Network Science - Barabási: Ch. 2 Graph Theory Lecture 1
Transcript of Network Science - Barabási: Ch. 2 Graph Theory Lecture 1
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Network ScienceBarabasi: Ch. 2 — Graph Theory — Lecture 1
Joao Meidanis
University of Campinas, Brazil
September 20, 2020
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Summary
1 Origin of Graph Theory
2 Networks and Graphs
3 Degrees
4 Adjacency Matrix
5 Real Networks are Sparse
6 Weighted Networks
7 Bipartite Networks
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Origin of Graph Theory
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The Bridges of Konigsberg Problem
Walk across all seven bridges and never cross the same one twice
Figure source:
Amusing Planet
(amusingplanet.com)
Author:
Kaushik Patowary
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The Solution
Impossible: 4 nodes of odd degree
Figure source: Wikipedia, Seven Bridges of Konigsberg ; authors: Bogdan Giusca, Chris-martin,
Riojajar commonswiki; license: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported
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Networks and Graphs
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Networks and Graphs
Parameters
N = number of nodes
L = number of links
Type
Directed or undirected (or mixed)
Terminology
Network Science Graph Theory
Network GraphNode VertexLink Edge
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Ten Basic Networks Used in Book
Network Nodes Links Type N L
Internet Routers Connections Undir. 192,244 609,066WWW Web pages Links Dir. 325,729 1,497,134Power Grid Plants,
stationsCables Undir. 4,961 6,594
Mobile Suscribers Calls Dir. 36,595 91,826Email Addresses Messages Dir. 57,194 103,731ScienceCollab.
Scientists Co-authors Undir. 23,133 93,437
Hollywood Actors Co-acting Undir. 702,388 29,397,908Citation Papers Citations Dir. 449,673 4,689,479E. coli Metabolites Reactions Dir. 1,039 5,802Cell Proteins Interactions Undir. 2,018 2,930
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Degrees
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Degree, Average Degree
Degree of a node: number of links to other nodes
ki = degree of node i , for i = 1 . . .N
Links and degree (undirected network)
L =1
2
N∑i=1
ki
Average degree
〈k〉 =1
N
N∑i=1
ki =2L
N
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Directed Networks
Total degree is made of incoming degree and outgoing degree
ki = k ini + kouti
Links and degree (directed network)
L =N∑i=1
k ini =N∑i=1
kouti
Average degree
〈k in〉 =1
N
N∑i=1
k ini = 〈kout〉 =1
N
N∑i=1
kouti =L
N
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Degree Distribution
Probabilistic distribution of degrees
pk = probability of a random node having degree k
If Nk = number of nodes with degree k then
pk =Nk
N
Average degree in terms of degree distribution
〈k〉 =∞∑k=0
kpk
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Degree Distribution — Examples
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Real Network (Protein Interaction in Yeast)
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Zoom in — Degree Distribution
p1 = 0.48
p92 = 1/N = 0.0005
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Log-Log Plot — Degree Distribution
power law becomes a straight line
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Adjacency Matrix
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Adjacency Matrix
N rows, N columns; elements:
Aij =
{1 if j → i0 otherwise
Degrees from adjacency matrix (undirected network)
ki =N∑j=1
Aji =N∑j=1
Aij
Degrees from adjacency matrix (directed network)
k ini =N∑j=1
Aij , kout =N∑j=1
Aji
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Adjacency Matrix
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Real Networks are Sparse
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Number of nodes N varies wildly
C. elegans: N ∼ 102 neurons
Human cell: N ∼ 104 genes
Social network: N ∼ 108 people
Human brain: N ∼ 1011 neurons
WWW: N > 1012 documents
0 ≤ L ≤ Lmax = N2 kmax = N(N−1)
2
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Number of links L also varies wildly
Usually much closer to N than to Lmax
Network N L 〈k〉
Internet 192,244 609,066 6.34WWW 325,729 1,497,134 4.60Power Grid 4,961 6,594 2.67Mobile calls 36,595 91,826 2.51Email 57,194 103,731 1.81Science Collaboration 23,133 93,437 8.08Hollywood 702,388 29,397,908 83.71Citation network 449,673 4,689,479 10.43E. coli metabolism 1,039 5,802 5.58Cell network 2,018 2,930 2.90
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Adjacency Matrix of Sparse Network
Yeast protein-proteininteraction network
Dots in positions whereAij = 1
For efficiency, store justlist of 1-positions
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Weighted Networks
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Weighted Networks
Aij = wij
Metcalfe’s Law (Used in the late 1990’s to evaluate internet companies)
The value of a network is proportional to the square of the number ofits nodes, i.e., N2
Limitations:
The value is in fact proportional to the links created
Most real networks are sparse, so L does not grow like N2
Links have different weights
Some links are used heavily but the vast majority are rarely utilized
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Bipartite Networks
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Bipartite Networks
All links have one end in U and the other in V
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