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THE TECHNOLOGY REVIEW, November, 1932. \'01. XXX\", No.2. Published monthly from October to May inclusive and in July at 10 Ferry Street,Concord, N. H. Publication date: twenty-seventh01 the month preceding date of issue. Annual subscription $3.50; Canadian and Foreign subscription $4.00.

Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at Concord, N. R., under the Acf of March 3, 1879.

THE TABULAR VIEW

EVER since he obtained his B.S. and M.S. in 1900and 1901, respectively, from the University of

Pennsylvania, WALTERL. FLEISHERhas specialized inheating and ventilating engineering. In 1908he designedand installed the first air washer in a theater in theUnited States for the purpose of cooling, and he is theinventor of~oor more United States and foreignpatentsin the field of air conditioning. ~ EDWARDR. SCHWARZ,'23, is Assistant Professor of Textile Technology atM. 1. T. As chairman of the board of editors of theUnited States Institute for Textile Research, he re-cently completed the compilation of a book on textileresearch, published by the Technology Press of M.1.T.

INA paper delivered this fall at the New Englandmeeting of the Society for the Promotion of Engi-

neering Education, Dr. VANNEVARBUSH,Vice-Presidentof the Institute, said: "I am convinced that a justestimate of our pedagogical processes in engineeringeducation today will concludethat in our undergraduatework we depart sadly from the true nature of profes-sional education. The essential reason for this is that wehave held to an antiquated system of a multitude ofloosely connected subjects with their own fragmentaryexaminations. It is time that we progressed. The roadisopen in at least one direction by the gradual andguarded introduction of a system which will extend tothe student self-determination in his academic activities,under wise and ever-present counsel, create an atmos-phere of transition from the attitude of the schoolboyto that of the professional man, which will eliminatethose who cannot stand the freedom of professional life,and nurture the individuality, initiative, and re-sourcefulness of those who can.... " Dr. Bush'sconclusions might serve as an admirable introductionto the article "Educating for Respcnsibility" on page52. The author of this paper, RICHARDH. FRAZIER,:~3,is an Assistant Professor in the Department of ElectricalEngineering at M.1. T., and for a number of years hasacted as general counselor for the Honors Group Plan ofthe Institute's Department of Electrical Engineering.

JOELB. COX is chief engineer of the MclsrideSugarCompany of Hawaii and it was under his direction

that the Alexander Dam was designed and built.In anaddress delivered before the Engineering Association ofHawaii Mr. Cox said: "The story of the Alexander Dammay be taken as an example of the closeinterdependenceof the art and the science of engineering.... Thegreatest triumphs of engineeringart have come when thescientific element was most completely mastered andhence skillfully employed. The greatest progress inengineeringscience has always been the result of theneed for exactitude felt by the greatest practitioners ofthe art. It is in the development of thescience of soilmechanics and its application to theart of earth-dambuilding that the greatest importance of the AlexanderDam work must lie."

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(41)

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frightens cattle and farmers' horses all along the way. TheDe Witt Clinton arrives inSchenectady, having covered the seventeen miles from Albany in 46 minutes. Trailingbehind, seven horse-drawn coaches arrive a half-hour later. The horse has met itsfirst reverse.

To-day, more than a century later, we see a mighty 260-ton General Electric locomotiveof the Great Northern Railway as it emerges from the scenic west portal of the 8-mileCascade tunnel in Washington. What a contrast to the quaintDe Witt Clinton.' Thismodern 3000-horsepower locomotive smoothly and swiftly pulls a thousand-ton trainover the many grades of the Great Northern route.

Progress such as this is only one example of the modern developmentsby General Elec-tric-accomplishment for which college-trained engineers are largely responsible. Theyare leading the way to even greater developments in the future and are maintaining theleadership of General Electric in the electrical industry.

ENERAL. ELECTRic(43 )

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THE TECHNOLOGY REVIEWA NATIONAL JOURNAL DEVOTED 1'0 SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND THE PRACTICAL ARTS

Edited at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology

VOLUME 35 NUMBER ~

Contents for November, 1932

THE COVER

SPENT WATERS

DOMESTIC AIR CONDITIONINGMade-to-Order, Year-Around Comfort for the Home

From a photographBy HOWARDLESTER

. . . . . FRONTISPIECE 46

By WALTERI,. FLEISHER 47

FIBERS THROUGH THE OBJECT-GLASS .... ByE. R. SCHWARZ50The Microscope Shows the Way to Better Textiles

EDUCATING FOR RESPONSIBILITY. .. By RICHARDH. FRAZIER 52Adapting Engineering Education to the Needs of the Indioidual

THE ALEXANDER DAM IN HAWAII. By JOELB. Cox 53How Soil Mechanics Was Used in Building a Great Earth Dam

THE TABULAR VIEW . . . . . .Notes on Contributors and Contributions

41

THE TREND OF AFFAIRS . . . .The Past Month in Science and Engineering

56

THE INSTITUTE GAZETTE . . . . .Relating to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology

63

EditorJ. RHYNE KILLIAN, JR.

PublisherHAROLD E. LOBDELL

Contributing EditorJOHN J. ROWLANDS

Business ManagerRALPH T. JOPE

pUBLISHED monthly on the twentY-'eDenth of the month preceding the date ofia.me at 60centa a copy. Annual .mbacrip/ion $S.60; Canadian and foreign .mb-

aeMption 11;.00. Publi.hed for the Alumni.4.ssociation of the M aasachuselts Instituteof Technology. Allan Winter Rowe, President; W. Malrol-m Corse, Harrison P.Eddy, Jr., Vice-Presidenta; Charles E. Locke, Secretary.

Published at the Rumford Press, 10 Ferry Street, Concord, N. H. EditorialOjJice,Room t 1-~OS,MasaachuseU8I"stitute of Technology, CambridoeA, Maaa,EnteredcaSecond-Class Mail Malter at the PoatOjJic. at Concord, N. H, COP1l"i(Jht,19S~,by theAlumni Association of the M asaachmelta I natitute a/Technology. Three weeka muat beallowed to effect changea of addresa. Both old and new address .. should be oi.en.

(45 )

SPENT WATERS

While the ultimate amount of power in the world obtainable from

water is small compared with that of coal, engineers have estimated

that 240,000,000 horsepower offalling water remain to be harnessed.

If coal and water are ever spent, what next? Perhaps the

answer will come from the laboratories of those chemists who are

seeking ways to convert solar energy into useful electrical energy

(46)

THE

TECHNOLOGYREVIEW

Vol. 35, No.2 November, 1932

Domestic Air ConditioningMade-to-Order, Year-Around Comfort for the Home

By WALTER L. FLEISHER

THE art of air conditioninghomes,apartments, and officesis now passing through much

the same phase that radio did lessthan a decade ago - a period ofpremature exploitation and of half-baked designs on the part of somemanufacturers and of narvete andindiscriminate buying on the partof the public. Of the 98 air-conditioning devices nowadvertised, less than a dozen fulfill in any degree therequirements 'of the accredited definition of air condi-tioning, which isa simultaneous control of temperature,humidity, and air movement.

Armed with this definition, I wish to cut behindcurrent ballyhoo and discuss with engineering objec-tivity the limitations, the advantages, the cost, and thepromise of domestic air conditioning.

Let me point out in the beginning that any condi-tioning plant, to be successful, requires a properlyoperated and adequately insulated house. It will alwaysbe futile, with our present domestic habits, for theengineer to guarantee definite summer conditions.In the winter time, for example, cold drafts are soannoying that all parts of the house, doors, windowsand cracks are kept as tightly closedas possible,becausethe failure to do so quickly effects the comfort of theoccupant. In the summer, however, it is tremendouslydifficult to keep everything closed, and open doors andwindows in relatively remote parts of the house are

WHAT IS Am CONDITIONING AND

How IS IT ACHIEVED? WHAT ARE

ITs LIMITATIONS, ITs COSTS, ITs:FUTURE? A PIONEER CONDITION-

ING ENGINEER EXAMINES THESE

QUESTIONS IN BEHALF OF THE

HOME-OWNER

unnoticed because they' occasionvery 'little obvious difference, al-though they disrupt the operation ofa coolingsystem. The importance ofinsulation had never been dulyrecognized until several years ago

, when there was brought from Eng-land the " radiant" method ofheating, which really is nothing

except a method of heating a large part of the internalexposed surfaces (walls or floors) of a structure tobring these areas up to a temperature approximating thedesired temperature of the enclosure. This radiantmethod, which, in a simplified form, has been usedabroad for years, has led to a very profitable study ofradiation in this country. By radiation I mean theinvisible rays sent out by a dark surface to an inter-posing surface. This investigation brought about therealization that the heating of a room or an enclosurewas simply for the purpose of relieving the human beingof the amount of work necessary to make up the heatradiated from his body to adjacent cooler surfaces.

In practically all of our uninsulated enclosures, thewalls are considerably cooler than the air in the roomand the body temperature or skin temperature of theoccupants. According to the Stefan Boltzman Law, aperson is continuously radiating heat to these coolersurfaces at a rate proportional to the difference of thefourth power of the absolute temperatures betweenhis body and the radiating surface.

( 47)

Keystone

THE OLD

The old stove with the kettle atop which warmed our forefathers.Compare it with the modern method of manufacturing weather

shown on opposite page

With the radiant heating system, practically all ofthese wall surfaces are heated, and in most cases, theheating surfaces are backed by insulating materialswhich prevent the leakage of this heat out of doors.This automatically provides the installation essentialto proper comfort as distinguished fromproper heatingand makes one feel contented with a surprisingly lowertemperature than is usually considered necessary bymost Americans.In other words, the method of meas-uring temperature with the ordinarydry bulb ther-mometer is a very poor way of indexing comfortconditions.Insulation is, therefore, one of the best meansof obtaining winter comfort and the insulation of anenclosure will, in a reverse way, add tremendously to theusefulness of summer cooling.

Since it is difficult to provide adequate insulation inhouses already constructed, the effect that we canobtain from cooling systems in old buildings today willhave to be that obtainable from air movement withdehumidified air. To obtain dehumidification the airhas to be cold.To maintain definite conditions in ourpresent structures is a problem that very few air condition-ing or cooling engineers would liketo attempt within thelimits of the average householder's pocketbook.

Now, as to the question of health as a function ofair conditioning, I feel that we know very little bio-logically about the relationship of health and comfort.Psychologicallywe feelbetter when we feelcomfortable,but which of the comfort-creating conditions areessential to health, from a biologicalstandpoint, has notbeen demonstrated. Whether moisture is essential in ourhouses in winter because our temperatures are too highis questionable.If conditions could be created by whichwe felt comfortable at lower temperatures, whether theaddition of more moisture would be beneficial, is like-wise questionable. Whether the circulation of air orwhether a change in conditions is the essential point hasnever been satisfactorily answered.

It has always been my pet theory that monotony ofconditions was one of the things which caused mostpeople to complain of discomfort without knowing why.If we could subtly and irregularly vary our conditionsfrom too cold to too hot and back again, we would

THE TECHNOLOGY REVIEW

find the answer. Of course, to obtain this cycle requiresall of the equipment necessary to fulfill the definitionof air conditioning.

Today we are being regaled with the theory thatcomfort is a function of the ionic equilibrium or elec-trical condition of the air. We know that human beingsabsorb or remove or adsorb from the normal atmospherenegative or positive ions to create an ionic conditiondifferent from that existing before their occupancy.Whether the maintenance of proper ion counts in theair we breathe or the surroundings in which we live willmake possible the elimination of other factors in airconditioning, still remains to be proved. Weare wellconfirmed,however, in the fact that the introduction ofa sufficient number of ions to build up the discrepancybetween normal air and occupied air is simple, and thatthe comfort conditions with equilibrium re-establishedare not deleterious to the occupants.

THEOR~TICALLY, a system for providing heating,humidifying, and air movement should have, when

properly designed and installed, a first cost only 10% to15% greater than our modern systems of heating. Theaddition of refrigeration should not add over 50% tothis first cost.Inother words, assuming that the presentcost of heating a residence with, of course, an adequatesystem is $1,200.00,the future system with humidifica-tion and air circulation should cost not over $1,400.00or $1,500.00 and the refrigeration required to operatethis in the summer time not over $500.00 or $600.00more. I believe that this proportion caq be carried outin the office building and apartment building in thesame way.

As for operating expense, the cost of humidificationcould be offset by the lower dry bulb temperaturerequired with humidified air. With one change of airper hour the amount of water whichmust be evaporatedto make up for the deficiencyin moisture of the enteringair is equivalent to about 10% of the condensationrequired for heating. But,if the dry bulb temperatureof the room can with comfort be kept two or threedegrees lower than it can be kept without humidifica-tion, then the actual amount of steam necessary to becondensed approximately balances. The cost of humid-ification is, therefore, offset by the lower temperature itpermits.

For summer cooling the average house requiring600 sq. ft. of radiation (150,000B.T.U. per hour) willrequire about :five tons of refrigerating effect or theequivalent of 60,000 B.T.U. per hour. But in wintera temperature of 70° F. indoors has to be maintainedagainst a temperature out of doors of possibly 10° F.or a differential of 60°.Insummer if an inside tempera-ture 10°,or at most 15°, lower than the outside tempera-ture is maintained, adequate comfort is enjoyed. Onewouldthink, therefore, that the ratio of 60,000to 150,000is too high compared with the ratio of differential oftemperature of 10 to 60, but in summer, the effect of thesun and the heat given off by the occupants is an addedload for the conditioning system, whereas it is sub-tractable from the load in the winter. This is the reasonfor the difference in ratios that I have cited and an ex-planation of why coolingis more expensivethan heating.