Neurobiology of Pain2010ASPMN.pptx [Read-Only] · 9/7/2010 1 Neurobiology of Pain Miles Belgrade,...

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9/7/2010 1 Neurobiology of Pain Miles Belgrade, MD Fairview Pain Management Center University of Minnesota Medical center We’ve come a long way… Still a long way to go History of Pain Science Prehistoric Brain vs. heart as the seat of sensory processing DaVinci Descartes Descartes Specificity theory Gate Control theory Receptors and ligands Opioids 1969 15 th Century DaVinci The brain is the organ that receives and processes sensations including pain

Transcript of Neurobiology of Pain2010ASPMN.pptx [Read-Only] · 9/7/2010 1 Neurobiology of Pain Miles Belgrade,...

9/7/2010

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Neurobiology of Pain

Miles Belgrade, MDFairview Pain Management CenterUniversity of Minnesota Medical center

We’ve come a long way…Still a long way to go

History of Pain Science

• Prehistoric– Brain vs. heart as the seat of sensory processing– DaVinciDescartes– Descartes

• Specificity theory• Gate Control theory• Receptors and ligands• Opioids 1969

15th Century DaVinci

• The brain is the organ that receives and processes sensations including pain

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17th Century‐‐ Descartes

• Pain reflex• Pain pathway

Specificity Theory vs. Pattern theory

• Specific peripheral nerves and endorgansfor different sensations

• Vs. pain as a result of intensity and pattern of stimulation

History of Pain Science

• Neuroanatomy– Single cell elctrodes– The dorsal horn and substantia gelatinosa

D di i i hibit t l (DNIC)• Descending noxious inhibitory control (DNIC)• TRPV1 receptor physiology 1997• Ca3+ and Na+ channels• Genetics of pain

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History of Pain Science

• Plasticity in the CNS• Pain facilitation and hyperalgesia

– On‐cells and off‐cellsO i id i d d h l i– Opioid‐induced hyperalgesia

– Sensitization

• Glial cells and pain

C Pol modal nociceptor

TRPV‐1 (Vanilloid) receptor

HeatAcid (H+)CapsaicinAnandamide

To spinal 

d C‐Polymodal nociceptorcord

Nociception: The Transduction of Pain Stimuli 

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The 1st Synapse

C‐polymodal nociceptor

= glutamate vesicles

Post‐synaptic membrane of dorsal horn neuron

= dense core vesicleswith substance P, CGRP,CCK, BDNF

Dorsal horn

The 1st Synapse

C‐polymodal nociceptor

= glutamate vesicles

Post‐synaptic membrane of dorsal horn neuron

= dense core vesicleswith substance P, CGRP,CCK, BDNF

Dorsal horn

NK‐1 AMPA NMDA

Immune‐Mediated Peripheral Nociception

Hist=histamine. TNF-α=tumor necrosis factor- α. IL-1β=interleukin-1β. IL-6=interleukin-6. NO=nitric oxide. ATP=adenosine triphosphate. PGs=prostaglandins. CCL2=C-chemokine ligand 2.Thacker MA, et al. Anesth Analg. 2007;105(3):838-847.

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Pressure Ulcer on CoccyxTreated with Topical Morphine

4 cm long X 4.5 cm wide

BoneInflammation

Pain Types by Physiology

Muscular

PsychogenicMechanical

Neuropathic

Gate Theory– Melzack & Wall 1965

+ +

Aβ myelinated

I T- +

C, Aδ pain fibers

Dorsal horn

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Neuropathic Pain Mechanisms

Dorsal HornEctopic impulse generatorAutomatic firing

A-BEphaptic impulse

C-PMNSecond order neuron Wind-up

NMDA

Receptor

Periventricular posterior hypothalamus

Opioids and acupuncture

Hypnosis and behavioral therapy

Descending Inhibitory Pathway for Pain

Dopamine agonists

Locus ceruleus

Benarroch EE. Neurology. 2008;71(3):217-221.

SNRIs

TCAs

Monoamines in the Dorsal Horn

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Aβ‐Fiber Reorganization

Komori FEBS Lett 2003. 55(3):125-128.

Glial Hypertrophy in Response to Sarcoma

Vehicle

Dorsal Horn

OPG

Sham Sarcoma

Alterations in Spinal Cord 

• Increased dynorphin expression (III‐VI)• Increased # of neurons expressing c‐fos• Massive astrocyte hypertrophy

– Release growth factors, cytokines– Stimulate 2nd order dorsal horn neurons

• All changes correlate with the degree of osteoclast‐induced bone destruction

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Functional Brain Imaging Techniques

• F‐MRI– Images blood flow to particular brain areas

• PET Scan– Images metabolic activity– Requires radionuclide injectionRequires radionuclide injection

• MEG– Images magnetic field activity

• EEG– Images electrical field activity

F‐MRI

PET Scan

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Pain Affect Encoded in Human Anterior Cingulate But Not Somatosensory Cortex

Rainville. Science 1997

• Unpleasantness vs. intensity• Unpleasantness modified by hypnosis• PET scan localization of unpleasantness

– Anterior cingulate– Rostral insula

• Pain intensity localization to SI, SII

The Neural Matrix

• Ronald Melzack• Experiences are codified in a matrix or “web” that is activated as a unith f h i• Theory of phantom pain

• Pain and memory• possible mechanism for long‐lasting response to acupuncture

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The ‘Remapping Hypothesis’ and Neural Plasticity 

• Touching ‘Tom’s’ face produced sensation in his phantom hand

• Modality‐specific sensations felt on hand– ‘Tom’ would feel water dripping 

d hi h d if t d i d

Ramachandran & Blakeslee (1998)

down his hand if water was dripped down his face

• Complete representation of phantom hand was ‘mapped’ onto face 

• Another representation mapped onto upper arm

• Hand is between arm and face on Penfield map

Somatotopic Organization

Neurobiology of Pain: What Does the Future Hold?

• Brain and spinal cord plasticity– making it work for us instead of against us

• Glial cell deactivation• Genetic modificationP di i i QST d• Predicting response to treatment using QST and genetic testing

• Making the connection between Pain and the mind

• Preventing pain through education, public health measures, occupational health measures