Parasympathetic nervous system. The Autonomic Nervous System.
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Transcript of Nervous system
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Nervous System
Do not get nervous to nervous system
Shohrat Meredow R
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Homeostasis• Constant internal balance of an organism.• There are two systems that control
homeostasis:
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• There are two systems that control homeostasis:
• 1. Hormonal system• 2. Nervous system
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Nervous system• Communication system of body• Only animals have nervous systems, not
plants
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Neurons• Neurons are specialized cells of nervous
system.
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Nervous system• Event• Receptor-Sense• Signal• Neurons• Effector organs• Response
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Nervous system• The nervous system connects the receptors
to the effectors, evaluates messages and transmits a suitable signal
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Stages of nervous system
• Reception• Transmission• Interpretation• And response
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Neurons
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Structure of Neurons• A nerve cell is composed of following
components:
• Dendrites• Cell body• Axon
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Dendrites• They are short, thin projections extending from
the cell body.• Their function is to receive information from other
neurons.
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Cell body• Largest part of neurons• Cell body contains nucleus of the cell
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Axon• Same to dendrite• But it is single and long and thick.• Length varies• Axon of giraffe is 3 meters• Axon of mouse is about 10-15 cm
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Structure of an axon
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• Schwann cells: surround axons and protects them
• Myelin layer: insulating material, contains neuroglial cell membrane
• Nodes of Ranvier: accelerate the speed of impulse transmission.
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Classification of Neurons
• 1. According to morphology (structure)• 2. According to function
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Structural classification
• Unipolar neuron: only one short projection extends from the cell body.
• Bipolar neuron: two parallel projections extend from the cell body. One is axon, the other is dendrite.
• Multipolar neuron: more than two projections extend. Generally only one axon is present.
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Functional classification
• Sensory neurons: transmit stimuli from sensory organs to the CNS. They are unipolar or bipolar.
• Inter neurons: are commonly found in the CNS and interconnect sensory and motor neurons. Main function is interpretation of information. They are multipolar in structure.
• Motor neurons: transmit the information from CNS to the muscles or glands. They are also multipolar in structure.
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Transmission of impulse
• Nerve impulses are electrical signals produced by plasma membrane of a neuron.
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• Impulses are unidirectional. From dendrites to axons.
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Threshold level• The impulse is generated if the voltage reaches a
certain critical point, called threshold level.
• If signal is lower than threshold level, no impulse is generated. This is called all-or-non law.
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Generation of an impulse
• There are three phases:
1. Polarization2. Depolarization3. And repolarization
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1. Polarization• In a resting nerve, the outside of axon is
positively charged, and inside is negatively charged. This situation is called polarization.
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Gates• Ion gates:1. Na gates2. K gates
• Na-K pump
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2. Depolarization • A stimulus that reaches the threshold level opens
the Na gates first.• Na goes inside the axon.• This is depolarization.
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3. Repolarization• Then, Na gates are closed and K gates are open.• K goes out of the cell, so the action potential returns to the resting potential.
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Video• Nerve impulse:• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9euDb4TN3b0
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Video• Animation • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9euDb4TN3b0
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The Synapses• In the nervous system, a synapse is a structure
that permits a neuron to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another cell (neural or otherwise).
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1. Presynaptic cell: the neuron that carries the impulse to the synapse.
2. Postsynaptic cell: the cell that receives impulse, and it is located after the signal.
• Synaptic cleft: a little gap between 1 & 2
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Neurotransmitters• Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit
signals from a neuron to a target cell across a synapse.
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Quiz:1. Write the types of neurons according to function:Functional classification: A: B: C:2. What are the three stages of an impulse? Explain briefly.
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Human Nervous System
• Two main divisions:1. Central nervous system2. Peripheral nervous system
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Central Nervous System
• It consists of the brain and spinal cord.• These two structures are responsible for most the
information processing.
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The Brain• Most important organ of nervous system.• Average brain weights about 1200-1350 in males,
and 1000-1250 in females.
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The Brain• Protection of the CNS: There are three levels of protection:1. Bony protection2. Membrane protection3. Fluid protection
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The Brain1. Bony protection:Brain: skullSpinal cord: vertebral column
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Skull
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The Brain2. Membrane protection:Both brain and spinal cord is protected with three main layers called meninges.
3. Fluid protection: Cerebrospinal fluid functions as a shock absorber.
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The Brain• The brain consists three main parts:1. Forebrain2. Midbrain3. Hindbrain
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1. Forebrain• It is largest portion of brain.• Composed of:a. The cerebrumb. The diencephalon
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1. Forebrain 1.a. Cerebrum: Most active and largest part of the brain.• Cerebral cortex• Corpus callosum
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1. Forebrain Cerebral cortex has four main sections:• Frontal lobe• Temporal lobe• Parietal lobe• Occipital lobe
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1. Forebrain • There are three major activities of cerebral
cortex:1. Motor area: related to movement of body parts2. Sensory area: receive information.3. Association area: mental activities.
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1. Forebrain 1.b. Diencephalon• Consists of thalamus and hypothalamus.Thalamus: relay station of informationHypothalamus: regulation of body temperature, control of feelings. (anger, pain, pleasure, thirst, hunger)
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2. Midbrain• Responsible for the head and eye movement.
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3. Hindbrain• Composed of:1. Medulla oblongata2. Cerebellum3. Pons
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3. Hindbrain1. Medulla oblongata:It regulates respiratory, circulatory and excretory activities and many involuntary activities such as glucose metabolism, vomiting, sneezing.
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3. Hindbrain2. Cerebellum: it is connected to midbrain and medulla oblongata.• It coordinates the movement of voluntary
muscles• It is the center of locomotion and balance. • No cerebellum, no walk.
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3. Hindbrain3. Pons: it controls certain respiratory functions.
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2. The Spinal Cord
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2. The Spinal Cord• It is a brain extension.• Protected by:1. Spinal bond2. Meninges3. Cerebrospinal fluid
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2. The Spinal Cord
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2. The Spinal Cord• Functions:
1. Transmission of impulses to the brains and tissues2. Facilitation of reflex actions
Reflex is an automatic response to nerve stimulation.
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The spinal nerves:
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The spinal nerves:• There are 31 spinal nerves, each one is called a
segment.• They are classified according to the area of body
with which they communicate
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The spinal nerves:• Cervical nerves: 8• Thoracic nerves: 12• Lumbar nerves: 5• Sacral nerves: 5• Coccyx: 1
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Reflex• Next lecture
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Reflex• Is a transmission of impulses, generated by
receptors, to the target, where a sudden response is generated.
• Reflex is an automatic response to nerve stimulation.
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Reflex• Example
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Reflex• Knee-jerk reflex
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Types of reflexes1. Withdrawal reflex: is inherited, not gained
from experience. Eg: stepping on a nail.
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• 2. Conditional reflexes: stored by the brain after the experience.
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The Peripheral Nervous System
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The Peripheral Nervous System
• PNS consists of nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord to the other organs of the body.
• It has sensory nerves, motor nerves and complex nerves.
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• PNS originates from brain and spinal cord.
• It is composed of 12 pairs of cranial (coming from brain) and 31 pairs of spinal (coming from spinal cord) nerves.
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Classification of PNS• It is divided into two systems:
1. Somatic nervous system2. Autonomic nervous system
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1. Somatic nervous System• It consists of both motor and sensory nerves.• This system controls and coordinates the
voluntary actions of the body.
• Running• Writing• Talking• Painting
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1. Somatic nervous System
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2. Autonomic nervous system
• It regulates the involuntary activities of internal organs and basically involved in the maintenance of homeostasis.
• Regulation of:• Respiration• Circulation• Excretion• Digestion• Nutrition• Reproduction• Adaptation
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• The effector organs of ANS are smooth muscles of internal organs, cardiac muscles and glands.
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Classification of ANS1. The sympathetic system2. The parasympathetic system
They function antagonistically.
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Sympathetic NS• It initiates the fight-or-flight response.• It is especially important for emergency. It
accelerates the heart beat and dilates bronchi. • It inhibits the digestive activity. Because we do
not need it in emergency• The primary neurotransmitter is epinephrine.
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Parasympathetic NS• It is called “housekeeper system”• This system prepares the body to relaxation and
digestion of food.• Retards heartbeat. • The main neurotransmitter is acetylcholine.
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Nervous system disorders
• akinesia - no movement.• Alzheimer's disease - A progressive, degenerative
disease that occurs in the brain and results in impaired memory, thinking, and behavior.
• ataxia - loss of balance• athetosis - slow, involuntary movements of the
hands and feet.• stroke (also called brain attack) - happens when
brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow to the brain.
• meningitis - an inflammation of the meninges, the membranes that cover the brain.
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Akinesia
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Alzheimer's disease
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Ataxia
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Athetosis
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Stroke
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Meningitis
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AVOID!!!• Alcohol• Cigarettes• Drug
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Review?
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• Shohrat Meredov R