NERC LMTF Update - WECC - LMTF Update.pdf · • E.g. a survey conducted by LBNL and reported by...
Transcript of NERC LMTF Update - WECC - LMTF Update.pdf · • E.g. a survey conducted by LBNL and reported by...
NERC LMTF Update
WECC MVWG
November 2019
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Presentation Outline
A. NERC LMTF Workshops and CMLD Field Test
B. Load Composition Data
C. AC Motor Stalling Revisited
D. 3-phase Motor Protection and Control
E. Industrial Load Models
F. Load Model Data Management
G. New Load Model Data Tool
H. Future Developments
I. Studies2
A. NERC LMTF Workshops and CMLD Field Test
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NERC LMTF Workshop and Field TestNERC LMTF conducted Regional Workshop to kick-off CMLD field test
- October 29 at PJM, including MRO, MISO and SPP- November 7 at NPCC- November 12 at SERC- November 19 at ERCOT
NERC advocates a phased approach for CMLD adoption
NERC staff will provide data sets to conduct field test
TPs will report at the upcoming NERC LMTF Meetings (January in Florida, April webinar, July in Seattle)
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Recommendation 1: WECC MVWG to have its own modeling workshop, include a 6-hour session on dynamic load modeling, WECC TPs and PCs to participated in NERC CMLD field test
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250 HP motor driving a
centrifugal compressor in
central cooling system
B. Load Composition Data
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Dynamic Load Model – Load Composition
Electronic
A
B
C
69-kV
115-kV
138-kV
Static
12.5-kV
13.8-kV
UVLS
UFLS
D
Distributed Generation
Percentage of Each End-Use Component
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DOE Engagement
• NERC LMTF reached out to experts at DOE to support load composition estimates for NERC footprint, including WECC
• Joe Eto at LBNL led the load composition process
• Dave Chassin at SLAC served as a technical adviser
• Tony Faris at BPA implemented the Load Composition Model and performed most data analytics to support load composition development
Concept of “Load Type”
• Load Type = Climate Zone + Economic Use
• “Climate Zone” to recognize that residential load composition in Phoenix AZ is different from residential load composition in Seattle WA
• “Economic Use” is to recognize that load composition downtown Seattle is different from suburban loads in Seattle, although both are located in same climate zone
Economic UseNon-Industrial Loads:
RES = “Residential Suburban” – many homes, schools and day care, retail, grocery, restaurants, small offices
COM = “Commercial Downtown” – high-rise commercial buildings, hotels, shopping malls, restaurants
MIX = “Mixed” – mixed residential and commercial
RUR = “Rural” – similar to suburban, lower density, more warehouse loads
Industrial Loads
• Industrial – large industrial models exist for a petro-chemical plant (IND_PCH), aluminum smelters (IND_ASM), data centers (IND_SRF), etc …
• Power Plant Station Service (PPA_AUX)
• Agricultural loads
WECC Climate Zones
ID Representative City / Airport
NWC Seattle WA, Vancouver BC
NWV Portland OR
NWI Boise ID, Spokane WA
RMN Calgary AB, Montana, Wyoming
NCC San Francisco CA
NCV Sacramento CA
NCI Fresno CA
SCC LA - beach, San Diego – Mission Bay
SCV LA - valley, San Diego – Escondido
SCI LA - inland
DSW Phoenix, Riverside, Las Vegas
HID Salt Lake City, Albuquerque, Denver, Reno
DOE Climate Zones• West has strong coast – valley –
inland effects that are not captured by DOE climate zones• E.g. San Francisco and Sacramento
have very different climates, but in the same DOE Climate Zone
• San Diego and Riverside• Seattle and Portland
• WECC added coastal, valley and inland zones on top of DOE zones
• EI and ERCOT TPs also needed greater granularity for their Regions to capture summer and winter peak loads
• NERC ended up with ~97 airport codes
Load Composition ProcessStep 1 - We all start with developing building models
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Building Model
INPUTS:SeasonTemperatureHumidity*….
SETTINGS (Regional):Gas vs Electric Space and Water HeatGas vs Electric CookingPercent of homes with AC….
OUTPUTLoad Shapes in Terms of End-Uses(Air-Conditioning, Water Heating, Refrigeration, …)
kW
24hNERC LMTF use 90-percentile temperature profile for a specific season using NOAA data for a specified airport
Residential Load Composition Resources
NEAA Residential Building Metering Study
https://neea.org/resources/2011-rbsa-metering-study
Research Highlights From A Large Scale Residential Monitoring Study In A Hot Climate, Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC), FSEC-PF-369-02
http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/publications/html/FSEC-PF-369-02/index.htm
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Example of Florida residential load composition
Commercial Load Composition Resource
California Commercial End-Use Survey, Report: CEC-400-2006-005, California Energy Commission, March 2006, https://ww2.energy.ca.gov/2006publications/CEC-400-2006-005/CEC-400-2006-005.PDF
Data sets are available at http://capabilities.itron.com/CeusWeb/ChartsSF/Default2.aspx
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Restaurant Office
Load Composition ProcessStep 2 – Mapping end-uses to CMLD model components for each building type
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Load Shapes in Terms of End-Uses(Air-Conditioning, Water Heating, Refrigeration, …)
kW
24h
Load Shapes in Terms of CMLD Components(Motor A, Motor B, …, Power Electronic )
kW
24h
Mapping from Electric End-Use
to CMLD Component
(building type specific)
E.g. residential air-conditioning = 80% Motor D + 10% Power Electronics + 10% Motor C
Load Composition ProcessStep 2 – Rules of Association
• WECC developed its original Rules of Association back in 2011. • An increasing number of motors is becoming electronically connected via Variable
Frequency Drives (VFDs) or Electronically Commutated Motors (ECMs)• Most common applications are fans (air-handler, exhaust), pumps in central cooling
systems, and even large centrifugal compressors• E.g. a survey conducted by LBNL and reported by Joe Eto determined that 50% of fans in
commercial buildings are electronically connected today• There is also increase in EV charging loads which also behave as constant power
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Recommendation 2: WECC LMTF to update Rules of Association in its current spreadsheet to reflect the latest data from DOE LBNL
Power Electronic Loads• Power Electronic Loads will continue increasing its share• Currently, CMLD has a simplistic representation of all power electronic loads – from
VFDs to cell-phone chargers• It will be necessary to separate Electronic Drives (VFDs and ECMs) from charging /
consumer electronic loads
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Recommendation 3: WECC LMTF to engage with EPRI to accelerate testing and development of models for VFDs and ECMs
Load Composition ProcessStep 3 – Create substation load composition
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Substation Load Shapes in Terms of CMLD Components
kW
24h
Residential Home
Grocery
Office
…
X % Residential
X % Grocery
X % Office
Peak hour
How to come up with building percentages
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WECC Approach:- Single “commercial” and “residential” buildings are used- RES, COM, MIX, RAG substations are specified as percentages of “residential”,
“commercial”, “industrial” loads
“Commercial” buildings are different – load composition of a downtown high-rise building will be very different from load composition of a local coffee shop or a restaurant
What “percentages” ? Monthly energy ? Peak load ? At which hour ?WECC LCM normalizes fractions to hour 1600, and uses fractions for hour 1600
NERC approach is more nuanced …
How to come up with building percentages
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Recommendation 4: WECC LMTF to evaluate load composition data from NERC
NERC Approach:- 12 types of commercial buildings - Use different Rules of Association for each building type- RES, COM, MIX, RAG substations are defined in terms of number of building types
(homes, restaurants, offices, grocery, warehouses, etc) - reviewed by the distribution planning experts
NERC Approach represents the latest best practices in determining Load Type composition
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20 HP motor driving a
water pump in central
cooling system
C. AC Motor Stalling Revisited
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AC Stall Revisited
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Recommendation 5: WECC LMTF to request software developers to implement Vstall-Tstall curve in CMPLDW / CMLD models, perform a field test, report at the next NERC and WECC LMTF meetings
Tstall is a function of voltage sag
The voltage-time function is implemented in GE PSLF 21.07 and Power World 21
Normal Clearing
Delayed Clearing
AC Stall Revisited
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Let’s see AC Stall Presentation by Parag Mitra from EPRI
D. 3-phase Motor Protection and Control
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End Use Disconnection
• End Use Disconnection is NOT Load Loss
• NERC SAMS prepared a technical paper on the issue
• End-Use Disconnection is known to occur during multi-phase faults as shown by numerous events
• Motor and drive controls can disconnect end-uses due to low voltages during transmission faults
• Single phase motors may stall during a normally cleared transmission fault (due to motor design), and eventually disconnect by thermal protection
• End-Use Disconnection is usually temporary
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End-Use Disconnection
• We have ample evidence of end-use disconnection during faults• Multiple cases are documented in NERC Technical Paper on FIDV
• Many of Planners dealt with local events that resulted in customer load disconnecting during a fault – more common among industrial customers
• Florida, August 1988 – 138-kV fault, FIDVR, 825 MW of end uses disconnected
• Southern California, August 1997 – 500-kV fault, about 3,500 MW of end-use disconnected
• Atlanta area, August 1999 – 230-kV fault, about 1,900 MW of end use disconnected, about 1,056 MW of generation tripped (IEEE paper)
• Arizona, July 2003 – 500-kV fault, about 2,685 MW of generation tripped, estimated 1,600 MW of end-uses disconnected
• Southern California, July 2007 – 500-kV fault, local area FIDVR, 620 MW or 44% of end-uses are disconnected in the local area
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End-Use Disconnection
• Utilities (SCE, BPA), researchers (ERPI, National Labs) conducted end-use tests for the purpose of system modeling, including protection modeling, as well as literature review
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https://www.pnnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-24468.pdf
https://eta.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/publications/robles-commercial-3-phase-rooftop-airconditioner-report.pdf
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https://mentor.ieee.org/3000-stds/dcn/18/stds-18-0003-00-PUBS-3004-8-2016.pdf
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6468048
3-phase Motor and Drive Controls
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Credit: IEEE Std C37.96.96-2012
Contactors drop out during voltage sags
Contactors may reclose when the voltage recovers (with- or without intentional time delay), require manual restart, or delayed restart (e.g. short cycle protection)
End-Use Disconnection Modeling
• Test data provides a starting point for protection modeling
• As voltages decline:
• Voltage above 80% = all equipment is connected
• Voltages between 60% and 80% = a few contactors may open in a few cycles, low voltage protection my disconnect a motor if voltage stays below 80% for longer than 2 sec
• Voltages between 45% and 60% = most ac-powered contactors will drop out, time usually varies from 2 to 9 cycles
• Voltages below 30% = most end-uses are disconnected
• As voltage recovers:
• A fraction of contactors will reconnect (at voltages ranging from 65 to 80%), a fraction of contactors will remain disconnected by short cycle protection or process controls
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Protection and Control Modeling in CMLD
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CMLD provides capabilities to represent end-use disconnection
Motors A, B, C have two sets of definite-time under-voltage trip and reconnection settings to represent operation of motor contactors and controls
Motor D has (a) contactor open-reclose model, (b) control trip represented with two definite under-voltage settings, and (c) thermal protection
Plausible Variations of Protection Settings
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Motor A:• Disconnect a fraction of the motor fast (2 cycle) at about 50% voltage, possible
reconnect when voltage recovers to 75-80% range• Disconnect another fraction of the motor slower (6 to 9 cycle) at about 50-60% voltage
Motors B and C:• Keeping them connected
Motor D:• Vary motor disconnection (Fuvr) between 0 and 0.5• Vary voltage and time parameters, Vtr1/Ttr1 and Vtr2/Ttr2: Vtr1 and Vtr2 in 0.45 to
0.5 pu range, Ttr1 and Ttr2 is in 0.03 to 0.2 sec range
Motor Protection Sensitivities
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Recommendation 6: WECC LMTF to perform 3-phase motor protection sensitivity studies and report at one of upcoming NERC LMTF meetings
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60 HP motors driving fans
in large commercial
building
E. Industrial Load Models
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Industrial Load ModelsNERC LMTF Updated industrial load model data:
- Improved motor parameters
- Updated load composition data
- Added several industrial load models (IND_OIL = oil production, IND_LNG = LNG terminals, IND_CAR = car manufacturing)
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Recommendation 7: WECC LMTF to update industrial load composition and motor data consistent with NERC
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Industrial Load Type Code IA IB IC MD PwrEl Z I
Petro-Chemical Plant IND_PCH 0.1 0.4 0.3 0 0.15 0.02 0.03
Oil Extraction IND_OIL 0.3 0 0.4 0 0.3 0 0
Shale Gas Extraction Plant IND_SHG 0 0.2 0.4 0 0.4 0 0
Liquified Natural Gas IND_LNG 0 0.3 0.2 0 0.5 0 0
Paper Mill, Kraft Process IND_PMK 0.1 0.2 0.3 0 0.3 0.05 0.05
Paper Mill with Refiners IND_PMT 0.05 0.6 0.15 0 0.15 0.02 0.03
Lumber Mill IND_LMB 0.4 0.2 0.3 0 0 0.05 0.05
Mining IND_MIN 0.25 0.25 0.3 0 0.2 0 0
Aluminum Smelter IND_ASM 0.05 0 0.05 0 0.05 0.85 0
Steel Mill IND_SML 0.15 0.35 0.25 0 0.15 0.05 0.05
Car Manufacturing IND_CAR 0.15 0 0.3 0 0.3 0.1 0.15
Semiconductor IND_SCD 0 0.25 0.3 0 0.4 0 0.05
Server Farm IND_SRF 0 0 0.1 0 0.9 0 0
Industrial - Other IND_OTH 0.1 0.3 0.3 0 0.2 0.05 0.05
Transportation - Rail IND_RAIL 0 0 0.05 0 0.95 0 0
Power Plant Auxiliaries PPA_AUX 0 0.4 0.3 0 0.2 0.05 0.05
Irrigation and pumping AGR_IRR 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
Food processing AGR_PRO 0.6 0 0.25 0 0.05 0.05 0.05
Industrial Load Models
Appendix B provides details on industrial load modeling
Appendix C provides an example of industrial load response to voltage sags
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F. Load Model Data Management
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Enhanced Load Model Data ManagementAll simulation packages (PTI PSS®E, PowerTech TSAT, Power World, GE PSLF) have the following capabilities:
a) DER status, MWs and MVARs are entered as a part of load data in powerflow
b) “Load Type” data is entered as a part of load data in powerflow, just like you enter Area and Zone data today
c) The programs have capability to link DER and Load Type data with CMLD models
As of November 2019:
• GE PSLF (v.21) and Power World (v.21) already implemented the ultimate state –tested and used in WECC
• PTI PSS®E implemented powerflow capabilities starting version 35
• PowerTech TSAT will have the capabilities implemented in Spring 2020
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GE PSLF Example – Powerflow “Load” Records
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LOAD DER Load Type
GE PSLF Example – Dynamic Data
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_cmpldw -16 "NWV_RES" 0 : #1 mva=-1.000000 / "Pmin" 5.000 "PQmin" 1.4327 "Vmin" 0.9300 "kVthresh" 40.000 / "Bss" 0.00 "Rfdr" 0.040 "Xfdr" 0.040 "Fb" 0.750 /
…."DGtype" 2 "dgdatno" -110 "dgmbase" -0.9
_cmpldw -17 "NWC_COM" 0 : #1 mva=-1.000000 / "Pmin" 5.000 "PQmin" 1.4327 "Vmin" 0.9300 "kVthresh" 40.000 / "Bss" 0.00 "Rfdr" 0.040 "Xfdr" 0.040 "Fb" 0.750 /
…."DGtype" 2 "dgdatno" -110 "dgmbase" -0.9
_cmpldw -18 "NWC_MIX" 0 : #1 mva=-1.000000 / "Pmin" 5.000 "PQmin" 1.4327 "Vmin" 0.9300 "kVthresh" 40.000 / "Bss" 0.00 "Rfdr" 0.040 "Xfdr" 0.040 "Fb" 0.750 /
….
A single CMLD record is provided for load type
PSLF and PW link CMLD records with load type entries in powerflow
60 CMLD records versus 7,000 bus CMLD records for WECC
Proposed Data ManagementNot much different from the exiting process
WECC Region or Planning Coordinators provide “Load Type” definitions to Transmission Planners in its footprint
Transmission Planners populates “Load Type” (CLZONE in GE PSLF) field in powerflow base case with data that matches “Load Type” definitions, as a part of their base case submittal process under NERC MOD-032
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Proposed Data ManagementFor GE PSLF and PW users, WECC generates “Load Type” _CMPLDW records
Reduces number of load model records from 7,000 using Bus CMPLDW to 70 using LoadType _CMPLDW
Requires PSLF 21.07 and PW21
For PSS®E users a couple of options are available:
1. WECC extracts bus and load type information from a base case, and generate bus CMLD records using NERC LMDT
2. PSS®E user can re-name powerflow zones consistent with LoadType, and then generate zone CMLD records using NERC LMDT – approached used by ISO New England
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Recommendation 8: WECC LMTF to adopt Load Type _CMPLDW records for GE PSLF and Power World users
G. NERC Load Model Data Tool
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Let’s Do NERC LMDT Demo…
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H. Future Developments
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Future DevelopmentsThe primary focus of NERC LMTF is the field test and deployment of the existing CMLD across NERC footprint
NERC and WECC LMTF need to coordinate future developments
- CMLD and CMPLDW modularization
- Load Type implementation in all software packages
- Development of end-use models
- Single-phase air-conditioner models – phasor model
- Power Electronic Drive (VFD, ECM) models
- Improved protection and control models for motors and drives
- DER models
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Variable Frequency Drives
in a large commercial
building
I. CMLD Studies
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Observation from Recent CMLD StudiesEnd-use disconnection is not load loss
Simulations show that UVLS may operate for FIDVR events initiated by 3-phase faults
Is it better (a) to disable UVLS and to expose the system to higher risk of cascading for extreme events or(b) to keep UVLS and accept a possibility of UVLS operating for 3-phase faults under summer peak conditions ?
Standard compliance is intended to improve system reliability
Here is an approach to address potential NERC TPL “compliance” issues:
- Run NERC TPL Table I contingencies with UVLS models disabled to demonstrate that UVLS is not required to meet TPL performance
- Run extreme contingencies with UVLS models enabled for risk assessment
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Observation from Recent CMLD StudiesSeveral TPs use NERC PRC-024 curves as an indictor of a power plant tripping
TPs will trip a power plant when its POI voltages deviate outside PRC-024 curves (a conservative assumption because PRC-024 defines a “no-trip” envelope, not a “must trip” area)
TPs have regional criteria on acceptable amount of generation loss during P1-P7 contingencies
Current WECC transient voltage recovery and transient voltage dip criteria are very relaxed. Now, since WECC has greater experience with dynamic load modeling, WECC may want to review its transient performance criteria.
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Recommendations …
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1: WECC MVWG to have its own modeling workshop, include a 6-hour session on dynamic load modeling, WECC TPs and PCs to participated in NERC CMLD field test
2: WECC LMTF to update Rules of Association in its current spreadsheet to reflect the latest data from DOE LBNL
3: WECC LMTF to engage with EPRI to accelerate testing and development of models for VFDs and ECMs
4: WECC LMTF to evaluate load composition data from NERC
… Recommendations
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5: WECC LMTF to request software developers to implement Vstall-Tstall curve in CMPLDW / CMLD models, perform a field test, report at the next NERC and WECC LMTF meetings
6: WECC LMTF to perform 3-phase motor protection sensitivity studies and report at one of upcoming NERC LMTF meetings
7: WECC LMTF to update industrial load composition and motor data consistent with NERC
8: WECC LMTF to adopt Load Type _CMPLDW records for GE PSLF and Power World users
9: WECC MVWG to clarify UVLS question
Thank You
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Appendix A: NERC Load Model Data Tool
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NERC Load Model Data Tool
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• NERC Load Model Data Tool (LMDT) uses a spreadsheet for data management
• LMDT has Python and MATLAB scripts to write PSS®E DYR Records
NERC LMDT Spreadsheet
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Tabs:
“LMDT” – global settings
“PowerFlow” – powerflow base case information, mapping to Load Type
“LoadComp” – load composition data for Regional Load Types
“Feeder” – distribution equivalent data
“Motors” – motor data
“PwrEl” – power electronic model data
“DER” – DER model parameters (not used for PSS®E, PSLF only)
“LMDT”
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F4: Name of PSS®E DYR File
C14: Minimum Load MW to create CMLD record (5 MW is default)
C15: Minimum value for |P/Q| ratio(1.61 ~ 0.85 power factor)
C16: Minimum load voltage in base case solution (0.98 pu)
C17: base kV threshold to add a transformer (40-kV)
F9: Name of PSLF DYD File
“PowerFlow” Bus Records
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“BUS” –CMLD records are create by bus level (other PSS®E options include “AREA” and “ZONE”)Bus Number and Name
LOAD TYPE (needs to match a record in “LoadComp” tab)
Feeder Type (needs to match a record in “Feeder” tab)DER Data Record (not used in PSS®E at this time)
Powerflow Data
“PowerFlow” Lod Type Records
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“LoadType” – _CMPLDW records are create by load typeBus Number and Name
LOAD TYPE (needs to match a record in “LoadComp” tab)
Feeder Type (needs to match a record in “Feeder” tab)DER Data Record
“LoadComp”
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“Load Type” Data
Motor Identifier in “Motors” tab (different data is used for 3-phase commercial and industrial motors)
CMLD Composition Data
“Feeder”
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Representative data sets are provided for industrial and non-industrial feedersThe data represents typical distribution system practices
WECC Load Type Statistics
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Residential 30,319 17%Commercial 8,344 5%Mixed 101,026 58%Rural 8,060 5%Industrial 19,158 11%Power Plant Aux 4,624 3%None 1,871 1%TOTAL 173,402 100%
2019 Heavy Summer Operating Case
“Motors”
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(1) Three-phase commercial motor model data
(2) Three-phase industrial motor model data
(3) Single-phase air-conditioner model data
(1) (2) (3)
MATLAB Script to Write PSS®E DYR Records“NERC_LMDT_Write_DYR_PSSE_r2.m”
MATLAB Script to Write PSLF DYD Records“NERC_LMDT_Write_DYD_PSLF_r2.m”
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Run MATLAB script
Run MATLAB script
It will ask you for NERC_LMDT file name
Select your filename(make sure you saved NERC_LMDT file)
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NERC LMDT Scripts
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NERC LMDT Point of ContactMohamed Osman, NERC Staff, [email protected] Kosterev, BPA, [email protected]
MATLAB 2017bTony Faris and Dmitry Kosterev, BPA,“NERC_LMDT_Write_DYR_PSSE_r2.m” for PSS®E – bus, zone, area“NERC_LMDT_Write_DYD_PSLF_r2.m” for PSLF – bus, zone, area, load typeContact Tony Faris [email protected]
Python Andreas Schmitt, BPA, [email protected]
Pavel Etingov, PNNL, [email protected]
Appendix B: Industrial Load Modeling
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Industrial Motor Models and Data
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Industrial loads use motor model parameters different from ones used for commercial loads to represent larger motor sizes
Good Technical References for Motor Data
• IEEE publications, data is for large industrial motors:
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=119235
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=41719
• Renno and Undrill, steel mill modeling:
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=1267356
Industrial Motor Models
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IA IB ICDescription 3-phase motor driving
reciprocating compressors and
pumps
Large 3-phase motor driving speed sensitive
loads – pumps, centrifugal
compressors, fans
Smaller 3-phasemotor driving pumps
and smaller fans
NEMA Type Type D Type B Type B
Typical Size 10 to 50 HP > 500 HP 25 to 100 HP
Driven Load Toque
Constant Torque Torque proportional to Speed Squared
Torque proportional to Speed Squared
Inertia Small Large Small
Energy
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Oil Refinery and Petro-chemical (IND_PCH)
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MA (Recip. Compressors and Pumps): 10%MB (Large Pumps, Fans and Centr. Comp.): 40%MC (Small Pumps, Fans and Centr. Comp.) 30%MD: 0%Pwr El (drives): 15% Const. Current (lighting): 3%Resistive: 2%
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=387955
Oil Production (IND_OIL)
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MA (Beam Pumps): 30%MB (Large Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 0%MC (Small Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 40%MD: 0%Pwr El (drives): 30% Const. Current (lighting): 0%Resistive: 0%
Shale Gas (IND_SHG)
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MA (Recip. Compressors and Pumps): 0%MB (Large Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 20%MC (Small Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 40%MD: 0%Pwr El (drives): 40% Const. Current (lighting): 0%Resistive: 0%
LNG Plant (IND_LNG)
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MA (Recip. Compressors and Pumps): 0%MB (Large Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 30%MC (Small Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 20%MD: 0%Pwr El (drives): 50% Const. Current (lighting): 0%Resistive: 0%
https://www.ingersollrandproducts.com/content/dam/ir-products/Compressors/products/centrifugal/LNG%20Centrifugal%20Compressors_Letter.pdf
https://www.gepowerconversion.com/sites/default/files/downloads/B_Reliable%20innovation%20for%20the%20LNG%20value%20chain.pdf
https://www.gepowerconversion.com/sites/gepc/files/PCIC-2017-53.pdf
Wood and Paper
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Paper Mill – Kraft Process (IND_PMK)
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MA (Recip. Compressors and Pumps): 10% – agitators, conveyersMB (Large Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 20% MC (Small Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 30%MD: 0%Pwr El (drives): 30% Const. Current (lighting): 5%Resistive: 5%
Paper Mill – Thermo-Mechanical Process (IND_PMT)
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MA (Recip. Compressors and Pumps): 5%MB (Large Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 60% MC (Small Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 15%MD: 0%Pwr El (drives): 15% Const. Current (lighting): 3%Resistive: 2%
*TMP mills have large refiner motors
Lumber Mill (IND_LMB)
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MA (Recip. Compressors and Pumps): 40%MB (Large Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 20% MC (Small Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 30%MD: 0%Pwr El (drives): 0% Const. Current (lighting): 5%Resistive: 5%
Metals
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Mining (IND_MIN)
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MA (conveyers) : 25%MB (Large Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 25% MC (Small Pumps, Fans and Compressors) 30%MD: 0%Pwr El (drives): 20% Const. Current (lighting): 0%Resistive: 0%
Aluminum Smelter (IND_ASM)
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MA (Recip. Compressors and Pumps): 5%MB (Large Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 0% MC (Small Pumps, Fans and Compressors) 5%MD: 0%Pwr El (drives): 5% Const. Current (lighting): 0%Resistive: 85%
Steel Mill (IND_SML)
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MA (Recip. Compressors and Pumps): 15%MB (Large Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 35% MC (Small Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 25%MD: 0%Pwr El (drives): 15% Const. Current (lighting): 5%Resistive: 5%
Car Manufacturing (IND_CAR)
91
MA (Recip. Compressors and Pumps): 15%MB (Large Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 0% MC (Small Pumps, Fans and Compressors) 30%MD: 0%Pwr El (drives): 30% Const. Current (lighting): 15%Resistive: 10%
https://www.energystar.gov/sites/default/files/tools/Industry_Insights_Auto_Assembly_2015.pdf
Digital
92
Semiconductor Fab (IND_SCD)
93
MA (Recip. Compressors and Pumps): 0%MB (Large Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 25% MC (Small Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 30%MD: 0%Pwr El (drives): 40% Const. Current (lighting): 5%Resistive: 0%
Large Data Center / Server Farm (IND_SFR)
94
MA (Recip. Compressors and Pumps): 0%MB (Large Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 0% MC (Small Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 10%MD: 0%Pwr El (computers): 90% Const. Current (lighting): 0%Resistive: 0%
Other
95
Industrial – Other (IND_OTH)
96
MA (Recip. Compressors and Pumps): 10%MB (Large Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 30% MC (Small Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 30%MD: 0%Pwr El (computers): 20% Const. Current (lighting): 5%Resistive: 5%
Electric Railroad (IND_RAIL)
97
MA (Recip. Compressors and Pumps): 0%MB (Large Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 0% MC (Small Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 10%MD: 0%Pwr El (rectifiers): 90% Const. Current (lighting): 0%Resistive: 0%
Power Plant Auxiliaries (PPA_AUX)
98
MA (Recip. Compressors and Pumps): 0%MB (Large Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 40% MC (Small Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 30%MD: 0%Pwr El (electronic drives): 20% Const. Current (lighting): 5%Resistive: 5%
Agricultural
99
Pumping and Irrigation Loads (AGR_IRR, AGR_PMP)
100
MA (Recip. Compressors and Pumps): 0%MB (Large Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 0% MC (Small Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 100%MD: 0%Pwr El (computers): 0% Const. Current (lighting): 0%Resistive: 0%
Food Processing Plants (AGR_PRO)
101
MA (Recip. Compressors and Pumps): 60%MB (Large Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 0% MC (Small Pumps, Fans and Compressors): 25%MD: 0%Pwr El (computers): 5% Const. Current (lighting): 5%Resistive: 5%
https://aceee.org/files/proceedings/2001/data/papers/SS01_Panel1_Paper22.pdf
102
Industrial Load Type Code IA IB IC MD PwrEl Z I
Petro-Chemical Plant IND_PCH 0.1 0.4 0.3 0 0.15 0.02 0.03
Oil Pumping IND_OIL 0.3 0 0.4 0 0.3 0 0
Shale Gas Extraction Plant IND_SHG 0 0.2 0.4 0 0.4 0 0
Liquified Natural Gas IND_LNG 0 0.3 0.2 0 0.5 0 0
Paper Mill, Kraft Process IND_PMK 0.1 0.2 0.3 0 0.3 0.05 0.05
Paper Mill with Refiners IND_PMT 0.05 0.6 0.15 0 0.15 0.02 0.03
Lumber Mill IND_LMB 0.4 0.2 0.3 0 0 0.05 0.05
Mining IND_MIN 0.25 0.25 0.3 0 0.2 0 0
Aluminum Smelter IND_ASM 0.05 0 0.05 0 0.05 0.85 0
Steel Mill IND_SML 0.15 0.35 0.25 0 0.15 0.05 0.05
Car Manufacturing IND_CAR 0.15 0 0.3 0 0.3 0.1 0.15
Semiconductor IND_SCD 0 0.25 0.3 0 0.4 0 0.05
Server Farm IND_SRF 0 0 0.1 0 0.9 0 0
Industrial - Other IND_OTH 0.1 0.3 0.3 0 0.2 0.05 0.05
Transportation - Rail IND_RAIL 0 0 0.05 0 0.95 0 0
Power Plant Auxiliaries PPA_AUX 0 0.4 0.3 0 0.2 0.05 0.05
Irrigation and pumping AGR_IRR 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
Food processing AGR_PRO 0.6 0 0.25 0 0.05 0.05 0.05
Industrial Loads
• Industrial loads vary greatly in composition reflecting the process involved:
• On-site generation
• Internal sub-transmission and distribution
• Synchronous vs induction motors for large loads
• Increasing penetration of electronic drives
• Electric vs gas/liquor boilers for steam production
• Presence of conveyors
• These NERC models are starting points for representing typical industrial plants:
• May be sufficient for BPS studies
• May need specifics of each plant for detailed studies
103
Appendix C: Industrial Load Response to Faults
104
Voltage Sag Recordings
105
Voltage Sag Recordings
106
Voltage Sag Recordings
107
Voltage Sag Recordings
108
20% of load disconnected
Voltage Sag Recordings
109
33% of load disconnected