Nephrosclerosis
-
Upload
mohammad-manzoor -
Category
Health & Medicine
-
view
118 -
download
3
description
Transcript of Nephrosclerosis
Nephrosclerosis
Lecture 49
Vascular Diseases
Types• I. Benign Nephrosclerosis
• II. Malignant Nephrosclerosis
BENIGN NEPHROSCLEROSIS
• Benign nephrosclerosis is the term used for the renal pathology associated with sclerosis (Hardening) of renal arterioles and small arteries.
• The resultant effect is focal ischemia of parenchyma supplied by vessels with
thickened walls and consequent
narrowed lumens.
Benign Nephrosclerosis
The parenchymal effects include
• glomerulosclerosis and
• chronic tubulointersititial injury,
producing a reduction in functional renal mass. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus, increase the incidence and severity of the lesions.
Pathogenesis Two processes participate in the arterial lesions:
• I. Medial and intimal thickening, as a response to hemodynamic changes, aging, genetic defects, or some combination of these.
The wall of a blood vessel is composed of 3 layers:
Intima, media & adventitia.
PathogenesisII. Hyaline deposition in arterioles,
caused partly by extravasation of plasma proteins through injured endothelium and
partly by increased deposition of basement membrane matrix.
Gross- Morphology• The kidneys are either normal or moderately
reduced in size, with average weights between 110 and 130 gm.
• The cortical surfaces have a fine, even granularity that resembles grain leather.
• The loss of mass is due mainly to cortical scarring and shrinking.
The weight of one kidney averages about 120-150 gSize: 12x 6x3 cm.
Close-up of the gross appearance of the cortical surface in benign nephrosclerosis illustrating the fine, leathery
granularity of the surface.
MICROSCOPYThere is
• Narrowing of the lumens of
arterioles and small arteries,
caused by thickening and hyalinization of the walls (hyaline arteriolosclerosis)
Hyaline Arteriosclerosis
A fatty depositIn intima
Hyaline: A glass, pink protieinacious material
Benign Nephrosclerosis: Hyaline Arteriolarsclerosis
MICROSCOPY• Corresponding to the fine surface granulations
are
• microscopic subcapsular scars• with sclerotic glomeruli and
• tubular dropout (Foci of tubular atrophy),
• alternating with better preserved parenchyma.
MICROSCOPY• The interlobular and arcuate arteries show
a characteristic lesion that consists of
• Medial hypertrophy, • Reduplication of the elastic lamina, and
• Increased myofibroblastic tissue in the
intima,
• which combine to narrow the lumen.
MICROSCOPY• This change, called fibroelastic hyperplasia• often accompanies hyalin arteriolosclerosis and
• increases in severity with AGE and
• in the presence of
HYPERTENSION.
Morphology cont….
There is Patchy Ischemic Atrophy, which consists of
(1) Foci Of Tubular Atrophy and
Interstitial Fibrosis and
(2) A Variety Of Glomerular Alterations.
MorphologyGlomerular alterations include:
1. Collapse Of The GBM, 2. Deposition Of Collagen Within The Bowman Space,
3. Periglomerular Fibrosis, and
4. Total Sclerosis Of Glomeruli.
Morphology• When the ischemic changes
are pronounced and affect large areas of parenchyma, they can produce
regional scars.
Clinical Features.
It is unusual for uncomplicated benign nephrosclerosis to cause renal insufficiency or uremia.
There are usually moderate reductions in renal blood flow, but the GFR is normal or only slightly reduced.
Three groups of hypertensive patients with benign nephrosclerosis are at increased risk of developing renal failure:
1. People Of African Descent, 2. People with more severe blood pressure elevations,
3. Persons with a second underlying disease, especially diabetes.
In these groups renal insufficiency may supervene after
prolonged benign hypertension.
Malignant Nephrosclerosis• Malignant nephrosclerosis is the
form of Renal Disease associated with The Malignant or Accelerated Phase of
HYPERTENSION.
Malignant Nephrosclerosis• Malignant hypertension may occasionally
develop in previously normotensive individuals
but often is superimposed on• Preexisting essential benign hypertension• Secondary forms of hypertension, or • An underlying chronic renal disease,
particularly glomerulonephritis or reflux nephropathy Associated with vesico-ureteric reflux
Malignant Nephrosclerosis• It is also a frequent cause of death from
uremia in individuals with scleroderma. Malignant hypertension is relatively uncommon, occurring in 1% to 5% of all people with elevated blood pressure.
• In its pure form it usually affects younger individuals, and occurs more often in men and in blacks.
Pathogenesis- Unclear• The basis for this turn for the worse (Zawaal)
in hypertensive subjects is
unclear, but the following sequence of events is suggested.
• 1.The initial insult seems to be some form of
vascular damage to the kidneys. This might result
• from long-standing benign hypertension,
with eventual injury to the arteriolar walls, or • 2. The initiating injury may spring de novo from
arteritis,
• a coagulopathy, or • some injury causing acute exacerbation of the hypertension.
Pathogenesis• In any case, the result is• 1. increased permeability of the small
vessels to fibrinogen and other plasma proteins,
• 2. endothelial injury, • 3. focal death of cells of the vascular wall,
and• 4. platelet deposition.
Pathogenesis• This leads to the appearance of
1. Fibrinoid necrosis of arterioles and small arteries,
2. Swelling of the vascular intima, and
3. Intravascular Thrombosis.
Pathogenesis• Mitogenic factors from platelets (e.g., PDGF),
plasma, and other cells cause hyperplasia of intimal smooth muscle of vessels, resulting in the hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis that is typical of malignant hypertension and further narrowing of the lumens.
• The kidneys become
markedly ischemic.
Pathogenesis• With severe involvement of the renal
afferent arterioles, the renin-angiotensin system receives a powerful stimulus; indeed, patients with malignant hypertension have markedly elevated levels of plasma renin.
Pathogenesis• This sets up a self-perpetuating cycle in which
angiotensin II causes intrarenal vasoconstriction, and the attendant renal ischemia perpetuates renin secretion.
Pathogenesis• Other vasoconstrictors (e.g.,
endothelin) and loss of vasodilators (nitric oxide) may also contribute to
vasoconstriction.
Pathogenesis• Aldosterone levels are also elevated,
and salt retention undoubtedly
contributes to the elevation of blood pressure.
Pathogenesis• The consequences of the markedly elevated
blood pressure on the blood vessels throughout the body are known as
malignant arteriosclerosis, and
the renal disorder is malignant nephrosclerosis.
Gross Morphology.
• On gross inspection the kidney size depends on the duration and severity of the hypertensive disease.
• Small, pinpoint petechial HEMORRHAGES may appear on the cortical surface from RUPTURE of arterioles or glomerular capillaries, giving the kidney a peculiar
“flea-bitten” appearance.
Microscopy
• Two histologic alterations characterize blood vessels in malignant hypertension:
1. Fibrinoid necrosis of arterioles.
This appears as an Eosinophilic Granular Change in the blood vessel wall, which stains positively
for fibrin by histochemical or immunofluorescence techniques.
Malignant Nephrosclerosis
Microscopy• This change represents an acute event; it may
be accompanied by limited inflammatory infiltrate within the wall.
• Sometimes the glomeruli become necrotic and infiltrated with neutrophils, and the glomerular capillaries may thrombose.
2. In the interlobular arteries and arterioles, there is intimal thickening caused by a proliferation of elongated, concentrically arranged smooth muscle cells, together with fine concentric layering of collagen and accumulation of pale-staining material that probably represents accumulations of proteoglycans and plasma proteins. This alteration has been referred to as
onion-skinning
because of its concentric appearance.
Malignant Nephrosclerosis
• The lesion, also called hyperplastic arteriolitis, correlates well with renal failure in malignant hypertension.
• There may be superimposed intraluminal thrombosis.
• The arteriolar and arterial lesions result in considerable narrowing of all vascular lumens, ischemic atrophy and, at times, infarction distal to the abnormal vessels.
Clinical Features• SP>200 mm Hg & DP>120 mm Hg, • Papilledema, • Retinal hemorrhages, • Encephalopathy, • Cardiovascular abnormalities, &• Renal failure.
Clinical features• Most often, the early symptoms are related to
increased intracranial pressure and include• headaches,• nausea,• vomiting, and • visual impairments, particularly scotomas or spots before the eyes.
Clinical Features
•Hypertensive crises are sometimes encountered, characterized by
• episodes of loss of consciousness or
even convulsions.
Clinical Features• At the onset of rapidly mounting blood
pressure, there is marked proteinuria and microscopic or sometimes macroscopic
hematuria but no significant alteration in renal function.
• Soon, however, renal failure makes its appearance.
Treatment• The syndrome is • a true medical emergency requiring
the institution of aggressive and prompt
antihypertensive therapy to prevent the development of irreversible renal lesions.
Prognosis• Before the introduction of current
antihypertensive drugs, malignant hypertension was associated with a
• 50% mortality rate within 3 months of
onset, progressing to 90% within a year.
Prognosis• At present, however, • about 75% of patients survive 5 years,
and 50% survive with restoration of pre-crisis renal function.