Neutrino Oscillation Detectors: a (Re?)View Where we are? Where are we going? How do we get there?...
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![Page 1: Neutrino Oscillation Detectors: a (Re?)View Where we are? Where are we going? How do we get there? More questions than answers Adam Para, Fermilab NuFact.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020718/56649eb15503460f94bb764d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Neutrino Oscillation Detectors:a (Re?)View
Where we are? Where are we going? How do we get there?
More questions than answers
Adam Para, FermilabNuFact 02,
Imperial College, LondonJuly 5 2002
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Quark and Neutrinos Mixing (Kayser representation)
' ' '
1
1
1
tiny
tiny
small
small small
small
d
d s b s
b
Weak eigenstates are mixtures of mass(strong) eigenstates
1
2
3
e
sB B
B B B
B B B
Weak eigenstates are mixtures of mass eigenstates
Mixing pattern for quarks and leptons is very different. Curious…Very curious.. What is it telling us??
![Page 3: Neutrino Oscillation Detectors: a (Re?)View Where we are? Where are we going? How do we get there? More questions than answers Adam Para, Fermilab NuFact.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020718/56649eb15503460f94bb764d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Completing the Neutrino Mixing Matrix
1
2
3
e
iseB B
B B B
B B B
2 2 2133 1 3
21
23
1s (in dei
1sins gree2
4s??in n
2)e es U
2
3 0.03eU CHOOZHow small is ‘small’?
Small, otherwise known as:
If ‘small’ is not too small, then:
• mass hierarchy
•CP violating phase
|S|<0.17
First step: determine/improve limit on sin2213
Please, please, please.. Can we settle on one convention? sin2213?
![Page 4: Neutrino Oscillation Detectors: a (Re?)View Where we are? Where are we going? How do we get there? More questions than answers Adam Para, Fermilab NuFact.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020718/56649eb15503460f94bb764d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Roadmap I
Agreed (?):
e oscillation experiment
Conventional beams (they are super!)
NuMI (2005)
JHF (2007-8)
Sensitivity down to sin2213~0.003
we think it is worth ~300-400 M$ (50+50, 200+100) and 3000 man-years (physicist-years?)
~ results by 2015
Major branch point: positive outcome of MiniBoone experiment
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Roadmap II (??)
e appearance observed Neutrino mass hierarchy CP violation NuMI OA, Phase II, new
proton driver JHF Phase II $1.5B (0.5 + 1) Results by 2025Major branch point: m2
12 very small ‘Cheap’ version of neutrino
factories technically feasible Somebody builds a gigantic
water Cherenkov/LA somewhere
e appearance not observed Improve sensitivity down to
sin2213~0.0003 NuMI OA, Phase II, new proton
driver JHF Phase II $1.5B (0.5 + 1) one? Both??? Results by 2025Major branch point: ‘Cheap’ version of neutrino
factories technically feasible Somebody builds a gigantic
water Cherenkov/LA somewhere Is it worth the money/effort? Are there more important
issues?
![Page 6: Neutrino Oscillation Detectors: a (Re?)View Where we are? Where are we going? How do we get there? More questions than answers Adam Para, Fermilab NuFact.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020718/56649eb15503460f94bb764d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Roadmap III(???)
Ultimate limit on sin2213 , or Precision determination of CP violation in
leptonic sector Lepton number violation, new physics Precision measurements Life sciences Neutrino Factory Near detectors, intermediate detector, far
detector $2-3 B 2030
![Page 7: Neutrino Oscillation Detectors: a (Re?)View Where we are? Where are we going? How do we get there? More questions than answers Adam Para, Fermilab NuFact.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020718/56649eb15503460f94bb764d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
So, what about detectors?
Detectors are not generic. Their design depends on: Energy regime:
JHF – mostly quasi-elastics, 1 NuMI – few pions, range out NuFact – many pions, showers
Required performance: Detect/identify e interactions Reject NC/0
Detect wrong sign muons Detect electrons determine sign Detect taus, determine sign
JHF NUMI Nu Fact
Super-beams
Neutrio Factories
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CC e / NC interactions
~ 2 GeV > 5 GeV
Fine grained, relatively simple tracking calorimeter ?
Sophisticated imaging calorimeter, or
Give up/ focus on muons
![Page 9: Neutrino Oscillation Detectors: a (Re?)View Where we are? Where are we going? How do we get there? More questions than answers Adam Para, Fermilab NuFact.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020718/56649eb15503460f94bb764d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Beam-Detector Interactions
Optimizing beam can improve signal Optimizing beam can reduce NC backgrounds Optimizing beam can reduce intrinsic e
background Easier experimental challenge, simpler
detectors # of events ~ proton intensity x detector mass
Split the money to maximize the product, rather than individual components
![Page 10: Neutrino Oscillation Detectors: a (Re?)View Where we are? Where are we going? How do we get there? More questions than answers Adam Para, Fermilab NuFact.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020718/56649eb15503460f94bb764d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
e identification/background rejection: beam + detector issue
e background
NC (visible energy), no rejection
spectrumSpectrum mismatch: These neutrinos contribute to background, but no signal
e (|Ue3|2 = 0.01)
NuMI low energy beam
NuMI off-axis beam
These neutrinos contribute to background, but not to the signal
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On the Importance of the Energy Resolution
• cut around the expected signal region too improve signal/background ratio•High energy tails of the resolution function very important
First oscillation minimum: energy resolution/beam spectrum ~ 20% well matched to the width of the structure
Second maximum: 20% beam width broader than the oscillation minimum, need energy resolution <10%. Tails??
First oscillation minimum: energy resolution/beam spectrum ~ 20% well matched to the width of the structure
Second maximum: 20% beam width broader than the oscillation minimum, need energy resolution <10%. Tails??
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JHF-Kamioka Neutrino Project
~1GeV beamKamioka
JAERI(Tokaimura)
0.77MW 50 GeV PS
( conventional beam)
4MW 50 GeV PS
Phase-I ( Super-Kamiokande) Phase-II (Hyper-K)
Plan to start in 2007(hep-ex/0106019)
Detectors?
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Water Cerenkov: good match for sub GeV region (JHF, SPL, BB)
~1 GeV beam for Quasi-elastic interactions Simple event topology High electron ID efficiency (~40%) Good energy resolution (kinematics)
E(reconstruct) – E (True) (MeV)
=80MeV
E(
reco
nst
ruct
)
E (True)
events
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Super-Kamiokande
40m
41
.4
m50,000 ton water Cherenkov detector (22.5 kton fiducial volume)
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Hyper-Kamiokande (a far detector in the 2nd phase)
~1,000 kt
Candidate site in Kamioka
Good for atm. proton decay
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Water Cherenkovs in US?
Off-axis beams + 2 detectors
100kmFNAL BNL
Soudan
Homestake
WIPP
(hep-ex/0205040,0204037,hep-ph/0204208)
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Det. 2
NuMI Beam: on and off-axis
Det. 1
•Selection of sites, baselines, beam energies•Physcis/results driven experiment optimization
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An example of a possible detector
Low Z tracking calorimeter
Issues: absorber material (plastic? Water? Particle board?) longitudinal sampling (X0)? What is the detector technology (RPC? Scintillator?
Drift tubes?) Transverse segmentation (e/0) Surface detector: cosmic ray background? time
resolution? . . .
NuMI detector workshop: October/November Fermilab/Chicago
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Constructing the detector ‘wall’
Containment issue: need very large detector. Recall: K2K near detector – 1 kton mass, 25 tons fiducial, JHF proposal – 1 kton mass, 100 tons fiducial
Engineering/assembly/practical issues
Solution: Containers ?
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On the importance of being mobile:mammals vs dinosaurs?
Neutrino factory, somewhere? Here we come!
Sin2213=0.05
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Detectors for a Neutrino Factory
An easy case: wrong sign muons e) magnetic detector
Light yield as a function of a position make module 2 times bigger (x and y)
Fully loaded cost of a MINOS supermodule is $11M/2.8 kt
50 kton magnetized detector ~ $200 M
Economy of scale ?
MINOS Spermodule I
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e e-
-
-
e e+
e +
+
Full physics menu at the neutrino factory?
Electron/tau ID in complex high energy events:Imaging detector ( Liquid Argon TPC)
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Liquid Argon TPC
Excellent pattern recognition capabilitiesHigh efficiency for electron identificationExcellent e/0 rejection identification via kinematics a`la NOMADLepton charge determination if in the magnetic field
The only detector capable of fully exploiting the physics potential of the neutrino factory
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Challenges of the Liquid Argon TPC
Cost effective implementation Single large cryostat Argon purity in large volumes Long drift distance Very high voltage
Safety, safety,safety Data acquisition A case of a dog, which did not bark (Conan Doyle)
50 l prototype exposed to the WANF beam + NOMAD 300 ton prototype exposed to cosmic rays in Pavia No results (QE ? e? Angular distribution of CR muons?
Uniformity of the detector? Long term stability? Other?)
Small LAr TPC in a neutrino beam at KEK or Fermilab ? :
•Proof of principle as a reliable experimental technique
•Rich source of physics information about low E neutrino interactions
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Conclusions
We have a detector for low energy superbeams. Just need a beam. Water Cherenkovs likely to dominate this line of experiments for next 25 years
We have a medium energy superbeam. Just need a detector(s). Good ideas and a lot of engineering necessary to exploit the physics reach. Room for new developments.
We have minimal solution for a detector for the neutrino factory. We will build it in due time.
We have a 20 years old and still promising new technology. This is a major challenge. Need more effort here.
We are living in interesting times. Let’s go and look for e appearance!
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11 Greatest Unanswered Questions of Physics
What is dark matter ? What is dark energy ? How were the elements from iron to uranium
made? Do neutrinos have mass ? … Are protons unstable ? What is gravity ? Are there additional dimensions ? How did the Universe begin ? Discover
February 2002