Neuromuscular Fundamentals
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Transcript of Neuromuscular Fundamentals
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Neuromuscular Fundamentals
Anatomy and Kinesiology
420:024
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Outline Introduction Structure and Function Fiber Arrangement Muscle Actions Role of Muscles Neural Control Factors that Affect Muscle Tension
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Introduction Responsible for movement of body and all of its
joints Muscles also provide:
Over 600 skeletal muscles comprise approximately 40 to 50% of body weight
215 pairs of skeletal muscles usually work in cooperation with each other to perform opposite actions at the joints which they cross
Aggregate muscle action:
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Muscle Tissue Properties
Irritability or Excitability
Contractility
Extensibility
Elasticity
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Outline Introduction Structure and Function Fiber Arrangement Muscle Actions Role of Muscles Neural Control Factors that Affect Muscle Tension
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Structure and Function
Nervous system structure Muscular system structure Neuromuscular function
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Figure 14.1, Marieb & Mallett (2003). Human Anatomy. Benjamin Cummings.
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Nervous System Structure
Integration of information from millions of sensory neurons action via motor neurons
Figure 12.1, Marieb & Mallett (2003). Human Anatomy. Benjamin Cummings.
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Nervous System Structure Organization
Brain Spinal cord
Nerves Fascicles
Neurons
Figure 12.2, Marieb & Mallett (2003). Human Anatomy. Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 12.7, Marieb & Mallett (2003). Human Anatomy. Benjamin Cummings.
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Nervous System Structure Both sensory and motor neurons in nerves
Figure 12.11, Marieb & Mallett (2003). Human Anatomy. Benjamin Cummings.
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Nervous System Structure
The neuron: Functional unit of nervous tissue (brain, spinal cord, nerves) Dendrites: Cell body: Axon:
Myelin sheath: Nodes of Ranvier: Terminal branches: Axon terminals: Synaptic vescicles: Neurotransmitter:
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DendritesCell body
Axon
Myelin sheath
Node of Ranvier
Terminal branch
Terminal ending
Figure 12.4, Marieb & Mallett (2003). Human Anatomy. Benjamin Cummings.
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Figure 12.8, Marieb & Mallett (2003). Human Anatomy. Benjamin Cummings.
Terminal ending
Synaptic vescicle
Neurotransmitter: Acetylcholine (ACh)
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Figure 12.19, Marieb & Mallett (2003). Human Anatomy. Benjamin Cummings.
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Structure and Function
Nervous system structure Muscular system structure Neuromuscular function
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Classification of Muscle Tissue Three types:
1. Smooth muscle
2. Cardiac muscle
3. Skeletal muscle
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Muscular System Structure Organization:
Muscle (epimyseum) Fascicle (perimyseum)
Muscle fiber (endomyseum) Myofibril Myofilament Actin and myosin
Other Significant Structures: Sarcolemma Transverse tubule Sarcoplasmic reticulum Tropomyosin Troponin
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Figure 10.1, Marieb & Mallett (2003). Human Anatomy. Benjamin Cummings.
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Figure 10.4, Marieb & Mallett (2003). Human Anatomy. Benjamin Cummings.
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http://staff.fcps.net/cverdecc/Adv%20A&P/Notes/Muscle%20Unit/sliding%20filament%20theory/slidin16.jpg
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Figure 10.8, Marieb & Mallett (2003). Human Anatomy. Benjamin Cummings.
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Structure and Function
Nervous system structure Muscular system structure Neuromuscular function
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Neuromuscular Function
Basic Progression:
1. Nerve impulse
2. Neurotransmitter release
3. Action potential along sarcolemma
4. Calcium release
5. Coupling of actin and myosin
6. Sliding filaments
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Nerve Impulse
What is a nerve impulse?
-Transmitted electrical charge
-Excites or inhibits an action
-An impulse that travels along an axon is an ACTION POTENTIAL
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Nerve Impulse
How does a neuron send an impulse?
-Adequate stimulus from dendrite
-Depolarization of the resting membrane potential
-Repolarization of the resting membrane potential
-Propagation
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Nerve Impulse
What is the resting membrane potential?-Difference in charge between inside/outside of the neuron
-70 mV
Figure 12.9, Marieb & Mallett (2003). Human Anatomy. Benjamin Cummings.
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Nerve Impulse
What is depolarization?
-Reversal of the RMP from –70 mV to +30mV
Propagation of the action potential
Figure 12.9, Marieb & Mallett (2003). Human Anatomy. Benjamin Cummings.
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Nerve Impulse
What is repolarization?
-Return of the RMP to –70 mV
Figure 12.9, Marieb & Mallett (2003). Human Anatomy. Benjamin Cummings.
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-70 mV
+30 mV
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Neuromuscular Function
Basic Progression:
1. Nerve impulse
2. Neurotransmitter release
3. Action potential along sarcolemma
4. Calcium release
5. Coupling of actin and myosin
6. Sliding filaments
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Release of the Neurotransmitter
Action potential axon terminals
1. Calcium uptake
2. Release of synaptic vescicles (ACh)
3. Vescicles release ACh
4. ACh binds sarcolemma
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Ca2+
ACh
Figure 12.8, Marieb & Mallett (2003). Human Anatomy. Benjamin Cummings.
33Figure 14.5, Marieb & Mallett (2003). Human Anatomy. Benjamin Cummings.
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Neuromuscular Function
1. Nerve impulse
2. Neurotransmitter release
3. Action potential along sarcolemma
4. Calcium release
5. Coupling of actin and myosin
6. Sliding filaments
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Ach
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AP Along the Sarcolemma
Action potential Transverse tubules
1. T-tubules carry AP inside
2. AP activates sarcoplasmic reticulum
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Figure 14.5, Marieb & Mallett (2003). Human Anatomy. Benjamin Cummings.
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Neuromuscular Function
1. Nerve impulse
2. Neurotransmitter release
3. Action potential along sarcolemma
4. Calcium release
5. Coupling of actin and myosin
6. Sliding Filaments
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Calcium Release
AP T-tubules Sarcoplasmic reticulum
1. Activation of SR
2. Calcium released into sarcoplasm
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Sarcolemma
CALCIUM
RELEASE
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Neuromuscular Function
1. Nerve impulse
2. Neurotransmitter release
3. Action potential along sarcolemma
4. Calcium release
5. Coupling of actin and myosin
6. Sliding filaments
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Coupling of Actin and Myosin
Tropomyosin Troponin
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Blocked Coupling of actin and myosin
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Neuromuscular Function
1. Nerve impulse
2. Neurotransmitter release
3. Action potential along sarcolemma
4. Calcium release
5. Coupling of actin and myosin
6. Sliding filaments
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Sliding Filament Theory
Basic Progression of Events
1. Cross-bridge
2. Power stroke
3. Dissociation
4. Reactivation of myosin
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Cross-Bridge
Activation of myosin via ATP
-ATP ADP + Pi + Energy
-Activation “cocked” position
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Power Stroke
ADP + Pi are released Configurational change Actin and myosin slide
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Dissociation
New ATP binds to myosin Dissociation occurs
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Reactivation of Myosin Head
ATP ADP + Pi + Energy Reactivates the myosin head
Process starts over Process continues until:
-Nerve impulse stops-AP stops-Calcium pumped back into SR-Tropomyosin/troponin back to original position
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Outline Introduction Structure and Function Fiber Arrangement Muscle Actions Role of Muscles Neural Control Factors that Affect Muscle Tension
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Shape of Muscles & Fiber Arrangement
Muscles have different shapes & fiber arrangements
Shape & fiber arrangement affects
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Shape of Muscles & Fiber Arrangement
Two major types of fiber arrangements
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Fiber Arrangement - Parallel
Parallel muscles
Categorized into following shapes: Flat Fusiform Strap Radiate Sphincter or circular
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Fiber Arrangement - Parallel
Flat muscles
Modified from Van De Graaff KM: Human anatomy, ed 6, Dubuque, IA, 2002, McGraw-Hill.
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Fiber Arrangement - Parallel
Fusiform muscles
Figure 3.3. Hamilton, Weimar & Luttgens (2005). Kinesiology: Scientific basis for human motion. McGraw-Hill.
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Fiber Arrangement - Parallel
Strap muscles
Figure 8.7. Hamilton, Weimar & Luttgens (2005). Kinesiology: Scientific basis for human motion. McGraw-Hill.
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Fiber Arrangement - Parallel
Radiate muscles
Modified from Van De Graaff KM: Human anatomy, ed 6, Dubuque, IA, 2002, McGraw-Hill.
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Fiber Arrangement - Parallel
Sphincter or circular muscles
Modified from Van De Graaff KM: Human anatomy, ed 6, Dubuque, IA, 2002, McGraw-Hill.
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Fiber Arrangement - Pennate
Pennate muscles
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Fiber Arrangement - Pennate
Categorized based upon the exact arrangement between fibers & tendon
Modified from Van De Graaff KM: Human anatomy, ed 6, Dubuque, IA, 2002, McGraw-Hill.
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Fiber Arrangement - Pennate
Unipennate muscles
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Fiber Arrangement - Pennate
Bipennate muscle
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Fiber Arrangement - Pennate
Multipennate muscles
Bipennate & unipennate produce more force than multipennate
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Outline Introduction Structure and Function Fiber Arrangement Muscle Actions Role of Muscles Neural Control Factors that Affect Muscle Tension
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Muscle Actions: Terminology
Origin (Proximal Attachment):
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Muscle Actions: Terminology
Insertion (Distal Attachment):
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Muscle Actions: Terminology
When a particular muscle is activated:
Examples: Bicep curl vs. chin-up Hip extension vs. RDL
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Muscle Actions Action:
Contraction:
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Muscle Actions Muscle actions can be used to cause,
control, or prevent joint movement or
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Types of Muscle Actions
IsometricIsometric IsotonicIsotonic
EccentricEccentricConcentricConcentric
MUSCLE ACTION (under tension)MUSCLE ACTION (under tension)
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Types of Muscle Actions
Isometric action:
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Types of Muscle Actions
Isotonic (same tension):
Isotonic contractions are either concentric (shortening) or eccentric (lengthening)
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Types of Muscle Actions
Concentric contractions involve muscle developing tension as it shortens
Eccentric contractions involve the muscle lengthening under tension
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Modified from Shier D, Butler J, Lewis R: Hole’s human anatomy & physiology, ed 9, Dubuque, IA, 2002, McGraw-Hill
What is the role of the elbow extensors in each phase?
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Types of Muscle Actions Isokinetics:
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Types of Muscle Actions
Movement may occur at any given joint without any muscle contraction whatsoever
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Outline Introduction Structure and Function Fiber Arrangement Muscle Actions Role of Muscles Neural Control Factors that Affect Muscle Tension
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Role of Muscles
Agonist muscles
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Role of Muscles
Antagonist muscles
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Role of Muscles
Stabilizers
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Role of Muscles
Synergist
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Role of Muscles
Neutralizers
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Outline Introduction Structure and Function Fiber Arrangement Muscle Actions Role of Muscles Neural Control Factors that Affect Muscle Tension
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Factors That Affect Muscle Tension
Number Coding and Rate Coding Length-Tension Relationship Force-Velocity Relationship Angle of Pull Uniarticular vs. Biarticular Muscles Cross-sectional Diameter Muscle Fiber Type Pennation
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Number Coding & Rate Coding
Difference between lifting a minimal vs. maximal resistance is the number of muscle fibers recruited (crossbridges)
The number of muscle fibers recruited may be increased by
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Number Coding & Rate Coding
Number of muscle fibers per motor unit varies significantly
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Number Coding & Rate Coding As stimulus strength increases from threshold,
more motor units (Number Coding) are recruited & overall muscle contraction force increases in a graded fashion
From Seeley RR, Stephens TD, Tate P: Anatomy & physiology, ed 7, New York, 2006, McGraw-Hill.
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Number Coding & Rate Coding
Greater contraction forces may also be achieved by increasing the frequency or motor unit activation (Rate Coding)
Phases of a single muscle fiber contraction or twitch Stimulus Latent period Contraction phase Relaxation phase
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Number Coding & Rate Coding
Latent period
Contraction phase
Relaxation phase
From Powers SK, Howley ET: Exercise physiology: theory and application to fitness and performance, ed 4, New York, 2001 , McGraw-Hill.
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Number Coding & Rate Coding
Summation When successive stimuli are provided before
relaxation phase of first twitch has completed, subsequent twitches combine with the first to produce a sustained contraction
Generates a greater amount of tension than single contraction would produce individually
As frequency of stimuli increase, the resultant summation increases accordingly producing increasingly greater total muscle tension
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Number Coding & Rate Coding Tetanus
From Powers SK, Howley ET: Exercise physiology: theory and application to fitness and performance, ed 4, New York, 2001 , McGraw-Hill.
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All or None Principle
Motor unit
Typical muscle contraction
All or None Principle
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Factors That Affect Muscle Tension
Number Coding and Rate Coding Length-Tension Relationship Force-Velocity Relationship Angle of Pull Uniarticular vs. Biarticular Muscles Cross-sectional Diameter Muscle Fiber Type Pennation
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Length - Tension Relationship
Maximal ability of a muscle to develop tension & exert force varies depending upon the length of the muscle during contraction
Active Tension
Passive Tension
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Length - Tension Relationship Generally, depending upon muscle
involved
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Length - Tension Relationship
Generally, depending upon muscle involved
99Figure 20.2, Plowman and Smith (2002). Exercise Physiology, Benjamin Cummings.
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Factors That Affect Muscle Tension
Number Coding and Rate Coding Length-Tension Relationship Force-Velocity Relationship Angle of Pull Uniarticular vs. Biarticular Muscles Cross-sectional Diameter Muscle Fiber Type Pennation
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Force – Velocity Relationship When muscle is contracting (concentrically or
eccentrically) the rate of length change is significantly related to the amount of force potential
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Force – Velocity Relationship
Maximum concentric velocity = minimum resistance
As load increases, concentric velocity decreases
Eventually velocity = 0 (isometric action)
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Force – Velocity Relationship As load increases beyond muscle’s ability to
maintain an isometric contraction
As load increases
Eventually
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Muscle Force – Velocity Relationship
Indirect relationship between force (load) and concentric velocity
Direct relationship between force (load) and eccentric velocity
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Factors That Affect Muscle Tension
Number Coding and Rate Coding Length-Tension Relationship Force-Velocity Relationship Angle of Pull Uniarticular vs. Biarticular Muscles Cross-sectional Diameter Muscle Fiber Type Pennation
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Angle of Pull Angle between the line of pull of the muscle & the
bone on which it inserts (angle toward the joint) With every degree of joint motion, the angle of
pull changes Joint movements & insertion angles involve
mostly small angles of pull
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Angle of Pull Angle of pull changes as joint moves
through ROM Most muscles work at angles of pull less
than 50 degrees Amount of muscular force needed to
cause joint movement is affected by angle of pull – Why?
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Angle of Pull Rotary component - Acts perpendicular to
long axis of bone (lever)
Modified from Hall SJ: Basic biomechanics, New York, 2003, McGraw-Hill.
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Angle of Pull If angle < 90 degrees,
the parallel component is a stabilizing force
If angle > 90 degrees, the force is a dislocating force
Modified from Hall SJ: Basic biomechanics, New York, 2003, McGraw-Hill.
What is the effect of >/< 90 deg on ability to rotate the joint forcefully?
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Factors That Affect Muscle Tension
Number Coding and Rate Coding Length-Tension Relationship Force-Velocity Relationship Angle of Pull Uniarticular vs. Biarticular Muscles Cross-sectional Diameter Muscle Fiber Type Pennation
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Uni Vs. Biarticular Muscles
Uniarticular muscles
Ex: Brachialis
Ex: Gluteus Maximus
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Uni Vs. Biarticular Muscles Biarticular muscles
May contract & cause motion at either one or both of its joints
Advantages over uniarticular muscles
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Advantage #1
Can cause and/or control motion at more than one joint
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Advantage #2
Can maintain a relatively constant length due to "shortening" at one joint and "lengthening" at another joint (Quasi-isometric)
- Recall the Length-Tension Relationship
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Advantage #3
Prevention of Reciprocal Inhibition This effect is negated with biarticular
muscles when they move concurrently Concurrent movement:
Countercurrent movement:
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What if the muscles of the hip/knee were uniarticular?
Hip
Knee
Ankle
Muscles stretched/shortened to extreme lengths!
Implication?
117Figure 20.2, Plowman and Smith (2002). Exercise Physiology, Benjamin Cummings.
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Hip
Knee
Ankle
Quasi-isometric action? Implication?
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Active & Passive Insufficiency Countercurrent muscle actions can reduce the
effectiveness of the muscle
As muscle shortens its ability to exert force diminishes
As muscle lengthens its ability to move through ROM or generate tension diminishes
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Factors That Affect Muscle Tension
Number Coding and Rate Coding Length-Tension Relationship Force-Velocity Relationship Angle of Pull Uniarticular vs. Biarticular Muscles Cross-sectional Diameter Muscle Fiber Type Pennation
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Cross-Sectional Area
Hypertrophy vs. hyperplasia Increased # of myofilaments
Increased size and # of myofibrils Increased size of muscle fibers
http://estb.msn.com/i/6B/917B20A6BE353420124115B1A511C7.jpg
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Factors That Affect Muscle Tension
Number Coding and Rate Coding Length-Tension Relationship Force-Velocity Relationship Angle of Pull Uniarticular vs. Biarticular Muscles Cross-sectional Diameter Muscle Fiber Type Reflexes Pennation
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Muscle Fiber Characteristics
Three basic types:
1. Type I:
-Slow twitch, oxidative, red
2. Type IIb:
-Fast twitch, glycolytic, white
3. Type IIa:
-FOG
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Factors That Affect Muscle Tension
Number Coding and Rate Coding Length-Tension Relationship Force-Velocity Relationship Angle of Pull Uniarticular vs. Biarticular Muscles Cross-sectional Diameter Muscle Fiber Type Reflexes Pennation
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Effect of Fiber Arrangement on Force Output
Concept #1: Force directly related to cross-sectional area more fibers
Example: Thick vs. thin longitudinal/fusiform muscle?
Example: Thick fusiform/longitudinal vs. thick bipenniform muscle?
Concept #2: As degree of pennation increases, so does # of fibers per CSA
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