nergy & utomotive esearch aboratory report-4 materail deleted.pdfIndrek Wichman Research examining...
Transcript of nergy & utomotive esearch aboratory report-4 materail deleted.pdfIndrek Wichman Research examining...
nergy &utomotive esearchaboratory
2 | e n e rg y & au tomot ive r e se arch l abor atory2 | e n e rg y & au tomot ive r e se arch l abor atory
Creating Sustainable Energy Solutions
on the cover: A prototype cylinder head featuring fast electric cam phasing, di fuel injection, and multi-step lift. Th e system can transition from si to hcci mode and back in less than a dozen cycles. Th e assembly was designed and constructed in a cooperative eff ort between Chrysler, Delphi, and MSU researchers.
m ich ig an stat e u n ive rsi t y col l e g e of e ng i n e e r i ng | 3
Teams of researchers at MSU are developing specifi cally
formulated renewable fuels in tandem with specially
designed engines — a distinctive, integrated approach that
could drive the next automotive revolution.
Transportation accounts for two-
thirds of oil consumption in the United
States and one-third of all the energy
used in the country. Th e critical need
to reduce the nation’s dependence
on oil imports, combined with today’s
use of the same effi ciency-limiting
combustion system that powered the
fi rst automobiles more than 100 years
ago, presents a signifi cant challenge
and opportunity. With deeply rooted
expertise in agriculture, plant science,
and engineering, MSU is
ideally positioned
to meet that
opportunity.
Th e university has invested in an
interdisciplinary academic community
that is focused on automotive
research and fuels in partnership with
government and industry. In addition,
MSU has developed an infrastructure
that supports the study of vehicle
engine effi ciency, alternative energy,
and emission reduction, with much of
the research based in the Energy and
Automotive Research Laboratories,
a dynamic 40,000-square-foot
research complex on the MSU campus.
Teams at the Energy and Automotive
Research Laboratories also are
developing methods to produce
lighter, stronger parts that cut
manufacturing costs and increase gas
mileage and ways to convert waste
vehicle exhaust into electricity to
increase fuel economy.
MSU is home to one of the most
advanced thermoelectric power
generation research groups in
the world. Part of the university’s
automotive research involves
recovering waste heat from diesel
engines that is then used to
extract energy to help power the
vehicle. In addition to fuel economy
improvements while traveling over
the road, a TEG can also function
as an auxiliary power unit while the
vehicle is stationary, to reduce engine
created noise and engine idle time for
an additional fuel savings. Automobile
companies are also turning to MSU’s
hybrid vehicles team, which translates
research conducted at the university
for application to auto components
to maximize the effi ciency and
aff ordability of hybrid models. MSU’s
collaborative automotive and fuels
research holds promise to reduce
automobile emissions and improve the
economic outlook for Michigan.
Th e impact of new engine concepts
and advanced hybrid powertrain
designs can improve the efficiency
of a vehicle from 20 to 50 percent. If
technology is implemented to achieve
a 20 percent increase in efficiency for
all automobiles and trucks in the U.S.,
the energy saved would be equal to
increasing domestic oil production
by nearly 50 percent. Th at is nothing
short of revolutionary!
Dr. Harold Schock, Director
used in the country. Th e critical ne
endence
ith toda
-limiting
owered
n 100 ye
challeng
ply roote
nt scien
MSU is
tioned
t that
ortunity
used in the country. Th e cri
to reduce the nation’s depe
on oil imports, combined w
use of the same efficiency-
combustion system that po
fi rst automobiles more than
ago, presents a signifi cant c
and opportunity. With deep
expertise in agriculture, pla
and engineering, M
ideally posit
to meet
oppo
4 | e n e rg y & au tomot ive r e se arch l abor atory
Contents & Overview
08ACADEMIC COMMITTEE & STAFF
10MAJOR SPONSORS
12COMPLEX THERMAL-FLUID PROCESSES
Giles Brereton
Research focusing on thermal fluid processes that are
complex by virtue of their transient or turbulent nature. It
seeks to improve understanding of both applied problems
and the underlying fundamental science.
14
Notes Pages
4 | e n e rg y & au tomot ive r e se arch l abor atory
giles brereton farhad jaberi carl lira dennis miller fang peng
m ich ig an stat e u n ive rsi t y col l e g e of e ng i n e e r i ng | 5
18CFD NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS
Farhad Jaberi
Research ranging from high-speed turbulent flows
to molecular dynamics of combustion. Using the
computational facilities of the MSU High Performance
Computing Center (HPCC) for large-scale simulations,
our research group carries out fundamental research of
practical relevance.
20BIOFUELS PRODUCTION & CHARACTERIZATION
Dennis Miller & Carl Lira
Research focused on the development of biofuel
formulations using new catalytic reaction pathways from
biomass to final products, novel processing approaches
such as reactive separations and multiphase reactors, and
computational process simulation and molecular modeling.
Biofuel characterization incorporates both physical and
chemical properties to ensure blending compatibility with
existing fuels, proper volatility range, sufficient energy
content, and low-temperature viability.
24COMBUSTION CHAMBER DIAGNOSTICS
Harold Schock
Research into flow and combustion phenomena in internal
combustion engines using laser-based experimental
techniques and numeric simulations with a goal of
improving efficiency in engines designed to accommodate
new fuels and new fuel properties. Research focuses on
controlling the fuel-air mixture and turbulence within
the combustion chamber, studying various flow control
strategies.
26REDUCED KINETIC MODELING OF RENEWABLE FUELS
Elisa Toulson
Research associated with chemical kinetics modeling
for an improved understanding of the combustion of
new renewable fuels. Because biodiesel oxidation
chemistry is complicated to model directly, and existing
surrogate kinetic models are very large (making them
computationally expensive), we have focused on reduced
chemical kinetic models of biofuels as a way forward in
enabling simulation of renewable fuel combustion.
m ich ig an stat e u n ive rsi t y col l e g e of e ng i n e e r i ng | 5
harold schock elias strangas elisa toulson binsgen wang indrek wichman guoming zhu
6 | e n e rg y & au tomot ive r e se arch l abor atory
28FLAME-SURFACE INTERACTION
Indrek Wichman
Research examining problems related to combustion,
materials flammability, and fire. Current research foci include
structural fire research, plasma-assisted combustion
research, counterflow diff usion flame burner research, and
material flammability in microgravity conditions (on behalf
of NASA). Th is facility has been employed in materials
flammability research for clay-based nanocomposites, xGnP
composites consisting of nano-graphite in matrix blends,
and for consulting work involving new materials.
30THERMOELECTRIC CONVERSION IN AN
IC-POWERED VEHICLE
Harold Schock, Guoming Zhu & Giles Brereton
Research in thermoelectric power generation involving
recovering waste heat from diesel engines that is then
used to extract energy to help power the vehicle. Th e goal
is to improve fuel economy of large trucks by 5 percent
in the next few years. Research is translated by MSU’s
hybrid vehicles team for application to auto components to
maximize the efficiency and aff ordability of hybrid models.
MSU is home to one of the most advanced thermoelectric
power generation research groups in the world.
32ELECTRICAL MACHINES & DRIVES LABORATORY
Elias Strangas
Research in the field of electrical machines and drives,
with a significant focus on the design of reliable drives
that can withstand a fault and continue operating, as well
as methods to detect a fault, predict remaining useful life,
and enhance reliability. Th e Electrical Machines and Drives
Laboratory has extensive equipment for development,
controlling and testing of designs of electrical drives,
including design software, dynamometers, inverters,
sensors, and more.
34ELECTRIC POWER CONVERSION
Binsgen Wang
Research dedicated to gaining fundamental understanding
of electric power conversion systems and providing
innovative solutions to improve system reliability and
efficiency. Electric Power Conversion Lab research
activities are mainly in the areas of: (1) development
of novel power converter topologies that feature high
reliability, efficiency modeling, modulation and control of
power electronic systems, and (2) application of power
converters as grid interface for renewable energy sources
and in high-performance electric drive systems.
36POWER ELECTRONICS & MOTOR DRIVES
Fang Peng
Research and development of power conversion
technology and motor control for renewable energy, utility
and transportation applications. Research focuses on
enabling technologies to transform today's transportation
and electrical power: from generation to transmission
to distribution to utilization into more secure, more
sustainable, more intelligent, more reliable, and more
effi cient energy generation-delivery-utilization systems.
6 | e n e rg y & au tomot ive r e se arch l abor atory
ER ELEC
Peng
arch and
ology a
ranspor
ing tech
lectrica
tributio
inable, m
ent ener
CTRONICS & MOTOR DRIVES
d development of power conversion
nd motor control for renewable energy, utility
tation applications. Research focuses on
hnologies to transform today's transportation
l power: from generation to transmission
n to utilization into more secure, more
more intelligent, more reliable, and more
rgy generation-delivery-utilization systems.
m ich ig an stat e u n ive rsi t y col l e g e of e ng i n e e r i ng | 7
38ADVANCED POWERTRAIN & ENGINE CONTROL
Guoming Zhu
Research targeted at applying advanced control theories
and technologies to hybrid powertrain optimization and
control, and to the control of the internal combustion
engine and its subsystems to develop real-time control
strategies for the best fuel economy within a given level
of emissions. Th e Automotive Control Lab investigates
closed-loop combustion control of internal combustion
engines, by applying modern control theories to develop
feed-forward and feedback strategies for SI (spark ignited)
and HCCI (homogeneously charged compression ignition)
combustion controls through optimized spark timing, EGR
(exhaust gas recirculation) rate, and engine valve timings
and lift and for the combustion mode transition between SI
and HCCI operations.
42ADVANCED HYBRID VEHICLE EXPERIMENTS
Harold Schock & Guoming Zhu
Research within the Ford Powertrain Laboratory provides
testing and measurement of powertrain performance in
advanced hybrid vehicles as they are subjected to a broad
range of conditions. Th e lab conducts real-time simulations
using a control system configured to simultaneously
and independently control each wheel of up to a six-
wheeled vehicle. It is ideally suited for the investigation of
hybrid applications, including medium- and heavy-duty
configurations.
44EARL LEADERS, STAFF & AFFILIATES
48RECENT ARTICLES & PUBLICATIONS
51RECENT & CURRENT CONTRACTS & GRANTS
m ich ig an stat e u n ive rsi t y col l e g e of e ng i n e e r i ng | 7
Elias Strangas, Associate Professor
Electrical & Computing Engineering Department 428 S. Shaw Lane, Room 1218
tel 517.353.3517 | [email protected]
Elisa Toulson, Assistant Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
1497 Engineering Research Court, Room 143 tel 517.884.1549 | [email protected]
Bingsen Wang, Assistant Professor
Electrical & Computing Engineering
1497 Engineering Research Court, Room c129 tel 517.355.0911 | [email protected]
Indrek Wichman, Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
1497 Engineering Research Court, Room 147 tel 517.353.9180 | [email protected]
Guoming (George) Zhu, Associate Professor Mechanical Engineering Department
1497 Engineering Research Court, Room 148 tel 517.884.1552 | [email protected]
F A C U L T Y all addresses: East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
Giles Brereton, Associate Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
1497 Engineering Research Court, Room 149
tel 517.432.3340 | [email protected]
Farhad Jaberi, Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
428 S. Shaw Lane, Room 2240
tel 517.432.4678 | [email protected]
Carl Lira, Associate Professor
Chemical Engineering & Material Science Department 428 S. Shaw Lane, Room 2261
tel 517.355.9731 | [email protected]
Dennis Miller, Professor
Chemical & Material Science Engineering Department 428 S. Shaw Lane, Room 1243
tel 517.353.3928 | [email protected]
Fang Peng, Professor
Electrical & Computer Engineering Department 1449
Engineering Research Court, Room c117
tel 517.355.1608 | [email protected]
Harold Schock, Professor & Laboratory Director Mechanical Engineering Department
1497 Engineering Research Court, Room 150
tel 517.353.9328 | [email protected]
8 | e n e r g y & a u t o m o t i v e r e s e a r c h l a b o r a t o r y
Academic Committee & Staff
Tom Stuecken, Laboratory Manager Mechanical
Engineering Department
1497 Engineering Research Court, Room c9j tel 517.432.2698 | [email protected]
m ich ig an stat e u n ive rsi t y col l e g e of e ng i n e e r i ng | 9
S T A F F all addresses: East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
Melissa Flegel, Secretary
Mechanical Engineering Department
1497 Engineering Research Court, Room 151 tel 517.355.1789 | [email protected]
Jennifer Higel, Design Technician
Mechanical Engineering Department
1497 Engineering Research Court, Room e104 tel 517.884.3625 | [email protected]
Kevin Moran, Research Specialist
Mechanical Engineering Department
1497 Engineering Research Court, Roo mm g c9
c9g tel 734.558.1990 | [email protected]. ededuu
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10 | e n e rg y & au tomot ive r e se arch l abor atory
n Advanced Propulsion Technologies (APT)
n Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL)
n Air Force Offi ce of Scientifi c Research (AFOSR)
n Air Force Offi ce of Scientifi c Research — National
Science Foundation (AFOSR-NASA)
n American Chemical Society Petroleum Research
Fund, Argonne National Laboratory (PRF-ANL)
n Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation
n Benteler Corporation
n Chrysler Corporation
n Claytech/In-Pore Testing
n Coca-Cola Company
10 | e n e rg y & au tomot ive r e se arch l abor atory
n Delphi Automotive
n Department of Energy, Advanced Research
Projects Agency – Energy, (ARPA-E)
n Department of Energy (DOE)
n Department of Energy, Defense Advanced Research
Projects Agency (DARPA)
n Defense Logistics Agency (DLA)
n Defense University Research Instrumentation Program,
Air Force Offi ce of Scientifi c Research (DURIP)
n Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
n Ford Motor Company
Major Sponsors
m ich ig an stat e u n ive rsi t y col l e g e of e ng i n e e r i ng | 11m ich ig an stat e u n ive rsi t y col l e g e of e ng i n e e r i ng | 11m icmmm icim im icm im icm icm icicm iccm icm iccchchhhichhm iim ichhhm icchhchhhm im im iicmm ccmm c igg anann ssttaatt ee uu nn ive rsi t y col l e g e of e ng i n e e r i ng | 11
n General Motors Corporation
n Gongda Power Company
n HCl CleanTech
n National Aeronautics & Space Administration — Jet
Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)
n Michigan Economic Development Corporation (MEDC)
n Michigan State University, Composite Vehicle Research
Center (MSU-CVRC)
n Michigan State University Foundation
n National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA)
n National Corn Growers Association (NCGA)
n National Science Foundation (NSF)
n Offi ce of Naval Research (ONR)
n Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC)
n State of Michigan
n Tecumseh Products
n Tank Automotive Research, Development and
Engineering Center (TARDEC), United States Army
12 | e n e rg y & au tomot ive r e se arch l abor atory
Co
mp
lex
Th
erm
al-
Flu
id P
roce
ss
es
GIL
ES
BR
ER
ET
ON
MEASUREMENT AND MODELING OF DROPLETS AND FUEL SPRAYS
As the energy demands of the US grow, we
continue to seek secure, reliable sources of
energy-dense fuels for transportation and
power generation. Biofuels are one class of
potential contributors to our future energy
supply, either as pure fuels or as additives
to fuels derived from other sources. Th ese
fuels are typically injected or sprayed into the
combustion chambers of engines, where their
evaporation and mixing has a strong infl uence
on the subsequent combustion process and the
formation of pollutants.
In these projects, we conduct experiments
on biofuel sprays using high-speed cameras
and laser diff raction to determine the sizes of
droplets and their break-up characteristics.
We also use these measurements to verify
the mathematical models we develop for
evaporation of individual droplets. We use these
theoretical and experimental approaches to
describe the behavior of droplets of existing,
new, or hypothetical biofuel blends of arbitrary
composition. Th ese models can be used to
design fuels with prescribed droplet behavior
and to model the role of fuel droplets in
large-scale simulations of combustion, which
we use to predict combustion effi ciency and
pollutant formation and to optimize combustion
chamber design. Current research projects focus
on measurement and predictive modeling of
droplets in biofuel sprays.
SOOT TRANSPORT, DEPOSITION, AND MITIGATION IN EXHAUST AND EGR SYSTEMS
Th e transport of soot in gas streams and
its deposition on cold surfaces is a common
feature of exhaust systems that is poorly
understood and rarely incorporated into
combustion system design, even when
thermoelectric energy recovery is sought.
We are currently developing models and
mathematical solutions for the thermophoretic
and diff usive transport of soot in duct fl ows and
are exploring ways in which fl ow unsteadiness
can enhance or reduce soot deposition on cold
heat-transfer surfaces.
initial biofuel properties
Properties database
fuel injection
Injection of multi-
component fuel droplets
with internally dissolved
air bubbles as seeds for
nucleation of fuel vapor
bubbles
flash boiling
within droplet
Heterogenous bubble nucleation; bubble growth (Raleigh-
Plesset and energy equations); bubble breakup when void
fraction exceeds 0.5 to form new droplet population
equilibrium evaporation of new droplet population
Droplet evaporation (internal diff usion and energy
equations, surface energy, mass, and species diff usion
balance equations)
results for sequential flash and equilibrium
multicomponent droplet evaporation
Overall evaporation rates; dependence on initial atomized
size; dependence on primary biofuel components like
esters; dependence on trace components and additives
m ich ig an stat e u n ive rsi t y col l e g e of e ng i n e e r i ng | 13
TURBULENT FLOWS IN ENGINES
A major diffi culty
in understanding
turbulent fl ow in engine
cylinders arises from
the large degree of
variation in the fl ow
from one cycle to
the next, possibly
because of eff ects
like slight diff erences
in each air infl ow past
axisymmetric valves.
In this work,
which is based on
analyses of in-cylinder
measurements of planar velocity fi elds, we have developed
a novel technique for identifying the turbulence as the part
of the velocity fi eld that loses correlation over an integral
scale of a few millimeters, based on stochastic estimation
theory. Having identifi ed the turbulent velocity fi eld, we
can then isolate the phase-conditioned and cycle-to-cycle
variation components of velocity, and use this technique
to evaluate the extent to which intake design changes can
enhance or reduce the cycle-to-cycle variation, and hence
the controllability, of the engine.
DNS AND LES OF SUPERSONIC TURBULENT FLOW
Essentially exact computations of turbulent supersonic wall-bounded fl ows can be
carried out by direct numerical simulation at low Reynolds numbers. Th e computational
demands of this approach will make it impractical for calculation of fl ows during
knocking combustion for the foreseeable future and so simplifi ed models, in the form
of large-eddy simulations, appear to be the
most promising alternative. In this research, we
develop sub-grid-scale models of turbulence
in compressible shear fl ows and test them
against data from direct numerical simulations.
Models which perform well in complicated
fl ows such as the ramp compression fl ow,
for which the predicted shock structure
and turbulence levels are shown in the
accompanying fi gure, can be expected to
provide accurate predictions of fl ow and
combustion in engine cylinders.
total velocity
cyclic variation velocity
turbulence
non-turbulent velocity
α = 22°
Notes Pages
Notes Pages
18 | e n e rg y & au tomot ive r e se arch l abor atory
CF
D N
um
eri
ca
l Ex
pe
rim
en
tsF
AR
HA
D J
AB
ER
I
n Combustor geometry
n New biofuels and energetic fuels
n Fuel injectors, spray parameters,
droplet size and velocity distribution,
injection frequency
n Fuel-gas mass loading and premixing
n Equivalence ratio
n Inlet gas preheating
n Infl ow turbulence and mean fl ow
oscillations
n Operating pressure
n Lean homogeneous or fl ameless
combustion
NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS
GAS TURBINE COMBUSTOR
NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
double swirl spray burner
spray-controlled dump combustor
msu three-valve disi engine
wall
nozzle
c7h16 & mass fractions in a dump combustor
exhaust port
fuelspray
injector
spark plug
CONTROL OF COMBUSTION FOR IMPROVED EFFICIENCY & LOWER EMISSIONS
piston
ca = 220°
m ich ig an stat e u n ive rsi t y col l e g e of e ng i n e e r i ng | 19
n Under the same engine
operating conditions,
biodiesel and standard
diesel combustion
behave very diff erently.
n Th ere is a tremendous
opportunity for improving
combustion effi ciency/
emissions, if/when
we better understand
turbulence-spray-
combustion interactions.
n Our numerical
experiments with the
new MSU LES/FMDF
model indicate that
engine performance
can be greatly improved
by changing the fuel
composition or spray
parameters.
DETAILED SIMULATIONS OF BIOFUEL COMBUSTION IN DIESEL ENGINES
CANOL- METHYL ESTER BIOFUEL AND SYNTHESIZED
SPRAY PATTERN AND TEMPERATURE CONTOURS OBTAINED BY LES/FMDF MODEL
CONTOURS OF EVAPORATED FUEL MASS FRACTION AND FUEL DROPLETS
24-block grid for a 4-valve diesel engine
14° btdc
14° btdc
6° btdc
6° btdc
6° atdc
6° atdc
10° atdc
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
pressure iso-levels temperature contours
104200
103400
102600
101800
101000
100200
305.6
304.8
304.0
303.2
302.4
301.6
300.8
300.0
700
650
625
575
550
525
500
475
450
425
400
375
350
0.09
0.075
0.07
0.065
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.025
0.02
0.01
0.005
1E-5
0.18
0.16
.014
0.12
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.001
1E-5
0.015
0.011
0.010
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
1E-5
2500
2400
2200
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
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350
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650
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20 | e n e rg y & au tomot ive r e se arch l abor atory
A strength of the EARL eff ort is the capability to
produce and characterize suffi cient quantities
of next-generation biofuels to demonstrate
performance in extended engine tests. Th e
Biofuels Production & Characterization
Laboratories develop new biofuel formulations
through research in new catalytic reaction
pathways from biomass to fi nal products,
novel processing approaches such as reactive
separations and multiphase reactors, and
computational process simulation and molecular
modeling. Pilot-scale equipment facilitates
biofuel production in up to one-hundred-gallon
quantities. Biofuel characterization incorporates
both physical and chemical properties to ensure
blending compatibility with existing fuels, proper
volatility range, suffi cient energy content, and
low-temperature viability.
Bio
fue
ls P
rod
uc
tio
n &
Ch
ara
cte
riz
ati
on
DE
NN
IS M
ILL
ER
& C
AR
L L
IRA
ROUTES TO BIOFUELS
ADVANCED BIOFUEL BLENDS EXPAND THE DIESEL FEEDSTOCK POOL TO CARBOHYDRATES
ketonization of butyric acid to 4-heptanone:
a clean, efficient deoxygenation routen Butyric acid formed via fermentation of carbohydrate (starch, cellulosic) feedstocksn MSU Miller lab has demonstrated >98% selectivity to 4- heptanone in continuous process with basic metal oxide catalystn CO2 and water are the only by-products: all combustion energy retained n Clean, “green” non-polluting process: no by-products and no solvent required
carbohydrates
advanced biofuels
organic acids
esters
alcohols
ethers
short chain esters
glycerol
acetals
methyl esters(biodiesel)
mixed esters
alkanes
oils & fats
carbohydrates
hydrocarbons
succinic acid
dibutyl succinate
4-heptanone 4-heptanol
butyl butyrate dibutyl ether 2-ethylhexanol
butyric acid butanol (abe) butyraldehyde
hooh
o
o
oh
o
o
ho o
o
o
o
o
o
oo
ho
oh
oh
o o
2 + CO2 + H2O
m ich ig an stat e u n ive rsi t y col l e g e of e ng i n e e r i ng | 21
METHODS
BUTYRIC ACID FERMENTATION LEADS TO SEVERAL BIOFUEL SPECIES
OZONOLYSIS FOR BIOFUEL COMPONENTS
RECOVERY OF MIXED ACIDS FROM FERMENTATION AT MSU REACTIVE DISTILLATION FACILITY
butyric acid fermentation
esterification
hydrogenolysis
condensationreaction
ethyl butyrate, butyl butyrate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate
butanol, ethanol
4-heptanoneacetone
c
ome
o
c
ome
o
c
ome
o
c
ome
o
cc
omeome
oo
c
ome
oc
ome
o
c
ome
oc
ome
oc
ome
o
cc
omeome
oo
cc
omeome
oo
c
ome
omeoh,
catalyst
meoh, catalyst
meoh, catalyst
o3
o3
o3
methyl oleate (18:1, 9c): 23%
methyl linoleate (18:2, 9c, 12c): 51%
water
water + ethyl acetate
ethanol + water
fermentate
succinic acid
succinate ester
succinate ester
ethanol
ethanol/water
ethanol/water
ethyl acetate/ethanol/water
ethyl acetate
methyl linoleate (18:3, 9c, 12c, 15c): 7%
concentrationacidificationpurification
reactive distillation column for
esterification
ethanol & ethyl acetate recovery
methyl hexanoate
methyl nonanoate
dimethyl malonate
dimethyl malonatemethyl propanoate
dimethyl azelate
dimethyl azelate
dimethyl azelate
22 | e n e rg y & au tomot ive r e se arch l abor atory
FACILITY
n New facility at MBI includes two pilot-scale columns of heights 5.0m and 10.0m
of diameter 0.05m with full instrumentation and computer interfacing
n Columns packed with Sulzer Katapak-S structured packing
n Pilot-scale column simulation and commercial-scale design using AspenPlus
process simulation software
sulzer katapak-s
Bio
fue
ls P
rod
uc
tio
n &
Ch
ara
cte
riz
ati
on
DE
NN
IS M
ILL
ER
m ich ig an stat e u n ive rsi t y col l e g e of e ng i n e e r i ng | 23
RESULTS
BLENDED BIOFUELS IMPROVEMENT FOR COLD-WEATHER PROPERTIES: SELECTED CLOUD POINT MEASUREMENTS
U.S. STANDARD DIESEL IN MIXTURES WITH VARIOUS ADDITIVES
TARGET
JP-8 FUEL SPECIFICATIONS: EXAMPLE TARGET FOR BIOFUELS
composition cloud point temperature (˚c)
U.S. Standard Diesel (USD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -14.75
50% USD / 50% Dibutyl succinate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -11.6
50% USD / 50% 4-Heptanone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -17
50% USD / 50% Butyl butyrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -18
50% USD / 50% Butyl nonanoate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -18.1
50% USD / 50% Dibutyl ether . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -23.7
Jet fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -52.53
50% Jet fuel / 50% Dibutyl succinate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -49.5
50% Jet fuel / 50% Butyl butyrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -56.9
minimum maximum
Flash point (°C) 38 68
Density (g/cc) 0.775 0.84
Freezing point (°C) -47
Heat of combustion (MJ/kg) 42.8
Sulfur content (wt%) 0.3
Hydrogen content (wt%) 13.4
Aromatic content (wt%) 8.0 25.0
key challenges
for biofuels:
n fl ash point
n cold weather properties
n energy density
n cetane number
mass percentage of additive component
clo
ud
po
int
te
mp
er
at
ur
e (
°c)
0 20 40 60 80 100
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
dibutyl succinate
diisobutyl succinate
hexanes
butyl butyrate
4-heptanone
dibutyl ether
24 | e n e rg y & au tomot ive r e se arch l abor atory
Co
mb
us
tio
n C
ha
mb
er
Dia
gn
os
tic
sH
AR
OL
D S
CH
OC
K
DIRECTLY INJECTED SPARK-IGNITION ENGINE IMAGES @ 17.2 CAD ATDC
FOR CYCLES 27, 33, 38, 42, AND 46
CYCLE-BY-CYCLE LAMBDA DURING INJECTION PULSE SWEEP
cycle 27, λ = 0.77
cycle 42, λ = 1.00 cycle 44, λ = 1.03 cycle 46, λ = 1.06
cycle 33, λ = 0.85 cycle 38, λ = 0.94
cycle number
10
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
λ
end of warm-up
stabilization period
stable, rich combustion;
constant fuel phase
rich-to-lean transition period; decreasing fuel pulse each cycle
selected cases
CY
CL
E 2
7
CY
CL
E 3
3
CY
CL
E 3
8
CY
CL
E2
42
CY
CL
E 4
4
CY
CL
E 4
6
m ich ig an stat e u n ive rsi t y col l e g e of e ng i n e e r i ng | 25
OPTICAL ENGINES: TOOLS FOR STUDYING COMBUSTION IN A REALISTIC ENVIRONMENT
MSU’S TURBOCHARGED OPTICAL DIESEL ENGINE
CANOLA
DIESEL
TDC 6° ATDC 12° ATDC 18° ATDC
TDC 6° ATDC 12° ATDC 18° ATDC
26 | e n e rg y & au tomot ive r e se arch l abor atory
Re
du
ced
Kin
eti
c M
od
elin
g o
f R
en
ew
ab
le F
ue
lsE
LIS
A T
OU
LS
ON
Chemical kinetics modeling is an important
aspect of renewable fuel combustion.
Alternative fuels such as biodiesel are presently
receiving attention as potential substitutes
for fossil fuels, as they can be renewable,
carbon neutral, and provide energy security.
However, biodiesel oxidation chemistry is
complicated to model directly and existing
surrogate kinetic models are very large, making
them computationally expensive. Reduced
chemical kinetic models of biofuels are one way
forward in enabling simulation of renewable fuel
combustion. Th is type of modeling in conjunction
with experimental research allows for an
improved understanding of the combustion of
new renewable fuels.
AUTOIGNITION REACTION MECHANISM
step reaction rate coefficient reaction
Initiation RH + O2 → 2R* kq 1
Propagation R* → R* + P + heat kp 2
Propagation R* → R* + B f1kp 3
Propagation R* → R* + Q f4kp 4
Propagation R* + Q → R* + B f2kp 5
Branching B → 2R* kb 6
Termination R* → termination f3kp 7
Termination R* → termination kt 8
EXAMPLE BIODIESEL MOLECULES
RAPID COMPRESSION MACHINE
CFD MODEL
methyl linoleate (c19h34o2), a methyl ester produced from soybean or canola oil and methanol
ethyl stearate (c20h40o2), an ethyl ester produced from soybean or canola
oil and ethanol
time (ms)
fuel = dbecompression ratio = 7.75T0 = 295k, P0 = 1 atm
end of rcm compression
stroke
first stage ignition delay due to low temperature heat release
overall ignition delay
pressure increase due to rcm compression
multi-levelexperiment runs 1, 2, & 3
pr
es
su
re
(a
tm
)
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
25 30 35 40
m ich ig an stat e u n ive rsi t y col l e g e of e ng i n e e r i ng | 27
AFTER-TREATMENT SYSTEMS FOR EMISSIONS CLEANUP
Th e development of increasingly effi cient automotive
exhaust after-treatment technologies is required to
meet mandated emission standards for both gasoline
and diesel vehicles. One method of improving exhaust
after-treatment technologies is through improvements
to exhaust fl ow uniformity. Non-uniform exhaust fl ow
distribution across automotive catalytic converters aff ects
warm-up, light-off time, aging, and conversion effi ciency.
A second benefi t of the improved fl ow uniformity is
reduced after-treatment expense due to the reduced
requirement for expensive precious metal catalysts. Th e
development of after-treatment technologies can be
further enhanced through CFD simulations using chemical
kinetics to model the surface chemistry that occurs
between the exhaust gases and the diff erent catalysts and
particulate fi lters in the after-treatment systems.
KINETIC MODELING
OF AFTER-TREATMENT
SYSTEMS
Diesel selective catalytic reduction
DENOx catalyst with urea injection
(IFP-Powertrain Engineering)
NO + ½ O2 → NO2
(NH2)2CO + H2O → 2 NH3 + CO2
4 NH3 + 3 O2 → 2 N2 + 6 H2O
4 NO + 4 NH3 + O2 → 4 N2 + 6 H2O6 NO2 + 8 NH3 → 7 N2 + 12 H2O2 NO + 2 NO2 + + 4 NH3 → 4 N2 + 6 H2O
6.33
6.01
5.69
5.38
5.06
4.74
4.43
4.11
3.80
3.48
3.16
2.85
2.53
2.21
1.90
1.58
1.27
0.95
0.63
0.32
0.00
633
619
605
591
577
563
549
535
522
508
494
480
466
452
438
424
410
396
382
368
354
23.1
21.8
20.5
19.2
18.0
16.7
15.4
14.2
12.9
11.6
10.4
9.08
7.81
6.54
5.27
4.00
2.73
1.46
0.19
–1.1
–2.4
635
603
570
537
504
471
438
405
372
340
307
274
241
208
175
142
109
76.6
43.7
10.8
–22
oxicaturea
hydro-lysis
cleanup
scr catalyst
contours of velocity (m/s) in the x-direction in a 3-way catalyst cfd model showing the increased velocity through the central core of the monolith
contours of static pressure (pa) in a 3-way catalyst cfd model showing the pressure maldistribution and the increased pressure at the central core of the inlet face of the monolith
28 | e n e rg y & au tomot ive r e se arch l abor atory
compartment fire (side view)
Fla
me
-Su
rfa
ce In
tera
cti
on
IND
RE
K W
ICH
MA
N
STRUCTURAL FIRE RESEARCH
Th is diagram above shows a pictorial
representation of a structural fi re in a
compartment. Th e drawing represents research
conducted in the MSU Combustion Laboratory
on structural fi res involving weakening of
structural members and eventual collapse of
the structure. Civil Engineering houses the
MSU Fire Furnace, which is capable of testing
large structural members in simulated fi re
conditions.
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS & SPACE ADMINISTRATION (NASA) RESEARCH
Flame spread pattern for Narrow Channel Apparatus (NCA). Flame spreads from left to right as the incoming air fl ow is from the right. Th is is known as opposed fl ow fl ame spread. Th e material is research-grade cellulose. Th e fl ame and fl amelet patterns are visible.
Flamelet spread in the MSU Narrow Channel Apparatus (NCA).
crib (combustible)
air (in)
burned gas (out)
neutral plane
fire
heat
smoke (particulates)
heat
burning wall(combustible)
structural member
m ich ig an stat e u n ive rsi t y col l e g e of e ng i n e e r i ng | 29
PLASMA-ASSISTED COMBUSTION RESEARCH
Premixed
fl ames with
added plasma
power. Note
the diff erence
in fl ame size
and intensity
with only one
additional watt of
plasma power to
the fl ame.
COUNTERFLOW DIFFUSION FLAME BURNER RESEARCH
Th e MSU Counterfl ow Diff usion Flame Burner (CFB) is
currently under development and construction. Spray fuel
fl ows from the bottom nozzle vertically toward the oxidizer
fl ow that is directed downward. Th e two streams (fuel and
oxidizer) never mix. Instead, they meet at the Diff usion
Flame. Th e upward curvature at the ends of the fl ame is
caused by buoyancy. Th e MSU Counterfl ow Diff usion Flame
Burner will be used to study pulsating fuel injection — a
highly unsteady process.
, counterflow diffusion flame burner with gas and spray capability. Th e goal is to study pulsating fuel injection processes of the kind that occurs in engines. However, the burn confi guration is highly idealized and should allow advance diagnostic measurements to be made. Advantages of counterfl ow fl ame include: stationary, variable strain rate, 1-d, easy for diagnostics, easy for analysis and numerics.
seeding particle for ldv
N2 + O2
exhaustsuction
coolingwater in
coolingwater out
nitrogencurtain
transparentwindow
heating tape to prevent the wall from over-cooling due to methanol droplets colliding on the wall
nitrogento carry
droplets up
pressureatomizer
high-pressureliquid fuel
drain
mixture ofnitrogen
and spray droplets
spray flameschematic diagram of the counterflow
burner for spray combustion .
30 | e n e rg y & au tomot ive r e se arch l abor atory
Th
erm
oe
lec
tric
Co
nv
ers
ion
HA
RO
LD
SC
HO
CK
, G
EO
RG
E Z
HU
& G
ILE
S B
RE
RE
TO
N
OBJECTIVES
n Show how advanced thermo-
electric generators (TEGs) can
provide a cost-eff ective solution
for improving fuel economy and
idle reduction for an OTR truck
n Demonstrate steps necessary
to develop kW-level TEGs
n Develop TEG fabrication
protocol for module and
system demonstration using
non-heritage, high-effi ciency
thermoelectric (TE) materials
n Determine heat exchanger and
insulation requirements needed
for building effi cient TEGs
n Design and demonstrate power
electronics for voltage boost and
module fault bypass in a TEG
n Specify unresolved issues which
impede TEG implementation
ACCOMPLISHMENTS
n System for lab-scale production of
modules completed
n Un-insulated single couple tem-
perature cycling test successful
n Integrated Couple Bypass
Technology has been proposed
and demonstrated permitting high
levels of series confi gurations for
couples and modules in TEGs
n A Generation 3 100/200 W
generator has been constructed
and operated, ~1W·in–3 possible
including power electronics
n A graded layer system for hot side
interfaces has been developed
and demonstrated
n Highly insulated modules have
been demonstrated; greater
thermal stresses exhibited
q FURNACE. Raw elements used to make thermoelectric materials are fl amed-sealed inside a quartz tube before they are melted inside of a furnace.
r HOT PRESS. Th e Th ermal Tech nology HP200-14020-23G hot press has independent and programmable temperature and force capacities of 2200°C and 100 tons.
i PARTIALLY ASSEMBLED TEG. Th e module base plate provides the framework for the generator.
m ich ig an stat e u n ive rsi t y col l e g e of e ng i n e e r i ng | 31
supported by: US Department of Energy, Energy Effi ciency Renewable Energy (EERE)
w ANNEALING. Th is mixture is annealed, converting the skutterudite pre-cursors into a homogeneous compound.
e DOUBLE GLOVE BOX. All powder processing and die loading for the thermoelectric materials is performed in an inert atmosphere inside the double glove box, which contains a motorized mortar and pestle, a sieve shaker, a planetary ball mill, a hydraulic cold press, and an electronic balance.
t HOT-PRESSED BILLETS.
y COUPLES. N- and P-type leg pairs are bonded together with a fi nned heat exchanger to form thermoelectric couples.
u 5W MODULE. 10-couple modules are assembled to house CBT components, improve unit durability, and establish common a cold side heat exchanger.
o FULLY ASSEMBLED TEG. A cylindrical air diff userdirects the heat fl ow onto the couples via jet impingement.
a GEN 3-TEG UNDER TEST.
32 | e n e rg y & au tomot ive r e se arch l abor atory
Ele
ctr
ica
l Ma
ch
ine
s &
Dri
ve
s L
ab
ora
tory
EL
IAS
ST
RA
NG
AS
MSU-DESIGNED 100KVA PERMANENT MAGNET AC GENERATOR
DECISION TREE TO OPTIMIZE DRIVE RELIABILITY
normaloperation
diagnosed bearing fault
shortcircuit
shortcircuit
opencircuit
opencircuit
partialdemagnetization
partialdemagnetization
fulldemagnetization
sensorfailure
sensorfailure
failure
preventivemaintenance
mitigationmiand//d
oro// reducedoperationp
λ1
λ2
msu-designed 100kva permanent magnet ac generator offering a combination of high efficiency and high power density.
options for continued operation of the electric powertrain in the event of a failure are shown below in a decision tree to optimize driving reliability.
m ich ig an stat e u n ive rsi t y col l e g e of e ng i n e e r i ng | 33
MSU STUDENT-DESIGNED AND -CONSTRUCTED HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF THE FIELD—FERRITE AND SMCO MOTORSAND SMCO MOTORSAND SMCO MOTORS
using finite element models coupled with experiments, msu engineers design and build electric motors, some with ferrite and samarium cobalt armatures.
msu student engineers often choose to participate in application projects along with their classwork. shown is a student designed and constructed vehicle named “spartan charge.”
finite element analysis simulation
34 | e n e rg y & au tomot ive r e se arch l abor atory
SIMULATED RESULTS SHOWING FAULT-TOLERANT POWER CONVERSION TOPOLOGY
FOR SERIES HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES
n Improves reliability with minimal increased part count
n Provides continuous full-power post-fault operation
Ele
ctr
ic P
ow
er
Co
nv
ers
ion
BIN
GS
EN
WA
NG
EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION OF ELECTRIC DRIVE SYSTEM
Overall system effi ciency optimized through minimization of power converter loss and augmentation.
Time (hours)
proprosed shev powertrain
standard shev powertrain
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
R(t
)
0 2×104 4×104 6×104 8×104 1×105
a, β
a, β
dθr
dt
θr
park transformation
inv. park transformation
clarke transformation
a, β
a, b
d, q
d, q
SPWM 3-PHASEINVERTER
LOSSMINIMIZATION
ALGORITHM
PI++
+-
--
PIΣω*r
ωr
ir*qs
irqs
irds
ir*ds
v r*qs v*sa
isa
isb
v*sβ
isβ
isα
v r*ds
Σ
Σ PI
PMSM
m ich ig an stat e u n ive rsi t y col l e g e of e ng i n e e r i ng | 35
generator
fuse
rectifier
connectingdevices
buck/boost inverter
isolatingdevices
redundant leg
motor
Time (seconds)
2.0
1.0
0.0
1.0
200
100
0
100
380
370
360
350
200
0
200
fa
ult
sig
na
la
ph
as
e
cu
rr
en
tt
or
qu
ea
ng
ul
ar
s
pe
ed
0.68 0.70
fault introduced
0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.80 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.90
PROPOSED THREE-PHASE MOTOR DRIVE SYSTEM SHOWING A REDUNDANT LEG
SIMULATED RESULTS FOR THREE-PHASE DRIVE SYSTEM WITH REDUNDANT LEG
Results showing performance when a fault is introduced.
36 | e n e rg y & au tomot ive r e se arch l abor atory
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
nic
s &
Mo
tor
Dri
ve
sF
AN
G P
EN
G
Th e Power Electronics and Motor Drives
Lab consists of a low-voltage (three-phase
480 V) lab and a medium-voltage (three-
phase 6,000 V) lab for conducting research,
development, and testing of power converters/
inverters and motor drives from a fraction of
kVA to ten MVA. Working collaboratively with
government laboratories, industry, and other
universities, projects have ranged from small
power converters with power less than 1 kW to
multilevel inverters up to megawatts, and motor
drives.
RESEARCH SCOPE & AREAS
n Advanced power conditioning systems
for renewable energy sources such as
photovoltaic and wind power from one kW
to multi-MW systems and grid-connection
controls and protections.
n High power density, high temperature, and
low cost power converters and inverters for
hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), plug-in HEVs,
and pure electric vehicles (EVs).
n High-voltage high-power converters for
power system applications such as FACTS
devices including static synchronous
compensator (STACOM), unifi ed power fl ow
controller (UPFC), etc.
n MW converters and inverters for large motor
drives, battery energy storage, and mass
transit systems.
n Advanced power electronics circuit
topologies and controls: from intelligent
gate drives for MOSFETs and IGBTs to new
converter/inverter circuitries, from battery
protection/voltage balancing circuits to
circuit intelligence for self-healing, diagnosis,
and prognosis.
HEV & CHASSIS DYNO LAB
m ich ig an stat e u n ive rsi t y col l e g e of e ng i n e e r i ng | 37
new multilevel converter/inverter topologies & demonstration
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS & ACHIEVEMENTS
n A new power conversion technology–Z-source
topology—has been developed to achieve buck and
boost operation and to overcome the drawbacks
of the traditional technology. Th e new technology
is very suited for power conditioning of renewable
energy sources such as solar and wind power.
n New multilevel converter/inverter topologies have
been developed and demonstrated to achieve high
voltage, high power, high effi ciency, and high power
density.
n High power converters/inverters have been
developed for various applications from large motor
drives to power system applications. Many of them
have been commercialized.
n Funding from more than 30 companies, institutes,
and government agencies.
55-kw dc-dc boost
6,000-v inverter prototype for motor drives
z-source converters/inverters, a new power conversion technology (55-kw prototype)
high voltage high power converter/inverter (1.5
mva prototype)
HIGH POWER LAB
MAIN LAB
RENEWABLE ENERGY LAB
38 | e n e rg y & au tomot ive r e se arch l abor atory
Ad
va
nce
d P
ow
ert
rain
& E
ng
ine
Co
ntr
ol
GU
OM
ING
(G
EO
RG
E)
ZH
U
CRANK-BASED REAL-TIME ENGINE MODEL
For closed-loop combustion control, in-cylinder pressure
and temperature are critical information for the HIL
simulations. Th is real-time engine model uses the
mean-value model for intake and exhaust fl ow dynamics,
crank-based combustion model for MFB (mass-fraction-
burned), in-cylinder pressure, and temperature signals;
and a combustion event-based model for fuel injection,
ignition, and engine torques. Th is engine model is capable
of simulating engine combustion modes such as SI (spark
ignited), HCCI (homogenous charge compression ignition),
and SI-HCCI (hybrid combustion mode that starts at
SI combustion and ends with HCCI combustions). Th is
model has been implemented into the dSPACE real-time
simulation environment.
CLOSED LOOP COMBUSTION CONTROL
A prototype engine controller has been developed
for closed loop combustion control utilizing the
in-cylinder information, such as pressure and/or
ionization, for combustion control. Th e developed
controller samples the in-cylinder pressure and
ionization signals at every crank degree and
calculates engine IMEP (indicated mean eff ective
pressure), MBT (minimal advance for the best
torque), MFB (mass fraction burn), and SOC (start
of combustion) in real-time. Th ese calculated
engine variables are used for combustion
feedback: (1) engine MBT timing control, (2)
retard limit (combustion stability control), (3) EGR
control with guaranteed combustion stability, (4)
combustion stability, and (5) combustion mode
transition.
manual inputs
engine speed
ecu inputs
m ich ig an stat e u n ive rsi t y col l e g e of e ng i n e e r i ng | 39
engine torque
signal outputs
states outputs
opal-rt host computer simulated signal display oscilloscope dspace host computer
Opal-RT based engine
prototype controller
Harness
breakout box
dSPACE-based
real-time simulator
cam output
crank output
pwm output
pwm input
fuel/spark measure
knock sensor
comb sensor
can
general digital i/o
40 | e n e rg y & au tomot ive r e se arch l abor atory
memory
SI AND HCCI COMBUSTION MODE TRANSITION CONTROL
Th e SI and HCCI mode transition control utilizes
two-step valve lift and electrical cam phasing
systems. With the help of the hybrid (SI-HCCI)
combustion mode during mode transition, the
LQ optimal throttle and iterative fueling controls
provide smooth combustion mode transition
between SI and HCCI combustion.
OTHER CONTROL-RELATED RESEARCH
robust gain-scheduling control
n Gain-scheduling control of engine air-to-fuel ratio
n Gain-scheduling control of engine hydraulic and
electrical variable valve timing system
n Constrained LPV-based gain-scheduling control
smart fuel content detection
n IMPC (ionic polymer-metal composite)–based fuel
content detection sensor
n Detecting fl ow media properties such as viscosity
crank-based combustion
model
time-basedair handling
model
scheduledopen-loop
control
lq control
pi control(feedback)
ilc control
+
+
IMEP FFB
fdi
filc
λ (i + 1)
θ st
φ egr
φ tps
θ intm
θ extm
Π lift
Ι etc
λ (i)
IMEP (i + 1)
FFF (i + 1)
IMEP (i)
map
prototype engine controller hil engine simulator
FFF (i)
Ad
va
nce
d P
ow
ert
rain
& E
ng
ine
Co
ntr
ol
GU
OM
ING
(G
EO
RG
E)
ZH
U
m ich ig an stat e u n ive rsi t y col l e g e of e ng i n e e r i ng | 41
BIO-FUEL LNT (LEAN NOX TRAP)
REGENERATION CONTROL
Th is research integrates the on-line
adaptive biofuel content detection
and closed loop AFR (air-to-fuel
ratio) tracking control during the
LNT regeneration. Th e stability of
the adaptive control system during
the steady state and biofuel content
transition operations is guaranteed.
Gain-scheduling control is used to
improve the system performance.
φ t
ps
(%
)
φ a
cc
(%
)
w/o LQ, w/o ILC
w/ LQ, w/ ILC
cylinder #1
cylinder #2
cylinder #3
cylinder #4
λm
ap
(b
ar)
ime
p (
ba
r)
time (ms)
0 500
100
50
0
40
20
0
1.0
0.8
0.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
8
7
6
5
4
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
time (s)
400
200
200
440
300
300
480
400
400
520
500
500
560
600
600
600
900
900
800
800
700
700
fu
el
ga
inλ
λ
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
1.4
1.2
1.0
reference λmeasured λ
42 | e n e rg y & au tomot ive r e se arch l abor atory
FORD POWERTRAIN LABORATORY
Th is facility is equipped with six dynamometers
with over 1000 kW worth of absorption capability.
Room temperature can be maintained from 70-
120°f, making it ideally suited for the investigation
of hybrid applications, including medium- and
heavy-duty confi gurations. Th e working area
will accommodate a vehicle 3m in width and up to
8m in length. Th e control system is confi gured for
simultaneous and independent control for each
wheel of up to a six-wheeled vehicle, allowing
experiments on a drive cycle of interest.
Ad
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55
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m ich ig an stat e u n ive rsi t y col l e g e of e ng i n e e r i ng | 43
HYBRID POWERTRAIN CONTROL AND OPTIMIZATION
Th e fi gure above shows development of the Simulink-
based hybrid powertrain and vehicle models for real-time
simulations. Th is real-time powertrain model can be
integrated with the TruckSim vehicle model to be used for
HIL (hardware-in-the-loop) simulations.
Th e diagram below shows the HIL simulation
environment at MSU that simulates a mediate-duty serial
and power split powertrain consisting of two PM electrical
machines, an electrical generator, engine, transmission, and
battery.
DC2
EAC1
DC-DC BATTERY HOSTWINEMAN
HOSTRT SIM
HOSTMOTOTRON
660V TWO-WAYDC POWER SUPPLY
WINEMAN DYNOCONTROLLER
NI REAL-TIMESIMULATOR
DC1EM2
TRANS
DYNO DRIVE
GENENGINE
EM1INV
INV
INV
USB
TO
RQ
UE
SE
NS
OR
CAN2
CAN1
speed
EMA
EMB
CO
NT
RO
LL
ER
FU
EL
C
ON
VE
RT
ER
DR
IVE
R
DR
IVE
CY
CL
E
AH
SI
EN
ER
GY
S
TO
RA
GE
VE
HIC
LE
mpgdivide
X
÷
distance
gallons
gal
gal
clock
constant
constant1
engine_on
key_on
time
1
1
powerbus
44 | e n e rg y & au tomot ive r e se arch l abor atory
ENERGY & AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH
LABORATORY
director: Harold Schock, Professor, Mechanical Engineering
graduate students: Cody Squibb, Andrew Huisand, Chao
Cheng, Ravi Vedula (PhD students); Charles Maines (M.S.
student)
A signifi cant portion of the work conducted
in the Engine Research Laboratory uses
motored and fi ring optical engines. During
the past quarter century, MSU has designed
and constructed more than 20 optical engine
assemblies, from rotary, spark-ignition to diesel
confi gurations. A hallmark of this work has been
our ability to use advanced laser diagnostics
to characterize combustion and fl ow in realistic
assemblies.
Th e Th ermoelectric Applications Center is
also located in this laboratory. Th is is one of the
few places in the world where one can conduct
all of the steps needed to build a demonstration
thermoelectric generator in a range of 100 to
1,000 watts. Uniquely, this allows the evaluation
of new materials as they are developed
in devices that have commercially viable
applications.
ADVANCED POWERTRAIN & ENGINE
CONTROL GROUP
leader: Gouming (George) Zhu, Associate Professor,
Mechanical Engineering
graduate students: Andrew White, Xuefei Chen, Shupeng
Zhang, Jie Yang (PhD students); Ping Mi (M.S. student)
Th e Control Room facility will be primarily set up
for cold start testing, as well as operation under
conditions as low as –40°F.
Th e Automotive Control Lab investigates
closed-loop combustion control of internal
combustion engines, by applying modern
control theories to develop feed-forward and
feedback strategies for SI (spark ignited) and
HCCI (homogeneously charged compression
ignition) combustion controls through optimized
spark timing, EGR (exhaust gas recirculation)
rate, and engine valve timings and lift and for the
combustion mode transition between SI and
HCCI operations. We also study the optimization
and control of the hybrid powertrain, which
consists of many subsystems, such as internal
combustion engines, electrical machines,
transmission, and so on. Our goal is to develop
real-time control strategies for the best fuel
economy within a given level of emissions. Real-
time prototype controllers (Opal-RT, dSPACE,
and Mototron) and HIL (hardware-in-the-loop)
simulators (Opal-RT and dSPACE) are used for
control strategy development and validations.
Control-oriented real-time hybrid powertrain
models and engine models of SI, HCCI, and
SI-HCCI hybrid combustions are developed
and used for HIL simulations and model-based
powertrain controls.
BIOFUEL SPRAYS GROUP
leader: Giles Brereton, Associate Professor, Mechanical
Engineering
graduate students: Sriram Raghunath, Meisam Mehravaran,
Farid Roshanghalb (PhD students)
Th e Fuel Spray Laboratory is dedicated to
experimental measurements of liquid sprays
and their physical properties. Th e laboratory has
several systems that deliver pre-heated, cooled
or ambient-temperature fuels at controlled
pressures to injectors and atomizers which can
be operated under computer control in either
continuous or pulsed modes. Its measurement
capabilities include a laser Doppler and a phase
Doppler anemometer, a Malvern Spraytec
laser-diff raction measurement system, high-
speed digital and fi lm cameras, pulsed-laser
EA
RL
Le
ad
ers
, Sta
ff &
Affi
lia
tes
m ich ig an stat e u n ive rsi t y col l e g e of e ng i n e e r i ng | 45
illumination systems, and a LaVision Spraymaster laser
sheet system for spray pattern analysis.
COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS GROUP
leader: Farhad Jaberi, Professor, Mechanical Engineering
graduate students: Th omas Almeida, Husam Abdulrahman, Shalabh
Srivastava, Shiwei Qui, Abolfazl Irannejad, Avinash Jammalamadaka,
Saleh Rezaeiravesh (PhD students); Araz Banaeizadeh, Zhaorui Li
(postdocs)
Th e C omputational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Laboratory
(www.egr.msu.edu/cfd-lab) at MSU includes 4 faculty and
about 25 graduate students who are working on a variety
of thermal/fl uid problems ranging from micro to very large
scales. Th e past and curr ent projects in the lab include
several joint multi-PI projects as well as many small single-
PI ones. Professor Jaberi is coordinating and managing
all the research eff orts and educational activities at the
lab. He is also responsible for the upgrading of the facility
and equipment. For small- and mid-size simulations, fl ow
visualization, software/algorithm/model development,
and post-processing of data there are a 16-processor
parallel PC cluster machine and many SUN/SGI servers
and PCs available in the lab. Th ese machines ar e equipped
with state-of-the-art visualization, parallelization, and
computational software (MPI, PVM, Tecplot, MathLab, etc.)
and are linked through a high-speed network. For large-
scale simulations, we are using the supercomputers in the
High Performance Computer Center at MSU. Th e c enter
hosts a symmetric multi-processor (SGI-SMP) machine,
distributed memory clusters, and long-term mirrored
storage systems.
(Ph.D students); Jeff rey Stricker (M.S. student)
Th e Combustion Laboratory primarily examines problems
relating to combustion and fi re research. Th e Laboratory
houses the newest FTT Cone Calorimeter (CC) in an
American university. As of February 2012, is one of
the newest in the U.S. Th e CC is used to measure the
fl ammability of combustible materials. Th is facility has
been employed in materials fl ammability research for
clay-based nanocomposites, xGnP composites consisting
of nano-graphite in matrix blends, and for consulting work
involving new materials. All cone tests are astm e1354,
nfpa 271, and iso 5660 approved; thus our research
qualifi es as fl ammability tests. In CC tests a fl at surface
undergoes material degradation by fl ame. Th e heat fl ux
and surface regression are one-dimensional. Global burn
progress is monitored with mass loss, CO2, O2, heat release,
and ignition time. Research is also conducted on the MSU
Narrow Channel Apparatus (NCA), a ground-based facility
designed to simulate material fl ammability in microgravity
conditions. Th is research is being carried out for NASA and,
if the project funding continues, this experiment will be
fl own in space around 2018. Other research projects involve
the examination of combustion in Wave Disc engines. A
premixed fl ame combustion facility has been constructed
and is used to make very-high-speed measurements of
fl ame propagation in rectangular cylinders. Th is research is
funded by arpa-doe. Other projects of interest include the
construction of a Counterfl ow Diff usion Flame Apparatus
for measuring pulsatile diff usion fl ame combustion, the
construction of a Limited Oxygen Index combustion
46 | e n e rg y & au tomot ive r e se arch l abor atory
calorimeter (LOI calorimeter), and a facility for measuring
the conductivities of soils used for Green Roofs. Th e latter
is a project Wichman has become involved with (the MSU
Green Roof Group).
RENEWABLE FUELS & IGNITION ENHANCEMENT GROUP
leader: Elisa Toulson, Mechanical Engineering
graduate students: Gerald Gentz, Andrew Koch (PhD students)
Th e primary function of the Renewable Fuels and Ignition
Enhancement Laboratory is to study the chemical kinetics
of renewable fuel combustion and ignition enhancement
technologies. Currently, eff orts are being made to develop
a reduced kinetic model for biodiesel fuels and fuel blends
that can be used in CFD applications. In addition, ignition
enhancement technologies for spark ignition engines are
being studied to enable low temperature combustion that
can reduce both fuel consumption and oxides of nitrogen
emissions.
BIOFUELS PRODUCTION & CHARACTERIZATION GROUP
leader: Dennis Miller, Professor, Chemical Engineering & Materials Science
graduate students: Arati Santhanakrishnan, Venkata Sai Pappu, Aaron
Oberg, Tyler Jordison, Anne Lown (PhD students)
A strength of the EARL eff ort is the capability to produce
and characterize suffi cient quantities of next-generation
biofuels to demonstrate performance in extended engine
tests. Th e Biofuels Production and Characterization
Laboratories develop new biofuel formulations through
research in new catalytic reaction pathways from
biomass to fi nal products, novel processing approaches
such as reactive separations and multiphase reactors,
and computational process simulation and molecular
modeling. Pilot-scale equipment facilitates biofuel
production in up to 100-gallon quantities. Biofuel
characterization incorporates both physical and chemical
properties to ensure blending compatibility with existing
fuels, proper volatility range, suffi cient energy content,
and low-temperature viability.
ELECTRICAL MACHINES & DRIVES GROUP
leader: Elias Strangas, Professor, Electrical & Computing Engineering
graduate students: Shanelle Foster (M.Sc., Project Engineer); Shahid
Nazrullah (PhD Postdoctoral Researcher); Jorge Gabriel Cintron-Rivera,
Andrew Stephen Babel, Reemon Zaki Saleem Haddad (PhD students);
Eduardo E. Montalvo-Ortiz, Arslan Qaiser, Muhammad J Zaheer, Rodney
Singleton (M.Sc. students)
Th e Electrical Machines and Drives Laboratory conducts
research and provides education and service in the fi eld of
electrical machines and drives. Signifi cant eff ort has been
spent in the last ten years on the design of reliable drives
that can withstand a fault and continue operating, as well
as methods to detect a fault, predict remaining useful
life, and enhance reliability. Th e laboratory has extensive
equipment for development, controlling, and testing of
designs of electrical drives, including design software,
dynamometers, inverters, sensors, etc. Its graduates
have achieved positions of leadership in industry and
academia.
BROWN FOUNDATION ENERGY LABORATORY
morelli group
semiconductors materials laboratory
doe, energy frontier research center
leader: Donald Morelli, Professor, Chemical Engineering
& Materials Science
nicholas group
solid state ionic materials laboratory
leader: Jason Nicholas, Assistant Professor, Chemical Engineering
& Materials Science
Th e Brown Foundation Energy Laboratory is a shared
facility under development with a group from MSU
Chemical Engineering. Th eir primary function is to develop
new, high-effi ciency thermoelectric materials. MSU was
recently named an Energy Fundamental Research Center
on thermoelectrics by the U.S. Department of Energy.
Much of MSU’s basic work on thermoelectrics will be
conducted at this site.
m ich ig an stat e u n ive rsi t y col l e g e of e ng i n e e r i ng | 47
ELECTRIC POWER CONVERSION GROUP
leader: Bingsen Wang, Associate Professor, Electrical & Computing
Engineering
graduate students: Emad Sherif, Yantao Song (PhD students)
Th e Electric Power Conversion Laboratory is dedicated
to gaining fundamental understanding of electric power
conversion systems and providing innovative solutions
to improve system reliability and effi ciency. Th e research
activities are mainly in the following areas:
n Development of novel power converter topologies that
feature high reliability, effi ciency
n Modeling, modulation, and control of power electronic
systems
n Application of the power converters as grid interface for
renewable energy sources
n Application of the power converters in high performance
electric drive systems
Th e EPCL is equipped with modern experimentation
and instrumentation measures. Currently, the following
major equipment has been dedicated for research:
high-bandwidth digital oscilloscopes, programmable ac
and dc electronic load, programmable dc power source,
digital signal processor platforms, and high-end personal
computers and various simulation software packages.
SHARED FACILITIES
Engine Dynamometers
Th is facility is equipped with two ac dynamometers
capable of absorbing 110 kW and 400 kW respectively.
Firing single- and multi-cylinder experiments can be
conducted while measuring emissions using a modern
emissions collection and measurement facility. Provisions
for measuring fuel fl ow rates, energy required for cooling,
and energy balances are also available using a modern
control and high- and low-speed data acquisition systems.
Cold Room
A walk-in thermal chamber installed in Room e131 erc-
South will be used for hot- and cold-start engine tests,
evaluating the performance of biofuels at low operating
temperatures and other experiments that require a cold
or hot environment. Th e temperature range is —45°C
(–50°F) to +65°C (+150°F). Th e chamber is 12' wide × 12'
deep × 10' high. Prior to installing the chamber, a 5' wide
× 10' long steel bedplate was placed in the foundation to
provide a secure anchor for the dynamometer and engine
cart receiver. During testing, the chamber has a cold fl ow
delivery system that enables us to provide a minimum of
500 scfm of air at –40°C. Th is delivery system will prevent
humidity and condensation buildup during the test.
Ford Powertrain Laboratory
Th is facility is equipped with six dynamometers with
over 1,000 kW worth of absorption capability. Room
temperature can be maintained from 70–120°F, making it
ideally suited for the investigation of hybrid applications,
including medium- and heavy-duty confi gurations. Th e
working area will accommodate a vehicle 3 meters in
width and up to 8 meters in length. Th e control system
is confi gured for simultaneous and independent control
of each wheel of up to a six-wheeled vehicle, allowing
experiments on a drive cycle of interest.
48 | e n e rg y & au tomot ive r e se arch l abor atory
Re
cen
t A
rtic
les
& P
ub
lica
tio
ns “Adaptive Control of a Pneumatic Valve Actuator for
an Internal Combustion Engine,” J. Ma; G. Zhu;
H. Schock, IEEE Transaction on Control System
Technology, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 730–743 (DOI: 10.1109/
TCST.2010.2054091) (2011).
“Aerosol Rapid Compression Machine for Studying
Energetic-Nanoparticle-Enhanced Combustion of
Liquid Fuels,” C. Allen; G. Mittal; C. J. Sung; E. Toulson;
T. Lee, Proc. Comb. Symp. 33, 2, 3367–3374 (2010).
“Application of a Novel Charge Preparation Approach to
Testing Autoignition Characteristics of JP-8 and
Camelina Hydroprocessed Renewable Jet Fuel in a
Rapid Compression Machine,” C. M. Allen; E. Toulson;
T. Edwards; T. Lee, submitted to Combustion and
Flame, (2011).
“Approximate Solutions for Arbitrarily Unsteady Laminar
Flow in Flexible Tubes,” G. J. Brereton, Physics of
Fluids, 21, 081902, (2009).
“Aqueous Oxygen Near the Homogeneous Nucleation
Limit of Water: Stabilization with Submicron
Capillaries,” J. R. Spears; P. Prcevski; G. J. Brereton,
ASAIO Journal, 52, 2, 186, (2006).
“Characterization of the Eff ect of Fatty Ester Composition
on the Ignition Behavior of Biodiesel Fuel Sprays,”
C. M. Allen; E. Toulson; D. Tepe; H. J. Schock; D. Miller;
T. Lee, submitted to Biomass & Bioenergy, (2011).
“Characterizing Aqueous-Phase Polyols Adsorption onto
Ru Metal Surface in a Recirculating Microreactor,”
L. Peereboom; J. E. Jackson; D. J. Miller, Green
Chemistry 11, 1979–1986 (2009).
“Characterizing Lactic Acid Hydrogenolysis Rates in
Laboratory Trickle Bed Reactors,” Y. Xi; J. E. Jackson;
D. J. Miller, Ind & Eng. Chem. Research, 50(9),
5440–5447 (2011).
“Combustion Characteristics of a Single-Cylinder
Gasoline and Ethanol Dual-Fuel Engine,” G. Zhu;
D. Hung; H. Schock, Proceedings of the Institution
of Mechanical Engineers, Part D, Journal of
Automobile Engineering, 224(D3), 387–403 (DOI:
10.1243/09544070JAUTO1236) (2010).
“Combustion Dynamics for Energetically Enhanced
Flames Using Microwave Energy Coupling,” X. Rao;
K. Hemawan; C. Carter; I. Wichman; T. Grotjohn;
J. Asmussen; T. Lee, Proc. Comb. Symp. 33, 2,
3233–3240 (2010).
“Combustion System Development and Analysis of a
Downsized Highly Turbocharged PFI Small Engine,”
W. P. Attard; E. Toulson; F. Hamori; H. C. Watson, SAE
Int. J. Engines, 3:511–528, (2010).
“Comparison of PMAC Machines for Starter-Generator
Application in a Series Hybrid-Electric Bus,”
S. Jurkovic; E. Strangas, International Journal of
Vehicular Technology, pp. 11, (2011).
“Compressible Scalar FMDF Model for Large-Eddy
Simulations of High-Speed Turbulent Flows,”
A. Banaeizadeh; Z. Li; F. A. Jaberi, AIAA Journal,
49(10):2130–2143, (2011).
“Convective Heat Transfer in Unsteady Laminar Parallel
Flows,” G. J. Brereton; Y. Jiang, Physics of Fluids, 18, 10,
3602, (2006).
“Design and Analysis of a High-Gain Observer for the
Operation of SPM Machines Under Saturation,”
S. Jurkovic; E. Strangas, IEEE Transactions on Energy
Conversion, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 417–427, (2011).
“Diethyl Succinate Synthesis by Reactive Distillation,”
A. Orjuela; A. Kolah; X. Hong; C. T. Lira; D. J. Miller,
Separation and Purifi cation Technology 88, 151–162
(2012).
“Direct Coupled Plasma Assisted Combustion Using a
Microwave Waveguide Torch,” S. Hammack; C. Carter;
T. Lee, IEEE Transactions, Special Issue on Plasma
Science, 39, 12, 3300–3306 (2011).
“Dynamic Model of an Electropneumatic Valve Actuator
for Internal Combustion Engines,” J. Ma;
Z. Guoming; H. Schock. ASME Journal of Dynamic
Systems, Measurement and Control, Vol. 132, (DOI:
10.1115/1.4000816) (March 2010).
“Dynamic Voltage Restorer Utilizing a Matrix Converter
and Flywheel Energy Storage,” B. Wang;
G. Venkataramanan, IEEE Transactions on Industry
Applications, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 222–231, (2009).
“Eff ects of Transients on Pulsatile Flow in Arteries,”
G. J. Brereton; Biorheology, 48, 3–4, (2011).
“Flame Spread over Th in Fuels in Actual and Simulated
m ich ig an stat e u n ive rsi t y col l e g e of e ng i n e e r i ng | 49
Microgravity Conditions,” S. L. Olson; F. J. Miller; S. Jahangirian; I. S.
Wichman, Combustion and Flame, Vol. 156, pp. 1214–1226 (2009).
“Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation of Robust Gain-Scheduling Control
of Port-Fuel-Injection Process,” G. White; G. Zhu; J. Choi, IEEE
Transaction on Control System Technology, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp.
1433–1443 (DOI: 10.1109/TCST.2010.2095420) (2011).
“High-Order Finite-Diff erence Method for Numerical Simulations of
Supersonic Turbulent Flows,” Z. Li; F. A. Jaberi, International Journal
of Numerical Methods in Fluids, pp. 740–766, Vol. 68(6), (2011).
“Hybrid Electric Vehicle Powertrain with Fault-Tolerant Capability,”
Y. Song; B. Wang, in Proceedings of 27th Annual IEEE Applied
Power Electronics Conference, Orlando, FL, pp. 951–956, (Feb.
5–9, 2012).
“Hybrid Lagrangian-Eulerian Particle-Level Set Method for Numerical
Simulations of Two-Fluid Turbulent Flows,” Z. Li; F. A. Jaberi;
T. I-P. Shih, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids,
56, 2271–2300, (2008).
“Ignition Characteristics of Diesel and Canola Biodiesel Sprays in the
Low-Temperature Combustion Regime,” C. M. Allen; E. Toulson;
D. L. S. Hung; H. J. Schock; D. Miller; T. Lee, Energy and Fuels, 25(7),
2896–2908, (2011).
“Improving the Reliability of Electrical Drives through Failure Prognosis,”
E. Strangas; S. Aviyente; J. Neely; S. S. H. Zaidi, IEEE International
Symposium on Diagnostics for Electric Machines, Power
Electronics and Drives, SDEMPED 2011, Bologna, Italy, (2011).
“In-Cylinder Engine Flow Measurement Using Stereoscopic Molecular
Tagging Velocimetry (SMTV),” M. Mittal; R. Sadr; H. J. Schock;
A. Fedewa; A. Naqwi, Exp. Fluids, 46 (2), 277–284, (2009).
“Indirect Pressure-Gradient Technique for Measuring Instantaneous
Flow Rates in Unsteady Duct Flows,” G. J. Brereton; H. J. Schock;
M. A. Rahi, Experiments in Fluids, 40, 238, (2006).
“Indirect Technique for Determining Instantaneous Flow Rate from
Centerline Velocity in Unsteady Duct Flows,” G. J. Brereton, H. J.
Schock; J. C. Bedford; Flow Measurement and Instrumentation,
19, 9, (2008).
“Integrated System Identifi cation and Control Design for an IC Engine
Variable Valve Timing System,” Z. Ren; G. Zhu, ASME Journal of
Dynamic System, Measurement, and Control, Vol. 133, Issue 2,
(DOI: 10.1115/1.4003263) (2011).
“Iron and Magnet Losses and Torque Calculation of Interior Permanent
Magnet Synchronous Machines Using Magnetic Equivalent
Circuit,” A. R. Tariq; C. E. Nino-Baron; E. Strangas, IEEE Transactions
on Magnetics, Vol. 46, No. 12, pp. 4073 –4080, (2010).
“Kinetic and Mass Transfer Model for Glycerol Hydrogenolysis in a
Trickle Bed Reactor,” Y. Xi; J. E. Holladay; J. G. Frye; A. A. Oberg; J. E.
Jackson: D. J. Miller, Organic Process Research and Development,
14, 1304–1312 (2010).
“Kinetic Model for the Amberlyst 15-Catalyzed Transesterifi cation
of Methyl Stearate with n-Butanol,” V. K. S. Pappu, A. J. Yanez-
McKay, L. Peereboom, E. Muller; C. T. Lira; D. J. Miller, Bioresource
Technology, 102, 4270–4272 (2011).
“Large-Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Flow in an Axisymmetric Dump
Combustor,” A. Afshari; F.A. Jaberi, 46(7), 1576-, AIAA Journal,
(2008).
“Large Eddy Simulations of Turbulent Methane Jet Flames with Filtered
Mass Density Function,” M. Yaldizli; K. Mehravaran; F.A. Jaberi, Int. J.
of Heat and Mass Transfer, 53, 2551–2562, (2010).
“LES/FMDF of Spray Combustion in Internal Combustion Engines,”
A. Banaeizadeh; H. Schock; F. A. Jaberi, National Combustion
Meeting, Th e Combustion Institute, Ann Arbor, MI, (2009).
“Mixed Succinic Acid/Acetic Acid Esterifi cation with Ethanol by Reactive
Distillation,” A. Orjuela; A. Kolah; C. T. Lira; D. J. Miller, Ind. & Eng.
Chem. Res., 50(15), 9209–9220 (2011).
“Modeling and Inverse Compensation of Temperature-Dependent Ionic
Polymer-Metal Composite Sensor Dynamics,” T. Ganley; D. L. S.
Hung; G. Zhu; X. Tan, IEEE/ASME Transaction on Mechatronics,
Vol. 16, No. 1, (DOI: 10.1109/TMECH.2010.2090665) (2011).
“Modeling of Th ermophoretic Soot Deposition and Stabilization on
Cooled Surfaces,” M. Mehravaran; G. J. Brereton, Commercial
Vehicle Engineering Congress, SAE 2011-01-2183, (2011).
“Modeling the Auto-Ignition of Biodiesel Blends with a Multi-Step
Model,” E. Toulson; C. M. Allen; D. Miller; J. McFarlane; H. J. Schock;
T. Lee, Energy and Fuels, 25(2), 632–639, (2011).
“Modeling the Auto-Ignition of Fuel Blends with a Multi-Step Model,”
E. Toulson; C. Allen; J. McFarlane; D. Miller; H. Schock; T. Lee, Energy
and Fuels, 25 (2), 632–639 (2011).
“Modeling the Auto-Ignition of Oxygenated Fuels Using a Multi-Step
Model,” E. Toulson; C. M. Allen; D. Miller; T. Lee, Energy and Fuels,
24 (2), 888–896, (2010).
“Mono-Component Fuel Droplet Evaporation in the Presence of
Background Fuel Vapor,” M. Abarham; I. S. Wichman, International
Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 54, Issues 17–18, pp.
4090–4098. DOI:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2011.04.002 (2011).
“Novel Process for Recovery of Fermentation-Derived Succinic Acid,”
50 | e n e rg y & au tomot ive r e se arch l abor atory
A. Orjuela; A. J. Yanez; L. Peereboom; C. T. Lira; D. J. Miller,
Separation and Purifi cation Technology, 83, 31–37 (2011).
“Optimization of a Multi-Step Model for the Auto-Ignition of Dimethyl
Ether in a Rapid Compression Machine,” E. Toulson; C. M. Allen;
D. Miller; H. J. Schock; T. Lee, Energy and Fuels, 24 (6), 3510–3516,
(2010).
“Overload Considerations for Design and Operation of IPMSMs,”
A. R. Tariq ; C. E. Nino-Baron; E. Strangas, IEEE Transactions on
Energy Conversion, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 921 –930, (2010).
“Oxide Formation in a Premixed Flame with High-Level Plasma Energy
Coupling,” X. Rao; I. Matveev; T. Lee, Nitric IEEE Transactions,
Special Issue on Plasma Science, 37, 12, 2303–2313 (2009).
“Photovoltaic Power Conversion System with Flat Effi ciency Curve
Over a Wide Load Range,” Y. Song; B. Wang, Proceedings of
37th Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society,
Melbourne, Australia, pp. 1144–1149, (Nov. 7–10, 2011).
“Prognosis of Gear Failures in DC Starter Motors Using Hidden Markov
Models,” S. S. H. Zaidi; S.Aviyente; M. Salman; K.-K. Shin; E.
Strangas, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 58, No.
5, pp. 1695–1706, (2011)
“Prospects for Implementation of Th ermoelectric Generators as
Waste Heat Recovery Systems in Class 8 Truck Applications,”
H. J. Schock, et al., Journal of Energy Resources Technology,
JERT-11-1087, (submitted 7/2011).
“Reactive Distillation Process to Produce 2-Methyl-5-hydroxy-1,3-
dioxane from Mixed Glycerol Acetal Isomers,” X. Hong;
O. McGiveron; A. Orjuela; C. T. Lira; L. Peereboom; D. J. Miller,
Organic Process Research & Development, online at DOI: 10.1021/
op200072x (2012).
“Seasonal Heat Flux Properties of an Extensive Green Roof in a
Midwestern U.S. Climate,” K. L.Getter; D. B. Rowe; J. A. Andresen;
I. S. Wichman, Energy and Buildings (impact factor = 1.593). In
press, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.09.018, (2011).
“Series Compensator Based on AC-AC Power Converters with Virtual
Quadrature Modulation,” B. Wang, Proceedings of 2nd International
Symposium on Power Electronics for Distributed Generation
Systems, Hefei, China, pp. 438–443, (June 16–18, 2010).
“SGS Modeling of the Internal Energy Equation in LES of Supersonic
Channel Flow,” S. Raghunath; G. J. Brereton, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc.
56, 161, (2011).
“Study of Cycle-to-Cycle Variations and the Infl uence of Charge Motion
Control on In-Cylinder Flow in an IC Engine,” M. Mittal; H. J. Schock,
Journal of Fluids Engineering, Vol. 132, (2010).
“Supported MnCeOx Catalyst for Ketonization of Carboxylic Acids,”
A. Murkute; J. E. Jackson; D. J. Miller, J. Catal. 278, 189–199 (2011).
“Th eoretical and Numerical Analysis of a Spreading Opposed-Flow
Diff usion Flame,” Y, Long; I. S. Wichman, Proceedings of the
Royal Society A, Vol. 465, pp. 3209–3238 (also: DOI:10.1098/
rspa.2009.0152, 29 July 2009); http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/
rspa.2009.0152, (2009).
“Th ermal Analysis of Permanent Magnet Motor for the Electric Vehicle
Application Considering Driving Duty Cycle,” J. Fan; C. Zhang;
Z. Wang; Y. Dong; C. E. Nino-Baron; A. R. Tariq; E. Strangas, IEEE
Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 46, No. 6, pp. 2493–2496, (2010).
“Th ermal and Chemical Structure of Biogas Counterfl ow Diff usion
Flames,” S. Jahangirian; I. S. Wichman; A. Engeda, Energy and
Fuels, Vol. 23, pp. 5312–5321 (also: DOI:10.1021/ef9002044,
Published on Web 10/09/2009), (2009).
“Th ermodynamic Modeling of Direct Injection Methanol-Fueled
Engines,” Y. Shen,; J. Bedford; I. S. Wichman, Applied Th ermal
Engineering, Vol. 29, pp. 2379–2385 (2009).
“Time-Resolved Measurements of Pyrolysis and Combustion Products
of PMMA,” R. Ghosh; I. S. Wichman; C. Cramer; R. Loloee, Fire and
Materials, (2012).
“Trajectory Optimization for the Engine—Generator Operation of a
Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle,” C. E. Nino-Baron; A. R. Tariq; G. Zhu;
E. Strangas, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 60,
No. 6, pp.2438–2447, (2011)
“Turbulence-Interface Interactions in a Two-Fluid Homogeneous Flow,”
Z. Li; F. A. Jaberi, Physics of Fluids, 21(9), (2009).
“Turbulent Jet Ignition Pre-Chamber Combustion System for Large
Fuel Economy Improvements in a Modern Vehicle Powertrain,”
W. P. Attard; N. Fraser; P. Parsons; E. Toulson, SAE Int. J. Engines
3:20–37, (2010).
m ich ig an stat e u n ive rsi t y col l e g e of e ng i n e e r i ng | 51
Advanced Propulsion Technologies: “ Bidirectional DC-DC
Converter for a Starter Alternator”
Air Force Research Lab, Michigan/AFRL: Collaborative
Center in Aeronautical Sciences
Air Force Offi ce of Scientifi c Research, Defense University
Research Instrumentation Program: “Multi-Spectral
High Speed PLIF/PIV/RST Imaging”
Air Force Offi ce of Scientifi c Research, NASA: Hypersonic
Propulsion Center
Air Force Offi ce of Scientifi c Research, UAV Engine
Research Project: “Optimization of a Small-scale
Engine Using Plasma-Enhanced Ignition”
Benteler Corporation: “EGR Cooler Baseline Th ermal
Testing”
Chrysler, LLC., sub-award with Department of Energy:
“Advancing Transportation Th rough Vehicle
Electrifi cation—PHEV”
Claytech: “In-Pore Testing”
Coca-Cola Company: “Green Synthesis of BTX as
Intermediates for PET Production”
Delphi Automotive: “Fault Prediction for Permanent
Magnet Motors”
Department of Energy: “Advanced Combustion Systems
for Ethanol-Fueled Engines”
Department of Energy: Advanced Propulsion System
Development, “Wave Disc Engine”
Department of Energy, Advanced Research Projects
Agency-Energy: “Investigation of Wave Disc
Engines”
Department of Energy, Advanced Research Projects
Agency-Energy: “Wave Disc Engine” (Development
and Control of High-Speed Starter Generator)
Department of Energy, Argonne National Laboratory:
”Experimental Investigations of Heat-Integrated
Reactive Distillation”
Department of Energy: “Design, Construction,
and Demonstration of Skutterudite-Based
Th ermoelectric Generators”
Department of Energy: “Flex Fuel–Optimized SI and HCCI
Engines”
Department of Energy, Freedom Car Program: “Novel
Biofuel Formulations for Enhanced Vehicle
Performance”
Department of Energy: “High-Effi ciency Clean Combustion
Flex Fuel–Optimized SI and HCCI Engine”
Department of Energy, National Corn Growers Association:
“Th e Ethanol Platform for Chemicals and Fuels”
Department of Energy: “Novel Biofuel Formulations for
Enhanced Vehicle Performance”
Department of Energy: “Powertrain Design and Testing for
Hybrid Buses”
Department of Energy: “Th ermoelectric Conversion of
Waste Heat to Electricity in an IC Engine Powered
Vehicle”
Defense Logistics Agency: “Advanced Biofuels for Aviation
and Ground Applications”
Defense Logistics Agency: “Biofuels as a JP-8 Supplement
and Replacement Fuel for Aviation and Ground
Applications”
Environmental Protection Agency: “Development for
Future Advanced Vehicle Technologies Th at Will
Improve Fuel Effi ciency and Reduce Emissions”
Exxon Mobil Corporation: “High-Voltage Direct-Current
Power Transmission for Oil and Gas Applications.”
Ford Motor Company: “Use of Wavelets for the Prognosis
of Faults in Electrical Machines”
General Motors: “Combustion and Aftertreatment
Regeneration Control for Biodiesel Engines Using
Knock and Pressure Sensors”
General Motors Corporation, Research Labs: “Diagnosis of
Magnetic Structures and Components for Electrical
Machines”
General Motors Corporation: “Fault Diagnosis and
Prognosis for the Automotive Starting System”
Gongda Power Company: “Development of a Four-Cylinder
Engine Controller for Dynamometer Application”
HCl Clean Techology: “Test Runs on Distillation Column”
Michigan Economic Development Corporation: “Advanced
Ethanol-Tolerant Engine”
Michigan Economic Development Corporation:
“Development and Demonstration of a Hybrid
Powertrain for Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles”
Michigan Life Sciences Corridor Fund: “Oxygenation by
Liquid Infusion in Medicine/Environment”
Re
cen
t &
Cu
rre
nt
Co
ntr
ac
ts &
Gra
nts
52 | e n e rg y & au tomot ive r e se arch l abor atory
Michigan State University, Composite Vehicle Research Center:
“Material Degradation and Flammability of XGnP Composites”
Michigan State University: “Synthesis of Propylene Oxide from
Propylene Glycol”
Michigan State University Foundation, Strategic Partnership Grant:
“Transportation Fuels from Biomass—A Novel, Integrated
Approach to Fast Pyrolysis and Upgrading of Bio-Oil”
National Aeronautics & Space Administration: “A High-Fidelity Model for
Numerical Simulations of Complex Combustion and Propulsion
Systems”
National Aeronautics & Space Administration: “Developing the Narrow
Channel Apparatus as a NASA Standard Material Flammability
Test”
National Aeronautics & Space Administration, Jet Propulsion Lab: “Leg
Fabrication Using Skutterudite Based Th ermoelectric Materials”
National Corn Growers Association: “Advanced Biofuels and Chemicals
from Mixed Alcohols”
National Science Foundation, GOALI/Collaborative Research: “A
Control-Oriented Charge Mixing and Hybrid Combustion Model
for SI-HCCI dual Mode Engines”
National Science Foundation, GOALI : “Reliability Enhancement of
Electric Drive Systems through Failure Prognosis and Fault
Mitigation”
National Science Foundation: “Mathematical and Computational Study
of Turbulent Mixing and Reaction”
National Science Foundation: “Toward More Reliable and Effi cient Power
Conversion Systems through Intelligent Interactions” (pending)
Offi ce of Naval Research, Northwestern University: “Nanostructured
Chalcogenide-Based Th ermoelectric Materials for High-
Effi ciency Energy Conversion: Design and Application”
Offi ce of Naval Research, Young Investigator Program: “Ignition and
Oxidation of Bio-Derived Future Navy Fuels”
Science Applications International Corporation: “Advanced Hybrid
Electric Powertrain Program”
Tecumseh Products: “Design of a PMAC Generator”
Tecumseh Products: “Iron Loss Estimation from Finite Element
Analysis”
United States Army, Tank Automotive Research, Development and
Engineering Center (TARDEC): “Powertrain Design Aspects and
Evaluation for Heavy-Duty Hybrid Vehicles”
y
ve Systems through Failure Prognosis and Fault
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m ich ig an stat e u n ive rsi t y col l e g e of e ng i n e e r i ng | 55
ENERGY & AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH LABORATORY
1497 Engineering Research Court, Room 151, East Lansing, MI 48824
tel 517.355.1789 | fax 517.432.3341 | email [email protected]