ozone(1‐hourstandard) N/Aa Non‐attainment–ExtremeOzone(8‐hourstandard) Non‐attainment– Extreme Non‐Attainment

CarbonMonoxide Attainment AttainmentNitrogenDioxide Attainment AttainmentSulfurDioxide Attainment Attainment

PM10 Attainment Non‐attainmentPM2.5 Non‐attainment Non‐attainmentLead Non‐attainment Attainment

VisibilityReducingParticles N/A UnclassifiedSulfates N/A Attainment

HydrogenSulfide N/A UnclassifiedVinylChloride N/A N/Ab

N/A = not applicable a The NAAQS for 1‐hour ozone was revoked on June 15, 2005 for all areas except Early Action Compact areas. b In 1990 the California Air Resources Board identified vinyl chloride as a toxic air contaminant and determined

that it does not have an identifiable threshold. Therefore, the California Air Resources Board does not monitor or make status designations for this pollutant.

Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency, The Green Book Non‐attainment Areas for Criteria

Pollutants, http://www.epa.gov/oaqps001/greenbk/index.html. Accessed April 2016; California Air Resources Board, Area Designations Maps/State and National, http://www.arb.ca.gov/desig/adm/adm.htm. Accessed April 2016.



Forexample,thestandardsforNOXemissionshaveloweredsubstantiallyandthespecificationrequirementsforcleanerburninggasolinearemorestringent.

2.1.2 State

2.1.2.1 California Clean Air Act

TheCaliforniaCleanAirAct,signedintolawin1988,requiresallareasoftheStatetoachieveandmaintainthe CAAQS by the earliest practical date. The CAAQS apply to the same criteria pollutants as the federalCleanAirActbutalsoincludeState‐identifiedcriteriapollutants,whichincludesulfates,visibility‐reducingparticles, hydrogen sulfide, and vinyl chloride. CARB has primary responsibility for ensuring theimplementation of the California Clean Air Act, responding to the federal Clean Air Act planningrequirementsapplicabletothestate,andregulatingemissionsfrommotorvehiclesandconsumerproductswithinthestate.Table2showstheCAAQScurrentlyineffectforeachofthecriteriapollutantsaswellastheotherpollutantsrecognizedbythestate.AsshowninTable2,theCAAQSincludemorestringentstandardsthantheNAAQSformostofthecriteriaairpollutants.

Health and Safety Code Section 39607(e) requires CARB to establish and periodically review areadesignationcriteria.Table3providesasummaryoftheattainmentstatusoftheLosAngelesCountyportionof the Air Basin with respect to the state standards. The Air Basin is designated as attainment for theCalifornia standards for sulfates and unclassified for hydrogen sulfide and visibility‐reducing particles.Becausevinylchlorideisacarcinogenictoxicaircontaminant,CARBdoesnotclassifyattainmentstatusforthispollutant.

2.1.2.2 California Air Resources Board Air Quality and Land Use Handbook

TheCARBpublished theAirQualityandLandUseHandbook in April 2005 to serve as a general guide forconsidering impacts tosensitive receptors from facilities thatemitTACemissions. Therecommendationsprovidedthereinarevoluntaryanddonotconstitutearequirementormandateforeitherlanduseagenciesorlocalairdistricts. Thegoaloftheguidancedocumentistoprotectsensitivereceptors,suchaschildren,the elderly, acutely ill, and chronically ill persons, from exposure to TAC emissions. Some examples ofCARB’ssitingrecommendationsincludethefollowing:(1)avoidsitingsensitivereceptorswithin500feetofafreeway,urbanroadwith100,000vehiclesperday,orruralroadswith50,000vehiclesperday;(2)avoidsiting sensitive receptors within 1,000 feet of a distribution center (that accommodates more than 100trucksperday,morethan40truckswithoperatingtransportrefrigerationunitsperday,orwheretransportrefrigerationunit operations exceed300hoursperweek); and (3) avoid siting sensitive receptorswithin300feetofanydrycleaningoperationusingperchloroethyleneandwithin500feetofoperationswithtwoormoremachines.

2.1.2.3 California Air Resources Board On‐Road and Off‐Road Vehicle Rules

In2004,CARBadoptedanAirborneToxicControlMeasure(ATCM)tolimitheavy‐dutydieselmotorvehicleidling in order to reduce public exposure to diesel PM and other Toxic Air Contaminants (TACs). Themeasureappliestodiesel‐fueledcommercialvehicleswithgrossvehicleweightratingsgreaterthan10,000pounds that are licensed to operate onhighways, regardless ofwhere they are registered. Thismeasuredoesnotallowdiesel‐fueledcommercialvehiclestoidleformorethan5minutesatanygiventime.



In2008CARBapprovedtheTruckandBusregulationtoreduceNOX,PM10,andPM2.5emissionsfromexistingdiesel vehicles operating in California. The requirementswere amended inDecember2010 and apply tonearlyalldieselfueledtrucksandbusseswithagrossvehicleweightratinggreaterthan14,000pounds.Forthelargesttrucksinthefleet,thosewithagrossvehicleweightratinggreaterthan26,000pounds,therearetwomethods to complywith the requirements. The firstway is for the fleetowner to retrofit or replaceengines,startingwiththeoldestenginemodelyear,tomeet2010enginestandards,orbetter.Thisisphasedover8years,startingin2015andwouldbefullyimplementedby2023,meaningthatalltrucksoperatingintheStatesubjecttothisoptionwouldmeetorexceedthe2010engineemissionstandardsforNOXandPMby2023.Thesecondoption,ifchosen,requiresfleetowners,startingin2012,toretrofitaportionoftheirfleetwith diesel particulate filters achieving at least 85percent removal efficiency, so that by January1, 2016their entire fleet is equipped with diesel particulate filters. However, diesel particulate filters do nottypically lowerNOX emissions. Thus, fleet owners choosing the secondoptionmust still complywith the2010engineemissionstandardsfortheirtrucksandbussesby2020.

In addition to limitingexhaust from idling trucks,CARB recentlypromulgatedemission standards foroff‐road diesel construction equipment of greater than 25 horsepower (hp) such as bulldozers, loaders,backhoesandforklifts,aswellasmanyotherself‐propelledoff‐roaddieselvehicles.TheregulationadoptedbytheCARBonJuly26,2007,aimstoreduceemissionsbyinstallationofdieselsootfiltersandencouragingthe retirement, replacement, or repowerofolder, dirtier engineswithneweremission controlledmodels.Implementationisstaggeredbasedonfleetsize(whichisthetotalofalloff‐roadhorsepowerundercommonownership or control), with the largest fleets to begin compliance January 1, 2014. Each fleet mustdemonstrate compliance through one of twomethods. The first option is to calculate andmaintain fleetaverageemissionstargets,whichencouragestheretirementorrepoweringofolderequipmentandrewardsthe introduction of newer cleaner units into the fleet. The second option is to meet the Best AvailableControl Technology (BACT) requirements by turning over or installing Verified Diesel Emission ControlStrategies(VDECS)onacertainpercentageofitstotalfleethorsepower.ThecomplianceschedulerequiresthatBACTturnoversorretrofits(VDECSinstallation)befullyimplementedby2023inallequipmentinlargeandmediumfleetsandacross100percentofsmallfleetsby2028.

2.1.3 Regional

2.1.3.1 South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD)

Asindicatedpreviously,theCityofLosAngelesislocatedwithintheSouthCoastAirBasin.TheSCAQMDhasjurisdictionoveranareaofapproximately10,743squaremiles.ThisareaincludesallofOrangeCounty,LosAngelesCountyexcept for theAntelopeValley, thenon‐desertportionofwesternSanBernardinoCounty,andthewesternandCoachellaValleyportionsofRiversideCounty.TheBasinisasub‐regionoftheSCAQMDjurisdiction.Whileairqualityinthisareahasimproved,theBasinrequirescontinueddiligencetomeetairqualitystandards.

TheSCAQMDhasadoptedaseriesofAirQualityManagementPlans(AQMP)tomeettheCAAQSandNAAQS.SCAQMDandCARBhaveadoptedthe2012AQMPwhichincorporatesthelatestscientificandtechnologicalinformation and planning assumptions, including the Southern California Association of Governments(SCAG) 2012 Regional Transportation Plan/Sustainable Communities Strategy (RTP/SCS), and updated



emissioninventorymethodologiesforvarioussourcecategories.17TheFinal2012AQMPwasadoptedbytheAQMD Governing Board on December 7, 2012. Control measure IND‐01 was approved for adoption andinclusionintheFinal2012AQMPattheFebruary1,2013GoverningBoardmeeting.

Therefore, the2012AQMPis themostappropriateplantouse forconsistencyanalysis. TheAQMPbuildsupon other agencies’ plans to achieve federal standards for air quality in the Basin. It incorporates acomprehensivestrategyaimedatcontrollingpollutionfromallsources,includingstationarysources,andon‐road and off‐road mobile sources. The 2012 AQMP builds upon improvements in previous plans, andincludes new and changing federal requirements, implementation of new technology measures, and thecontinueddevelopmentofeconomicallysound,flexiblecomplianceapproaches.Inaddition,ithighlightsthesignificant amount of emission reductions needed and the urgent need to identify additional strategies,especially in the area of mobile sources, to meet all federal criteria pollutant standards within the timeframesallowedunderthefederalCleanAirAct.

The2012AQMP’skeyundertaking is tobringtheBasin intoattainmentwithNAAQSfor24‐hourPM2.5by2014.Italsointensifiesthescopeandpaceofcontinuedairqualityimprovementeffortstowardmeetingthe20238‐hourozonestandarddeadlinewithnewmeasuresdesignedtoreducerelianceontheCAASection182(e)(5) long‐termmeasures for NOX and VOC reductions. SCAQMD expects exposure reductions to beachieved through implementation of new and advanced control technologies as well as improvement ofexistingtechnologies.

Thecontrolmeasures in the2012AQMPconsistof fourcomponents: (1)Basin‐wideandEpisodicShort‐term PM2.5 Measures; (2) Contingency Measures; (3) 8‐hour Ozone Implementation Measures; and (4)TransportationandControlMeasuresprovidedbySCAG. ThePlanincludeseightshort‐termPM2.5controlmeasures, 16 stationary source8‐hourozonemeasures, 10 early actionmeasures formobile sources andsevenearlyactionmeasuresareproposedtoacceleratenear‐zeroandzeroemissiontechnologiesforgoodsmovementrelatedsources,andfiveon‐roadandfiveoff‐roadmobilesourcecontrolmeasures. Ingeneral,theDistrict’scontrolstrategyforstationaryandmobilesourcesisbasedonthefollowingapproaches: (1)availablecleanertechnologies;(2)bestmanagementpractices;(3)incentiveprograms;(4)developmentandimplementation of zero‐ near‐zero technologies and vehicles and control methods; and (5) emissionreductions frommobilesources. Controlstrategies intheAQMPwithpotentialapplicabilitytoshort‐termemissionsfromconstructionactivitiesassociatedwiththeProjectincludestrategiesdenotedintheAQMPasONRD‐04 and OFFRD‐01,which are intended to reduce emissions from on‐road and off‐road heavy‐dutyvehiclesandequipment.DescriptionsofmeasuresONRD‐04andOFFRD‐01areprovidedbelow:

ONRD‐04 –AcceleratedRetirement ofOlderOn‐RoadHeavy‐DutyVehicles: This proposed measureseeks toreplaceupto1,000heavy‐dutyvehiclesperyearwithnewerornewvehicles thatataminimum,meetthe2010on‐roadheavy‐dutyNOXexhaustemissionsstandardof0.2gramsperbrakehorsepower‐hour(g/bhp‐hr).Giventhatexceedancesofthe24‐hourPM2.5airqualitystandardoccurintheMiraLomaregion,priority will be placed on replacing older diesel trucks that operate primarily at the warehouse anddistribution centers located in the Mira Loma area. Funding assistance of up to $35,000 per vehicle isproposedandtheleveloffundingwilldependupontheNOXemissionscertificationlevelofthereplacementvehicle. In addition, a provision similar to the Surplus Off‐RoadOption for NOX (SOON) provision of the17 SouthCoastAirQualityManagementDistrict,2012AirQualityManagementPlan,http://www.aqmd.gov/home/library/clean‐air‐

plans/air‐quality‐mgt‐plan/final‐2012‐air‐quality‐management‐plan.AccessedApril2016.



statewide In‐UseOff‐RoadFleetVehicleRegulationwill be sought to ensure that additionalNOX emissionreductionbenefitsareachieved.

OFFRD‐01–ExtensionoftheSoonProvisionforConstruction/IndustrialEquipment:Thismeasureseekstocontinue the Surplus Off‐Road Option for NOX (SOON) provision of the statewide In‐Use Off‐Road FleetVehicleRegulationbeyond2014throughthe2023timeframe.InordertoimplementtheSOONprograminthis timeframe, funding of up to $30 million per year would be sought to help fund the repower orreplacement of older Tier 0 and Tier 1 equipment, with reductions that are considered surplus to thestatewideregulationwithTier4orcleanerengines.

SeveralSCAQMDrulesadoptedtoimplementportionsoftheAQMPmayapplytoconstructionoroperationoftheProject. Forexample,SCAQMDRule403requirestheimplementationofbestavailablefugitivedustcontrolmeasuresduringactiveconstructionperiodscapableofgeneratingfugitivedustemissionsfromon‐siteearth‐movingactivities,construction/demolitionactivities,andconstructionequipmenttravelonpavedand unpaved roads. Also, SCAQMD Rule 1113 limits the amount of volatile organic compounds fromarchitecturalcoatingsandsolvents,whichlowerstheemissionsofodorouscompounds.TheProjectmaybesubjecttothefollowingSCAQMDrulesandregulations:Regulation IV – Prohibitions: This regulation sets forth the restrictions for visible emissions, odornuisance, fugitive dust, various air emissions, fuel contaminants, start‐up/shutdown exemptions andbreakdownevents.ThefollowingisalistofruleswhichmayapplytotheProject: Rule402–Nuisance:Thisrulestatesthatapersonshallnotdischargefromanysourcewhatsoever

such quantities of air contaminants or othermaterial which cause injury, detriment, nuisance, orannoyancetoanyconsiderablenumberofpersonsortothepublic,orwhichendangerthecomfort,repose,healthorsafetyofanysuchpersonsorthepublic,orwhichcause,orhaveanaturaltendencytocause,injuryordamagetobusinessorproperty.

Rule403–FugitiveDust: Thisrulerequiresprojects toprevent,reduceormitigate fugitivedustemissions fromasite. Rule403restrictsvisible fugitivedusttotheprojectproperty line,restrictsthenetPM10emissionstolessthan50microgramspercubicmeter(µg/m3)andrestrictsthetrackingoutofbulkmaterialsontopublicroads. Additionally,projectsmustutilizeoneormoreofthebestavailable control measures (identified in the tables within the rule). Mitigation measures mayincludeaddingfreeboardtohaulvehicles,coveringloosematerialonhaulvehicles,watering,usingchemicalstabilizersand/orceasingallactivities. Finally,acontingencyplanmayberequired ifsodeterminedbytheUSEPA.

RegulationXI–SourceSpecificStandards: RegulationXI setsemissions standards for specific sources.ThefollowingisalistofruleswhichmayapplytotheProject: Rule1113–ArchitecturalCoatings:Thisrulerequiresmanufacturers,distributors,andendusers

ofarchitecturalandindustrialmaintenancecoatingstoreduceVOCemissionsfromtheuseofthesecoatings,primarilybyplacinglimitsontheVOCcontentofvariouscoatingcategories.

Rule1134–EmissionsofOxidesofNitrogenfromStationaryGasTurbines: ThisrulespecifiesNOXemissionslimits,monitoring,sourcetesting,andrecordkeepingrequirementsforstationarygasturbines0.3megawatt(MW)andlarger.



Rule1138–ControlofEmissionsfromRestaurantOperations:Thisrulespecifiesemissionsandodorcontrolrequirementsforcommercialcookingoperationsthatusechain‐drivencharbroilerstocookmeat.

Rule1146.2–EmissionsofOxidesofNitrogen fromLargeWaterHeatersandSmallBoilersand Process Heaters: This rule requires manufacturers, distributors, retailers, refurbishers,installers, andoperatorsofnewandexistingunits to reduceNOXemissions fromnatural gas‐firedwaterheaters,boilers,andprocessheatersasdefinedinthisrule.

Rule1186–PM10EmissionsfromPavedandUnpavedRoads,andLivestockOperations: Thisruleappliestoownersandoperatorsofpavedandunpavedroadsandlivestockoperations.Theruleis intended to reduce PM10 emissions by requiring the cleanup of material deposited onto pavedroads,useofcertifiedstreetsweepingequipment,andtreatmentofhigh‐useunpavedroads(seealsoRule403).

Rule1403–AsbestosEmissionsfromDemolition/RenovationActivities:Thisrulerequiresownersandoperatorsofanydemolitionorrenovationactivityandtheassociateddisturbanceofasbestos‐containingmaterials, any asbestos storage facility, or any activewaste disposal site to implementwork practice requirements to limit asbestos emissions from building demolition and renovationactivities,includingtheremovalandassociateddisturbanceofasbestos‐containingmaterials.

RegulationXIII–NewSourceReview(NSR):RegulationXIIIsetsrequirementsforpreconstructionreviewrequiredunderboth federal and state statutes fornewandmodified sources located in areas thatdonotmeet the Clean Air Act standards ("non‐attainment" areas). NSR applies to both individual permits andentirefacilities.AnypermitthathasanetincreaseinemissionsisrequiredtoapplyBACT.FacilitieswithanetincreaseinemissionsarerequiredtooffsettheemissionincreasebyuseofEmissionReductionCredits(ERCs).Theregulationprovidesfortheapplication,eligibility,registration,useandtransferofERCs.Forlowemittingfacilities,theSCAQMDmaintainsaninternalbankthatcanbeusedtoprovidetherequiredoffsets.In addition, certain facilities are subject toprovisions that requirepublic notice andmodeling analysis todeterminethedownwindimpactpriortopermitissuance.

The SCAQMDpublished aCEQAAirQualityHandbook (theHandbook) inNovember1993 to provide localgovernmentswithguidanceforanalyzingandmitigatingproject‐specificairqualityimpacts.TheHandbookprovidesstandards,methodologies,andproceduresforconductingairqualityanalysesinCEQAdocumentsand was used extensively in the preparation of this analysis. However, the SCAQMD is currently in theprocessof replacing theHandbookwith theAirQualityAnalysisGuidanceHandbook. While thisprocess isunderway, the SCAQMD recommends that the lead agency avoid using the screening tables in theHandbook’sChapter6,becausethetableswerederivedusinganobsoleteversionofCARB’smobilesourceemissionfactorinventory,andthetripgenerationcharacteristicofthelandusesidentifiedinthesescreeningtableswerebasedonthefiftheditionoftheITETripGenerationManual, insteadofthemostcurrentsixthedition. Additionally, the lead agency should avoid using the on‐roadmobile source emission factors inTableA9‐5‐J1 throughA9‐5‐L in theHandbook. TheSCAQMD instead recommendsusingotherapprovedmodels to calculate emissions from landuseprojects, such asCalEEMod.18 To assist the lead agency, thisassessmentfollowsSCAQMD’srecommendations.

18 South Coast Air Quality Management District, CEQA Air Quality Handbook (1993),

http://www.aqmd.gov/home/regulations/ceqa/air‐quality‐analysis‐handbook/ceqa‐air‐quality‐handbook‐(1993). Accessed April2016.



In June 2003, the SCAQMDpublished a document called theLocalizedSignificanceThresholdMethodologythat is intended toprovidevoluntaryguidance for leadagencies inanalyzing localizedairquality impactsfromprojects.19ThedocumentwasrevisedinJuly2008toincorporateadditionalguidanceregardingPM2.5emissions.20 The Localized SignificanceThresholdMethodology was also used in the preparation of thisassessment.

The SCAQMD has also adopted land use planning guidelines in the May 2005 Guidance Document forAddressingAirQuality Issues inGeneral Plans and Local Planning21which, like the CARB Handbook, alsoconsiders impacts to sensitive receptors from facilities that emit TACs. SCAQMD’s distancerecommendations are the same as those provided by CARB (e.g., the same siting criteria for distributioncentersanddrycleaningfacilities). TheSCAQMD’sdocumentintroduceslanduse‐relatedpoliciesthatrelyon design and distance parameters to manage potential health risk. These guidelines are voluntaryinitiativesrecommendedforconsiderationbylocalplanningagencies.

TheSCAQMDreleasedtheDraft2016AQMPonJune30,2016forpublicreviewandcomments.ThepublicreviewperiodendedAugust4,2016andthepublichearingisscheduledforDecember2,2016atwhichtimetheSCAQMDGoverningBoardwill consider approving theAQMP. Key elementsof theDraft2016AQMPinclude implementing fair‐share emissions reductions strategies at the federal, state, and local levels;establishingpartnerships,funding,andincentivestoacceleratedeploymentofzeroandnear‐zero‐emissionstechnologies; and taking credit from co‐benefits from greenhouse gas, energy, transportation and otherplanningefforts.ThestrategiesincludedintheDraft2016AQMPareintendedtodemonstrateattainmentoftheNationalAmbientAirQualityStandards(NAAQS)forthefederalnon‐attainmentpollutants(ozoneandPM2.5).

2.1.3.2 Regional Comprehensive Plan and Guide and Congestion Management Plan

SCAG is the regional planning agency for Los Angeles, Orange, Ventura, Riverside, San Bernardino andImperial Counties and addresses regional issues relating to transportation, the economy, communitydevelopment and the environment. SCAG is the federally designatedmetropolitan planning organization(MPO)forthemajorityofthesouthernCaliforniaregionandisthelargestMPOinthenation.Withregardtoairqualityplanning,SCAGhaspreparedtheRTPandRegionalTransportationImprovementProgram(RTIP),which address regional development and growth forecasts and form the basis for the land use andtransportationcontrolportionsoftheAQMPandareutilizedinthepreparationoftheairqualityforecastsand consistency analysis included in the AQMP. The RTP, RTIP, and AQMP are based on projectionsoriginatingwithinlocaljurisdictions.

2.1.4 Local Local jurisdictions, such as the City of Los Angeles, have the authority and responsibility to reduce airpollution through its land use decision‐making authority. Specifically, the City is responsible for theassessmentandmitigationofairemissionsresultingfromitslandusedecisions.TheCity’sGeneralPlanAir19 SouthCoastAirQualityManagementDistrict,FinalLocalizedSignificanceThresholdMethodology,(2008).20 SouthCoastAirQualityManagementDistrict,FinalMethodology toCalculateParticulateMatter (PM)2.5andPM2.5Significance

Thresholds,(2006).21 South CoastAirQualityManagementDistrict,GuidanceDocument forAddressingAirQuality Issues inGeneral Plans and Local

Planning,(May2005),http://www.aqmd.gov/prdas/aqguide/aqguide.html.AccessedApril2016.



QualityElementincludesCitywidegoals,objectives,andpoliciesrelatedtoairqualityresources.Anumberof these goals, objectives, and policies are relevant to the Project and are related to traffic mobility,minimizingparticulate emissions fromconstructionactivities,discouraging single‐occupancyvehicle trips,managingtrafficcongestionduringpeakhours,andincreasingenergyefficiencyinCityfacilitiesandprivatedevelopments.

TheCity of LosAngeles is also responsible for the implementation of transportation controlmeasures asoutlinedintheAQMP. Throughcapital improvementprograms, localgovernmentscanfundinfrastructurethat contributes to improved air quality by requiring such improvements as bus turnouts as appropriate,installationofenergy‐efficientstreetlights,andsynchronizationoftrafficsignals. InaccordancewithCEQArequirementsand theCEQAreviewprocess, theCityassesses theairquality impactsofnewdevelopmentprojects, requires mitigation of potentially significant air quality impacts by conditioning discretionarypermitsandmonitorsandenforcesimplementationofsuchmitigationmeasures.

The City has adopted regulations regarding the filtration of outdoor air for indoor environments.Subsections99.05.504.5.3and99.04.504.6oftheLosAngelesMunicipalCode(LAMC)requirethatbuildingslocatedwithin 1,000 feet of a freewayprovide regularly occupied areas of the buildingwith air filtrationmediaforoutsideandreturnairthatmeetsorexceedstheAmericanSocietyofHeating,Refrigerating,andAir‐ConditioningEngineers(ASHRAE)Standard52.2MinimumEfficiencyReportingValue(MERV)of13,tothe satisfactionof theCityofLosAngelesDepartmentofBuildingandSafety. PerASHRAEStandard52.2(2012),MERV13wouldresultinaremovalefficiencyof50percentforparticlesfrom0.3to1.0micrometers(µm),85percentfor1.0to3.0µm,and90percentfor3.0to10.0µm.22

2.2 SIGNIFICANCE THRESHOLDS PursuanttoAppendixGoftheStateCEQAGuidelines,theProjectwouldresultinasignificantimpactrelatedtoairqualityifitwould:

a. Conflictwithorobstructtheimplementationoftheapplicableairqualityplan;b. Violateanyairqualitystandardorcontributesubstantiallytoanexistingorprojectedairquality

violation;c. Resultinacumulativelyconsiderablenetincreaseofanycriteriapollutantforwhichtheproject

region is nonattainment under an applicable federal or state ambient air quality standard(includingreleasingemissionswhichexceedquantitativethresholdsforozoneprecursors);

d. Exposesensitivereceptorstosubstantialpollutantconcentrations;ore. Createobjectionableodorsaffectingasubstantialnumberofpeople.

As discussed in the Initial Study, which is contained in Appendix A of the Draft EIR, and in Chapter 6.0,Subsection F, Effects FoundNot to be Significant, of the Draft EIR, the Project would have a less thansignificant impact with regard to odors (item “e”) above. As such, no further analysis of this topic isnecessary.

22 ASHRAE, Method of Testing General Ventilation Air‐Cleaning Devices for Removal Efficiency by Particle Size.

https://www.ashrae.org/File%20Library/docLib/StdsAddenda/52_2_2012_2015Supplement.pdf.AccessedDecember17,2015.



The L.A. CEQAThresholdsGuide incorporates the screening questions, and pursuant to the Appendix Gguideline, defers to threshold guidance establishedby the SCAQMD, in particular to theCEQAAirQualityHandbook. Further, the L.A.CEQAThresholdsGuide provides guidance in the application of the SCAQMDguidance.

TheSCAQMDisintheprocessofdevelopinganAirQualityAnalysisGuidanceHandbooktoreplacetheCEQAAirQualityHandbook. In the interim, supplemental guidance has been adopted by the SCAQMD. Thepotential air quality impacts of the Project are, therefore, evaluated according to numeric indicatorsdevelopedbytheSCAQMDintheCEQAAirQualityHandbookandsupplementalguidancefromtheSCAQMD.23

2.2.1 Construction Emissions TheSCAQMDhasestablishednumericalemissionindicatorsofsignificanceforconstruction.Thenumericalemission indicators are based on the recognition that the Air Basin is a distinct geographic area with acritical air pollution problem for which ambient air quality standards have been promulgated to protectpublichealth.24Given that construction impacts are temporaryand limited to the constructionphase, theSCAQMDhasestablishednumeric indicatorsof significance specific toconstructionactivity. Basedon theindicatorsintheSCAQMDCEQAAirQualityHandbook,theProjectwouldpotentiallycauseorcontributetoanexceedanceofanam

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