A Tragedy To Life And Property

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ANDHRA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING [A] ANDHRA UNIVERSITY, VISAKHAPATNAM- 530003 (Accredited by NAAC with A grade &ISO 9001:2000 certified) JULY- 2015

PRESENTATIONON NEPAL EARTHQUAKE - 2015

A Tragedy To Life And PropertyByB.VINOD KUMARB.E MECHANICAL311507005004

tectonic plates

What is An Earthquake?

An Earthquake is the Sudden movement or vibration in earths crust result that creates seismic waves.

Release of the energy due to intense pressure + active internal dynamism of the earth

The seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time.

If you throw stone in a pond of still water, series of waves are produced on the surface of water, these waves spread out in all directions from the point where the stone strikes the water.

similarly, any sudden disturbances in the earths crust may produce vibration in the crust which travel in all direction from point of disturbances.

FOR EXAMPLE:

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Terms Related To Earthquake

Causes Of An EarthquakeThe primary cause of an earthquake is faults on the crust of the earth.A Fault is a break or fracture b/w two blocks of rocks in response to stress.This movement may occur rapidly, in the form of an earthquake or may occur slowly, in the form of creep.Earth scientists use theangle of the faultwith respect to the surface (known as the dip) and thedirection of slipalong the fault to classify faults.Some major causes of earthquakes on basis of its causes are:Surface causesTectonic causesVolcanic causes

Great explosions, landslides, slips on steep coasts, dashing of sea waves, avalanches ,Mining, Nuclear testing and some large engineering projects cause minor tremors. some of them are man made, other are natural.

Surface cause:

Volcanic eruptions produce earthquakes. Earthquakes may precede, accompany and frequently follow volcanic eruptions.They are caused by sudden displacements of lava within or beneath the earth crust.

There are two general categories of earthquakes that can occur at a volcano: volcano-tectonic earthquakes

long period earthquakes.

Volcanic cause:

Tectonic cause:

The Earths outer shell, the lithosphere, consisting of the crust and uppermost mantle, is divided into a patchwork of large tectonic plates that move slowly relatively to each other

Effects of an earthquakeGround motionSurface Rupturebuilding collapse

FiresDeathRupture

Land slides

Seismometers-The measurement of earthquake

The intensity and strength of an earthquake is measured on Richter scale, the scale invented by Charles Richter California ,USA in 1935.which categories earthquake on the basis of energy released.

Scientists measure the strength of earthquakes using machines known as seismograph

Amount of energy released during different Earthquake:

Intensity Of Earthquake On Richter Scale:Energy Release (Amount Of TNT):1.0170 Grams2.06 Kilogram3.0179 Kilogram4.05 Metric Tons5.0179 Metric Tons6.05643 Metric Tons7.0179100 Metric Tons7.51 Mega Tons8.0564300 Metric Tons

Mercalli intensity scale

Types Of Zones:The earthquake zoning map of India divides India into 4 seismic zones Based on the observations of the affected area due to Earthquake india divided into four types of zones

HOW THE HIMALAYAS WERE FORMED

Collision between Indian plate and Eurasian plateUplift of Himalayas

Mount Everest, Kanchenjunga, Makalu, Dhaulagiri, Mansalu, Annapurna, Nanda devi, Kamet, Gurla Mandhata

If we could travel back 90 million years, we would find India positioned east of Madagascar and just beginning its tectonic journey northward toward Asia.

The formation of The Himalaya Range is a result of a continental collision between the Indo-Australian Plate and the Eurasian Plate.

THE EARTHQUAKE WAS CAUSED BY THE ONGOING COLLISION BETWEEN THE INDIAN AND EURASIAN TECTONIC PLATES:

Importance of Himalayas:A large part of the Himalayas lies in the north and in the east of Nepal. The summit of Mount Everest (Sagarmth is 8848 meters high. This is the highest point on earth.

Eight of the 10 highest mountains inthe world are in Nepal. About 40% of Nepal is higher than 3000meters. On average, only Tibet ishigher than Nepal.

The Hills or Valley is the longestinhabited part of Nepal. 45% of thepopulation of Nepal lives on theHills

The Himalayas are a very tectonically active part of the world. This means that earthquakes are not uncommon, with several earthquakes that are large enough to be felt occurring every year. Large earthquakes are however more rare.

The last massive earthquake to occur in this area was the M 8.2 Nepal-Bihar earthquake that happened in January 1934. This earthquake caused widespread devastation, and flattened several towns in Nepal and India.It is worth noting that all of the earthquakes in this are relatively shallow, with almost all being at less than 33 km depth. This is one of the reasons why the April 2015 earthquake has caused so much damage and loss of life.

M8.2, Jan 1934

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Nepal has three geographic regionsThe Terai is fertile land and the primary agrarian region. It borders India. It has a tropical climate and major crops include rice, wheat, pulses, sugarcane, jute, tobacco, and maize.

The Hills or Valley is the longest inhabited part of Nepal. 45% of the population of Nepal lives on the Hills. The capital Kathmandu is here and has the only international airport of the country.The Mountains are the most difficult region for habitation.

CultureNepal is ethnically and culturally a minority mosaic. There are more than 100 different ethnicgroups and castes. In Nepal 124 different languages and dialects are spoken.

Date25April2015Origin time11:56:26NSTMagnitude7.8Mwor 8.1Mw Depth15.0 km (9.3 mi)Epicenter28.147N 84.708ETypeThrustAreas affectedNepalIndiaChinaBangladeshTotal damage$5 billion (about 25% of GDPMax. intensityIX (Violent)Aftershocks7.3Mwon 12 May at 12:51 6.7Mwon 26 April at 12:54No. of aftershocks( >=4ML )=329 (as of 24 June 2015)Casualties8,856 dead in Nepal (officially) and 9,017 in total 21,952 injured (officially

EARTHQUAKE PROFILE OF NEPAL --2015

Country ContextTotal population: 23,151,423 with annual population growth rate at 2.25 [CBS, 2001]

Most natural hazard prone; flood, earthquake, fires, landslides, extended dry spell & health risks resulting to epidemics

Nepal is disaster prone country due to:

Rugged & fragile geomorphic conditionVariable climate conditionsIncreasing populationPoor economic conditionsUnplanned settlements

The Disaster Situation

Earthquake is a major potential hazard to reckon with

The country is located on an active seismic belt

The exponential urbanization trend over the past decade with general disregard of earthquake

Kathmandu valley (3 districts and 5 Municipalities) is at the high risk of earthquake

Up to 900,000 homeless60% of buildings destroyedOnly two or three of the 14 hospitals in the valley with an in-patient capacity of thirty or more still functional95% of water pipes & 50% of pumping stations & treatment plants seriously affected; water supply disrupted for several months.60% of telephones unusable for up to a month40% of electricity lines and all sub-stations non-functional for a month50% of bridges & many narrow roads unusable because of damage & debrisKathmandu international airport isolated by collapse of access roads & bridges; runway partially or totally unusable.

Disaster Risk Profile

Nepal is ranked as 11th most risk country in world in terms of relative vulnerability to earthquake & 30th with respect to flood [UNDP/BCPR, 2004]Nepal remains as one of the global hot-spots for natural disaster [World Bank, 2005]Entire country falls in high earthquake intensity belt-high seismic scale.This earthquake, the worst quake to hit Nepal (a poor South Asian nation) since 1934, collapsed buildings and houses, leveled centuries-old temples and triggered avalanches in the Himalayas.

Impact of the Nepal Earthquake

A magnitude 7.8 earthquake occurred 80 km to the northwest of the Nepalese capital, Kathmandu on 25th April 2015. This earthquake is the largest to have hit the Nepal region in over 80 years.

UNESCOWorld Heritage siteUNESCO has declared 7 World Heritage Sites, all inside Kathmandu Valley. These seven World Heritage Sites are all amazing man-made wonders still standing majestically some of them as old as 2500 yearsKathmandu Durbar Square

Lies in the heart of the capital and is popularly known as the Hanuman Dhoka Palace -the Gateway of Hanuman- an ancient seat of Nepalese Royaltywere constructed from the 15th 18thcenturies

Patan Durbar Square

Patan is only 7.8km south-east of Kathmandu city. This city is considered one of the oldest among the three cities of Kathmandu Valley

Swayambhunath

A Buddhist stupa on a western hills of Kathmandu. The 2,500 year old monument is a holy site replete with symbols. The mound represents the four elements of earth, fire, wind and water. The 13 gilded rings of the spire symbolize the 13 steps of the ladder leading to Nirvana, the final salvation.

Boudhanath Stupa:

Pashupati Nath is considered one of the holiest shrines of all the Hindu temples. It is 6km. east of downtown Kathmandu. The temple has remained the presiding deity of ruling Nepalese RoyaltyPashupatinath Temple

Dharahara, also called bhimsen tower

It was built in 1832 by Mukhtiyar (equivalent toPrime Minister)Bhimsen Thapa under the commission of Queen Lalit Tripura Sundari

DAMAGE

Thousands of houses were destroyed across many districts of the country, with entire villages flattened, especially those near the epicenter

Loss of life and property

Total property loss $5 billion Nearly 9,000 people were killedand injured more than 23,000.

A second major earthquake occurred on 12 May 2015At least 200 died in Nepal as a result of the aftershock and about 2,500 were injured. in India and one in China

avalanche on Mount Everest

Killing at least 19,making April 25, 2015 the deadliest day on the mountain in history.The earthquake triggered another huge avalanche in theLangtang valley, where 250 people were reported missingAt least 17 people were killed after an earthquake outside Kathmandu triggered the avalanche

SEARCH AND RESCUE

Before and after

international aid to Nepal for earthquake relief

INDIAS ROLE IN RESCUE OPERATIONSGovernment of India was among the first to respond to the crisis, by launching a full-fledged rescue and relief operation codenamedOperation Maitri (Operation Amity). Within 15 minutes of the quake, Prime MinisterNarendra Modi responded, directing immediate dispatch of relief and rescue teams, including medical teams, to Nepal.

India has sent humanitarian relief to the remote villages most affected by Nepal's deadly earthquake

The first quake measured 7.8 Mwand its epicenter was identified at a distance of 80km to the northwest ofKathmandu, the capital of Nepal.Bharatpurwas the nearest major city to the main earthquake, 53km (33mi) from the epicenterAftershocks

Continuedaftershocks occurred throughout Nepal within 1520 minute intervals, with one shock reaching a magnitude of 6.7 on 26 April at12:54:08NST. The country also had a continued risk of landslides.

A major aftershock occurred on 12 May 2015 at12:51 NSTwith amoment magnitude (Mw) of 7.3. The epicenter was near the Chinese border between the capital of Kathmandu and Mt. Everest. More than 200 people were killed and more than 2,500 were injured by this aftershock.

Intensity

The intensity in Kathmandu was IX (ViolentTremors were felt in the neighboring Indian states ofBihar,Uttar Pradesh,Assam,West Bengal,Sikkim,Jharkhand, Uttarakhand,Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat in the National capital region aroundNew Delhi and as far south asKarnataka

History of earthquakes in Nepal

Aftermath:Hundreds of thousands of people were made homeless with entire villages flattened

Across many districts of the country. Centuries-old buildings were destroyedProperty cost burdens,urbanization, private and public debt burdens, mental health, politics,tourism, as well as disease and healthcare system damages, disasters that come with themonsoon season.

1934 NepalBihar earthquake

Death toll estimated 10,000

A COMPARISON WITH OTHER DEVASTATING EARTHQUAKES OF THE WORLD(in terms of casualties)DECEMBNER 1920 HAIYUAN, CHINA EARTHQUAKE

Death toll estimated at 273,400.

SEPTEMBER 1923 GREAT KANTO EARTHQUAKE: JAPAN

Death toll estimated at 142,800.

JULY 1976 TANGSHAN, CHINA EARTHQUAKE

Death toll estimated at 242,000 to 655,000.

MEXICO CITY AFTER 1985 EARTHQUAKE:

Death toll estimated at 5,000 45,000

TURKEY (1999) KOCALEI EARTH-QUAKE): property

Death toll estimated at 17,127Injured 50,000

GUJARAT, INDIA (JAN 26, 2001)

Death toll estimated 20,800

BOUMERDES, ALGERIA;

Death toll estimated 2,226 (MAY 21, 2003)

DECEMBER 2004 EARTH-QUAKE/TSUNAMI: INDONESIADeath toll estimated at 230,000

MAY 2008 EARTHQUAKE: SICHUAN PROVINCE, CHINADeath toll estimated at 88,000.

LESSONS learn from earthquakesThe knowledge and timing of anticipatory actions is vital .

Timely, realistic disaster scenarios save lives.

Emergency response saves lives. Emergency medical preparedness saves lives.

Earthquake engineered buildings save lives.

The international community always provides aid

FACT

MOST OF THE 200+ NATIONS NEED EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE POLICIES THAT ARE BASED ON LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST EARTHQUAKE DISASTER LABORATORIES