AIA 2007

Hurricane Laminated Glass Protection Beyond the Storm

Objectives

• Hurricane Formation, Classification and History

• The Effect of Hurricanes on Unprotected Structures

• Test Requirements• Building Code Overview• Product Options and

Performance• Design Considerations

About Solutia

World Headquarters World Headquarters located in St. Louis, MOlocated in St. Louis, MO

$3 Billion Chemical $3 Billion Chemical CompanyCompany

Saflex division is the Saflex division is the world’s largest producer world’s largest producer of polyvinyl butyral of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) used in (PVB) used in laminated glasslaminated glass

Solutia Architectural Brands

This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.

Thank you!

The Glass Product PipelineFloat Glass Float Glass

(PPG, Visteon, LOF)(PPG, Visteon, LOF)

Float Glass Float Glass

(PPG, Visteon, LOF)(PPG, Visteon, LOF)

Fabricators/LaminatorsFabricators/Laminators

(Oldcastle, Viracon)(Oldcastle, Viracon)

Fabricators/LaminatorsFabricators/Laminators

(Oldcastle, Viracon)(Oldcastle, Viracon)

Glaziers w/ framingGlaziers w/ framing

(Trainor, Harmon, etc)(Trainor, Harmon, etc)

Glaziers w/ framingGlaziers w/ framing

(Trainor, Harmon, etc)(Trainor, Harmon, etc)

General ContractorGeneral ContractorGeneral ContractorGeneral ContractorArchitectArchitectArchitectArchitect

Building OwnerBuilding OwnerBuilding OwnerBuilding Owner

Window Manf. Window Manf.

WeathershieldWeathershield

Window Manf. Window Manf.

WeathershieldWeathershield

Interlayer(Solutia, DuPont, HT, etc)

Framing System Framing System

(YKK, Kawneer)(YKK, Kawneer)

Framing System Framing System

(YKK, Kawneer)(YKK, Kawneer)

Glazing ContractorsGlazing ContractorsGlazing ContractorsGlazing Contractors

U nited S tatesLandfalling H urricanes

1 9 5 0 -2 0 0 5

S afir-S im pson C ategoryof Landfalling Hurricanes

C ategory 1

C ategory 2

C ategory 3

C ategory 4

C ategory 5

Saffir Simpson Scale

Category Winds Storm Surge Damage1 74 - 95 mph 4 - 5 ft Minimal

2 96 - 110 mph 6 - 8 ft Moderate

3 111 - 130 mph 9 - 12 ft Extensive

4 131 - 155 mph 13 - 18 ft Extreme

5 155 mph + 18 ft + Catastrophic

Major Hurricanes

The 10 Most Costly Disasters in US History

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

2005 Dollars in Billions

Hurricane Katrina

Hurricane Andrew

World TradeCenter/ PentagonNorthridge, CAEarthquakeHurricane Wilma

Hurricane Charley

Hurricane Ivan

Hurricane Hugo

Hurricane Rita

Hurricane FrancesCourtesy ISO, Insurance Information Institute

Post Andrew Investigations

Florida Department of Community AffairsHUDFEMADade County Building Code Task ForceTexas Tech UniversityWind Engineering Research CouncilDade County Grand JurySBCCIUniversity of Florida

Post Andrew Conclusions

The 2nd leading cause of damage during Hurricane Andrew was the loss of windows and doors.The leading cause of loss of windows and doors was impacts from windbourne debris.The loss of windows and doors lead to the loss of contents due to full internal pressurization.

Pressurization of a Dwelling

Post Andrew ConclusionsThe research clearly pointed out that new building codes would be required that mandated the protection of windows and doors from wind borne debris.In 1994 Dade County and Broward County adopted provisions from the The South Florida Building Code that required glazed openings to be either shuttered, or glazed with Impact resistant framing systems.In 2000 Palm Beach County and Martin County followed the lead of Dade County.

Protected Structure

– Wind-borne Debris means openings must be protected (shutters, plywood or lami) or design for partially enclosed.

– Based on highest 3 second wind gust expected in 50 yr period.

– Wind-borne debris regions stretch across the entire Eastern seaboard, however enforcement of impact codes outside of Florida and areas of Texas remains extremely limited

– Growing enforcement in Carolinas, and legislation ongoing in LA and MS following Katrina and Rita.

Wind-borne Debris Region

Windborne debris zone

Florida Wind-borne Debris Region

Partially Enclosed Buildings

As long as building shell is standing, it has performed as designed. Building contents are not protected and are susceptible to hurricane winds and rain as openings are not required to be protected under this standard.

System Testing Protocol

• Impact testing• Cycling• Air, water and structural

• Three identical units must pass Impact & Cycling

• One unit must go through air, water and structural

Building Regions

• Large missile test– 0-30’

• Small missile test– 30’ to 60’ (ASTM)– 30’ to top (HVHZ)

Code Referenced Missile Testing Standards

• IBC/IRC– ASTM E 1886 and 1996

• Florida– Miami-Dade TAS 201, 202, 203– ASTM E 1886 and E 1996– SSTD 12– HVHZ

• Miami-Dade TAS 201, 202, 203

ASTM E 1996

Missile Level

Missile Impact Speedfeet/sec (mph)

Typical Use

A

Small

2 gram steel ball 130 (89) Above 30 ft All wind zones

B 2 lb. Lumber 50 (34) Skylights < 30 ft < 130 mh (Basic)

C

Med

4.5 lb. Lumber 40 (27) Under 30 ft < 130 mph (Basic)

D

Large

9 lb. Lumber 50 (34) Under 30 ftAll wind zones (Basic)

< 130 mph (Enhanced)

E

Large

9 lb. Lumber 80 (55) Under 30 ftAll wind zones (Enhanced)

Large Missile Protocol

• Used for residential and commercial

• Required: Grade level up to 30 feet

• 2 x 4 inch stud used• Simulates heavy flying

objects: roof tile, timbers, etc

• Must survive 2 impacts at 50 feet/per second (34mph)

Large Missile Impact

Small Missile Protocol

• Three shots of ten: 2 gram steel balls

• 130 fps (88 mph)• Simulates roof gravel• 30’-60’ ASTM• 30’ and up Dade

Cycling Requirements

• Simulates prolonged and shifting winds

• 9000 Cycles• 3500 required for

shutters

Determining Design Pressure

• Fenestration design pressures – Wind Speed (110, 120, 130, 140, 150 mph)– Location (corner, etc)– Exposure category (A, B, C, D)– Size

Cyclic Pressure Loading

Inward-acting pressure (positive)

Range Cycles0.2P max – 0.5P max 3,5000.0P max – 0.6P max 3000.5P max – 0.8P max 6000.3P max – 1.0P max 100 Total: 4,500

P max is the design wind pressure from the building code, based on an unbreached building envelope

Cyclic Pressure Loading

Outward acting pressure (negative)

Range Cycles0.3P max – 1.0P max 500.5P max – 0.8P max 1,0500.0P max – 0.6P max 500.2P max -- 0.5P max 3,350

Total: 4,500

P max is the design wind pressure from the building code, based on an unbreached building envelope

Pressure Cycling

System Assessment

System Drivers:- Glass bite- Unit Size- Design Pressure- Shape

Test as a “Total System”

The building codes require that the all of the components that make up a “protective glazing system” be tested together: Framing System Gaskets Structural Silicone Glass Anchors

“Total System” testing ensures that the glazing system will provide the desired level of protection.

Structura lS ilicone

Lam inatedG lass

3/8”

Glass Performance

Penetration Failure

Cohesive Silicone Failure

Edge Release

Pass Fail Criteria

• ASTM 1996 (IBC,FBC)– 5” Tear where a 3”

sphere can’t pass through.

– Penetration of missile allowed.

– Must pass 3 identical samples

• Miami Dade (HVWZ)– 5” Tear, no wider than

1/16” .– No penetration of

missile.– Must pass 3 identical

samples

Product Performance Glass Clad Polycarbonate

Ionoplasts and ,PET Composites High Perf PVB .090

PVB

10” to 20”8” to 14”4” to 8”<5”

<13cm 10 to 20cm 10 to 35cm 25 to 50cm

Why Statewide Building Codes?

• Provides minimum standards for health, safety and public welfare.

• Gives consistent requirements statewide

• Prevents or reduces local modifications

• Easier implementation of updated standards

• Helps to bring about enforcement

Code Referenced Missile Testing Standards

• International Building and Residential Codes (IBC and IRC)– ASTM E 1886 and 1996

• Florida– Miami-Dade TAS 201, 202, 203

• HVHZ mandates this standard

– ASTM E 1886 and E 1996

Hurricane ProvisionsU.S. Activity

Louisiana

• State mandated enforcement of 2003 IRC and IBC effective 3/1/2006 for areas in 120 mph and greater.

• Adopted IRC and IBC statewide on January 1, 2007

Mississippi

• 2003 IBC/IRC signed into law April 2006 for all counties 120 mph or greater except George.

• Working on statewide commercial code for 2009.

Alabama

• Law in 2006 required code study committee recommend legislation.

• Study published recommending statewide adoption but not enforcement except for areas over 120mph.

• Drafting proposed legislation for introduction in 2007.

Code Approved• PVB• High Perf (PET

composite, Ionoplasts)• Glass Clad

Polycarbonates• Laminated poured in

placed resins

Glazing Products

Passive vs. Active Systems

• In place 24/7• No need to install as

storm approaches• No storage requirements• Good option for

part-time residents

• Provides post-storm protection for building owners

LAG Configurations

Single LiteForced EntryBomb BlastHurricaneAcoustical

Safety

Laminated InsulatedSame as Single Plus:Energy ConservationEnhanced Acoustical

- Can be Double Laminated

Multiply LaminatedSame as Single Plus:

Enhanced Forced EntryBullet Resistance

Enhanced Blast Resistance

Laminated Glass can be …

• used with Low E coatings• made with tinted glass• used in Insulated Glass units• made with multiple layers of

glass• cut when made with annealed

glass

Approved Impact Resistant Glazing Products

www.buildingcodeonline.com

Miami Dade Approvals

1. Plastic checklist

2. Approved test lab

3. Engineering witness and review

4. Glass bugging required for testing

5. Submit to Dade County Product Control Division

for NOA

Firefighter Tutorial

• http://www.oca.gsa.gov/firefighter/index.php

Additional Benefits of Laminated GlassSound Cuts perceived noise by 50%

Solar Cuts out most UV rays, Can meet SHGC

Safety Doesn’t break into dangerous shards

Security Passive impact resistance against forced entry

Color and Design

Colored and patterned interlayers offer design flexibility

Aesthetics More attractive than shutter systems

Comfort is Becoming Code

• Energy becoming very well enforced

• NFRC rating• IECC

becoming common

Solar Heat Gain Coefficient

• The fraction of incident solar radiation admitted through a window

• SHGC = 0 to 1

• The lower the SHGC, the less solar heat is transmitted

• Designed to save cooling $$

• Coatings may be used with laminate or with IG

A SHGC of 0.40 or less is recommended in warm A SHGC of 0.40 or less is recommended in warm climates. climates.

U-Factor

• Window assembly rating

• The lower the U, the better it insulates against heat loss

• Designed to save energy $$

• Requires laminated IG

A U-factor of 0.75 or less is recommended in warm climatesA U-factor of 0.75 or less is recommended in warm climates

www.efficientwindows.orgwww.efficientwindows.org

www.bcap-energy.org

www.energycodes.gov

Energy Resources

Thank you

Bob Ford

Solutia Inc.

rjford@solutia.com

813-891-6962

More Information

www.saflex.com