Volume 2 • Issue 1 • 1000121J Clinic Experiment CardiolISSN:2155-9880 JCEC, an open access journal

Research Article Open Access

Stoupel et al. J Clinic Experiment Cardiol 2011, 2:1 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9880.1000121

Keywords: Neutrons; Plaque; Acute myocardial infarction; Cosmicray; Geomagnetic activity

Introduction In addition to recognized risk factors environmental physical

factors like Solar (SA), Geomagnetic (GMA), Cosmic Ray activity (CRA), space Proton flux and other forces are involved in regulation of human homeostasis and timing of medical emergencies [1-14].

In recent years a number of studies were published in relation of CRA and their activity units-Neutron activity on the Earth’s surface (in impulses per minute-imp/min and Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI), Stroke (CVA), Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD) timing [1-17].

Most studies find links between the timing of the mentioned cardiovascular events and the level of CRA (Neutron) activity. We know that most AMI are a consequence of atheromatous plaque in the coronary arteries disruption, or fissuring (18-34) Physical agents can be a part of the process affecting the plaque.SA and GMA are natural shields against CRA and Neutron flux, and they are inverse related [28].

The aim of this study was to explore the dynamics of AMI morbidity

on days of Zero gma and respectively high levels of Cra-Neutron activity on this day and following days of the next post Zero GMA day.

Patients and Methods We studied the number of admissions for AMI in the departments

of Cardiology (including ICCU) in the Medical Science University hospital in Kaunas, Lithuania in years 2000-2007. 8920 patients

*Corresponding authors: Eliyahu G. Stoupel, Division of Cardiology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tiqwa, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel, Tel: 972-97426439; Fax: 972-577-971684; E-mail: stoupel@inter.net.il

Received December 08, 2010; Accepted December 23, 2010; Published December 28, 2010

Citation: Stoupel EG, Tamoshiunas A, Radishauskas R, Bernotiene G, Abramson E, et al. (2011) Neutrons and the Plaque: AMI (n-8920) at Days of Zero GMA/High Neutron Activity (n-36) and the Following Days and Week. Kaunas, Lithuania, 2000-2007. J Clinic Experiment Cardiol 2:121. doi:10.4172/2155-9880.1000121

Copyright: © 2011 Stoupel E, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

AbstractThe timing and outcomes of cardiovascular diseases are linked with surrounding power fields. In recent publications

it was shown that occurrence and deaths from AMI, a pathology in 3/4, or more connected with atheroma- plaque rupture or fissuring, is significantly connected with Cosmic Ray (CRA) activity, measured by Neutron activity (imp/min) on the Earth surface and inverse related to Solar (S.A.) and Geomagnetic (GMA) activity, serving as shields of the Earth from Cosmic Rays.

Aim: of this study was to check if AMI number is changing after days of Zero GMA/high Neutron activity in years 2000-2007.

Patients and Methods: 8920 AMI patients (5307, 59.5%, men) daily admissions at the departments of Cardiology of Kaunas Medical Sciences University Hospital were studied. This data was compared with daily GMA and CRA levels. We found 36 days with Zero GMA, accompanied by High CRA (Neutron) activity. AMI daily number at day of Zero GMA, 1, 2 days after the Zero day, and 7 days (including Zero day) and 6 days after (excluding Zero day) were accounted and compared with AMI on Zero day of GMA. The cosmophysical data came from Space science Institutions in the USA, Russia and Finland.

Results: the daily average for Neutrons for the whole period (2000-2007) was 8883+-518 imp/min..For days of Zero GMA 9247+-402, p

Citation: Stoupel EG, Tamoshiunas A, Radishauskas R, Bernotiene G, Abramson E, et al. (2011) Neutrons and the Plaque: AMI (n-8920) at Days of Zero GMA/High Neutron Activity (n-36) and the Following Days and Week. Kaunas, Lithuania, 2000-2007. J Clinic Experiment Cardiol 2:121. doi:10.4172/2155-9880.1000121

Page 2 of 4

Volume 2 • Issue 1 • 1000121J Clinic Experiment CardiolISSN:2155-9880 JCEC, an open access journal

were included in the study. The diagnosis of AMI was based on the guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology, including clinical, electrocardiography, echocardiography and enzymatic (Troponin, CPK etc.) criteria [34]. Daily GMA was checked. The studied period included 36 days of Zero GMA [28]. We calculated the average number of AMI at day of Zero GMA, first and second day post the Zero day and also, including Zero GMA day and 6 days, following the Zero day for all patients with AMI and for both gender separately.

We calculated the average daily Neutron activity for the whole 2000-2007 period and separately for the Zero GMA days.

The cosmophysical data about SA, GMA, and CRA was obtained from the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration National Geophysical Data Center and Space Weather Prediction Centers, USA, IZMIRAN Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences and Oulu University Neutron Monitoring station in Finland [26-30].

Statistics

statistical significance of the compared average data for Neutrons and AMI and their standard deviation at days Zero GMA and following days was calculated.

Differences (in percents) between the number of AMI patients admitted at Zero GMA and these admitted at the first and second days post Zero day and six days after the Zero day are presented.

ResultsTable 1 presents AMI patients distribution on Zero GMA and one

and two days after, and the following week- including the Zero day and six days after, excluding the Zero day.

Figure 1 presents the AMI admissions average daily on day Zero, first and second day and the average of 6 days following Zero GMA days. It’s also shown the difference in percents and statistical significance of average data at any of the compared days, or groups of days in ratio to number of AMI at the Zero GMA/high Neutron activity days. The daily number of AMI at days one and two post Zero rose at 23%; at six days post Zero – by 18.7% compared with the Zero- high Neutron activity days. The difference was significant at p= 0.01-0.008. It was also shown that the average daily Neutron activity in years 2000-2007 was 8883 +-518 imp/min. On Zero GMA days- 9247+- 402, imp/min.; p

Citation: Stoupel EG, Tamoshiunas A, Radishauskas R, Bernotiene G, Abramson E, et al. (2011) Neutrons and the Plaque: AMI (n-8920) at Days of Zero GMA/High Neutron Activity (n-36) and the Following Days and Week. Kaunas, Lithuania, 2000-2007. J Clinic Experiment Cardiol 2:121. doi:10.4172/2155-9880.1000121

Page 3 of 4

Volume 2 • Issue 1 • 1000121J Clinic Experiment CardiolISSN:2155-9880 JCEC, an open access journal

Here we must take in account that high GMA is also harmful, especially rising coagulation, inflammation indices, arterial blood pressure etc. [42,43].

Before such preventive magnetic shield at periods of high CRA (Neutron) activity can be used, additional titration of the level of strength of the magnetic field must be titrated. Also patients must be informed about high Neutron activity periods. The presented data is another step exploring the links between the surrounding physical activity and human homeostasis-a subject of studies in Clinical Cosmobiology [44,45,17].

Limitations of the study

When one of antineutron powers-GMA is excluded, the SA is still acting (but is changing in the 11-year SA cycle). An ideal picture of Neutron action would be without this power also. But it’s non natural way for such situation..

We mentioned that the relatively small number of Zero GMA days is diminishing the results of this study. We’ll try to prolong our studies.

At this stage many studies about coronary plaque’s are done using intravascular ultrasound. In the future possibilities to measure the plaque “life” using different sorts of nanotechnology will allow monitoring the pre-AMI metabolism and corpuscular effects much more precisely.

ConclusionDays of high Neutron activity on the Earth surface and Zero

Geomagnetic activity are followed by significant admission raise of patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction, most on the first two days, but remaining on next to Zero six days.

The results of Neutron activity correlation with increased number of AMI serve as a basis to presume that Neutron involvement in the atheroma - plaque damage in the human coronary arteries –the basic morphologic process in the pathogenesis of this Acute Cardiac Event.

Use of antagonistic to Neutron activity physical forces (magnetic fields?) Can be considered at days of high Neutron activity in high risk population.

References

1. Stoupel E, Israelevich P, Petrauskiene J, Kalediene R, Abramson E, et al. (2002) Cosmic ray activity and monthly number of deaths: a correlative study. J Basic & Clin Physiol Pharmacol 13: 23-32.

2. Stoupel E, Domarkiene S, Radishauskas R, Abramson E, Israelevich P, et al. (2006) Neutrons and Sudden Cardiac Deaths (SCD) Codes 121-125 ICD 10. Basic & Clin Physiol & Pharmacol 17: 45-53.

3. Stoupel E, Domarkiene S, Radishauskas R, Bernotiene G, Abramson E, et al. (2004) Links between monthly rates of four subtypes of acute myocardial infarction and their corresponding cosmophysical activity parameters. J Basic & Clin Physiol & Pharmacol 15: 175-184.

4. Stoupel E, Assali A, Teplitzky I, Vaknin-Assa H, Abramson E, et al. (2009) Physical influences on right ventricular infarction and cardiogenic shock in acute myocardiaInfarction. Basic & Clin Physi Pharmacol 1: 83-90.

5. Stoupel, E., Babayev, E., Mustafa, F., Abramson, E.,Israelevich, P., Sulkes, J. Acute myocardial Infarction occurrence: Environmental links – Baku 2003-2005 data. Med Sc Monit, 2007,13(8), BR 175-179.

6. Stoupel E, Tamoshiunas A, Radishauskas R, Bernotiene G, Abramson E, et al. (2010) Acute Myocardial Infarction and Intermediate Coronary Syndrome . Health 2: 131-136.

7. Jansen F, Pirjola R, Favre R (2000) Space Weather Hazard to the Earth? Swiss Re Publishing, Zurich 1-40.

8. Palmer S J, Rycroft M J, Cermack M (2006) Solar and geomagnetic activity, extremely low frequency magnetic and electric fields and human health at the Earth’s surface. Surv Geophys 27: 557–595.

9. Kirby AJ, Hollffelder F (2008) Enzymes under the nanoscope. Nature 456: 45-47.

10. Stoupel E, Babayev ES, Mustafa FR, Abramson E, Israelevich P, et al. (2006) Clinical cosmobiology –sudden cardiac death and daily/ monthly geomagnetic, cosmic ray and solar activity - the Baku study (2003-2005). Sun and Geosphere 1: 13-16.

11. Stoupel E (2006) Cardiac arrhythmia and geomagnetic activity. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J 1: 49-53.

12. Berger PL, Oxford JL (2006) Acute Myocardial Infarction : Epidemiology ACP Medicine. Dale DC, Federman DD (Eds.), Web MD Inc., NY.

13. Liese AD, Hense HW, Brenner H, Löwel H, Keil U (2001) Assessing the impact of classical risk factors on myocardial infarction by rate advancement periods. Am J Epidemiol 154: 486-488.

14. Nuzhdina MA (1998) Effect of natural factors on the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases. Biofizika 43: 640-646.

15. Stoupel E, Kusniec J, Mazur A, Zabarsky R, Golovchiner G, et al. (2005) The time distribution of implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) discharges and environmental physical activity. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 28: 777-781.

16. Stoupel E, Assali A, Teplitzky I, Israelevich P, Abramson E (2008) The culprit artery in acute myocardial infarction in different environmental physical activity levels. Int J Cardiology 126: 288-289.

17. Stoupel E (2008) Atherothrombosis - Environmental Links. (2008) J Bas & Clin Physiol & Pharmacol 19: 37-47.

18. Stoupel E, Kusniec J, Mazur J, Abramson E, Israelevich P, et al. (2008) Timing of life-.threatening arrhythmias detected by implantable cardioverter defibrillators in relation to changes in cosmophysical factors. Cardiology J 15: 1-4.

19. V Fuster (Ed.) The Vulnerable Atherosclerotic Plaque: Understanding, Identification and Modification, American Heart Association Monograph Series, Blackwell Publishing, 1999, 429 pages.

AMI at Zero GMA / High Neutron Activity Day and a Follow -up Week

3.5

3

2.5

2

1.5

1

0.5

0

2.51

zero day day post zero 2 days post zero 6 days post zero

3.09 3.09 2.98

p=0.01 p=0.008 p=0.008

23.1% 18.7%

Figure 1:

Figure 2:

Three Environmental PowersActivity Links

1990 - 2009 (240months)

GeomagneticSolar

Cosmic Ray(Neutron)

r=0.5p

Citation: Stoupel EG, Tamoshiunas A, Radishauskas R, Bernotiene G, Abramson E, et al. (2011) Neutrons and the Plaque: AMI (n-8920) at Days of Zero GMA/High Neutron Activity (n-36) and the Following Days and Week. Kaunas, Lithuania, 2000-2007. J Clinic Experiment Cardiol 2:121. doi:10.4172/2155-9880.1000121

Page 4 of 4

Volume 2 • Issue 1 • 1000121J Clinic Experiment CardiolISSN:2155-9880 JCEC, an open access journal

20. Fuster V, Fayad ZA, Badimon JJ (1999) Acute coronary syndromes: biology. Lancet 353: SII5-SII9.

21. Goldstein JL, Brown MS (2001) Molecular Medicine: The cholesterol quartet. Science 292: 1310-1312.

22. Libby P (2003) Vascular biology of atherosclerosis: overview and state of the art. Am J Cardiol 91: 3A-6A.

23. E.J.Topol (Ed.) (2005) Atlas of atherothrombosis, London, Science Press 61-86.

24. EM Antman, E Braunwald (2005) ST-elevation myocardial infarction: Pathology, pathophysiology, and clinical features. Braunwald’s Heart Disease, 7th edition. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia.

25. Gawaz M (2006) The evolving science of atherothrombotic disease Eur heart J Suppl Antiplateled Strategies in Patients Undergoing Interventions with Acute Coronary Syndrome Ed. J.-F. Neumann 10: 14-17.

26. Solem J, Levin M, Karlsson T, Grip L, Albertsson P, et al. (2006) Composition of coronary plaque obtained by directional atherectomy instable angina: its relation to serum lipids and statin treatment. J Int Med 259: 267-275.

27. Tanaka A, Shimada K, Numba M, Sakamoto T, Nakamura Y, et al. (2008) Relationship between longitudinal. Morphology of ruptured plaques and TIMI flow grade in acute coronary syndrome: a three-dimensional intravascular ultrasound imaging study. Eur Heart J 29: 38-44.

28. De Catherina R, Husted S, Walentin L, Agnelli G, Bachmann F, et al. (2007) ESC position paper v. Anticoagulants in heart disease: current status and perspectives. Eur Heart J 28: 880-913.

29. SESC Glossary of Solar-Terrestrial Terms (1988, revised 1992) NOAA-USAF Space Environment Services Center.

30. Solar Indices Bulletin. (monthly) NOAA. National Geophysocal Data Center. Boulder, Co, USA.

31. NOAA SWPC, US AF Preliminary Report and Forecast of Solar Geophysical Data (Weekly) Boulder, CO, USA.

32. Moscow Neutron Monitoring Station. IZMIRAN Institute. Russian Academy of Sciences.

33. Oulu University. Neutron Monitorig Data. Daily, Monthly. Oulu. Finland.

34. Acute Myocardial İnfarction, ICD code I21. International Statistical Classification of Diseases (ICD) and Related Health Problems 10th Revision, Version for 2007, World Health Organization, Chapter IX,

35. Thigesen K, Alpert JS (2007) White HD on behalf the ESC/ACCF/AHA/WHF task force universal -definition of myocardial infarction. Circulation 116: 2634-2653.

36. Sigl G (2001) Ultrahigh energy cosmic rays: physics and astrophysics at extreme energies. Science 291: 73-79.

37. Amelino-Camelia G (2002) Relativity: Special treatment. Nature 418: 34-35.

38. The Pierre Auger collaboration (2007) Correlation of the Highest–Energy Cosmic Rays with Nearby Extragalactic Objects. Science 318: 938-943.

39. Johnston H (2008) Cosmic-ray mystery solved at last. 31764: 1-3

40. Dorfman LI Cosmic Rays and Space Weather. Israel Cosmic Ray Center& Emilio Serge Observatory. (2003) Israel, IZMIRAN, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia.

41. Nias AHV (2000) An introduction to radiotherapy. John Wiley & Sons, NY, 1999, repr.2000.

42. Hall E J, Giaccia AJ (2006) Radiobiology for the Radiologists. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia, Baltimore, New York, London, Buenos Aires, Hong Kong, Sydney, Tokyo

43. Oranevskii VN, Breus TK, Baevskii RM, Rappoprt SI, Petrov VM, et al. (1998) Effect of geomagnetic activity on the functional status of the body. Biofizika 43: 819-826.

44. Stoupel E (2002) The effect of geomagnetic activity on cardiovasculoar parameters. J Clin Basic Cardiol 56: 247s-256s.

45. Stoupel E (1980) Solar-Terrestrial Predictions: Aspects For Preventive Medicine Solar –Terrestrial Predictions Proceedings. U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, USAF Environmental Research Laboratories. vol.4, G-29-G-40. Boulder, Co. USA.

46. The Equilibrium Paradigm in Clinical Cosmobiology. (2002) J Bas Clin Physiol Pharmacol 3: 255-261.

http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2899%2990234-9/fulltexthttp://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2899%2990234-9/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11360986http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11360986http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12645637http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12645637http://eurheartjsupp.oxfordjournals.org/content/10/suppl_I/I4.short?rss=1http://eurheartjsupp.oxfordjournals.org/content/10/suppl_I/I4.short?rss=1http://eurheartjsupp.oxfordjournals.org/content/10/suppl_I/I4.short?rss=1http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/29/1/38.abstracthttp://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/29/1/38.abstracthttp://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/29/1/38.abstracthttp://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/29/1/38.abstracthttp://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/116/22/2634http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/116/22/2634http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/116/22/2634http://www.sciencemag.org/content/291/5501/73.abstracthttp://www.sciencemag.org/content/291/5501/73.abstracthttp://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v418/n6893/full/418034a.htmlhttp://www.sciencemag.org/content/318/5852/938.shorthttp://www.sciencemag.org/content/318/5852/938.shorthttp://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/http://www.tau.ac.il/institutes/advanced/cosmic/008366-3.pdfhttp://www.tau.ac.il/institutes/advanced/cosmic/008366-3.pdfhttp://www.tau.ac.il/institutes/advanced/cosmic/008366-3.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9914843http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9914843http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9914843http://www.kup.at/kup/pdf/26.pdfhttp://www.kup.at/kup/pdf/26.pdf

TitleCorresponding authorAbstractKeywordsIntroductionPatients and Methods Statistics

ResultsDiscussionLimitations of the study

ConclusionReferencesTable 1Figure 1Figure 2