NETWORKS AND PROTOCOLS

Prepared by

Saif Muttair Duhaim

saifmtter@yahoo.com

AGENDA

• BASICS ABOUT NETWORKS

• THREE TYPES OF NETWORK TOPOLOGIES

• BASICS ABOUT PROTOCOL

• TOW TYPES OF NETWORK PROTOCOLS

• ORGANIZATIONS FOR COMMUNICATION

STANDARDS

NETWORKS

COMPUTER NETWORK A COLLECTION OF COMPUTING

DEVICES THAT ARE CONNECTED IN VARIOUS WAYS IN

ORDER TO COMMUNICATE AND SHARE RESOURCES

USUALLY, THE CONNECTIONS BETWEEN COMPUTERS

IN A NETWORK ARE MADE USING PHYSICAL WIRES OR

CABLES

HOWEVER, SOME CONNECTIONS ARE WIRELESS, USING

RADIO WAVES OR INFRARED SIGNALS

Network Topologies

There are 3 main types of network topologies:

The Ring Network

The Bus Network

The Star Network

Network Topologies

The Ring Network:

Computers are connected together to form a ring shape so that none of them is more important than any of the others.

Network Topologies

The Bus (or line) Network:

Computers are connected like bus stops on a main road. None of them is more important than any of the others.

Network Topologies

The Star Network:

In a Star topology every node is connected through a central device such as a Hub, Switch or Router

Protocol-Protocol is a set of rules that govern all aspect of data communication between computers on a network. -These rules include guidelines that regulate the following characteristics of a network: access method, allowed physical topologies, types of cabling, and speed of data transfer. A protocol defines what, how, when it communicated.

Common protocol used

Standard Protocol Architectures

• Two approaches (standard)

1- OSI Reference model• never used widely• but well known

2- TCP/IP protocol suite• Most widely used

11

OSI vs. TCP/IP

TCP, UDP

IP

HTTP, SMTP, …

THE OPEN SYSTEMS INTERCONNECTION

• THE OSI MODEL DEFINES THE COMMUNICATIONS

PROCESS INTO 7 LAYERS, DIVIDING THE TASKS

INVOLVED WITH MOVING INFORMATION BETWEEN

NETWORKED COMPUTERS INTO SEVEN SMALLER,

MORE MANAGEABLE

TASK GROUPS.

TCP/IP protocol suite

• THE TCP/IP REPRESENTS A SET OF PUBLIC STANDARDS THAT

SATISFY HOW PACKETS OF INFORMATION ARE EXCHANGED

BETWEEN COMPUTERS OVER ONE AND MORE NETWORKS.

TCP/IP

TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL (TCP)SOFTWARE THAT BREAKS MESSAGES INTO PACKETS, HANDS THEM OFF TO THE IP SOFTWARE FOR DELIVERY, AND THEN ORDERS AND REASSEMBLES THE PACKETS AT THEIR DESTINATION

INTERNET PROTOCOL (IP)SOFTWARE THAT DEALS WITH THE ROUTING OF PACKETS THROUGH THE MAZE OF INTERCONNECTED NETWORKS TO THEIR FINAL DESTINATION

OTHER PROTOCOLS BUILD ON TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

SIMPLE MAIL TRANSFER PROTOCOL (SMTP):

USED TO SPECIFY TRANSFER OF ELECTRONIC MAIL

FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL (FTP) :ALLOWS A

USER TO TRANSFER FILES TO AND FROM ANOTHER

COMPUTER

TELNET :USED TO LOG ONTO ONE COMPUTER

FROM ANOTHER

HYPER TEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL (HTTP):

ALLOWS EXCHANGE OF WEB DOCUMENTS

STANDARDS

STANDARDS ARE DEVELOPED BY COOPERATION AMONG

STANDARDS CREATION COMMITTEES, FORUMS, AND

GOVERNMENT REGULATORY AGENCIES.

ORGANIZATIONS FOR COMMUNICATION STANDARDS

STANDARDS CREATION COMMITTEES

a) INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ORGANIZATION (ISO)

b) INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS UNION (ITU)

c) AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE (ANSI)

d) INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS (IEEE)

e) ELECTRONIC INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION (EIA)

f) INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE (IETF)

RESOURCES

1-COMPUTER NETWORKING PRINCIPLES ,PROTOCOLS AND

PRACTICE “OLIVIER BONAVENTURE 2011”

2- NETWORK PROTOCOLS HANDBOOK

3- COMMON PROTOCOLS:-

HTTP://EN.WIKIBOOKS.ORG/WIKI/NETWORK_PLUS_CERTIFICATION/TECHNOLOGIES/COMMON_PROTOCOLS