NETWORKING

BY:-SUBAHSH DUDI

08EBTCS054CSE

CONTENTSIntroductionTypes Of NetworkIP AddressingCablesNetworking DevicesRouter ConfigurationRouting ProtocolConclusion

DEFINATION A network is a system that

transmits any combination of voice, video and/or data between users.

It consists of:-Network operating system Cables connecting all network devices Network components

TYPES OF NETWORKLAN(Local Area Network)WAN(Wide Area Network)

LANThese are privately owned networks within a single

building or campus of up to a few a kilometers in size.

Contd….

LAN’s are distinguished from other networks by three

characteristics:1) Their size.2) Their transmission technology.3) Their topology.

LANs run at speeds of 10 to 100 Mbps.

WANIt is a Computer network that spans a relatively large

geographical area, often a country or continent. Typically

a WAN consists of two or more Local Area Network.

.WANs run at speed of maximum 2 to 10 Mbps.

. The largest WAN in existence is Internet.

Contd….

IP ADDRESSINGEvery machine on the internet has a unique

identifyingnumber, called an IP Address. A typical; IP address looks like this: 216.27.61.45IP ADDRESS is a 32-bit number, usually

written in dotted decimal formEach IP address is split into 2 sections:1)Network address2)Host address

Contd….

There are five IP classes:-1. Class A:- Range – 1.0.0.0 t0 126.255.255.254 Private IP - 10.0.0.1 to 10.255.255.2442. Class B:- Range - 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.254 Private IP – 172.16.0.1 to

172.34.255.2543.Class C:- Range - 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.254 Private IP - 192.168.0.0

Contd….

4. Class D:- Range – 224.0.0.0 to

239.255.255.254

5.Class E:-Range – 240.0.0.0 to 254.255.255.254

It is used for experimental purpose only.

-127.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.254 is also considered as Private IP.

CABLESThere are different Cabling options depending on the

access method:1. Twisted Pair:- The wires are twisted around each other to

minimize interference from other twisted pairs in the cable.

Typical lengths are up to 100m. Twisted pair network uses a star topology.2. Coaxial:- Coaxial cable uses BNC connectors.The maximum cable lengths are around 500m.Coaxial networks use a single bus topology

Contd….

3. Fiber Optic:-By using the Fiber cables it is possible to

send the data about 10 kilometers.In fiber cables the data is converted to light

signals.

NETWORKING DEVICES Networking devices do various kind of jobs

like transferring the data to signals, providing connectivity to different network devices, transferring the data in form of packets or frames form one device to other.

1. NETWORK INTERFACE CARD:- A Network Interface Card (NIC) is

a circuit board that plugs into both clients and servers and controls the exchange of data between them.

2.HUB:- Hub is a layer one device. i.e. it

operates on the physical layer of the OSI model. It is designed to do broadcasting.

3. SWITCH:-Switches are intelligent devices

which work on the Layer2 of the OSI model. Basically a switch keeps a record of MAC addresses of all the devices connected to it. Using this information, it builds a MAC address table. So when a frame is received, it knows exactly which port to send it to.

4. ROUTER:-For interconnecting two LAN or two

or more different networks anther device known as router is used. Its main job is to route ( sends ) packets to other networks and to do the routing it uses the IP address. A router is typically connected to at least two networks, commonly two LAN’s or WAN’s or a LAN and its ISP’s network.

ROUTER CONFIGURATIONThe console port is used for configuring a

router locally with the help of a PC or a Laptop. The console port of the router is connected to the serial port of the router.

show running-configshow startup-configRouter> (user mode)Router> enable Router# (privilaged exec

mode)Router#configure terminal

Configuring a Router name:Router(config)#hostname xyzxyz(config)#

Set Passwords:-

Router(config)#enable password 123

Router(config)#enable secret abc123

Router(config)#line con 0

Router(config-line)#password xyz123

Router(config)#line aux 0

Router(config-line)#password xyz123

Router(config)#line vty 0 4

Router(config-line)#password xyz123

For configuring ethernet interface:Router (config)# interface FA0/0

Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0

Contd….Router (config-if)# no shutdownRouter (config-if)#exit

For configuring serial interface:Router (config)# interface serial 0 Router (config-if)# ip address

192.168.3.1 255.255.255.0 Router (config-if)# no shutdown Router (config-if)#exitRouter (config)# interface serial 1 Router (config-if)# ip address

192.168.3.2 255.255.255.0 Router (config-if)# no shutdown Router(config-if)# exit

ROUTING PROTOCOLROUTING INFORMATION PROTOCOL

(RIP):-RIP is a dynamic, distance vector

routing protocol. RIP calculates the best route based on hop count. This makes RIP very fast to converge.RIP sends full table updates at regular intervals specified by the route-update timer .

router> enable router# conf t

router(config)#interface ethernet 0

Contd…. router(config-if)# ip address

192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0

router(config-if)# exit router(config)# router rip router(config-router)# network

192.168.2.1 router(config-router)# network

192.168.2.2 router(config-router)# exit

router#wr

CONCLUSIONComputer networks provide

communication possibilities faster then other facilities because of these optimal information and communication possibilities , computer networks may increase organizational learning rate.

THANK YOU