PowerPoint Presentation - The Human Digestive System

INTERACTION FUNCTION IThe Nervous and Endocrine SystemsTransmitting, analyzing and working out responses.

Endocrine glands. Slow and long-lasting response (homeostasis). Communication via hormones through the blood.Nervous tissue Quick and short-lasting responses Communication via nervous impulses through nerves.INTERACTION PROCESSTo adapt our body to changing conditionsTo connect and coordinate all our organs.Nervous systemEndocrine systemThe interaction process.

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The interaction process.ReceptorEstimulusResponseNervous systemEffector (muscle)Effector (gland)Motor responseEndocrine responseElements that take part in coordination.

The interaction process.

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Ramn y Cajal the neuron is the anatomical and functional unit of the nervous system.

Apart from NEURONS, which are highly specialized cells that mainly made up the NS, there are GLIAL cells too. These give the neurons support and nutrients.All together, make upCentral Nervous System CNSPerypheral Nervous System PNS

Neurons.

They are not mushrooms, things, bugs THEY ARE CELLS, with the following parts:

Cell bodies join and form nervous centres (brain and spinal cord).Axons of those neurons make up (joined) the nerves (sensory, motor, interneurons).

Neurons.

Types of neuronsAccording to structureAccording to functionUnipolarBipolarMultipolarSensory (receptornerve centres)

Motor (nerve centreseffector)

Interneurons (connect both. Part of CNS)

Neurons.

Neurons.

Neurons.Glial /li / cells: the main ones are Schwann /wn/ cells (cover the axon of some neurons, providing an insulating sheath of myelin /maln/), and astrocytes /strsat/ (provide nutrients).

TRANSMITTING INFORMATION.The empty space between neurons is called SYNAPSE. /sanps/

In that space, the transmitting neuron releases a chemical compound, a NEUROTRANSMITTER. /njrtrnzmt/

The receiving neuron, detects that substance, becoming electrically excited.Neurons.

The transmition of nervous impulse is electrochemical, it means that:

Through the surface of the neuron, it is electric.(in a neuron, in the path)Trough the synapse, it is chemical.(between two neurons, in the space)Synapse and neurotransmitters.Neurons.

Cell body of the following neuron.

Cell body of the first neuron.

Vesicles.

Mitochondria.

Synaptic cleft.

Neurotransmitters.

Nerve pulse production.

Neurons.NEURAL PATHWAYS

The nervous system.No entra.

Receives information from sensory organs.Intreprets information received.Transfers signals to effectors.Coordinates all organs.Carries out intellectual and mental functions.Responsible of emotions and feelings.FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEMThe nervous system.

NERVOUS SYSTEM

CENTRAL N.S.

Protected by bone and meninges

BRAIN

CEREBRUM

CEREBELLUM

SPINAL BULB(brain stem)

SPINAL CORD

PERIPHERAL N.S.

Connects receptors, CNS and effectors

NERVES

SENSORY

MOTORS

MIXEDThe nervous system.http://www.innerbody.com/image/nerv02.html

Folder_Body://NS/CNS/brain/

CEREBRUM So cool... The most complex organ.We can observe 2 HEMISPHERES.From the inside to the outside we have:White matter (inside)Grey matter: Cerebral cortex. (CIRCUNVOLUCIONES)

Folder_Body://NS/CNS/brain/

Folder_Body://NS/CNS/brain/

CEREBRUMSeveral areas depending on their function

Folder_Body://NS/CNS/brain/

CEREBELLUM Dancers like it becauseControls:CoordinationPosition Two HEMISPHERES are observed too.Central band: VERMIS.White matter (inside)Grey matter (outside)

SPINAL BULB Sometimes yours are not working.It is a pack consisting on:Peduncles: axons from each hemisphere.Spinal bulb (bulbo raqudeo): lower half of the brainstem continuous with the spinal cord.Controls:Involuntary actions and responses.Filters the important information (this is a problem for you!)

From the inside to de outside:Grey matter (inside)White matter (outside)Folder_Body://NS/CNS/brain/REVERSED!!Sigue

The hypothalamus in its inferior middle part, is in charge of the autonomic and vegetative functions!!!! (CHECK sympathetic and parasympathetic NS).

The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones.

THE BRAIN STEMSigue

NO ENTRA

El sistema lmbico es un sistema formado por varias estructuras cerebrales que regulan las respuestas fisiolgicas frente a determinados estmulos. Es decir, en l se encuentran los instintos humanos. Entre estos instintos encontramos la memoria involuntaria, el hambre, la atencin, los instintos sexuales, las emociones (por ejemplo placer, miedo, agresividad), la personalidad y la conducta. Est formado por partes del tlamo, hipotlamo, hipocampo, amgdala cerebral, cuerpo calloso, septo y mesencfalo.

El sistema lmbico interacciona muy velozmente (y al parecer sin que necesite mediar estructuras cerebrales superiores) con el sistema endocrino y el sistema nervioso perifrico.Folder_Body://NS/CNS/brain/

Folder_Body://NS/CNS/brain/

Extension of the brain stem.We have from the inside to the outside:Grey matter (inside)White matter (outside)

Protected by the BACKBONE or VERTEBRAL COLUMN.Funtions:Some involuntary actions.To connect body-brain-body.Folder_Body://NS/CNS/spinal_cord/REVERSED!!!

Folder_Body://NS/PNS/nerves

Its good to be nervous.They are in charge of connecting:External and internal receptors.CNSEffectors (next unit)

They go through all body from (the CNS)Brain: CRANIAL NERVES.Spinal cord: SPINAL NERVES.

Nerves are packages, made up ofA group of several NERVOUS FASCICLESsurrounded by a membrane.Each fascicle is made of a Bundle of nervous fibers of axons.* NERVOUS GANGLIA: a group ofnervecell bodies (heads of neurons) out of the CNS. Nervous fibers come out from this ganglia, and make up fascicles. They are MINOR COORDINATION CENTRES.Folder_Body://NS/PNS/nerves

Spinal nerves.

Cranial nerves

Nerves can be:

Sensory: sensory neurons from sensory organs CNS.

Motor: motor neurons from CNS organs that carry out the response. Depending on the movement response can be:- Somatic nervous system: voluntary and reflex actions.- Autonomic nervous system: involuntary actions.

Folder_Body://NS/PNS/nervesBe careful with mixing up REFLEX actions and INVOLUNTARY movements.

They are varied: from simple spinal responses to complex brain cortex responses.

3 typesREFLEXES: cerrar los ojos cuando me van a meter el dedo en l.VOLUNTARY ACTIONS: guiar un ojo a mi cmplice.INVOLUNTARY or AUTONOMIC: parpadeo constante. (Vamos a verlas a fondo).RESPONSES

AUTONOMICSympathetic Nervous SystemParten de la regin central de mdula

Activa el organismo.Incrementa el gasto de energa.(STRESS)Cuando omos un ruido extrao por la noche, se encarga de aumentar la frecuencia cardiaca, dilatacin de la pupila, aumento de la respiracin y sudoracin...

Parten de la zona inferior del encfalo y zona terminal de la espina dorsal.(RELAX)

Relaja el organismo.Disminuye el gasto de energa.

AUTONOMICParasympathetic Nervous System

RGANOSISTEMA PARASIMPATICOSISTEMA SIMPTICOPUPILAContraccinDilatacinGLNDULAS LACRIMALESProduccin de lgrimasInactividadGLNDULAS SALIVALESSaliva poco densa y abundanteSalvia escasa y espesaRITMO RESPIRATORIORelajacinAceleracinTUBO DIGESTIVOAumenta actividadReduce actividadLATIDO CARDIACOReduccinAceleracinVEJIGAContraccinRelajacinPIELInactividadPelo erizado y aumento de la sudoracinRGANOS SEXUALESActivacinInhibicin

rdenes operativas enviadas por el hipotlamo a los rganos

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

The endocrine system is a COORDINATION SYSTEM.Receives stimuli.Analize the information and elaborates a response.Secretes hormones. (organic molecules).

Hormones just act on specific cells called target cells.

It helps to control and maintain:

Body energy levels.

Reproduction.

Growth and organisms development.

Internal systems balance (homeostasis).

Responses to external environment (temperature, stress or injuries).

The endocrine system depends on the orders made by the nervous system, mainly the HYPOTHALAMUS.

ESTRUCTURA Y FUNCIONES DE LA HIPFISIS (no entra)

Algunas hormonas humanas y sus funciones (no entra)