Netstitution
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Declaration of the Rights of Netizens
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Declaration of the Rights of Netizens
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DO NOT UNDERESTIMATE THE POWER OF THE NET and NETIZENS
In recognition that the net represents a revolution in human
communications that was built by a cooperative non-commercial
process, the following Declaration of the Rights of the Netizen
is presented for Netizen comment.
As Netizens are those who take responsibility and care for the
Net, the following are proposed to be their rights:
o Universal access at no or low cost
o Freedom of Electronic Expression to promote the exchange of knowledge without fear of reprisal
o Uncensored Expression
o Access to Broad Distribution
o Universal and Equal access to knowledge and information
o Consideration of one's ideas on their merits
o No limitation to access to read, to post and to otherwise contribute
o Equal quality of connection
o Equal time of connection
o No Official Spokesperson
o Uphold the public grassroots purpose and participation
o Volunteer Contribution - no personal profit from the
contribution freely given by others
o Protection of the public purpose from those who would use it for their private and money making purposes
1. Declaration of the Rights of Netizens i. DO NOT UNDERESTIMATE THE POWER OF THE NET and NETIZENS
a. In recognition that the net represents a revolution in human
b. communications that was built by a cooperative non- commercial
c. process, the following Declaration of the Rights of the Netizen
d. is presented for Netizen comment. ii. As Netizens are those who take responsibility and care for the iii. Net, the following are proposed to be their rights:
1. o Universal access at no or low cost 2. o Freedom of Electronic Expression to promote the exchange of
knowledge without fear of reprisal 3. o Uncensored Expression 4. o Access to Broad Distribution 5. o Universal and Equal access to knowledge and information 6. o Consideration of one's ideas on their merits 7. o No limitation to access to read, to post and to otherwise
contribute 8. o Equal quality of connection 9. o Equal time of connection 10. o No Official Spokesperson 11. o Uphold the public grassroots purpose and participation 12. o Volunteer Contribution - no personal profit from the 13. contribution freely given by others 14. o Protection of the public purpose from those who would use it for
their private and money making purposes 15. The Net is not a Service, it is a Right. It is only valuable 16. when it is collective and universal. Volunteer effort protects 17. the intellectual and technological common-wealth that is being
created. i. Inspiration from: RFC 3 (1969), Thomas Paine,
Declaration of ii. Independence (1776), Declaration of the Rights of
Man and of the iii. Citizen (1789), NSF Acceptable Use Policy, Jean
Jacques Rousseau, iv. and the current cry for democracy worldwide.
2. The Matrix: J.C.R. Licklider(1915-1990) i. J.C.R. Licklider may well be one of the most influential people in the
history of computer science. As Director of the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO), a division of the Pentagon's Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), Licklider from 1963-64 put in place the funding priorities which would lead to the Internet, and the invention of the "mouse," "windows" and "hypertext." Together these elements comprise the foundation of our networked society, and it owes much of its existence to the man who held the purse-strings, and also created a management culture where graduate students were left to run a multi-million dollar research project.
a. A Little History of the World Wide Web b. 1945 to 1995
1. 1945 2. Vannevar Bush writes an article in Atlantic Monthly about a photo-
electrical-mechanical device called a Memex, for memory extension, which could make and follow links between documents on microfiche
3. 1960s 4. Doug Engelbart prototypes an "oNLine System" (NLS) which does
hypertext browsing editing, email, and so on. He invents the mouse for this purpose. See the Bootstrap Institute library. Ted Nelson coins the word Hypertext in A File Structure for the Complex, the Changing, and the Indeterminate. 20th National Conference, New York, Association for Computing Machinery, 1965. See also: Literary Machines. Note: There used to be a link here to "Hypertext and Hypermedia: A Selected Bibliography" by Terence Harpold, but the site hosting the resource did not maintain the link. Andy van Dam and others build the Hypertext Editing System and FRESS in 1967.
5. 1980 6. While consulting for CERN June-December of 1980, Tim Berners-
Lee writes a notebook program, "Enquire-Within-Upon-Everything", which allows links to be made between arbitrary nodes. Each node had a title, a type, and a list of bidirectional typed links. "ENQUIRE" ran on Norsk Data machines under SINTRAN-III. See: Enquire user manual as scanned images or as HTML page(alt).
7. 1989 8. March"Information Management: A Proposal" written by Tim BL
and circulated for comments at CERN (TBL). Paper "HyperText and CERN" produced as background (text or WriteNow format).
9. 1990 10. MaySame proposal recirculatedSeptemberMike Sendall, Tim's
boss, Oks the purchase of a NeXT cube, and allows Tim to go ahead and write a global hypertext system.OctoberTim starts work on a hypertext GUI browser+editor using the NeXTStep development environment. He makes up "WorldWideWeb" as a name for the program. (See the first browser screenshot) "World Wide Web" as a name for the project (over Information Mesh, Mine of Information, and Information Mine).Project original proposal reformulated with encouragement from CN and ECP divisional management. Robert Cailliau (ECP) joins and is co-author of new version.NovemberInitial WorldWideWeb program development continues on the NeXT (TBL) . This was a "what you see is what you get" (wysiwyg) browser/editor with direct inline creation of links. The first web server was nxoc01.cern.ch, later called info.cern.ch, and the first web page http://nxoc01.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.htmlleast recently modified web page we know of, last changed Tue, 13 Nov 1990 15:17:00 GMT (though the URI changed.)NovemberTechnical Student Nicola PellowPollermann (CN) helps get interface to CERNVM "FIND" index running. TBL gives a colloquium on
hypertext in general.ChristmasLine mode browser and WorldWideWeb Unfortunately CERN no longer supports the historical site. Note from this era too, the (CN) joins and starts work on the line-mode browser. Bernd
11. 1991 12. Februaryworkplan for the purposes of ECP division.26 February
1991Presentation of the project to the ECP/PT group.MarchLine mode browser (www) released to limited audience on "priam" vax, rs6000, sun4.MayWorkplan produced for CN/AS group17 MayPresentation to "C5" Committee. General release of WWW on central CERN machines.12 JuneCERN Computer Seminar on WWW.AugustFiles available on the net by FTP, posted on alt.hypertext (6, 16, 19th Aug), comp.sys.next (20th), comp.text.sgml and comp.mail.multi-media (22nd). Jean-Francois Groff joins the project.OctoberVMS/HELP and WAIS gateways installed. Mailing lists www-interest (now www-announce) and [email protected] (see archive)Hypertext'91 in San Antonio, Texas (US). W3 browser installed on VM/CMS. CERN computer newsletter announces W3 to the HEP world. Dec 12: Paul Kunz installs first Web server outside of Europe, at SLAC.
13. 1992 14. 15 JanuaryLine mode browser release 1.1 available by anonymous
FTP (see news). Presentation to AIHEP'92 at La Londe (FR).12 FebruaryLine mode v 1.2 annouced on alt.hypertext, comp.infosystems, comp.mail.multi-media, cern.sting, comp.archives.admin, and mailing lists.April29th April: Release of Finnish "Erwise" GUI client for X mentioned in review by TimBL.MayPei Wei's "Viola" GUI browser for X test version dated May 15. (See review by TimBL) At CERN, Presentation and demo at JENC3, Innsbruck (AT). Technical Student Carl Barker (ECP) joins the project.JunePresentation and demo at HEPVM (Lyon). People at FNAL (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (US)), NIKHEF (Nationaal Instituut voor Kern- en Hoge Energie Fysika, (NL)), DESY (Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Hamburg, (DE)) join with WWW servers.JulyDistribution of WWW through CernLib, including Viola. WWW library code ported to DECnet. Report to the Advisory Board on Computing.AugustIntroduction of CVS for code management at CERN.SeptemberPlenary session demonstration to the HEP community at CHEP'92 in Annecy (FR).NovemberJump back in time to a snapshot of the WWW Project Page as of 3 Nov 1992 and the WWW project web of the time, including the list of all 26 resoanably reliable servers, NCSA's having just been added, but no sign of Mosaic.
15. 1993 16. JanuaryBy now, Midas (Tony Johnson, SLAC), Erwise (HUT), and
Viola (Pei Wei, O'Reilly Associates) browsers are available for X; CERN Mac browser (ECP) released as alpha. Around 50 known HTTP servers.FebruaryNCSA release first alpha version of Marc Andreessen's "Mosaic for X". Computing seminar at CERN. The University of Minnesota announced that they would begin to charge licensing fees for Gopher's use, which caused many volunteers and employees to stop using it and switch to WWW.MarchWWW (Port 80 HTTP) traffic measures 0.1% of NSF backbone traffic. WWW presented at Online Publishing 93, Pittsburgh. The Acceptable Use Policy prohibiting commercial use of the Internet re-interpreted., so that it becomes becomes allowed.AprilApril 30: Date on the declaration by CERN's directors that WWW technology would be freely usable by anyone, with no fees being payable to CERN. A milestone document.JulyAri Luotonen (ECP) joins the project at CERN. He implements access authorisation, proceeds to re-write the CERN httpd server.July 28-30O'Reilly hosts first WWW Wizards Workshop in Cambridge Mass
(US).SeptemberWWW (Port 80 http) traffic measures 1% of NSF backbone traffic. NCSA releases working versions of Mosaic browser for all common platforms: X, PC/Windows and Macintosh. September 6-10: On a bus at a seminar Information at Newcastle University, MIT's Prof. David Gifford suggests Tim BL contact Michael Dertouzos of MIT/LCS as a possible consortium host site.OctoberOver 200 known HTTP servers. The European Commission, the Fraunhofer Gesellschaft and CERN start the first Web-based project of the European Union (DG XIII): WISE, using the Web for dissemination of technological information to Europe's less favoured regions.DecemberWWW receives IMA award. John Markov writes a page and a half on WWW and Mosaic in "The New York Times" (US) business section. "The Guardian" (UK) publishes a page on WWW, "The Economist" (UK) analyses the Internet and WWW. Robert Cailliau gets go-ahead from CERN management to organise the First International WWW Conference at CERN.
17. 1994 18. JanuaryO'Reilly, Spry, etc announce "Internet in a box" product to
bring the Web into homes.MarchMarc Andreessen and colleagues leave NCSA to form "Mosaic Communications Corp" (later Netscape).May 25-27First International WWW Conference, CERN, Geneva. Heavily oversubscribed (800 apply, 400 allowed in): the "Woodstock of the Web". VRML is conceived here. TBL's closing keynote hints at upcoming organization. (Some of Tim's slides on Semantic Web)JuneM. Bangemann report on European Commission Information Superhighway plan. Over 1500 registered servers. Load on the first Web server (info.cern.ch) 1000 times what it has been 3 years earlier. JulyMIT/CERN agreement to start W3 Organisation is announced by Bangemann in Boston. Press release. AP wire. Reports in Wall Street Journal, Boston Globe etc.AugustFounding of the IW3C2: the International WWW Conference Committee, in Boston, by NCSA and CERN.SeptemberThe European Commission and CERN propose the WebCore project for development of the Web core technology in Europe.1 OctoberWorld Wide Web Consortium founded.OctoberSecond International WWW Conference: "Mosaic and the Web", Chicago. Also heavily oversubscribed: 2000 apply, 1300 allowed in.14 DecemberFirst W3 ConsortiumMeeting at M.I.T. in Cambridge (USA).15 DecemberFirst meeting with European Industry and the European Consortium branch, at the European Commission, Brussels.16 DecemberCERN Council approves unanimously the construction of the LHC (Large Hadron Collider) accelerator, CERN's next machine and competitor to the US' already defunct SSC (Superconducting Supercollider). Stringent budget conditions are however imposed. CERN thus decides not to continue WWW development, and in concertation with the European Commission and INRIA (the Institut National pour la Recherche en Informatique et Automatique, FR) transfers the WebCore project to INRIA.
19. 1995 20. Februarythe Web is the main reason for the theme of the G7
meeting hosted by the European Commission in the European Parliament buildings in Brussels (BE).MarchCERN holds a two-day seminar for the European Media (press, radio, TV), attended by 250 reporters, to show WWW. It is demonstrated on 60 machines, with 30 pupils from the local International High School helping the reporters "surf the Web".AprilThird International WWW Conference: "Tools and Applications", hosted by the Fraunhofer Gesellschaft, in Darmstadt (DE)JuneFounding of the Web Society in Graz (AT), by the Technical University of Graz (home of Hyper-G), CERN, the University of Minnesota (home of Gopher) and INRIA.
3. How It All Started
a. Tim Berners-Lee b. W3C Tenth Anniversary c. 1 Dec 2004 d. How It All Started e. W3C Team
i. W3C Team photo, November 2001, Courmettes, France
a. W3C Spell Checker for http://whatgetsmehot.posterous.com/
i. How It All Started presentation matierals from the W3C 10th Anniversary Celebration
ii. T. Berners-Lee, "Weaving the Web" , Harper Collins 1999 a very short history of hypertext
iii. History of Internet and WWW: The Roads and Crossroads of Internet History 1995-1998 by Gregory R. Gromov
iv. ... List of Internet Histories (from ISOC)
The Net is not a Service, it is a Right. It is only valuable
when it is collective and universal. Volunteer effort protects
the intellectual and technological common-wealth that is being created.
Inspiration from: RFC 3 (1969), Thomas Paine, Declaration of
Independence (1776), Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the
Citizen (1789), NSF Acceptable Use Policy, Jean Jacques Rousseau,
and the current cry for democracy worldwide.
The Matrix: J.C.R. Licklider(1915-1990)
J.C.R. Licklider may well be one of the most influential people in the history of computer science. As Director of the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO), a division of the Pentagon's Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), Licklider from 1963-64 put in place the funding priorities which would lead to the Internet, and the invention of the "mouse,"
"windows" and "hypertext." Together these elements comprise the foundation of our networked society, and it owes much of its existence to the man who held the purse-strings, and also created a management culture where graduate students were left to run a multi-million dollar research project.
===============================
A Little History of the World Wide Web
1945 to 1995
1945
Vannevar Bush writes an article in Atlantic Monthly about a photo-electrical-mechanical device called a Memex, for memory extension, which could make and follow links between documents on microfiche
1960s
Doug Engelbart prototypes an "oNLine System" (NLS) which does hypertext browsing editing, email, and so on. He invents the mouse for this purpose. See the Bootstrap Institute library. Ted Nelson coins the word Hypertext in A File Structure for the Complex, the Changing, and the Indeterminate. 20th National Conference, New York, Association for Computing Machinery, 1965. See also: Literary Machines. Note: There used to be a link here to "Hypertext and Hypermedia: A Selected Bibliography" by Terence Harpold, but the site hosting the resource did not maintain the link. Andy van Dam and others build the Hypertext Editing System and FRESS in 1967.
1980
While consulting for CERN June-December of 1980, Tim Berners-Lee writes a notebook program, "Enquire-Within-Upon-Everything", which allows links to be made between arbitrary nodes. Each node had a title, a type, and a list of bidirectional typed links. "ENQUIRE" ran on Norsk Data machines under SINTRAN-III. See: Enquire user manual as scanned images or as HTML page (alt) .
1989
March"Information Management: A Proposal" written by Tim BL and circulated for comments at CERN (TBL). Paper "HyperText and CERN" produced as background (text or WriteNow format).
1990
MaySame proposal recirculatedSeptemberMike Sendall, Tim's boss, Oks the purchase of a NeXT cube, and allows Tim to go ahead and write a global hypertext system.OctoberTim starts work on a hypertext GUI browser+editor using the NeXTStep development environment. He makes up "WorldWideWeb" as a name for the program. (See the first browser screenshot) "World Wide Web" as a name for the project (over Information Mesh, Mine of Information, and Information Mine).Project original proposal reformulated with encouragement from CN and ECP divisional management. Robert Cailliau (ECP) joins and is co-author of new version.NovemberInitial WorldWideWeb program development continues on the NeXT (TBL) . This was a "what you see is what you get" (wysiwyg) browser/editor with direct inline creation of links. The first web server was nxoc01.cern.ch, later called info.cern.ch, and the first web page http://nxoc01.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html least recently modified web page we know of, last changed Tue, 13 Nov 1990 15:17:00 GMT (though the URI changed.)NovemberTechnical Student Nicola Pellow Pollermann (CN) helps get interface to CERNVM "FIND" index running. TBL gives a colloquium on hypertext in general.ChristmasLine mode browser and WorldWideWeb Unfortunately CERN no longer supports the historical site. Note from this era too, the (CN) joins and starts work on the line-mode browser. Bernd
1991
Februaryworkplan for the purposes of ECP division.26 February 1991Presentation of the project to the ECP/PT group.MarchLine mode browser (www) released to limited audience on "priam" vax, rs6000, sun4.MayWorkplan produced for CN/AS group17 MayPresentation to "C5" Committee. General release of WWW on central CERN machines.12 JuneCERN Computer Seminar on WWW.AugustFiles available on the net by FTP, posted on alt.hypertext (6, 16, 19th Aug), comp.sys.next (20th), comp.text.sgml and comp.mail.multi-media (22nd). Jean-Francois Groff joins the project.OctoberVMS/HELP and WAIS gateways installed. Mailing lists www-interest (now www-announce) and [email protected] (see archive) Hypertext'91 in San Antonio, Texas (US). W3 browser installed on VM/CMS. CERN computer newsletter announces W3 to the HEP world. Dec 12: Paul Kunz installs first Web server outside of Europe, at SLAC.
1992
15 JanuaryLine mode browser release 1.1 available by anonymous FTP (see news). Presentation to AIHEP'92 at La Londe (FR).12 FebruaryLine mode v 1.2 annouced on alt.hypertext, comp.infosystems, comp.mail.multi-media, cern.sting, comp.archives.admin, and mailing lists.April29th April: Release of Finnish "Erwise" GUI client for X mentioned in review by TimBL.MayPei Wei's "Viola" GUI browser for X test version dated May 15. (See review by TimBL) At CERN, Presentation and demo at JENC3, Innsbruck (AT). Technical Student Carl Barker (ECP) joins the project.JunePresentation and demo at HEPVM (Lyon). People at FNAL (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (US)), NIKHEF (Nationaal Instituut voor Kern- en Hoge Energie Fysika, (NL)), DESY (Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Hamburg, (DE)) join with WWW servers.JulyDistribution of WWW through CernLib, including Viola. WWW library code ported to DECnet. Report to the Advisory Board on Computing.AugustIntroduction of CVS for code management at CERN.SeptemberPlenary session demonstration to the HEP community at CHEP'92 in Annecy (FR).NovemberJump back in time to a snapshot of the WWW Project Page as of 3 Nov 1992 and the WWW project web of the time, including the list of all 26 resoanably reliable servers, NCSA's having just been added, but no sign of Mosaic.
1993
JanuaryBy now, Midas (Tony Johnson, SLAC), Erwise (HUT), and Viola (Pei Wei, O'Reilly Associates) browsers are available for X; CERN Mac browser (ECP) released as alpha. Around 50 known HTTP servers.FebruaryNCSA release first alpha version of Marc Andreessen's "Mosaic for X". Computing seminar at CERN. The University of Minnesota announced that they would begin to charge licensing fees for Gopher's use, which caused many volunteers and employees to stop using it and switch to WWW.MarchWWW (Port 80 HTTP) traffic measures 0.1% of NSF backbone traffic. WWW presented at Online Publishing 93, Pittsburgh. The Acceptable Use Policy prohibiting commercial use of the Internet re-interpreted., so that it becomes becomes allowed.AprilApril 30: Date on the declaration by CERN's directors that WWW technology would be freely usable by anyone, with no fees being payable to CERN. A milestone document.JulyAri Luotonen (ECP) joins the project at CERN. He implements access authorisation, proceeds to re-write the CERN httpd server.July 28-30O'Reilly hosts first WWW Wizards Workshop in Cambridge Mass (US).SeptemberWWW (Port 80 http) traffic measures 1% of NSF backbone traffic. NCSA releases working versions of Mosaic browser for all common platforms: X, PC/Windows and Macintosh. September 6-10: On a bus at a seminar Information at Newcastle University, MIT's Prof. David Gifford suggests Tim BL contact Michael Dertouzos of MIT/LCS as a
possible consortium host site.OctoberOver 200 known HTTP servers. The European Commission, the Fraunhofer Gesellschaft and CERN start the first Web-based project of the European Union (DG XIII): WISE, using the Web for dissemination of technological information to Europe's less favoured regions.DecemberWWW receives IMA award. John Markov writes a page and a half on WWW and Mosaic in "The New York Times" (US) business section. "The Guardian" (UK) publishes a page on WWW, "The Economist" (UK) analyses the Internet and WWW. Robert Cailliau gets go-ahead from CERN management to organise the First International WWW Conference at CERN.
1994
JanuaryO'Reilly, Spry, etc announce "Internet in a box" product to bring the Web into homes.MarchMarc Andreessen and colleagues leave NCSA to form "Mosaic Communications Corp" (later Netscape).May 25-27First International WWW Conference, CERN, Geneva. Heavily oversubscribed (800 apply, 400 allowed in): the "Woodstock of the Web". VRML is conceived here. TBL's closing keynote hints at upcoming organization. (Some of Tim's slides on Semantic Web)JuneM. Bangemann report on European Commission Information Superhighway plan. Over 1500 registered servers. Load on the first Web server (info.cern.ch) 1000 times what it has
been 3 years earlier. JulyMIT/CERN agreement to start W3 Organisation is announced by Bangemann
in Boston. Press release. AP wire. Reports in Wall Street Journal, Boston Globe etc.AugustFounding of the IW3C2: the International WWW Conference Committee, in Boston, by NCSA and CERN.SeptemberThe European Commission and CERN propose the WebCore project for development of the Web core technology in Europe.1 OctoberWorld Wide Web Consortium founded.OctoberSecond International WWW Conference: "Mosaic and the Web", Chicago. Also heavily oversubscribed: 2000 apply, 1300 allowed in.14 DecemberFirst W3 ConsortiumMeeting at M.I.T. in Cambridge (USA).15 DecemberFirst meeting with European Industry and the European Consortium branch, at the European Commission, Brussels.16 DecemberCERN Council approves unanimously the construction of the LHC (Large Hadron Collider) accelerator, CERN's next machine and competitor to the US' already defunct SSC (Superconducting Supercollider). Stringent budget conditions are however imposed. CERN thus decides not to continue WWW development, and in concertation with the European Commission and INRIA (the Institut National pour la Recherche en Informatique et Automatique, FR) transfers the WebCore project to INRIA.
1995
Februarythe Web is the main reason for the theme of the G7 meeting hosted by the European Commission in the European Parliament buildings in Brussels (BE).MarchCERN holds a two-day seminar for the European Media (press, radio, TV), attended by 250 reporters, to show WWW. It is demonstrated on 60 machines, with 30 pupils from the local International High School helping the reporters "surf the Web".AprilThird International WWW Conference: "Tools and Applications", hosted by the Fraunhofer Gesellschaft, in Darmstadt (DE)JuneFounding of the Web Society in Graz (AT), by the Technical University of Graz (home of Hyper-G), CERN, the University of Minnesota (home of Gopher) and INRIA.
How It All Started
Tim Berners-Lee
W3C Tenth Anniversary
1 Dec 2004
How It All Started
Tim Berners-Lee Director, World Wide Web Consortium
1974: Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn publish "A Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection", which specified in detail the design of a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).
End 1990: Development begins for first browser (called "WorldWideWeb"), editor, server, and line-mode browser. Culminates in first Web client-server communication over Internet in December 1990.
Dec: Hypertext '91 Conference in San Antonio, Texas (USA). TBL paper on Web only accepted as poster session.
Jun: TimBL visits Xerox, hosted by Larry Masinter.
TimBL visits MIT/LCS hosted by Karen Sollins.
Mar: NCSA releases first alpha version of Mosaic for X Windows.
W3C publishes first W3C Recommendation for HTML - HTML 3.2.
W3C Team
W3C Team photo, November 2001, Courmettes, France
Photo courtesy of Karl Dubost.
See also:
W3C Spell Checker for http://whatgetsmehot.posterous.com/
How It All Started presentation matierals from the W3C 10th Anniversary Celebration
T. Berners-Lee, "Weaving the Web" , Harper Collins 1999 a very short history of hypertext
History of Internet and WWW: The Roads and Crossroads of Internet History 1995-1998 by Gregory R. Gromov
... List of Internet Histories (from ISOC)
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Published on 1/15/11 4:59 PM
