An Analysis of the Fuel Used for Transport in Sri Lanka

Amal S. KumarageAmal S. KumarageProfessor, Dept. of Transport & Logistics Management,

University of MoratuwaChairman, National Transport Commission

Sri Lanka Energy Managers Association- Annual Session 2008

08.08.08

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

Fuel C

onsum

ption (

llitr

es -

mn)

Fuel Consumption (in millions) [1960 - 2007]

Growth 7% p.a

0

500

1,000

1,500

60 70 80 90 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

Fuel C

onsum

ption (

llitr

es

YearPetrol Diesel Total

Growth 4% p.a

80

100

120

140

160

Per

Capita F

uel C

onsum

ption

Per Capita Fuel Consumption [1960 - 2007]

Fuel Consumption per capita

Growth 5.5% p.a

-

20

40

60

80

60 70 80 90 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

Per

Capita F

uel C

onsum

ption

YearPetrol Diesel Total

Growth 1.5% p.a

Spilt between diesel and petrol

70

80

90

100

Fuel Consumption (Percentage by Fuel Type)

Petrol Diesel

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04

Pe

rce

nta

ge

Year

Cost of Fuel Used

Fuel Use by Function & Mode

railways

1%buses

13%

freight

15%railways

buses

pax vehicles

71%

buses

freight

pax vehicles

% Fleet

% Vehicle Kms

%Fuel

Consumption

% Passenger

Kms

Buses 1 6 14 59

Dual Purpose Vehicles 19 27 38 19Dual Purpose Vehicles 19 27 38 19

Private Cars 12 14 18 8

Three Wheelers 15 23 9 5

Motor Cycles 45 22 5 8

Goods Vehicle 9 8 15 1

100 100 100 100

Analysis of Road Vehicle Performance-2007

40

50

60

% Fleet

% Vehicle Kms

% Fleet

% Vehicle Kms

% Fuel Consumption

% Pax. Kms

0

10

20

30

Buses Dual Purpose Vehicles

Private Cars Three Wheelers

Motor Cycles

% Fuel Consumption

% Pax. Kms

Economic Implications

• Value of Fuel for Transport –US$ 3 billion (10% of GDP)

• Cost of Infrastructure– Highways Rs 75 bn

– Railways Rs 20 bn

• Other Inputs Rs 50 bn

• Total Cost of Transport – Rs 800 bn US$ 7.5 bn

Fuel Consumption by area

• CMC area – 5%

• Major arteries to Colombo - 10%

• Trunk Road – 40-45%

• Provincial Roads – 15- 20%• Provincial Roads – 15- 20%

• Other Urban - 5%

• Rural - 20%

Example: Fuel Consumption Reduction Strategy for Urban Areas

• Reduction of Travel Demand (compact cities, flexible hours, work weeks etc)

• Improving Non-fuel & Fuel efficient modes of • Improving Non-fuel & Fuel efficient modes of transport (railway & bus systems)

• Impact of Pricing

The Problem

Centralized Commercial Development

Residential AreaCongestion at peak hours

Option 1: Redeveloping Urban Areas � Satellite Cities developed as Compact Cities

Congestion is minimized As minimum need of Transportation

Improved Public Transport

Satellite CityCommercial Core centerSatellite City

Option 2: Public Transport Strategy for Reducing the Traffic Load on Roads

Centralized Commercial Development

Residential Area

Served by Quality Public Transport

#1: Premium Coach Service• Objective

– To transfer private vehicle users to HOVs

• Features

– To serve 3 major attraction nodal points in city

– Along 5 major corridors

– Door-to door service – Door-to door service

– As near comfort as cars, Reliability

• Benefit

– For 10% shift – saving p.a. 6 mil litres

• Example

– Singapore

#2: Park and Ride

• Objectives:

– To transfer LOV users to HOVs including railways

• Features

– Located at multi-modal centres

– Secure reliable car parks– Secure reliable car parks

– With other conviniences

– Frequent services – minimum every 15 minute

• Benefit:

– For 10% modal shift �6 million litres p.a

• Example- Bangalore, India

#3: Car/Van Pooling• Objective:

– To reduce number of LOVs

• Features

– Virtual ‘no-cost’ exercise

– Can be web based and easily set up

• Examples

– Almost all medium to large cities in the developed countries have this facility.

– Several cities in India have also started this in the last two years.

• Benefit,

– If 1% use it savings 1 million litres p.a.

#4: School Transport Service• Objective:

– Reduce large number of private vehicles and vans arriving at specific time to specific locations an cause severe local congestion also.

• Features

– Target low occupancy vehicles

– Can be financially viable

– Requires safety, reliability, comfort, security– Requires safety, reliability, comfort, security

• Benefits

– Estimated reduction of 4000 vehicle trips daily – requires around 100 buses.

– Savings 1 million litres of fuel

• Example

– Bangalore

• Objective: – To reduce traffic peaks by smoothening demand Survey in

Progress, thereby increase speed and reduce fuel use.

• Features:

– Spreads demand peaks

– Three Types of Interventions

#5: Adjustments to Work Hours.

– Three Types of Interventions• Flex-Hours

• Compressed Work Week

• Staggered Work Hours

General Pattern of Corridor Flows to CMC

Total Vehicle Flow(Smoothened)

800

1000

1200

1400

Flo

w/3

0 m

init

s

Corridor:Colombo-Negombo Road Location:Peliyagoda Link No: A003-030 Date:09/06/04

A

0

200

400

600

800

7.0

0-7

.30

7.3

0-8

.00

8.0

0-8

.30

8.3

0-9

.00

9.0

0-9

.30

9.3

0-1

0.0

0

10

.00-1

0.3

0

10

.30-1

1.0

0

11

.00-1

1.3

0

11

.30-1

2.0

0

12

.00-1

2.3

0

12

.30-1

3.0

0

13

.00-1

3.3

0

13

.30-1

4.0

0

14

.00-1

4.3

0

14

.30-1

5.0

0

15

.00-1

5.3

0

15

.30-1

6.0

0

16

.00-1

6.3

0

16

.30-1

7.0

0

17

.00-1

7.3

0

17

.30-1

8.0

0

18

.00-1

8.3

0

18

.30-1

9.0

0

Time

Flo

w/3

0 m

init

s

To Colombo

From Colombo

A

B

Average Flow

Composition of Trips by their Puposes of Traveling

(CMC Boundary,2004)

40

50

60

70

80

% o

f T

rip

Cat

egory

HBW Trips

HBO Trips

NHB Trips

0

10

20

30

7.0

0-7

.30

7.3

0-8

.00

8.0

0-8

.30

8.3

0-9

.00

9.0

0-9

.30

9.3

0-1

0.0

0

10

.00

-10

.30

10

.30

-11

.00

11

.00

-11

.30

11

.30

-12

.00

12

.00

-12

.30

12

.30

-13

.00

13

.00

-13

.30

13

.30

-14

.00

14

.00

-14

.30

14

.30

-15

.00

15

.00

-15

.30

15

.30

-16

.00

16

.00

-16

.30

16

.30

-17

.00

17

.00

-17

.30

17

.30

-18

.00

18

.00

-18

.30

Time

% o

f T

rip

Cat

egory

NHB Trips

Time

Interval

Flow

in

MC

C

Probable

HBW

Trips

Divided Flow componentsProbab

le After

1 FH

Reducti

on in

total

Flow

Probab

le Flow

with

1FH7.00-

7.307.30-8.00 8.00-8.30 8.30-9.00 9.00-9.30 9.30-10.00

7.00-7.30 8591 6046 4400 4400 1646 6945

7.30-8.00 8923 4903 1041 2534 4275 1328 7595

8.00-8.30 9072 5991 2368 1800 4448 1823 7249

8.30-9.00 7536 4966 2580 1853 4253 533 7003

9.00-9.30 6067 3826 1440 1253 2313 4206 -1180 7247

9.30-10.00 5501 2801 1553 1513 1325 4391 -1590 7091

10.00-10.30 5170 2641 1325 3966 -1325 6495

10.30-11.00 5561 2439 2439 5561

11.00-11.30 5119 2038 2038 5119

11.30-12.00 5079 2032 2032 507911.30-12.00 5079 2032 2032 5079

12.00-12.30 5327 1619 1619 5327

12.30-13.00 4802 1533 1533 4802

13.00-13.30 4838 1285 1285 4838

13.30-14.00 4677 780 780 4677

14.00-14.30 4036 1058 1058 4036

14.30-15.00 4050 1261 1261 4050

15.00-15.30 4233 1381 1381 4233

15.30-16.00 4477 1506 1506 4477

16.00-16.30 4657 1687 1687 4657

16.30-17.00 4968 1807 1807 4968

17.00-17.30 4590 1923 1923 4590

17.30-18.00 4511 1866 1866 4511

18.00-18.30 3997 1999 1999 3997

Opening Time Closing Time

Schools – Government 7:30 AM 1:30 PM

Schools – Private 7:20 AM 1:20 PM

Schools - International 7:45AM to 9AM Before 1 PM or 2 PM or after

Staggered Hours

Schools - International 7:45AM to 9AM Before 1 PM or 2 PM or after

Offices - Government 7:45 AM to 9 AM 4:15 PM to 5 PM

Offices – Private 9 AM and after 5 PM and after

Trade 930 Am and after 530 PM and after

#6: Dedicated Bus Infrastructure• Objective:

– To improve the speed of buses and high occupancy vehicles so that more people will leave cars and switch to buses.

• Features:

– Bus Lanes on one-way systems

– Bus Rapid Transit – Bus Rapid Transit

• Examples:

– Bus Lanes – many cities

– BRT – Delhi, Pune + 6 other Indian cities; 30+ Chinese cities.

• Benefit:

– For Battramulla- Dematagoda BRT estimated fuel savings 1.7 Million litres p.a.

Bus Lanes and Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) Systems

Newest System – New Delhi

#7: Improving Rail Transport

• Objective:

– Increase present modal share from 10% to 15% by 2010

• Features:

– Fast, reliable more energy efficient service;

– indirectly reduces vehicles on road, which in turn reduces – indirectly reduces vehicles on road, which in turn reduces congestion and reduces fuel consumption.

– Good inter-modal transfers required.

• Benefits:

– For 50% increase assuming 80% from bus and 20% from private vehicles, savings 1 million litres p.a.

#8: Introducing Rapid Transit

• Objective;

– To provide fast comfortable urban rail based transit systems

• Features:

– Fast, comfortable, can attract private vehicle uses, but viable when per capita incomes reach US$ 4,000 for small to medium cities. capita incomes reach US$ 4,000 for small to medium cities.

• Benefits

– Can be as much as 100 million litres per corridor p.a.

• Example: DMTC – New Delhi

Characteristic Busway LRT Metro Suburban Rail

Segregation At-grade At-grade Mostly elevated/u’ gd At-grade

Space Requirement 2-4 lanes from existingroad

2-3 lanes from existingroad

Elevated or u’ gd, little impact on existing

road

-

Flexibility Flexible in both imp’n

and op’s, robust

Limited flexibility, risky in

financial terms

Inflexible and risky infinancial terms

Inflexible

and op’s, robust operationally

financial terms

Initial Cost US$ mn / km

1-5 10-30 15-30 at-grade 30-75elevated 60-180 u’ gd

-

Practical Capacity Pass/hr/direction

10-20,000 10-12,000 60,000+ 30,000

Operating Speed Kph

17-20 20 30-40 40-50+

#9: Setting up Internal Container Depots

• Objective: – To transfer port related freight from road to rail transport

• Features: – Customs, warehousing and customs located away from city– Customs, warehousing and customs located away from city

– Direct transport can be done by rail, especially at night

• Benefits:

– If 25% of Inland containers can be moved by rail saving would be around 20 million litres p.a.

#10: Introduce a Car Free Day

• Objectives: – To get people used to using alternative means of transport

• Features: – To ensure that no private vehicles are allowed to travel within

the city between 6AM and 6 PM. the city between 6AM and 6 PM.

• Example: – Can follow a ‘Car Free Day’ on 22nd September which the UN

has announced as the World Car Free Day. Round the world, Car Free Day is celebrated by more than 1392 cities every year.

#Finale: Electronic Road Pricing • Objective:

– To ensure that pricing to used to mange demand within the supply of road space available.

• Feature:

– Easy to collect system, low cost, must have alternative modes to transfer to:modes to transfer to:

• Benefits:

– For every 1 km/hr speed increase

– saving will be around 20 mn litres p.a.

• Example:

– Singapore, London and at least 100 cities world wide.

The Essential Ingredient: Political Will • Enrique Peñalosa's leadership as Mayor from 1998-2000, led to many

changes in Bogota becoming a more ‘livable city’.

• He said "In Bogotá, we chose to build a city for people, not for automobiles,“

• "Cities built for cars' mobility suffer from congestion and unsafe street conditions and leave many residents with poor access to jobs. Instead of

Bogota- Colombia

conditions and leave many residents with poor access to jobs. Instead of these problems, we gave our citizens enjoyable public spaces and unprecedented mobility."

• "Typically, when we judge a city's success we talk about skyscrapers, superhighways and parking spaces. The experience of Bogotá shows one that is centered on the needs and contentment of all the city's residents ‚ not just those that own a private car."

• "God made us walking animals — pedestrians. As a fish needs to swim, a bird to fly, a deer to run, we need to walk, not in order to survive, but to be happy."

• Latin America's largest network of bicycle ways

• A world-class Bus Rapid Transit systemof dedicated bus lanes called Trans Milenio- carries ½ million people daily

• The world's longest pedestrian-only street,• The world's longest pedestrian-only street,spanning 17 kms and 300 kms of sidewalks, many through the city's poorest neighborhoods for which he was nearly impeached by the car owning lobby.

• The planet's biggest Car-Free Day, Instituted the city's first "Car-Free Day" in 2000. Through a referendum, people adopted a yearly car free day and decided that from the year 2015 onwards, there would be no cars during rush hours.

• Car-Free Sunday,when many streets are closed to motorized traffic to make space for thousands of cyclists and pedestrians.

Villingilli - Maldives• Presently Promotes a different lifestyle suburb

and shows what life can be without the motor vehicle.

• More friendly towards children and elders

• Needs to have physical control • Needs to have physical control

of vehicles coming in.

Conclusions• High prices have focussed again the need to conserve limited

energy sources

• Heavy consumption among small group of private vehicle users

• There are many technical interventions where by fuel use can be • There are many technical interventions where by fuel use can be drastically reduces.

• Interventions need Political Leadership and ability to communicate essential economic, environmental and social principles.

• Success requires a Strategic Long-Term Policy