Neonatal resuscitation
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Transcript of Neonatal resuscitation
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NEWBORN NEWBORN RESUSCITATIONRESUSCITATION
A.SWAROOPAMSC(NURSING)
PEDIATRIC NURSING
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PRIMARY CAUSE OF DEATH
18 %Other causes09 %Malformation29 %Perinatal hypoxia17 %Infection27 %Prematurity
DEATHSCAUSE
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4 MILLION NEWBORN DEATHS – WHY?ALMOST ALL ARE DUE TO PREVENTABLE
CONDITIONS
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INTRODUCTIONBasic Life Support needed for patient whose breathing or heart has stoppedVentilations are given to oxygenate blood when breathing is inadequate or has stoppedIf heart has stopped, chest compressions are given to circulate blood to vital organsVentilation combined with chest compressions is called cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)CPR is commonly given to patients in cardiac arrest as a result of heart attack
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Indications for resuscitationAntepartum factorsIntra partum factorsPost partum factorsANTEPARTUM FACTORS:Maternal diabetesMaternal infectionsHydromniasPost term gestationMaternal drug abuseLike respiridine, lithium, carbonate etc.
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PRENATAL FACTORS
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INTRANATAL FACTORS:Abnormal presentations.Premature labor.Early rupture of membranes.Foul smelling amniotic fluid.Precipitate labor.Fetal bradycardia.Cord prolapse.Meconeum stained amniotic fluid.Narcotic administration to mother with in 4 hrs of delivery.
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PERINATAL FACTORS
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ABC’s of ResuscitationA - establish open airway Position, suction
B - initiate breathing by Tactile stimulation, Oxygen
C - maintain circulation Chest compression
D - Medications
A B C (A: Airway, B: Breathing, C: Circulation)
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•Initial steps:–Thermal management–Positioning–Suctioning–Tactile stimulation
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Sign 0 1 2
Heart rate Absent <100beats/min
>100beats/min
Respirations Absent Weak cry Strong cry
Muscle tone Limp Some flexion Active motionReflex No response Grimace Active
withdrawalColor Blue, pale Body: pink
Extremities:blue
Completelypink
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1.Anticipation. 2.Adequate preparation.3. Initial stabilization and evaluation.4.Timely recognition, Quick and correct action
are critical for the success of resuscitation
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Resuscitation must be anticipated at every birth. Every birth attendant should be prepared and able to resuscitate
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For resuscitation:For resuscitation:1. A self-inflating Ambu bag (newborn
size) 2. Two infant masks (for normal and
small newborn), 3.A suction device (mucus extractor),4.A radiant heater (if available), warm
towels, a blanket and 5.A clock are needed
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This consists of :This consists of :drying, (thermal management) positioning
the neonate under radiant warmer to minimize heat loss, suctioning of mouth
and nose (Tracheal suctioning if meconium present) and provide tactile stimulation.
This should only take approximately 20 seconds
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(1)Open the airway(1)Open the airway
Put the baby on its backPosition the head so that it is slightly extended .
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The upper airway (the mouth then the nose) should be suctioned to remove fluid if
stained with blood or meconiumblood or meconium
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If the chest is rising symmetrically with frequency >30/minute,
no immediate action is needed
(2) If there is no cry, (2) If there is no cry, assess breathing:assess breathing:
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If the newborn is not breathing or gasping
Immediately start resuscitation.There are two techniques to provide breathing1.Technique for artificial respiration2.Positive pressure ventilation.
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1.Technique for artificial respiration
• CLEAR THE MOUTHOF MUCOUS.• HYPER EXTEND THE NECK WITH
ONE HAND, CLAMP THE NOSTRILS WITH FINGERS OR
• SEAL NOSE AND MOUTH OR NOSE ONLY
• TAKE DEEP BREATH AND FORCE AIR INTO LUNGS.
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When no equipment is available:
mouth to mouth-and-nose breathing
should be done.
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for ensuring adequate ventilation of the lungs, oxygenation of vital organs, and
initiation of spontaneous breathing.
The most important aspect of The most important aspect of newborn resuscitationnewborn resuscitation
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Ventilation can almost always be initiated using a bag and mask.2 basic kinds of resuscitation bags are available.
Self inflating bagFlow inflating bag
(it is rarely necessary to intubate)
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OUT LINE PROCEEDURE TO VENTILATE
Select the appropriate mask Reposition the newborn Make sure that the neck is slightly extended. Place the mask on the newborn's face, so that it covers the chin, mouth and nose .
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Form a seal between the mask and the infant's face. Squeeze the bag with two
fingers only.There should be noticeable rise and fall
of chest with each inflation .
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EVALUATE THE HEART RATE After 30 sec , count the heart rate for 6sec and multiply it by 10 to obtain heart rate per mt.If the HR is >100bpm and infant has spontaneous respirations discontinue ventilation, provide tactile stimulations and free flow oxygen.If HR is <100 bpm ensure ventilation with 100% oxygen initiate chest compression.
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CHEST COMPRESSION:When ever the HR remains < than 60bpm inspite of positive pressure ventilation.2 types :I.THUMB TECHNIQUEII.TWO FINGER TECHNIQUEoPressure to be applied vertically.oCannot use effectively if the baby is large or if our hands are small.oPosition of the baby on firm surface with neck slightly extended.
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Location:lower third of sternum which lies between the xyphoid and the line drawn between nipples.Depth of compression:Infant: 1/2-3/4 ‘’ Child:1-1 ½”Compression and ventilation rates and ratios:For adult-30 compression and 2 breaths.For infant and child-15:2
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CHEST COMPRESSIONS:• Place thumbs of both hands on sternum while fingers
encircle chest• Compress breastbone with both thumbs while fingers
support the back.
Two-Rescuer CPR: Infants
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Rescuer 1 checks ABCs. Rescuer 2 locates site for chest compressions.
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After effectively ventilating for about 1 minute, stop briefly but do not
remove the mask and bag and look for spontaneous breathing
If there is none or it is weak, continue ventilating until spontaneous
cry/breathing begins.
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If breathing is slow (frequency of breathing is <30), or if there
is severe chest indrawing: continue ventilating and ask for
arrangement for referral if possible
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A newborn will benefit from transfer only if it is properly ventilated and
kept warm during transport
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Stop ventilation
If there is no gasping or breathing at all after 20 minutes of ventilation:
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Do not separate the mother and the newborn. Leave the newborn skin-to-skin with the mother
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Encourage breast-feeding within one hour of birth. The newborn that needs resuscitation is at higher risk of developing hypoglycemia. Observe suckling .
Good suckling is a sign of good recovery.
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1.Stimulate the heart so that it supplies oxygen, nutrition to the body and vital organs.
2.Increase tissue perfusion3.Restore acid-base balance. 4.Correct acidosis.
Drugs are seldom needed to:
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They may be required in newborns who do not respond to adequate ventilation with
100% oxygen and chest compressions.
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Sodium bicarbonate is not recommended in the
immediate postnatal period if there is no documented
metabolic acidosis.
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It should therefore not be given routinely
to newborns who are not breathing
If it is given administer 2meq/kg
Umbilical vein
Slowly not faster than a rate of 1meq/kg/mt.
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Epinephrine in a dose of 0.01-0.03 mg/kg should be administered if the heart rate remains <60 bpm after a
minimum of 30 seconds of adequate ventilation and chest compressions.
Routes: umblical vein, endotracheal,intravenous
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NS &RL
10ML/KG
UMBLICAL VEIN
TO BE INFUSED OVER 5-10 MTS.
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can serve as an alternative route for medications/volume expansion if umbilical or other direct venous access is not readily available.
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