Neuroscience of Emotions
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Transcript of Neuroscience of Emotions
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COGNITIVE SCIENCE 17
NeurobiologyOf Emotions
Part 2 Jaime A. Pineda, Ph.D.
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The main purpose of the innermostpart of the brain is survival
To Get at Emotion, Go Deep...
Amygdala isdeep within the most elemental partsof the brain.
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Cognition and EmotionThe brain’s shortcut for emotions
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Brain Structures That Mediate Emotion
• Hypothalamus• Limbic System
– limbic cortex– amygdala
• Brainstem
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Hypothalamus (Under the thalamus)
• What is it?– A deep brain structure made up of a number of
nuclei
• Where is it?– Base of the fore brain– Behind the optic chiasm– Forms part of the walls of the 3rd ventricle– Contiguous with infundibular stalk to pituitary
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Hypothalamus
• What does it do?– Integration of emotional response – Forebrain, brain stem, spinal cord– Sexual response– Endocrine responses
• neurosecretory • oxytocin, vasopressin
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Hypothalamus
• How do we know that it integrates emotions and behaviors?– Ablation studies– Stimulation studies– Primary Emotions: Fear and Anger
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Ablation Studies
• Cats• Remove cerebral
hemispheres: rage• Remove
hemispheres and hypothalamus: no rage
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Stimulation Studies on Cats
• Lateral hypothalamic stimulation:
rage, attack
• Other areas: defensive, fear
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Hypothalamus:Routes of information
• Input from: cortex (relatively unprocessed)
• Output to Reticular Formation
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Brainstem: Reticular Formation
• Brainstem web• 100+ cell groups• Controls
– sleep-wake rhythm– Arousal– Attention
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Reticular Formation
• Receives hypothalamic and cortical output– separate descending projections that run
parallel to volitional motor system
• Output to somatic and autonomic effector systems– cardiac, respiratory, bowels, bladder– Coordinates brain-body response
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Limbic System
• Higher Cortical Processes (“Secondary Emotions”)
• Why do humans feel embarrassed with flatulence and dogs don’t?
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Limbic System
• Link between higher cortical activity and the “lower” systems that control emotional behavior
• Limbic Lobe• Deep lying structures
– amygdala– hippocampus– mamillary bodies
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Limbic Lobe
• What is it?– Cingulate gyrus– Parahippocampal
gyrus
• Where is it?– Encircles the
upper brain stem– around corpus
callosum
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Limbic System
• What does it do?– Integrates information from cortical
association areas
• How do we know this?– Kluver - Bucy Syndrome
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Kluver - Bucy Syndrome
• Removal of temporal lobe in animals
• Pre-op– aggressive, raging
• Post-op– docile, orally fixated,
increased sexual and compulsive behaviors
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Kluver- Bucy Syndrome in Humans
• Severe temporal lobe damage– tumors, surgery, trauma– Visual Agnosia– Apathy/ placidity– Hyperorality– Disturbance in sexual function
(hypersexuality)– Dementia, aphasia, amnesia
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Additional Structures in Limbic System
• Hippocampus• learning/ retrieval of
memory• Circuit of Papez
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Circuit of Papez
• First localization of Emotion– (Overemphasized
role of hippocampus)– (Left out the
amygdala)
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Amygdala
• What is it?– Nuclear mass
• Where is it?– Buried in the white
matter of the temporal lobe, in front of the hippocampus
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Amygdala
• “Almond”
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Amygdala: What Does It Do?
• Connects to:– olfactory bulb and cortex– brainstem and hypothalamus– cortical sensory association areas– “Emotional Association Area”
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Amygdala and Learned Emotions
• Learned fear: rats and classical conditioning– Conditioned emotional response
• Abolish fear response– cut central nucleus from amygdala OR– infuse NMDA antagonist into amygdala
during learning