NERVOUS SYSTEM: THE BRAINfaculty.mtsac.edu/mpresch/35_lecture_files_unit_4/18 Anat 35 Brain...

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NERVOUS SYSTEM: THE BRAIN Human Anatomy Unit 4

Transcript of NERVOUS SYSTEM: THE BRAINfaculty.mtsac.edu/mpresch/35_lecture_files_unit_4/18 Anat 35 Brain...

Page 1: NERVOUS SYSTEM: THE BRAINfaculty.mtsac.edu/mpresch/35_lecture_files_unit_4/18 Anat 35 Brain S11.pdfVentricles of the Brain • Lateral ventricles – 2 ventricles shaped like “ram

NERVOUS SYSTEM: THE BRAIN 

Human Anatomy 

Unit 4 

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Major Divisions of the Brain 

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Terminology 

•  Gray ma<er – Unmyelinated regions 

•  White ma<er – Myelinated axons 

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General Structures of Gray Ma<er (Cortex) 

•  Gyrus (gyri p.)  –  folds of the cerebral surface 

•  Sulcus (sulci p.)  – grooves between gyri 

•  Fissure – deep groove 

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Ventricles of the Brain 

•  Lateral ventricles –  2 ventricles shaped like “ram horns” –  inferior, medial to cerebral hemispheres 

•  Third ventricle –  surrounded by diencephalon of brain stem 

•  Fourth ventricle  –  anterior to cerebellum –  contains 3 apertures leading to the “subarachnoid space” 

–  (2 lateral and 1 median) 

Page 6: NERVOUS SYSTEM: THE BRAINfaculty.mtsac.edu/mpresch/35_lecture_files_unit_4/18 Anat 35 Brain S11.pdfVentricles of the Brain • Lateral ventricles – 2 ventricles shaped like “ram

Ventricles of the Brain 

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Ventricles & Central Canal 

•  Cerebral aqueduct –  canal between third and fourth ventricle 

•  Central canal –  centrally located in the spinal cord 

•  Ventricles lined with choroid plexus and ependymal cells –  cerebrospinal fluid producVon 

•  Cerebrospinal fluid circulates throughout ventricles, central canal and subarachnoid space 

•  Returns to general circulaVon through arachnoid villi at dural sinuses 

Page 8: NERVOUS SYSTEM: THE BRAINfaculty.mtsac.edu/mpresch/35_lecture_files_unit_4/18 Anat 35 Brain S11.pdfVentricles of the Brain • Lateral ventricles – 2 ventricles shaped like “ram
Page 9: NERVOUS SYSTEM: THE BRAINfaculty.mtsac.edu/mpresch/35_lecture_files_unit_4/18 Anat 35 Brain S11.pdfVentricles of the Brain • Lateral ventricles – 2 ventricles shaped like “ram

The Cranial Meninges 

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Cranial Meninges  Dura Mater 

•  “Tough mother”  –  dense connecVve Vssue  –  outer, double layered surrounding the brain •  outer = periosteal layer •  inner = meningeal layer (folded in certain locaVons as a “falx”) 

–  openings between the 2 layers are dural sinuses 

Page 11: NERVOUS SYSTEM: THE BRAINfaculty.mtsac.edu/mpresch/35_lecture_files_unit_4/18 Anat 35 Brain S11.pdfVentricles of the Brain • Lateral ventricles – 2 ventricles shaped like “ram

Cranial Meninges  Arachnoid Mater 

•  “Spidery mother”  

•  Arachnoid granulaVons –  for return of CSF to general circulaVon 

•  network of connecVve Vssue 

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Cranial Meninges  Pia Mater 

•  “Delicate mother”  

•  indissecVble from surface of the CNS 

•  loose connecVve Vssue 

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Falx Cerebri 

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Cerebrospinal Fluid 

•  Surrounds and bathes exposed surfaces of the CNS 

•  FuncVons –  Prevents fricVon –  Support –  RegulaVon of microenvironment 

•  Choroid plexus –  500 ml/day 

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CirculaVon of CSF 

•  150 ml in circulaVon 

•  CSF from lateral ventricles –  Interventricular foramen ‐ ‐> 

3rd ventricle 

–  Aqueduct of midbrain 

–  From 4th ventricle enters subarachnoid space •  Lateral aperture •  Median aperture 

•  4th ventricle ‐ ‐ > central canal 

–  Subarachnoid space ‐ ‐> arachnoid granulaVons 

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Blood Supply to the Brain 

Internal caroVd arteries Vertebral arteries 

Jugular veins Drain the dural sinuses 

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Cerebrum 

•  Cerebral hemispheres –  Leb and right halves –  Separated by longitudinal 

fissure 

–  Connected in spots by tracts •  Lobes •  Contain “higher brain 

centers” 

•  Nuclei responsible for motor coordinaVon and control of memory, emoVon and other funcVons 

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The Cerebral Lobes 

•  5 major divisions in each hemisphere •  4 named aber bones under which they lie – Frontal  – Parietal – Occipital – Temporal 

•  1 on interior –  Insula 

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The Cerebral Lobes 

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Insula 

•  Small lobes deep in lateral sulcus beneath temporal lobes 

•  FuncVon:  memory and interpretaVon of taste 

insula New study suggests that the insula is involved in smoking addiction…

Naqvi, N.H., et al, 2007. Damage to the insula disrupts addiction to cigarette smoking. Science. V315;531-4.

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Motor Areas of the Cerebral Cortex 

•  Control voluntary movement 

•  Precentral gyrus •  Primary motor cortex 

–  Pyrimidal cells 

•  Pathway is corVcospinal tract 

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Sensory Areas of the Cerebral Cortex 

•  Conscious awareness of sensaVon 

•  Primary sensory cortex –  Postcentral gyrus 

•  Collaterals also deliver info to basal nuclei and other centers 

•  Visual cortex •  Auditory cortex •  Olfactory cortex •  Gustatory cortex 

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AssociaVon Areas of the Cerebral Cortex 

•  AssociaVon areas •  Integrate and store informaVon   

•  Interpret sensory info •  Help plan, prepare for and help coordinate motor output 

•  Somatosensory associaVon area 

•  Pre‐motor cortex 

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IntegraVve Centers of the Cerebral Cortex 

•  Receive, process informaVon from many associaVon areas 

•  Direct complex motor acVviVes 

•  Complicated analyVcal funcVons 

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The Central White Ma<er 

•  AssociaVon tracts – Connect regions of cortex within same hemisphere 

•  Commissural tracts – Bridges between cerebral hemispheres – Ex)  corpus callosum 

•  ProjecVon tracts – Between cerebral cortex, caudal brain, and spinal cord 

Page 26: NERVOUS SYSTEM: THE BRAINfaculty.mtsac.edu/mpresch/35_lecture_files_unit_4/18 Anat 35 Brain S11.pdfVentricles of the Brain • Lateral ventricles – 2 ventricles shaped like “ram

The Central White Ma<er 

Page 27: NERVOUS SYSTEM: THE BRAINfaculty.mtsac.edu/mpresch/35_lecture_files_unit_4/18 Anat 35 Brain S11.pdfVentricles of the Brain • Lateral ventricles – 2 ventricles shaped like “ram

Basal Nuclei 

•  Paired, irregular masses of gray ma<er 

•  within white ma<er in basal region of cerebral hemispheres 

•  Involved in  –  Motor control –  Learning 

•  Components –  Caudate nucleus –  Amygdala –  Putamen & globus pallidus –  Claustrum 

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The Basal Nuclei 

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Limbic System  

•  Large group of nuclei, inferior to the corpus callosum 

•  Responsible for control of emoVon, sex drive, aggression, memory consolidaVon among other funcVons 

•  Hippocampus •  Responsible for memory consolidaVon 

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Limbic System  

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Diencephalon 

•  “in‐between” brain •  Components – Epithalamus – Thalamus (right and leb) – Hypothalamus 

•  FuncVons – Relay and switching staVon for certain sensory and motor pathways 

– Control visceral acVviVes 

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Epithalamus 

•  Covers 3rd ventricle •  Contains choroid plexus and ependymal cells producing CSF and the pineal gland  

•  Posterior porVon –  Pineal gland 

•  Melatonin 

•  Circadian rhythms 

–  Habenular nucleus •  Relay staVon for limbic system •  Visceral and emoVonal response to odors 

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Thalamus 

•  Clusters of nuclei organized into groups •  Major relay staVon for sensory informaVon 

•  Gray ma<er on both sides of third ventricle 

Page 34: NERVOUS SYSTEM: THE BRAINfaculty.mtsac.edu/mpresch/35_lecture_files_unit_4/18 Anat 35 Brain S11.pdfVentricles of the Brain • Lateral ventricles – 2 ventricles shaped like “ram

Hypothalamus 

•  Contains many diverse nuclei controlling  – body temperature  

– sex drive  –  feeding  – drinking  –  thirst sensaVon  – pituitary secreVons 

•  forms the inferior walls of the third ventricle 

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Diencephalon 

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Diencephalon 

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Brain Stem 

•  Connects forebrain (cerebrum, diencephalon) and cerebellum to spinal cord 

•  3 parts – Midbrain – Pons – Medulla oblongata 

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The Diencephalon and the Brain Stem 

Page 39: NERVOUS SYSTEM: THE BRAINfaculty.mtsac.edu/mpresch/35_lecture_files_unit_4/18 Anat 35 Brain S11.pdfVentricles of the Brain • Lateral ventricles – 2 ventricles shaped like “ram

The Diencephalon and the Brain Stem 

Page 40: NERVOUS SYSTEM: THE BRAINfaculty.mtsac.edu/mpresch/35_lecture_files_unit_4/18 Anat 35 Brain S11.pdfVentricles of the Brain • Lateral ventricles – 2 ventricles shaped like “ram

Pons 

•  Contains sensory and motor tracts •  Autonomic respiratory center – Pneumotaxic center – ApneusVc center 

•  origin for many cranial nerves (V‐VIII) 

Page 41: NERVOUS SYSTEM: THE BRAINfaculty.mtsac.edu/mpresch/35_lecture_files_unit_4/18 Anat 35 Brain S11.pdfVentricles of the Brain • Lateral ventricles – 2 ventricles shaped like “ram

Medulla Oblongata 

•  DecussaVon of pyramids •  the inferior most region of the brain stem •  Nuclei controlling addiVonal respiratory funcVons, cardiac, vomiVng  

•  origin of many cranial nerves 

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Pons and Medulla 

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The Cerebellum 

•  the second largest single structure of the brain •  Three lobes – Anterior – Posterior – Flocculonodular (small) 

Page 44: NERVOUS SYSTEM: THE BRAINfaculty.mtsac.edu/mpresch/35_lecture_files_unit_4/18 Anat 35 Brain S11.pdfVentricles of the Brain • Lateral ventricles – 2 ventricles shaped like “ram

Anatomy of the Cerebellum 

•  arbor vitae –  “the tree of life” –  white ma<er (axon tracts) of the cerebellum 

–  cerebellar cortex folded into many plate‐like ridges called “folia” 

•  Vermis –  narrow band of cortex that separates the cerebellar hemispheres 

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The Cerebellum