Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.
-
Upload
silas-barrett -
Category
Documents
-
view
221 -
download
2
Transcript of Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.
![Page 1: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Neuroscience
External Features - Lateral Surface
![Page 2: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Lateral Sulcus (Sylvian Fissure)
• separates the frontal and temporal lobes• note: both “fissure” and “sulcus” are used
![Page 3: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Central,Precentral & Postcentral sulci
• Boundary between primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus) and primary somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus)
![Page 4: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Precentral/Postcentral gyri
• precentral gyrus - primary motor cortex• postcentral gyrus - primary somatosensory cortex
![Page 5: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Frontal gyri
• note: parts of inferior frontal gyrus (orbital, triangular, opercular)
• triangular + opercular = Broca’s area (center for expressive speech)
![Page 6: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Temporal sulci
![Page 7: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Temporal inferior sulcus
![Page 8: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Temporal gyri
![Page 9: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Temporal lobe (superior aspect)
• transverse temporal gyri also shown
![Page 10: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Insula (coronal)
• also known as “insular cortex”• the insula is an area of cortex (including sulci and gyri)
![Page 11: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Insula (horizontal)
• note: the insula is hidden deep inside the sylvian fissure
![Page 12: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Insula(temporal removed)
• In a gross brain,you can only locate the insula by removing the temporal
![Page 13: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Transverse temporal gyrus
• “Heschel’s gyrus;”are the primary auditory cortex• lies inside the sylvian fissure • runs perpendicular to the superior temporal gyrus (which runs the
length of the temporal lobes)
![Page 14: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Supramarginal gyrus
• to locate, trace the sylvian fissure posteriorly to its termination
![Page 15: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Angular gyrus
• to locate, trace the superior temporal sulcus posteriorly to its termination
![Page 16: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Superior parietal lobule
![Page 17: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Superior parietal lobule (lateral view)
![Page 18: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Superior parietal lobule & Intraparietal sulcus
• separates the inferior and superior parietal lobules• note: angular + supramarginal gyri form the inferior
parietal lobule
![Page 19: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Lateral Overview
![Page 20: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Coronal Overview
![Page 21: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Neuroscience
External Features - Medial Surface
![Page 22: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Corpus callosum
• is a massive body of white matter pathways that interconnect the left and right hemispheres
• 4 parts (ant -> post) : rostrum, genu, body & splenium
![Page 23: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Fornix
• white matter pathway that forms the output of the hippocampal formation in the medial temporal lobes (crucial part of limbic system)
• arcs down underneath the corpus callosum• fornix is bilaterally represented (join @ midline)
![Page 24: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Anterior Commissure
• white matter pathway that connects the left and right hemispheres
• MUCH smaller than the corpus callosum • to locate, follow the arc of the fornix
![Page 25: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Paracentral lobule
• the medial continuation of precentral and postcentral gyri
![Page 26: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Cingulate gyrus and sulcus
• the gyrus that sits just superior to the corpus callosum• important part of the limbic system (similar to fornix)
![Page 27: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Parietooccipital fissure (or sulcus)
• from this aspect (the medial) is the only way you can see this separation of the occipital and parietal lobes by a clear, deep parietooccipital fissure; the lateral aspect shows no clear boundary
![Page 28: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Calcarine sulcus
• its banks form the primary cortex• cuneus - the portion of medial occipital lobe superior to the
calcarine sulcus• lingual gyrus - below the calcarine sulcus; resembles a tongue
![Page 29: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Medial Overview
![Page 30: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Neuroscience
External Features - Ventral Surface
![Page 31: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Gyrus rectus(straight gyrus)medial view
![Page 32: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Gyrus rectus(straight gyrus)ventral view
![Page 33: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Orbital gyri
• sits just above the orbits of the eyes• this cortex is crucial to higher level
behavioral regulation
![Page 34: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Parahippocampal gyrus
• the medial most aspect of the inferior temporal lobe• contains the hippocampal formation• runs continuously with the cingulate gyrus• important part of the limbic system
![Page 35: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Parahippocampal gyrus (medial view)
![Page 36: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Occipitotemporal gyrus (ventral view)
• located between the hippocampal gyrus and inferior temporal gyrus
• note: not responsible for medial and lateral distinctions
![Page 37: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Occipitotemporal gyrus (medial view)
![Page 38: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Collateral sulcus
• separates the parahippocampal gyrus and the occipitotemporal gyrus
![Page 39: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Uncus (ventral view)
• the medial “protrusion” of the temporal lobe
![Page 40: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Uncus (medial view)
![Page 41: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Ventral Overview
![Page 42: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Neuroscience
Arteries
![Page 43: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Circle of Willis• Internal carotid artery• Middle cerebral artery• Anterior cerebral artery• Posterior cerebral artery• Anterior/posterior communicating artery
• Superior cerebellar artery• Anterior/posterior cerebellar artery (AICA & PICA)
• Vertebral artery• Basilar artery
![Page 44: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Neuroscience
Ventricles and Miscellaneous Structures
![Page 45: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Lateral ventricles
![Page 46: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Septum Pellucidum
• thin membrane separating the lateral ventricles
![Page 47: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Interventricular foramen of Monroe
![Page 48: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Third ventricle
• is not specifically labeled, but is surrounding the thalamus
![Page 49: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Cerebral aqueduct
![Page 50: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Fourth ventricle (medial view)
• note: cerebellum removed
![Page 51: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Fourth ventricle (close-up)
![Page 52: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Foramen of Magendie
• the “median apertures”
![Page 53: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Foramina of Luschka
• the “lateral apertures”• atlas does not have this structure labeled, just know
its approximate location & that is has two lateral aperatures
![Page 54: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Choroid plexus
• produces CSF• can be found in ALL of the ventricles • most is found in the lateral ventricles
![Page 55: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Pineal body
![Page 56: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Infundibulum (Pituitary stalk)
• Note the relationship to the optic chiasm
![Page 57: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Optic chiasm(medial view)
![Page 58: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Optic chiasm (ventral view)
![Page 59: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Optic tract
![Page 60: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Neuroscience
Diencephalon & Brain Stem
![Page 61: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Hypothalamus
![Page 62: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Mammilary Bodies(medial view)
• Mammilary bodies are technically nuclei of the hypothalamus
• have specific functional significance as part of the limbic system
![Page 63: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Mammilary Bodies (ventral view)
![Page 64: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Thalamus
• note: the thalami “touch” at the midline (but are not functionally interconnected)
• this point of contact is called the “massa intermedia” and it accounts for the ring-shape of the third ventricle
![Page 65: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Midbrain
• note: the tectum and tegmentum are labeled separately (not important for now)
![Page 66: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Cerebral peduncles (ventral view)
• part of the midbrain• are the big “columns” of white matter pathways
that support the cerebral hemispheres
![Page 67: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Cerebral peduncles(anterolateral view)
![Page 68: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Corpora quadrigemina (medial view)
• (includes superior and inferior colliculi)
![Page 69: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Corpora quadrigemina(close-up)
![Page 70: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Pons(ventral view)
![Page 71: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Pons(medial view)
![Page 72: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Medulla
![Page 73: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Pyramids (ventral view)
• part of the medulla
![Page 74: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Pyramids(anterolateral view)
![Page 75: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Inferior Olive (ventral view)
• part of the medulla
![Page 76: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Inferior Olive (anterolateral view)
![Page 77: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Neuroscience
Coronal Sections (9)
![Page 78: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Slices 1-9
![Page 79: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Structures you are responsible for knowing in coronal sections:
Corpus Callosum Cingulate gyrus Lateral ventricles 3rd Ventricle 4th Ventricle Septum Pellucidum Caudate nucleus (head, body, and tail) Putamen Nucleus accumbens Globus pallidus Thalamus Hippocampal formation Fornix Anterior commissure Claustrum External capsule Extreme Capsule Insular cortex Cingulate gyrus Amygdala
![Page 80: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Slice 1 - unlabeled
• In this slice, we catch the anteriormost portion of the corpus callosum (the genu). • We just see the lateral ventricles, and note to the right we have just clipped the head of
the caudate on the right side (a small spot of grey next to the lateral ventricle). • We also see the tips of the temporal lobes (i.e., the temporal poles). Many of the
structures on our list are not yet visible, however.
![Page 81: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Slice 1 - outlined
• In this slice, we catch the anteriormost portion of the corpus callosum (the genu).
• We just see the lateral ventricles, and note to the right we have just clipped the head of the caudate on the right side (a small spot of grey next to the lateral ventricle).
• We also see the tips of the temporal lobes (i.e., the temporal poles). Many of the structures on our list are not
yet visible, however.
![Page 82: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Slice 1 - labeled
• In this slice, we catch the anteriormost portion of the corpus callosum (the genu).
• We just see the lateral ventricles, and note to the right we have just clipped the head of the caudate on the right side (a small spot of grey next to the lateral ventricle).
• We also see the tips of the temporal lobes (i.e., the temporal poles). Many of the structures on our list are not
yet visible, however.
![Page 83: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Slice 2 - unlabeled
• In this slice, we are cutting the anterior aspect of the basal ganglia where the caudate and putamen are beginning to separate into distinct structures.
• Note the faint beginnings of what will become the internal capsule (anterior limb) between them. The body of the corpus callosum is still visible.
• Below it we see the septum pellucidum, which is the thin membrane separating the lateral ventricles. • Also note above it the cingulate gyrus, which we’ve seen on a midsaggital view.
![Page 84: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Slice 2 - outlined
• In this slice, we are cutting the anterior aspect of the basal ganglia where the caudate and putamen are beginning to separate into distinct structures.
• Note the faint beginnings of what will become the internal capsule (anterior limb) between them. The body of the corpus callosum is still visible.
• Below it we see the septum pellucidum, which is the thin membrane separating the lateral ventricles.
• Also note above it the cingulate gyrus, which we’ve seen on a midsaggital view.
![Page 85: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Slice 2 - labeled
• In this slice, we are cutting the anterior aspect of the basal ganglia where the caudate and putamen are beginning to separate into distinct structures.
• Note the faint beginnings of what will become the internal capsule (anterior limb) between them. The body of the corpus callosum is still visible.
• Below it we see the septum pellucidum, which is the thin membrane separating the lateral ventricles. • Also note above it the cingulate gyrus, which we’ve seen on a midsaggital view.
![Page 86: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Slice 3 - unlabeled
• Here we see further differentiation of the caudate and putamen, with a more pronounced internal capsule (anterior limb) visible. Note that at the inferior aspect of where they connect is the nucleus accumbens.
• You also see the beginning of a couple of new structures that are helpful to learn with the basal ganglia (morphologically, not necessarily functionally).
• Lateral to the putamen is a thin white matter pathway called the external capsule. • Lateral to that is a thin strip of grey called the claustrum. • Lateral to the claustrum is the extreme capsule. • The claustrum is labeled in this atlas, although the external and extreme capsule are not. • You will see these structures in successive slices along the length of the basal ganglia. • We have also clipped the optic chiasm, just a bit of the hypothalamus, and third ventricle. • We are well into the temporal pole, but have not yet reached the amydala (which should be the first major
temporal lobe structure we encounter as we keep moving posteriorly).
![Page 87: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Slice 3 - outlined
• Here we see further differentiation of the caudate and putamen, with a more pronounced internal capsule (anterior limb) visible. Note that at the inferior aspect of where they connect is the nucleus accumbens.
• You also see the beginning of a couple of new structures that are helpful to learn with the basal ganglia (morphologically, not necessarily functionally).
• Lateral to the putamen is a thin white matter pathway called the external capsule. • Lateral to that is a thin strip of grey called the claustrum. • Lateral to the claustrum is the extreme capsule. • The claustrum is labeled in this atlas, although the external and extreme capsule are not. • You will see these structures in successive slices along the length of the basal ganglia. • We have also clipped the optic chiasm, just a bit of the hypothalamus, and third ventricle. • We are well into the temporal pole, but have not yet reached the amydala (which should be the first major
temporal lobe structure we encounter as we keep moving posteriorly).
![Page 88: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Slice 3 - labeled
• Here we see further differentiation of the caudate and putamen, with a more pronounced internal capsule (anterior limb) visible. Note that at the inferior aspect of where they connect is the nucleus accumbens.
• You also see the beginning of a couple of new structures that are helpful to learn with the basal ganglia (morphologically, not necessarily functionally).
• Lateral to the putamen is a thin white matter pathway called the external capsule. • Lateral to that is a thin strip of grey called the claustrum. • Lateral to the claustrum is the extreme capsule. • The claustrum is labeled in this atlas, although the external and extreme capsule are not. • You will see these structures in successive slices along the length of the basal ganglia. • We have also clipped the optic chiasm, just a bit of the hypothalamus, and third ventricle. • We are well into the temporal pole, but have not yet reached the amydala (which should be the first major
temporal lobe structure we encounter as we keep moving posteriorly).
![Page 89: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Slice 4 - unlabeled
• Here we see the caudate and putamen fully separated, with the globus pallidus visible medial to the putamen.
• We have cut the anterior commisure such that it is clearly visible, as are the columns of the fornix (which come right down to the anterior commissure).
• We are approaching the anterior end of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricles, so the amygdala is visible.
![Page 90: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Slice 4 - outlined
• Here we see the caudate and putamen fully separated, with the globus pallidus visible medial to the putamen.
• We have cut the anterior commisure such that it is clearly visible, as are the columns of the fornix (which come right down to the anterior commissure).
• We are approaching the anterior end of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricles, so the amygdala is visible.
![Page 91: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Slice 4 - labeled
• Here we see the caudate and putamen fully separated, with the globus pallidus visible medial to the putamen.
• We have cut the anterior commisure such that it is clearly visible, as are the columns of the fornix (which come right down to the anterior commissure).
• We are approaching the anterior end of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricles, so the amygdala is visible.
![Page 92: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Slice 5 - unlabeled
• Here we still see the various parts of the basal ganglia clearly. • We can still see hypothalamus, and are not posterior enough to see the thalamus just yet. • The amygdala is still visible. • The interesting thing in this slice is that we are just posterior to the anterior commissure, so you can see
the columns of the fornix where they are arcing down to the anterior commissure (at lower part of the septum pellucidum).
![Page 93: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Slice 5 - outlined
• Here we still see the various parts of the basal ganglia clearly. • We can still see hypothalamus, and are not posterior enough to see the
thalamus just yet. • The amygdala is still visible. • The interesting thing in this slice is that we are just posterior to
the anterior commissure, so you can see the columns of the fornix where they are arcing down to the anterior commissure (at lower part of the septum pellucidum).
![Page 94: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Slice 5 - labeled
• Here we still see the various parts of the basal ganglia clearly. • We can still see hypothalamus, and are not posterior enough to see the thalamus just yet. • The amygdala is still visible. • The interesting thing in this slice is that we are just posterior to the anterior commissure, so you can see
the columns of the fornix where they are arcing down to the anterior commissure (at lower part of the septum pellucidum).
![Page 95: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Slice 6 - unlabeled
• In this slice, we have cut perfectly through the intraventricular foramen of Monroe, so you have a perfect view of the lateral ventricles emptying into the third ventricle.
• It’s a bit difficult to find, but we have clipped just a bit of the anterior thalamus. • This lets us know that we are probably in the area of the genu of the internal capsule and will soon be transitioning
into the posterior limb. • Note that part of the amygdala is still visible, although we are starting to open the temporal horn of the lateral
ventricles.
![Page 96: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Slice 6 - outlined
• In this slice, we have cut perfectly through the intraventricular foramen of Monroe, so you have a perfect view of the lateral ventricles emptying into the third ventricle.
• It’s a bit difficult to find, but we have clipped just a bit of the anterior thalamus.
• This lets us know that we are probably in the area of the genu of the internal capsule and will soon be transitioning into the posterior limb.
• Note that part of the amygdala is still visible, although we are starting to open the temporal horn of the lateral ventricles.
![Page 97: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Slice 6 - labeled
• In this slice, we have cut perfectly through the intraventricular foramen of Monroe, so you have a perfect view of the lateral ventricles emptying into the third ventricle.
• It’s a bit difficult to find, but we have clipped just a bit of the anterior thalamus. • This lets us know that we are probably in the area of the genu of the internal capsule and will soon be transitioning
into the posterior limb. • Note that part of the amygdala is still visible, although we are starting to open the temporal horn of the lateral
ventricles.
![Page 98: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Slice 7 - unlabeled
• Now we start to see some significant changes as new structures are visible. • We have a good view of the thalamus. • The caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus are still visible, although they are not so prominent. • The temporal horns of the lateral ventricles are clearly visible, as is the hippocampus. The hippocampus here actually looks a bit
like a seahorse (especially on the left), which is where the name comes from. It often looks more like an indistinct jelly roll. • Down to the bottom right, we have clipped part of the cerebral peduncle. • You can see the descending and ascending white matter pathways fairly clearly.
![Page 99: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Slice 7 - outlined
• Now we start to see some significant changes as new structures are visible. • We have a good view of the thalamus. • The caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus are still visible, although they are not so
prominent. • The temporal horns of the lateral ventricles are clearly visible, as is the hippocampus.
The hippocampus here actually looks a bit like a seahorse (especially on the left), which is where the name comes from. It often looks more like an indistinct jelly roll.
• Down to the bottom right, we have clipped part of the cerebral peduncle. • You can see the descending and ascending white matter pathways fairly clearly.
![Page 100: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Slice 7 - labeled
• Now we start to see some significant changes as new structures are visible. • We have a good view of the thalamus. • The caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus are still visible, although they are not so prominent. • The temporal horns of the lateral ventricles are clearly visible, as is the hippocampus. The hippocampus here actually looks a bit
like a seahorse (especially on the left), which is where the name comes from. It often looks more like an indistinct jelly roll. • Down to the bottom right, we have clipped part of the cerebral peduncle. • You can see the descending and ascending white matter pathways fairly clearly.
![Page 101: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Slice 8 - unlabeled
• This slice offers another great view of the ascending and descending white matter pathways passing through the cerebral peduncle and pons.
![Page 102: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Slice 8 - outlined
• This slice offers another great view of the ascending and descending white matter pathways passing through the cerebral peduncle and pons.
![Page 103: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Slice 8 - labeled
• This slice offers another great view of the ascending and descending white matter pathways passing through the cerebral peduncle and pons.
![Page 104: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Slice 9 - unlabeled
• This slice is much more posterior. • Basal ganglia, thalamus, etc are no longer visible. • However, you can see the posteriormost aspect of the hippocampus, including
the fornix on each side moving to the midline. • Note also that we can see the 4th ventricle.
![Page 105: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Slice 9 - outlined
• This slice is much more posterior. • Basal ganglia, thalamus, etc are no longer visible. • However, you can see the posteriormost aspect of the
hippocampus, including the fornix on each side moving to the midline.
• Note also that we can see the 4th ventricle.
![Page 106: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Slice 9 - labeled
• This slice is much more posterior. • Basal ganglia, thalamus, etc are no longer visible. • However, you can see the posteriormost aspect of the hippocampus, including
the fornix on each side moving to the midline. • Note also that we can see the 4th ventricle.
![Page 107: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Neuroscience
Horizontal Sections (6)
![Page 108: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Slices 1-6
![Page 109: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Structures you are responsible for knowing in horizontal sections: Corpus callosum
Lateral Ventricles 3rd ventricle Caudate nucleus Putamen Nucleus accumbens Globus pallidus Thalamus Internal capsule (anterior limb, genu, posterior limb) Claustrum External capsule (Not labeled directly, thin white band between putamen and claustrum) Extreme capsule (Not labeled directy, thin white band between claustrum and insular cortex) Insular cortex
![Page 110: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Slice 1 - unlabeled
• Beginning from the superior aspect of the brain, this first slice open the lateral ventricles.
• If you look down into the ventricles, you can see the thalamus from above.
• At the anterior end of the ventricles, you can find a very thin slice of the head of the caudate.
![Page 111: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Slice 1 - outlined
• Beginning from the superior aspect of the brain, this first slice open the lateral ventricles.
• If you look down into the ventricles, you can see the thalamus from above.
• At the anterior end of the ventricles, you can find a very thin slice of the head of the caudate.
![Page 112: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Slice 1 - labeled
• Beginning from the superior aspect of the brain, this first slice open the lateral ventricles.
• If you look down into the ventricles, you can see the thalamus from above. • At the anterior end of the ventricles, you can find a very thin slice of the head of
the caudate.
![Page 113: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Slice 2 - unlabeled
• As we move downward a bit, you clearly see the thalamus (posterior) and caudate (anterior).
• We are still too high to see much of the putamen, although we see the upper edge of it on the right.
• We also see a thin little strip of the claustrum. The external and extreme capsules are visible on either side of the claustrum (just like the coronal sections), although they are not labeled here in the atlas.
• Note the fornix arcing upward, inward, and forward.
![Page 114: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
Slice 2 - outlined
• As we move downward a bit, you clearly see the thalamus (posterior) and caudate (anterior).
• We are still too high to see much of the putamen, although we see the upper edge of it on the right.
• We also see a thin little strip of the claustrum. The external and extreme capsules are visible on either side of the claustrum (just like the coronal sections), although they are not labeled here in the atlas.
• Note the fornix arcing upward, inward, and forward.
![Page 115: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Slice 2 - labeled
• As we move downward a bit, you clearly see the thalamus (posterior) and caudate (anterior). • We are still too high to see much of the putamen, although we see the upper edge of it on the right. • We also see a thin little strip of the claustrum. The external and extreme capsules are visible on
either side of the claustrum (just like the coronal sections), although they are not labeled here in the atlas.
• Note the fornix arcing upward, inward, and forward.
![Page 116: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
Slice 3 - unlabeled
• Here we again see the thalamus and caudate clearly. • The putamen is also visible on each side, offering some definition to the
internal capsule (anterior limb, genu, and posterior limb). • The globus pallidus is still not yet visible, because it is smaller than the
putamen. Note on the right (posterior aspect of the ventricle) that we see the hippocampal formation.
• It looks similar to what we saw in coronal sections. • Remember, this is possible because it essentially curves upward along the
temporal lobe (from anterior to posterior).
![Page 117: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
Slice 3 - outlined
• Here we again see the thalamus and caudate clearly. • The putamen is also visible on each side, offering some definition to the
internal capsule (anterior limb, genu, and posterior limb). • The globus pallidus is still not yet visible, because it is smaller than the
putamen. Note on the right (posterior aspect of the ventricle) that we see the hippocampal formation.
• It looks similar to what we saw in coronal sections. • Remember, this is possible because it essentially curves upward along the
temporal lobe (from anterior to posterior).
![Page 118: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Slice 3 - labeled
• Here we again see the thalamus and caudate clearly. • The putamen is also visible on each side, offering some definition to the internal capsule (anterior limb, genu, and
posterior limb). • The globus pallidus is still not yet visible, because it is smaller than the putamen. Note on the right (posterior aspect of
the ventricle) that we see the hippocampal formation. • It looks similar to what we saw in coronal sections. • Remember, this is possible because it essentially curves upward along the temporal lobe (from anterior to posterior).
![Page 119: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
Slice 4 - unlabeled
• This section is probably the classic horizontal section in terms of showing the basal ganglia, thalamus, and internal capsule.
• Note that you can still see the hippocampal formation.
![Page 120: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
Slice 4 - outlined
• This section is probably the classic horizontal section in terms of showing the basal ganglia, thalamus, and internal capsule.
• Note that you can still see the hippocampal formation.
![Page 121: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
Slice 4 - labeled
• This section is probably the classic horizontal section in terms of showing the basal ganglia, thalamus, and internal capsule.
• Note that you can still see the hippocampal formation.
![Page 122: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
Slice 5 - unlabeled
• This is the level of the anterior commissure. • Note that the caudate and putamen are once again
seen close to where they join, so just a bit further down we should find the nucleus accumbens (but not yet in this slice).
![Page 123: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
Slice 5 - outlined
• This is the level of the anterior commissure. • Note that the caudate and putamen are once again
seen close to where they join, so just a bit further down we should find the nucleus accumbens (but not yet in this slice).
![Page 124: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
Slice 5 - labeled
• This is the level of the anterior commissure. • Note that the caudate and putamen are once again seen close
to where they join, so just a bit further down we should find the nucleus accumbens (but not yet in this slice).
![Page 125: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
Slice 6 - unlabeled
• Finally, the caudate and putamen look very similar to the more anterior coronal slices(last slide).
• This is where the nucleus accumbens can be located.
![Page 126: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
Slice 6 - outlined
• Finally, the caudate and putamen look very similar to the more anterior coronal slices(last slide).
• This is where the nucleus accumbens can be located.
![Page 127: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
Slice 6 - labeled
• Finally, the caudate and putamen look very similar to the more anterior coronal slices(last slide).
• This is where the nucleus accumbens can be located.
![Page 128: Neuroscience External Features - Lateral Surface.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eac5503460f94bb2610/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
Slice 6 - extra slide
• Finally, the caudate and putamen look very similar to the more anterior coronal slices.
• This is where the nucleus accumbens can be located.