Nematodes Treatment Part2
Transcript of Nematodes Treatment Part2
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Necator americanus
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Necator americanus
Common Name: Human Hookworm/New world Hookworm
Disease: Hookworms which may lead to anemia, may also cause growth stun
children.
Portal of Entry: Skin
ransmission: !nfecti"e lar"ae, de"elo# from eggs e$creted in feces and #enet
skin, usually %y the dorsum of the %are feet or %etween the toes& "ertical trans
from mother to child is #ossi%le
Diagnosis: he standard method for diagnosing the #resence of hookworm is identifying hookworm eggs in a stool sam#le using a microsco#e. 'ecause eg
%e difficult to find in light infections, a concentration #rocedure is recommend
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Necator americanus
Pre"ention: Do not walk %arefoot in areas where
hookworm is common and where there
may %e fecal contamination of the soil. ("oid other skin)to)soil contact and a"oid
ingesting such soil. *ecal contamination occurs when #eo#le
defecate outdoors or use human feces as
fertili+er.
he infection of others can %e #re"ented %y not defecating outdoors or using
human feces as fertili+er, and %y effecti"e
sewage dis#osal systems.
Signs and Sym#toms: itching and a local
a%dominal #ain diarrhea loss of a##etite weight loss fatigue anemia he #hysical an
growth of childaffected.
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Necator americanus
reatment: (l%enda+ole take -- mg orally once e%enda+ole take -- mg orally twice a day for
0 days or 1-- mg orally once Pyrantel #amoate take mg/kg 2u# to a
ma$imum of g3 orally daily for 0 days
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Ancylostoma duodenale
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Ancylostoma duodenale
Common Name: Human Hookworm/ 4ld 5orld HookwormDisease: Hookworm infection which may lead to anemia.
Portal of Entry: Skin
ransmission: !nfecti"e lar"ae, de"elo# from eggs e$creted in feces and
#enetrate the skin, usually %y the dorsum of the %are feet or %etween the toes
"ertical transmission from mother to child is #ossi%le
Diagnosis: he standard method for diagnosing the #resence of hookworm isidentifying hookworm eggs in a stool sam#le using a microsco#e. 'ecause eg
may %e difficult to find in light infections, a concentration #rocedure is
recommended.
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Ancylostoma duodenale
Pre"ention:
Do not defecate in the o#en, %ut rather intoilets.
Do not use untreated human e$creta or raw
sewage as fertili+er in agriculture Do not walk %arefoot in known infected areas.
Signs and Sym#toms:
itchiness and a small rasan allergic reaction
diarrhea as the hookwor
your intestine a%dominal #ain colic 2cram#ing and e$ce
in infants3 intestinal cram#s
nausea fe"er %lood in your stool a##etite loss
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Ancylostoma duodenale
reatment: (l%enda+ole take -- mg orally once e%enda+ole take -- mg orally twice a day for 0 days or 1-- mg orally
once Pyrantel #amoate take mg/kg 2u# to a ma$imum of g3 orally daily
for 0 days he treatments for this ty#e of hookworm is similar to Necator
americanus.
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Dracunculus medinensis
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Dracunculus medinensis
Common Name: 6uinea worm, medina worm, ser#ent worm
Disease: 6uinea worm disease, also called 2dracunculiasis or dracontiasis3Portal of Entry: 6astrointestinal ract
ransmission: he #arasite is transmitted to man %y drinking raw water
containing infected cyclo#ses.
Diagnosis: Diagnosis of 65D is made %y "isual identification of the female
6uinea worm #rotruding from a skin lesion.
icrosco#ic identification of lar"ae is also a method of diagnosis.
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Dracunculus medinensis
Pre"ention:
control of water fleas and earlydetection of cases
a"aila%ility of clean drinking water
is filtration of water to remo"e
infected water fleas from sus#ect
water sources treatment of contaminated water
su##lies with #esticides to kill thefleas.
Signs and Sym#toms:
se"ere itching nausea "omiting diarrhea di++iness formation of %listers
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Dracunculus medinensis
reatment:
here is no s#ecific drug treatment for guinea worm disease. Soaking the site of the %lister in a container of water encourages
emerge. 4nce it has %roken through the skin, gentle traction is a##lied
s#eeding its emergence, which may take se"eral days or weeks. he wo
wra##ed around a #iece of gau+e or a stick to maintain tension and
worm from retracting into the %ody. o#ical anti%iotics often are a##lied to the site of the wound to #re"
with another organism during the e$traction #eriod. (s#irin or i%u#rofen may %e administered to relie"e #ain and reduce inf
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Brugia malayi
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Brugia malayi
Common Name: alayan *ilaria
Disease: alayan *ilariasis 2lym#hatic filariasis3
Portal of Entry: Skinransmission: he infection s#reads from #erson to #erson %y mos7uito %ites
Diagnosis:he standard method for diagnosing acti"e infection is the
identification of microfilariae in a %lood smear %y microsco#ic e$amination
and a thick smear should %e made and stained with 6iemsa or hemato$ylin an
eosin.
*or increased sensiti"ity, concentration techni7ues can %e used.
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Brugia malayi
Pre"ention: slee# under a mos7uito net
wear long slee"es and trousers use mos7uito re#ellent on
e$#osed skin %etween dusk and
dawn
Signs and Sym#toms: swelling and the decrea
the lym#h system hardening and thickenin
which is called ele#hanti cough shortness of %reath whee+ing
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Brugia malayi
reatment:
Diethylcar%ama+ine 2DEC3 is the drug registered for use inthis disease, howe"er it is associated with many side effects
!"ermectin and DEC a##ears to %e effecti"e com%ination as
they act synergistically etracycline anti%iotics to kill 5ol%achia %acteria Se"erely damaged e$tremities may undergo surgical
decom#ression of the lym#hatic system
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Onchocerca volvulus
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Onchocerca volvulus
Common Name: (frican 8i"er%lindness nematodesDisease: 8i"er 'lindness 24nchocerciasis3
Portal of Entry: Skin
ransmission: !t is transmitted through re#eated %ites %y %lackflies
of the genus Simulium.
Diagnosis: Definiti"e diagnosis is sim#ly done %y seeing adult
worms in e$cised skin nodules, eye lesions, or %y finding
microfilariae in skin sha"ings or #unch %io#sies of the skin
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Onchocerca volvulus
Pre"ention: 5earing insect re#ellant such as N,N)
Diethyl)meta)toluamide 2DEE3 on
e$#osed skin 5earing long slee"es and long #ants
during the day when %lackflies %ite 5earing #ermethrin) treated clothing.
Signs and Sym#toms: Skin inflammation that is "ery
#a#uleson the skin
nodules in the skin 2su%cutaneousaggy, or droo#ing areas of skin,
#atchy skin de#igmentation 2leo#ar lym#h node inflammation 2lym#ha eye 2ocular3 lesions, "isual #ro%lems 2#artial or com#let eosino#hilia 2unusually high le"e
the %lood3,
9Sowda9 is a term used to descri%and skin discoloration 2darkeni
confined to one lim%.
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Onchocerca volvulus reatment: reatment is done %y gi"ing the #atient i"ermectin, an anti#arasitic dru
once or twice #er year for a%out -)1 years 2the life s#an of aduworms3. his drug is effecti"e in killing the microfilariae %ut does n
kill the adult worms. ost clinicians recommend that su%cutaneous nodules should %
e$cised, if #ossi%le, there%y remo"ing the adult worms. Do$ycycline damages and kills 5ol%achia%acteria that are inside th
microfilariae and adult worms, resulting in the death of microfilaria
and ineffecti"e microfilariae #roduced %y the sur"i"ing adult worms. he use of diethylcar%ama+ine 2a treatment used %efore i"ermectin
%ecame a"aila%le3 is contraindicated. !t may cause se"ere or fatal #atien
reactions in indi"iduals with onchocerciasis.