Neolithic Culture

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Neolithic Culture Why Humans Settled Down

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Neolithic Culture. Why Humans Settled Down. Why Humans Became Food Producers. Foraging. Farming. Knew much about local plant and animal species Good nutrition Less work Stable food supply. Hard work Food source is unreliable – food crisis - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of Neolithic Culture

Page 1: Neolithic Culture

Neolithic CultureWhy Humans Settled Down

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Why Humans Became Food ProducersForaging Farming• Knew much about local

plant and animal species• Good nutrition• Less work• Stable food supply

• Hard work• Food source is unreliable –

food crisis• Theory – farming began as

a way to fatten animals at oases

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The Fertile Crescent• Humans evolved in Africa• Soon moved north –

reasons?• Humans soon populated

the area between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

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Theories•Oasis Theory (V. Gordon Childe)•Population Growth (Cohen)•Seasonal Stress (McCorriston and Hole)• Hilly Flanks theory of animal

domestication (Hole)

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Oasis Theory• A type of environmental determinism.• Southwest Asia became drier 12 to 15,000 years

ago.• People congregated around oases.• People collected the seeds of wild grasses. This

led to plant cultivation.• Cultivation of plants attracted wild cattle and

sheep and goats. This led to animal domestication. 

• Problem: ▫Domestication did not occur first at oases

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Population Growth• Hunting, fishing and gathering were very

productive.• So productive that population grew.• More people needed more food• People in marginal areas decided to domesticate

animals and plants to provide new food • Problems:

▫Domestication is gradual and would not provide people with more food in the short term.

▫Assumes domestication was intentional. However, people cannot predict which plants or animals could be domesticated. 

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Seasonal Stress theory• The earliest plant domestication took place around the margins

of evaporating lakes. For example, the Jordan River Valley.• Beginning in the Mesolithic, the climate became warmer with

seasonal droughts (these are seasonal stresses.)• Annuals are best adapted to this environment,wild cereal and

grains produce abundant seeds and survive for long periods of drought.

• People collected wild plants, for example, wheat, barley, and rye.They used sickles, which meant that plants with tough stems and seeds that did not readily scatter were the most likely to be carried back to settlements.

• Some lost seeds germinated at disturbed sites such as latrines, garbage pits, and burned over areas.

• People began to promote growth of these annuals.

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Hilly Flanks Theory of Animal Domestication• Wild sheep and goats were domesticated in the hilly flanks or the

foothills of the Zargos Mountains in present day Iraq and Iran• Wild sheep and goats migrated up and down mountains due to

the seasonal availability of grasses.• Sheep and goats grazed in the lowlands during the winter and in

the high pastures in the summer.• People follow these animals, and became very familiar with their

behavior and habits• By 11,000 years ago, the percentage of male lamb remains

increased. This indicates the presence of herd management• Females were spared for breeding and people were feasting on

ram lambs.• By 8000 years ago, domesticated sheep and goats were being

kept at villages like Jericho.

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Other Centers of Domestication

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Did you notice that domestication moved east/west?Did you also notice that the domestication occurred largely in the southern hemisphere? Interesting considering that the power today lies in the northern hemisphere.

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Neolithic Material CultureTool Making Neolithic Stone Tools• Tools were made of wood,

bone and stone• Chipping, flaking, grinding

and polishing were methods used to shape tools

• Tools included: sickles, scythes, forks, hoes, plows, and mortars and pestles

• Specialized skills developed for making tools, including leatherworks, weaving and pottery

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Neolithic Material CulturePottery Pottery• Fired clay (first)• Needed to store food and

other perishables• Made trade more possible,

trade routes could be longer

• Fragile – less useful for nomads and hunters

• Requires artful skill

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Neolithic Material CultureHousing Many different types• Hunters and gatherers

had no need for permanent housing

• Made of wood, stone, sun-dried, or poles plastered together with mud or clay

• Often associated with farming settlements, but not necessarily (eg. West coast of Canada)

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Neolithic Material CultureClothing Loom and Spindle• Clothing now made of

textiles (instead of hides or furs)

• Flax, cotton, wool (sheep, llama, goat), silk

• Invention of spindle and loom

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Neolithic Social Structure•Little archaeological evidence of

hierarchical structure – egalitarian•Little evidence of religion•Burial exhibit no differentiation – all were

given the same treatment•Oddly, these communities could come

together to produce very impressive structures and sites (eg. Stonehenge)

•Most groupings probably all knew each other

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Spread of Neolithic Civilization