negotiorum_gestio

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Study Group on a European Civil Code

[Book ? Chaper ?]

Principles of European Law on Benevolent Intervention in Another’s Affairs (Asiainhuoltaja, Dioikisi allotrion; Besorgung fremder Angelegenheiten, Gestion d’affaires, Gestione di affari altrui; Gestión de asuntos ajenos, Gestão de assuntos alheios, Negotiorum

gestio, Tjänster utan uppdrag, Uanmodet forretningsførelse, Zaakwaarneming)

Approved by the Co-ordinating Group

Prepared by Professor Christian v. Bar, Osnabrück as Chairman of the Osnabrück Working Team on Unjustified Enrichment Law and

Negotiorum Gestio

with advice from the Advisory Council on Unjustified Enrichment Law and Negotiorum Gestio,

the Drafting Committee and the Co-ordinating Group.

Translation and additional assistance with drafting: Dr. Stephen Swann, Osnabrück

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The Osnabrück Working Team

Begoña Alfonso de la Riva (Spanish Law), Erwin Beysen (Belgian and French Law), Gunter Deppenkemper (Roman Law), Evlalia Eleftheriadou (Greek Law), Silvia Fedrizzi (Italian Law, until October 2000), Andreas Fötschl (Austrian Law), Catherina Gozzi (Italian Law, since February 2001), Lodewijk Gualthérie van Weezel (Dutch Law, since February 2001), Matthias Hünert (German Law), Stefan Kettler (Irish Law, until September 2001), Ina El

Kobbia (Scottish Law), Franz Nieper (Dutch Law, until November 2000), Carlos de Medeiros Nóbrega (Portuguese Law), Sandra Rohlfing (Organisation and Minutes), Johan Sandstedt

(Nordic Laws, since April 2001), Mårten Schultz (Nordic Laws, until March 2001), Dr. Stephen Swann (Common Law)

The Advisory Council on Unjustified Enrichment Law and Negotiorum Gestio

Professor Eric Clive (Edinburgh), Professor Júlio Gomes (Oporto), Professor Marie Goré (Paris), Justitieradet Professor Torgny Håstad (Stockholm), Professor Ewan McKendrick

(Oxford), Professor Peter Schlechtriem (Freiburg), Kristina Siig (Aarhus),

The Co-ordinating Group

Professor Guido Alpa (Genua/Rome), Professor Maurits Barendrecht (Tilburg), Professor Hugh Beale (London/Warwick), Professor John Blackie (Strathclyde), Professor Joachim Bonell (Rome), Professor Carlo Castronovo (Milan), Dr. Eugenia Dacoronia (Athens), Professor Ulrich Drobnig (Hamburg), Professor Bénédicte Fauvarque-Cosson (Paris),

Professor Marcel Fontaine (Louvain), Professor Jacques Ghestin (Paris), Professor Sir Roy Goode (Oxford), Professor Viggo Hagström (Oslo), Professor Arthur Hartkamp (The Hague),

Professor Johnny Herre (Stockholm), Professor Martijn Hesselink (Amsterdam), Professor Ewoud Hondius (Utrecht), Professor Konstantinos Kerameus (Athens), Professor Jan

Kleineman (Stockholm), Professor Ole Lando (Copenhagen), Professor Hector MacQueen (Edinburgh), Professor Eoin O’Dell (Dublin), Professor Guillermo Palao Moreno (Valencia), Professor Edgar du Perron (Amsterdam), Professor Willibald Posch (Graz), Professor André Prüm (Luxembourg/Nancy), Professor Johannes Rainer (Salzburg), Professor Jerzy Rajski (Warsaw), Professor Christina Ramberg (Stockholm), Professor Philippe Rémy (Poitiers), Professor Encarna Roca y Trias (Barcelona), Professor Jorge Sinde Monteiro (Coimbra),

Professor Lena Sisula-Tulokas (Helsinki), Professor Sophie Stijns (Leuven), Professor Verica Trstenjak (Maribor), Professor Lajos Vékás (Budapest), Professor Anna Veneziano (Rome)

The Drafting Committee

Professor Hugh Beale (London/Warwick), Professor Jacques Ghestin (Paris), Professor Christina Ramberg (Stockholm), Professor Peter Schlechtriem (Freiburg), Professor Sophie

Stijns (Leuven)

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Paper No. 5 on Benevolent Intervention in Another’s Affairs (Negotiorum Gestio)

Fourth Draft, 29th May 2002

Text of Articles (English)

Art. 1:101: Scope of Application

(1) This Chapter applies where a person (the intervener) acts: (a) predominantly with the intention of benefiting another (the principal); and (b) with reasonable ground.

If a reasonable ground is absent, this Chapter also applies where the principal approves the act without undue delay.

(2) This Chapter does not apply where the intervener:

(a) is authorised to act under a contractual or other duty to the principal; (b) is authorised to act independent of the principal’s assent or (c) is under a duty to a third party to act.

(3) The intervener does not act with reasonable ground if the intervener:

(a)has a reasonable opportunity to discover the principal’s will but does not do so; or

(b)knows or ought to know that he or she is acting against the principal's will (4) Paragraphs (1)(a) and (2)(c) do not apply to acts in performance of a duty incurred

to a third party as intervener for the principal.

Art. 1:102: Duties of the Intervener

(1) The intervener while acting is under a duty to the principal to act with reasonable care and in a manner which the intervener knows or may reasonably assume accords with the principal’s will.

(2) So far as possible and reasonable, the intervener while acting shall inform the principal about the act and seek the principal’s assent to further acts .

(3) An intervention once commenced may not be discontinued without good reason. (4) After acting the intervener shall without undue delay report and account to the

principal and deliver up anything obtained by acting. (5)In determining whether the intervener is in breach of duty in the course of acting to

provide protection against imminent danger, regard is to be had to the difficulty in judging the situation of danger and in endeavouring to eliminate it.

(6)The intervener is liable to make reparation to the principal for damage caused by breach of a duty set out in this article if the damage resulted from a risk which the intervener created, increased or intentionally perpetuated. The intervener’s liability is reduced or excluded in so far as this is just and equitable, having regard to, among other things, the intervener’s reasons for acting.

(7)An intervener without full legal capacity is liable to make reparation only in so far as that intervener is also liable under the law of tort. Such an intervener’s duty to

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deliver up is subject to the defences which would be available in the law of unjustified enrichment.

Art. 1: 103: Rights of the Intervener

(1) The intervener has a claim against the principal for indemnification or, as the case may be, reimbursement in respect of an obligation, expenditure or other burden in so far as it was reasonable for the intervener to incur the burden. In determining what burdens it was reasonable to incur when the intervener acted to provide protection against imminent danger, regard is to be had to the difficulty in judging the situation of danger and in endeavouring to eliminate it.

(2) The intervener has a claim for remuneration in so far as the intervention is reasonable and provided in the course of the intervener’s profession or trade. The quantum of remuneration, so far as reasonable, is that which is ordinarily paid at the time and place of performance in order to obtain a performance of the kind undertaken.

(3) An intervener who acts to protect another’s person, property, rights or interests against imminent danger has a claim against the principal for reparation for personal injury, property damage and consequential losses suffered in acting, if the intervention significantly created or increased the risk of such damage and if the risk, so far as foreseeable, was in reasonable proportion to the worth of the endangered interest.

(4) The intervener’s claims are reduced or excluded in so far as this is just and equitable, having regard among other things to whether the intervener intended to protect the principal from damage in a situation of joint danger, whether the burden on the principal would be excessive and whether the intervener might reasonably obtain appropriate redress from another.

(5) The person accountable under Book ? (Tort Law) for the situation of danger is obliged to indemnify or, as the case may be, reimburse the principal in respect of the intervener’s claims.

(6) Paras (1) to (4) of this article do not apply, as the case requires, where and in so far as the intervener at the time of acting did not want to demand indemnification, reimbursement, remuneration or reparation.

(7) The intervener may conclude legal transactions in the name of the principal where and in so far as this is reasonable to promote the principal’s interest. A unilateral transaction may be rejected by the third party without undue delay.

Art. 1: 104: Discharge of Duty in Overriding Public Interest

Where a person acts to perform a third party’s duty, the performance of which is due and a matter of overriding public interest, then, notwithstanding that the person acting intended predominantly to benefit the recipient of the performance,

(a) as an exception to Art. 1:101 (1) (a) the third party is to be regarded as a

principal, whether or not the recipient is also a principal, (b) Art. 1:101 (3) does not apply, and (c) for the purposes of Art. 1:102 (1) the intervener may disregard the will of the

principal.

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Artt. 1:101 – 1:104 old and new version

Old Version New Version NEGOTIORUM GESTIO

Art. 1: 101: Scope of Application

(1) The provisions of this Part apply where: (a) a person (the gestor) acts with the

intention predominantly of benefiting another (the principal), and

(b) has reasonable ground to act. If a reasonable ground is absent, they

also apply where the principal approves the act without undue delay.

(2)The provisions of this Part do not apply where:

(a) the gestor is authorised to act under a contractual or other obligation towards the principal,

(b) the gestor has authority to act which does not depend on the principal’s consent,

(c) the gestor is obliged to a third party to act, or

(d) the gestor acts in pursuance of a void contract.

(3) The gestor does not have reasonable ground to act if

(a) the gestor had a reasonable opportunity to discover the principal’s will but did not do so, or (b) the gestor knew or should have known that what he did was contrary to the principal’s will.

BENEVOLENT INTERVENTION IN ANOTHER'S AFFAIRS

Art. 1:101*: Scope of Application

(1) This Chapter applies where a person

(the intervener) acts: (a) predominantly with the intention

of benefiting another (the principal); and

(b) with reasonable ground. If a reasonable ground is absent, this Chapter also applies where the principal approves the act without undue delay.


(a) is authorised to act under a contractual or other duty to the principal;

(b) is authorised to act independent of the principal’s consent; or

(c) is under a duty to a third party to act.


(a) has a reasonable opportunity to discover the principal’s will but does not do so; or

(b) knows or ought to know that he or she is acting against the principal's will.

(4)Paragraphs (1)(a) and (2)(c) do not apply to acts in performance of a duty incurred to a third party as intervener for the principal.

* The numbering depends on the outcome of the “structure” debate in Valencia. If negotiorum gestio were made (e.g.) the second chapter of book VIII this Article would become Art. VIII2:101

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Art. 1:102: Duties of the Gestor

(1) The gestor is under a duty to the principal to act with reasonable care and in a manner which the gestor knows or could reasonably assume would accord with the will of the principal.

(2) So far as possible and reasonable the gestor while acting shall inform the principal about the act and seek the principal’s assent to further acts. (3) An act once commenced may not be abandoned in breach of the duty to act with care. (4) After acting the gestor shall without undue delay report and account to the principal and deliver up anything obtained [by the acting] due to the act. (5) In determining whether the gestor is in breach of duty in the course of acting to provide protection against imminent danger, regard is to be had to the difficulty in judging the situation of danger and in endeavouring to eliminate it. (6) The gestor is liable to make reparation to the principal for damage caused by breach of a duty set out in this article if the damage resulted from a risk which the gestor created, increased or intentionally perpetuated. The gestor’s liability is reduced or excluded in so far as this is just and equitable, having regard to, among other things, the gestor’s reasons for acting. (7) A gestor without full legal capacity is liable to make reparation only in so far as that gestor is also liable under the law of tort. Such a gestor’s duty to deliver up is subject to the defences which would be available in the law of unjustified enrichment.

Art. 1:102: Duties of the Intervener

(1) The intervener while acting is under a duty to the principal to act with reasonable care and in a manner which the intervener knows or may reasonably assume accords with the principal’s will.

(2) So far as possible and reasonable, the intervener while acting shall inform the principal about the act and seek the principal’s assent to further acts .

(3) An intervention once commenced may not be discontinued without good reason.

(4) After acting the intervener shall without undue delay report and account to the principal and deliver up anything obtained by acting.

(5) In determining whether the intervener is in breach of duty in the course of acting to provide protection against imminent danger, regard is to be had to the difficulty in judging the situation of danger and in endeavouring to eliminate it.

(6) The intervener is liable to make reparation to the principal for damage caused by breach of a duty set out in this article if the damage resulted from a risk which the intervener created, increased or intentionally perpetuated. The intervener’s liability is reduced or excluded in so far as this is just and equitable, having regard to, among other things, the intervener’s reasons for acting.

(7) An intervener without full legal capacity is liable to make reparation only in so far as that intervener is also liable under the law of tort. Such an intervener’s duty to deliver up is subject to the defences which would be available in the law of unjustified enrichment.

Art. 1: 103: Rights of the Gestor

(1) The gestor has a claim against the

Art. 1: 103: Rights of the Intervener

(1) The intervener has a claim against

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principal for indemnification or, as the case may be, reimbursement in respect of an obligation, expenditure or other burden in so far as it was reasonable for the gestor to incur the burden. In determining what burdens it was reasonable to incur when the gestor acted to provide protection against imminent danger, regard is to be had to the difficulty in judging the situation of danger and in endeavouring to eliminate it.

(2) The gestor has a claim for remuneration in so far as the act is reasonable and provided in the course of the gestor’s profession or trade. The quantum of remuneration, so far as reasonable, is that which is ordinarily paid at the time and place of performance in order to obtain a performance of the kind undertaken.

(3) A gestor who acts to protect another’s

person, property, rights or interests against imminent danger has a claim against the principal for reparation for personal injury, property damage and consequential losses suffered in acting, if the act significantly created or increased the risk of such damage and if the risk, so far as foreseeable, was in reasonable proportion to the worth of the endangered interest.

(4) The gestor’s claims are reduced or

excluded in so far as this is just and equitable, having regard among other things to whether the gestor intended to protect the principal from damage in a situation of joint danger, whether the burden on the principal would be excessive and whether the gestor might reasonably obtain appropriate redress from another.

(5) The person accountable under Book V (Tort Law) for the situation of danger is obliged to indemnify or, as the case may be, reimburse the principal in respect of the gestor’s claims.

(6) Paras (1) to (4) of this article do not

the principal for indemnification or, as the case may be, reimbursement in respect of an obligation, expenditure or other burden in so far as it was reasonable for the intervener to incur the burden. In determining what burdens it was reasonable to incur when the intervener acted to provide protection against imminent danger, regard is to be had to the difficulty in judging the situation of danger and in endeavouring to eliminate it.

(2) The intervener has a claim for remuneration in so far as the intervention is reasonable and provided in the course of the intervener’s profession or trade. The quantum of remuneration, so far as reasonable, is that which is ordinarily paid at the time and place of performance in order to obtain a performance of the kind undertaken.

(3) An intervener who acts to protect another’s person, property, rights or interests against imminent danger has a claim against the principal for reparation for personal injury, property damage and consequential losses suffered in acting, if the intervention significantly created or increased the risk of such damage and if the risk, so far as foreseeable, was in reasonable proportion to the worth of the endangered interest.

(4) The intervener’s claims are reduced or excluded in so far as this is just and equitable, having regard among other things to whether the intervener intended to protect the principal from damage in a situation of joint danger, whether the burden on the principal would be excessive and whether the intervener might reasonably obtain appropriate redress from another.

(5) The person accountable under Book ? (Tort Law) for the situation of danger is obliged to indemnify or, as the case may be, reimburse the principal in respect of the intervener’s claims.

(6) Paras (1) to (4) of this article do not

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apply, as the case requires, where and in so far as the gestor at the time of acting did not want to demand indemnification, reimbursement, remuneration or reparation.

(7) The gestor may conclude legal transactions in the name of the principal where and in so far as this is reasonable to promote the principal’s interest. A unilateral transaction may be rejected by the third party without undue delay.

apply, as the case requires, where and in so far as the intervener at the time of acting did not want to demand indemnification, reimbursement, remuneration or reparation.

(7) The intervener may conclude legal transactions in the name of the principal where and in so far as this is reasonable to promote the principal’s interest. A unilateral transaction may be rejected by the third party without undue delay.

Art. 1: 104: Discharge of Duty in

Overriding Public Interest


(a) as an exception to Art. 1:101

(1) (a) the third party is to be regarded as a principal, whether or not the recipient is also a principal,

(b) Art. 1:101 (3) does not apply, and

(c) for the purposes of Art. 1:102 (1) the gestor may disregard the will of the principal.

Art. 1: 104: Discharge of Duty in Overriding Public Interest


(a) as an exception to Art. 1:101

(1) (a) the third party is to be regarded as a principal, whether or not the recipient is also a principal,

(b) Art. 1:101 (3) does not apply, and

(c) for the purposes of Art. 1:102 (1) the intervener may disregard the will of the principal.

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Text of Articles in the other languages of the EU

[needs to be revised and completed]

Original

Comments

Version proposed by the

Working Team

Art. 1: 101 (1) en NEGOTIORUM GESTIO


(2) The provisions of this Part apply where: (c) a person (the gestor) acts with the

intention predominantly of benefiting another (the principal), and

(d) has reasonable ground to act. If a reasonable ground is absent, they also apply where the principal approves the act without undue delay.

1)Prof. Clive suggested „Benevolent intervention“ instead of „Negotiorum Gestio“ and “the intervener” instead of “the gestor” 2) “predominantly” should move: “…(a) a person (the gestor) acts predominantly with the intention of benefiting another (the principal)…”

BENEVOLENT INTERVENTION IN ANOTHER'S AFFAIRS


(2) This Chapter applies where a person (the intervener) acts: (c) predominantly with the intention of benefiting

another (the principal); and (d) with reasonable ground.

If a reasonable ground is absent, this Part also applies where the principal approves the act without undue delay.

de GESCHÄFTSFÜHRUNG OHNE AUFTRAG

Art. 1: 101: Anwendungsbereich

(1)Die Vorschriften dieses Teils finden Anwendung, wenn (a) eine Person (der Geschäftsführer) überwiegend mit der Absicht eine andere Person (den Geschäftsherrn) zu be- günstigen und (b) aus vernünftigem Grund handelt. Besteht kein vernünftiger Grund, finden diese Vorschriften gleichwohl Anwendung, wenn der Geschäftsherr die Handlung

1) Instead of „Geschäftsherrn“ „Prinzipal“ ?

BESORGUNG FREMDER ANGELEGENHEITEN

Art. 1: 101: Anwendungsbereich (1) Dieses Kapitel findet Anwendung, wenn eine Person (der Geschäftsführer) (a) überwiegend mit der Absicht, einen anderen (den Prinzipal) zu begünstigen und (b) aus vernünftigem Grund handelt. Besteht ....

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unverzüglich genehmigt. nl ZAAKWAARNEMING

Art. 1: 101 Toepassingsgebied

(1) De bepalingen van dit deel zijn van toepassing indien

(a) een persoon (de zaakwaarnemer) hoofdzakelijk met de bedoeling handelt om een ander (de belanghebbende) een voordeel te doen toekomen, en (b) een redelijke grond heeft om te handelen.

Wanneer een redelijke grond ontbreekt, zijn de bepalingen van dit deel eveneens van toepassing indien de belanghebbende de handeling zonder onnodig uitstel goedkeurt.

ZAAKWAARNEMING

Art. 1: 101 Toepassingsgebied (1) Dit hoofdstuk is van toepassing indien een persoon (de zaakwaarnemer) (a) hoofdzakelijk met de bedoeling handelt om een ander (de belanghebbende) een voordeel te doen toekomen, en

(b) een redelijke grond heeft om te handelen. Wanneer een redelijke grond ontbreekt, is dit hoofdstuk eveneens van toepassing indien de belanghebbende de handeling zonder onnodig uitstel goedkeurt.

sv NEGOTIORUM GESTIO//TJÄNSTER UTAN UPPDRAG

Art. 1: 101: Tillämpningsområde

(1) Bestämmelserna i denna del är tillämpliga när (a) en person (gestor) huvudsakligen handlar med avsikten att gagna en annan (huvudmannen), och

(b) har skälig anledning att handla.

Om skälig anledning saknas är de också tillämpliga när huvudmannen utan oskäligt dröjsmål ratihaberar handlingen.

NEGOTIORUM GESTIO//TJÄNSTER UTAN UPPDRAG

Art. 1: 101: Tillämpningsområde

(1) Denna del är tillämplig när en person (gestor) handlar (a) med den huvudsakliga avsikten att gagna en annan (huvudmannen), och (b) av skälig anledning. Om skälig anledning saknas är denna del också tillämplig när huvudmannen ratihaberar handlingen utan oskäligt dröjsmål.

el it GESTIONE DI AFFARI ALTRUI

Art 1:101: Ambito di applicazione

(1) Le disposizioni della presente Parte si applicano nei casi in cui:

(a) una persona (il gestore) agisca con l'intenzione prevalente di arrecare vantaggio ad un' altra (l'interessato) e

GESTIONE DI AFFARI ALTRUI

Art. 1:101:Ambito di applicazione (1) Il presente Capitolo si applica nei casi in cui una persona (il gestore) agisca:

(a)con l'intenzione prevalente di arrecare vantaggio ad una altra (l' interessato) e (b)con un motivo ragionevole.

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(b) abbia un motivo ragionevole per agire. Se un motivo ragionevole non sussiste, le disposizioni della presente Parte si applicano anche nei casi in cui l'interessato approvi la gestione senza ingiustificato ritardo.

Se un motivo ragionevole non sussiste, la presente Parte si applica anche nei casi in cui l'interessato approvi la gestione senza ingiustificato ritardo.

es GESTIÓN DE NEGOCIOS AJENOS

Art. 1:101: Ámbito de aplicación (1) Las disposiciones de la presente Parte se aplicarán cuando: (a) una persona (el gestor) actue predominantemente con la intención de beneficiar a otra (el interesado), y (b) tenga un motivo razonable para actuar. Si no existe un motivo razonable, también se aplicarán estas disposiciones cuando el interesado apruebe el acto sin demora injustificada.

GESTIÓN DE ASUNTOS AJENOS

Art. 1:101: Ámbito de aplicación (2) El presente capítulo se aplica cuando una persona (el gestor) actue: (a) predominantemente con la intención de beneficiar a otra (el interesado), y (b) con un motivo razonable. Si no existe un motivo razonable, también se aplicará la presente parte cuando el interesado apruebe el acto sin demora injustificada.

pt GESTÃO DE NEGÓCIOS

Art. 1: 101: Âmbito de aplicação (1) As disposições da presente Parte aplicam-se

quando: (a) Uma pessoa (o gestor//o interventor) age

com a intenção predominante de beneficiar outrem (o dono do negócio), e

(b) tem um motivo razoável para agir. As presentes disposições também se aplicam, mesmo que não exista um motivo razoável, desde que o dono do negócio aprove o acto sem demora injustificada.

GESTÃO DE ASSUNTOS ALHEIOS

Art. 1: 101: Âmbito de aplicação (1) Aplica-se o presente Capítulo quando uma pessoa (o

interventor) age: (a) predominantemente com a intenção de benificiar

outra pessoa (o interessado), e (b) com um motivo razoável. Se não existe um motivo razoável, também se aplica o presente Capítulo, se o interessado aprovar o acto sem demora injustificada.

fr -------- missing da -------- missing fi -------- missing

Art.1:101 (2)

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en (3) The provisions of this Part do not apply where: (e) the gestor is authorised to act

under a contractual or other obligation towards the principal,

(f) the gestor has authority to act which does not depend on the principal’s consent,

(g) the gestor is obliged to a third party to act, or

(d) the gestor acts in pursuance of a void contract.

Delete para. (d) on the basis this is subsumed by the requirement in (1)(a), as explained in the comments.


(d) is authorised to act under a contractual or other duty to the principal;

(e) is authorised to act independent of the principal’s consent; or

(f) is under a duty to a third party to act..

de (2) Die Vorschriften dieses Teils finden keine Anwendung, wenn (a) der Geschäftsführer aufgrund einer vertraglichen oder anderen Verpflichtung dem Geschäftsherrn gegenüber zu handeln befugt ist, (b) der Geschäftsführer eine Befugnis zu handeln hat, die nicht von der Zustimmung des Geschäftsherrn abhängt, (c) der Geschäftsführer einer dritten Partei gegenüber zu handeln verpflichtet ist, oder (d) der Geschäftsführer in Ausführung eines nichtigen Vertrages handelt.

(2) Dieses Kapitel findet keine Anwendung, wenn der Geschäftsführer: (a) aufgrund einer vertraglichen oder anderen Verpflichtung dem Prinzipal gegenüber zu handeln befugt ist; (b) unabhängig von der Zustimmung des Prinzipals zu handeln befugt ist; (c) einer dritten Partei gegenüber zu handeln verpflichtet ist; oder

nl (2) De bepalingen van dit deel zijn niet van toepassing indien

(a) de zaakwaarnemer op grond van een contractuele of andere verplichting tegenover de belanghebbende bevoegd is om te handelen, (b) de zaakwaarnemer de bevoegdheid heeft om te handelen, waarbij deze bevoegdheid niet afhankelijk is van de toestemming van de belanghebbende, (c) de zaakwaarnemer tegenover een derde verplicht is om te handelen, of (d) de zaakwaarnemer in de veronderstelling

(2) De bepalingen van dit deel zijn niet van toepassing indien de zaakwaarnemer a) op grond van een contractuele of andere verplichting tegenover de belanghebbende bevoegd is om te handelen, b) de bevoegdheid heeft om te handelen, waarbij deze bevoegdheid niet afhankelijk is van de toestemming van de belanghebbende, of c) tegenover een derde verplicht is om te handelen.

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handelt een contractuele verplichting na te komen.

sv (2) Bestämmelserna i denna del är inte tillämpliga när (a) gestor på grund av avtal eller annan förpliktelse gentemot huvudmannen är berättigad att handla, (b) gestor har en befogenhet att handla vilken ej är beroende av huvudmannens samtycke, (c) gestor gentemot en tredje man är förpliktad att handla, eller (d) gestor handlar vid uppfyllandet av ett ogiltigt avtal.

(2)Detta kapitel tillämpas inte när gestor (a) på grund av avtal eller annan förpliktelse gentemot huvudmannen har befogenhet att handla, (b) oberoende av huvudmannens vilja har befogenhet att handla, eller (c) gentemot en tredje man är förpliktad att handla.

el it (2)Le disposizioni della presente Parte

non si applicano nei casi in cui: (a) il gestore sia legittimato ad agire in forza di

un obbligo contrattuale o di altra natura nei confronti dell'interessato

(b) il gestore fondi la sua legittimazione ad agire su un titolo che sia indipendente dal consenso dell'interessato

(c) il gestore sia obbligato ad agire nei confronti di un terzo

(d) il gestore agisca nell'esecuzione di un

contratto nullo

(2)Il presente Capitolo non si applica nei casi in cui il gestore:

(a) sia legittimato ad agire in forza di un obbligo contrattuale o di altra natura nei confronti dell'interessato (b) sia legittimato ad agire indipendentemente dal consenso dell'interessato (c) sia obbligato ad agire nei confronti di un terzo

es (2) Las disposiciones de la presente Parte no se aplicarán cuando: (a) el gestor esté autorizado para actuar bajo una obligación contractual o de otra índole frente al interesado, (b) el gestor tenga autoridad para actuar independientemente del consentimiento del interesado, (c) el gestor esté obligado a actuar frente a un tercero, o

(d) el gestor actue en cumplimiento de un contrato nulo.

(2) Las disposiciones del presente capítulo no se aplicarán cuando el gestor: (a) esté autorizado para actuar bajo un deber contractual o de otra índole frente al interesado, (b) esté autorizado para actuar independientemente del consentimiento del interesado, o (c) esté obligado a actuar frente a un tercero.

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pt ((2) As disposições da presente Parte não se

aplicam quando: (a) O gestor esteja autorizado a agir por uma

obrigação, contratual ou de outra natureza, face a//perante o dono do negócio,

(b) o gestor tenha autoridade para agir, a qual não depende do consentimento do dono do negócio,

(c) o gestor seja obrigado a agir face a//perante terceiro // uma terceira parte, ou

(d) o gestor aja em cumprimento//execução de um contrato inválido.

2) Não se aplica o presente Capítulo quando o interventor: (a) esteja autorizado a agir por um dever contratual ou de

outra natureza face ao interessado, (b) esteja autorizado a agir, independentemente do

consentimento do interessado, ou (c) seja obrigado a agir perante terceiro.


Art.1:101 (3) en (3) The gestor does not have

reasonable ground to act if (a) the gestor had a reasonable

opportunity to discover the principal’s will but did not do so, or

(b) the gestor knew or should have known that what he did was contrary to the principal’s will.


(c) has a reasonable opportunity to discover the principal’s will but does not do so; or

(d) knows or ought to know that he or she is acting against the principal's will.

de (3) Der Geschäftsführer hat keinen vernünftigen Grund zu handeln, wenn (a) der Geschäftsführer eine vernünftige Gelegenheit hatte, den Willen des Geschäfts- herrn in Erfahrung zu bringen, dies aber nicht getan hat, oder

(3) Der Geschäftsführer handelt nicht aus vernünftigem Grund, wenn der Geschäftsführer (a) eine angemessene Gelegenheit, den Willen des Prinzipals in Erfahrung zu bringen nicht nutzt oder (b) weiß oder wissen muss, dass er gegen den Willen des Prinzipals handelt.

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(b) der Geschäftsherr wusste oder wissen musste, dass, was er tat, dem Willen des Geschäftsherrn widersprach.

nl (3) De zaakwaarnemer heeft geen redelijke grond om te handelen wanneer

(a) de zaakwaarnemer in alle redelijkheid de moglijkheid had om de wil van de belanghebbende te achterhalen maar dit niet gedaan heeft, of

(b) de zaakwaarnemer wist of had behoren te weten dat hetgeen hij deed niet strookte met de wil van de belanghebbende.

(3) De zaakwaarnemer handelt zonder redelijke grond wanneer de zaaknemer

(a) in alle redelijkheid de moglijkheid heeft om de wil van de belanghebbende te achterhalen maar dit niet doet, of

(b) weet of behoort te weten dat hij in strijd met de wil van de belanghebbende handelt.

(3) Gestor har ej skälig anledning att handla om

(a) gestor hade en skälig möjlighet att utröna huvudmannens vilja, men inte

gjort detta, eller (b) insåg eller bort inse att det han gjorde stred mot huvudmannens vilja.

Gestor handlar ej av skälig anledning, om gestor (a) har en skälig möjlighet att utröna huvudmannens vilja, men ej gör det, eller (b) inser eller bör inse att han handlar mot huvudmannens vilja.

el it (3) Il gestore non ha un motivo

ragionevole per agire se (a) il gestore aveva una ragionevole possibilita`di accertarsi della volonta`dell'interessato ma non se ne e`accertato, o (b) il gestore sapeva o avrebbe dovuto sapere che gli atti che compiva erano contrari alla volonta`dell'interessato.

(3) Il gestore non agisce con un motivo ragionevole se: (a) ha una ragionevole possibilita`di accertarsi della volonta`dell'interessato ma non se ne accerta; o

(b) sa o dovrebbe sapere che sta agendo contro la volonta`dell'interessato.

es (3) El gestor no tiene un motivo razonable para actuar si (a) el gestor tuvo una posibilidad razonable de averiguar la voluntad del interesado pero no lo hizo así, o (b) el gestor sabía o debía haber sabido que lo que hacía era contrario a la voluntad del interesado.

(3) El gestor no actua con un motivo razonable si (a) tiene una posibilidad razonable de averiguar la voluntad del interesado pero no lo hace así, o (b) sabe o debería saber que está actuando en contra de la voluntad del interesado.

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pt (3) O gestor não tem motivo razoável para agir se (a) o gestor tinha uma oportunidade razoável para averiguar//ficar ciente//tomar conhecimento da vontade do dono do negócio, mas não o fez, ou (b) o gestor sabia ou deveria ter sabido que aquilo que ele fez era contrário à vontade do dono do negócio.

(3) O interventor não age com motivo razoável quando (a) tenha uma oportunidade razoável para ficar ciente da vontade do interessado, mas não o fez, ou (b) saiba ou deveria saber que agia contra a vontade do interessado.


en Art. 1:101(4) (4) Paragraphs (1)(a) and (2)(c) do not apply to acts in performance of a duty incurred to a third party as intervener for the principal.

All translations missing Art. 1: 102: Duties of the Gestor en Art. 1: 102: Duties of the Gestor

(1) The gestor is under a duty to the principal to act with reasonable care and in a manner which the gestor knows or could reasonably assume would accord with the will of the principal.

- consequential substitution of 'intervener' for 'gestor' - change in tense

Art. 1: 102: Duties of the Intervener (1) The intervener is under a duty to the principal to act with reasonable care and in a manner which the gestor knows or may reasonably assume accords with the principal's will.

de Art. 1: 102: Pflichten des Geschäftsführers (1) Der Geschäftsführer ist dem Geschäftsherrn gegenüber verpflichtet, mit angemessener Sorgfalt und in einer Weise zu handeln, von der der Geschäftsführer weiß oder vernünftigerweise annehmen könnte, dass sie dem Willen des Geschäftsherrn entspreche.

Art. 1: 102: Pflichten des Geschäftsführers (1) Der Geschäftsführer ist dem Prinzipal gegenüber verpflichtet, mit angemessener Sorgfalt und in einer Weise zu handeln, von der der Geschäftsführer weiß oder vernünftigerweise annehmen darf, dass sie dem Willen des Prinzipals entspricht.

nl Art. 1: 102: Plichten van de zaakwaarnemer (1) De zaakwaarnemer is tegenover de belanghebbende

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verplicht met redelijke zorg te handelen en op een wijze waarvan de zaakwaarnemer weet of redelijkerwijze kan aannemen dat deze met de wil van de belanghebbende overeenstemt.

sv Art. 1:102: Gestors skyldigheter (1) Gestor är gentemot huvudmannen skyldig att handla med skälig omsorg och på ett sätt, som gestor inser eller skäligen kunde antaga motsvarar huvudmannens vilja.

Art. 1:102: Gestors skyldigheter (1) Gestor är gentemot huvudmannen skyldig att handla med skälig omsorg och på ett sätt, som gestor inser eller skäligen kan // (får)

antaga motsvarar huvudmannens vilja. el it Art. 1:102: Obblighi del gestore

(1) Il gestore ha l'obbligo nei confronti dell'interessato di agire con ragionevole diligenza e in un modo che il gestore sappia o possa ragionevolmente supporre corrisponda alla volonta`dell'interessato.

Art. 1:102: Obblighi del gestore (1) Il gestore ha l'obbligo nei confronti dell'interessato di agire con ragionevole diligenza e in un modo che il gestore sappia o possa

ragionevolmente supporre corrisponda alla volonta`dell'interessato.

es A. Art. 1:102: Deberes del gestor (1) El gestor tiene frente al interesado el deber de actuar con una diligencia adecuada y de un modo que el gestor sepa o pudiese razonablemente suponer, sería acorde con la voluntad del interesado.

B. Art. 1:102: Deberes del gestor (1) El gestor tiene frente al interesado el deber de actuar con una

diligencia adecuada y de un modo que el gestor sepa o pueda razonablemente suponer, sea acorde con la voluntad del interesado

pt Art. 1: 102: Deveres do gestor (1) O gestor tem o dever, face ao dono do negócio, de agir com diligência razoável//adequada e de modo que o gestor(//aquele) saiba ou poderia razoavelmente presumir//deduzir que está(//age) em conformidade com a vontade //corresponda à vontade do dono do negócio (//deste).

fr da fi

1:102 (2)

en (2) So far as possible and reasonable, the gestor while acting shall inform the principal about the act and seek the principal’s assent to further acts .

de (2) Soweit möglich und vernünftig hat der Geschäftsführer den Geschäftsherrn während der

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Handlung über die Handlung // diese zu informieren und die Zustimmung des Geschäftsherrn zu weiteren Handlungen // Maßnahmen einholen.

nl (2) Voor zover mogelijk en redelijk, dient de zaakwaarnemer tijdens zijn handelen/waarneming de belanghebbende over zijn handeling te informeren/in te lichten en diens toestemming voor toekomstige/verdere handelingen te vragen.

sv (2) Så vitt det är möjligt och skäligt, skall gestor medan han handlar informera huvudmannen om handlingen och söka huvudmannens samtycke till vidare handlingar.

el it (2) In quanto sia possibile e ragionevole, il gestore deve

informare l'interessato della gestione durante la stessa e chiedere il suo consenso per continuarla.

es (2)En tanto que sea posible y razonable, el gestor, mientras esté actuando, deberá informar al interesado sobre la actuación y solicitar al interesado su consentimiento para posteriores actuaciones.

pt (2) Desde que//Logo que seja possível e razoável, o gestor deve, durante a gestão, informar ao//avisar//comunicar o dono do negócio sobre a gestão (//a esse respeito), bem como obter do dono do negócio aprovação//consentimento para continuar a agir//para novos actos .

fr da fi

1:102 (3) en (3) An act once commenced may not be

abandoned in breach of the duty to act with care.

de (3) Eine einmal begonnene Handlung darf nicht unter Verletzung der Pflicht, sorgfältig zu

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handeln, abgebrochen werden. nl (3) Een eenmaal begonnen handeling mag niet in strijd

met de verplichting zorgvuldig te handelen, afgebroken worden.

sv En handling, som en gång påbörjats, får ej avbrytas i strid med plikten att handla aktsamt.

el it (3) Una volta iniziata, la gestione non puo`essere

interrotta violando l'obbligo di agire con diligenza.

es (3) Una actuación una vez comenzada no deberá ser abandonada violándose en tal caso el deber de actuar con diligencia..

pt (3) Uma vez iniciado um acto, o mesmo não pode ser interrompido, sob pena de estar-se violando o dever de actuar com diligência.

fr da fi

1: 102 (4)

en (4) After acting the gestor shall without undue delay report and account to the principal and deliver up anything obtained [by the acting??; Clive] due to the act.

de (4) Nach der Handlung hat der Geschäftsführer dem Geschäftsherrn unverzüglich Bericht zu erstatten, Rechenschaft abzulegen und alles aufgrund//aus [durch; CLIVE] der Handlung erlangte herauszugeben.

nl (4) Nadat hij gehandeld heeft/Na afloop van de waarneming is de zaakwaarnemer ertoe gehouden zonder onnodig uitstel bij de belanghebbende verslag uit te brengen, rekenschap af te leggen en al hetgeen hij door zijn handelen/in verband met de waarneming verworven heeft, af te dragen.

sv Efter handlingen skall gestor utan oskäligt dröjsmål meddela huvudmannen och redovisa för huvudmannen, samt utge allt som erhållits //(uppnåtts) på grund av handlingen.

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el it (4) Condotta a termine la gestione, il gestore deve senza

ritardo riferirne, renderne conto all'interessato e rimettergli tutto cio`di cui e`entrato nella disponibilita`a causa della gestione.

es (4) Despues de actuar el gestor deberá sin demora informar y rendir cuentas al interesado así como entregar cualquier cosa obtenida a través de la actuación.

pt (4) Terminada/concluída//Após a gestão, o gestor deverá, sem demora injustificada, informar o dono do negócio, prestando-lhe contas, e ainda entregar-lhe tudo o que tenha obtido através da gestão.

fr da fi

1: 102 (5)

en (5) In determining whether the gestor is in breach of duty in the course of acting to provide protection against imminent danger, regard is to be had to the difficulty in judging the situation of danger and in endeavouring to eliminate it.

de (5) Bei der Entscheidung, ob der Geschäftsführer bei seiner Handlung zum Schutz gegen eine dringende Gefahr eine [Sorgfalts-???] Pflicht verletzt, ist die Schwierigkeit der Beurteilung der Gefahrensituation und des Bemühens sie zu beseitigen zu berücksichtigen.

nl sv el it (5) Nel determinare se nel corso della gestione il gestore

viola l'obbligo di adottare le opportune cautele di fronte ad un pericolo attuale, occorre aver riguardo alla difficolta`nel valutare la situazione di pericolo e nel tentare di eliminarla.

es (5) Para determinar si el gestor viola un deber en el curso

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de su actuación para proporcionar protección frente a un peligro inminente, habrá de tenerse en cuenta la dificultad para juzgar la situación de peligro y en la tentativa de eliminarla.

pt (5) Ao//Para estabelecer//determinar se o gestor age com violação de dever [de diligência] durante a tomada de providências para protecção contra dano iminente, é necessário ter em conta a dificuldade a que era submetido em considerar a stiuação de perigo e em esforçar-se por eliminá-lo.

fr da fi

1: 102 (6)

en (6) The gestor is liable to make reparation to the principal for damage caused by breach of a duty set out in this article if the damage resulted from a risk which the gestor created, increased [or intentionally perpetuated check again!]. The gestor’s liability is reduced or excluded in so far as this is just and equitable, having regard to, among other things, the gestor’s reasons for acting.

de (6) Der Geschäftsführer haftet dem Geschäftsherrn auf Schadenersatz für den Schaden, der durch die Verletzung einer in diesem Artikel aufgestellten// bestimmten Pflicht verursacht worden ist, wenn der Schaden aus einem Risiko resultierte, das der Geschäftsführer hervorgerufen, erhöht [oder vorsätzlich// absichtlich fortbestehen lassen – „check again !"] hat. Die Haftung des Geschäftsführers ist vermindert oder ausgeschlossen insoweit dies unter Berücksichtigung unter anderem der Gründe des Geschäftsführers für seine Handlung gerecht und billig ist.

nl sv el it (6) Il gestore e`responsabile di fronte all'interessato per il

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risarcimento del danno cagionato dalla violazione di un obbligo enunciato nel presente articolo se il danno e`la conseguenza di un pericolo creato dal gestore o acuito da un suo comportamento. La responsabilita`del gestore e`ridotta o esclusa nei limiti in cui cio`sia giusto ed equo, avuto riguardo, tra l'altro, ai motivi per cui il gestore ha assunto la gestione.

es (6) El gestor es responsable frente al interesado de la reparación de los daños causados por la violación de un deber dispuesto en el presente artículo si el daño resultó de un riesgo que el gestor creó, aumentó (o mantuvo dolosamente). La responsabilidad del gestor se reducirá o excluirá en tanto que esto sea justo y equitativo, teniendo en cuenta, entre otras cosas, las razones que le llevaron a actuar al gestor.

pt (6) O gestor é responsável por//responsabilizado a indemnizar o dono do negócio pelo dano causado por violação de dever (de diligência), disposto no presente artigo, desde que o dano resulte de um risco criado, aumentado ou perpetuado pelo gestor. O tribunal pode reduzir ou recusar a acção//pretensão do gestor desde que seja justo e equitativo fazê-lo, tendo em consideração, entre outras coisas, as razões//os motivos do gestor para agir.

fr da fi

1: 102 (7)

en (7) A gestor without full legal capacity is liable to make reparation only in so far as that gestor is also liable under the law of tort. Such a gestor’s duty to deliver up is subject to the defences which would be available in the law of unjustified enrichment.

de (7) Ein nicht voll geschäftsfähiger Geschäftsführer haftet auf Schadenersatz nur insoweit wie er auch nach Deliktsrecht haftet. Die Herausgabepflicht eines solchen Geschäftsführers ist den Einreden unterworfen, die nach

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dem Recht der ungerechtfertigten Bereicherungen geltend gemacht werden könnten // Die Herausgabepflicht eines solchen Geschäftsführers unterliegt den Einreden des Rechts der ungerechtfertigten Bereicherungen.

nl sv el it es (7) El gestor sin plena capacidad legal será responsable

para reparar sólo en tanto en cuanto también sea responsable en base a las normas de responsabilidad civil. El deber de entrega de tal gestor estará sujeto a las excepciones disponibles en base a las normas del enriquecimiento injusto.

pt (7) Um gestor sem (plena) capacidade jurídica//legal pode ser responsabilizado somente pelas regras da responsabilidade extra-contratual. O dever de entrega do gestor está sujeito às excepções (acção indirecta) previstas na lei de enriquecimento sem causa.

fr da fi

Art. 1: 103 (1)

en Art. 1: 103: Rights of the Gestor (8) The gestor has a claim against the

principal for indemnification or, as the case may be, reimbursement in respect of an obligation, expenditure or other burden in so far as it was reasonable for the gestor to incur the burden. In determining what burdens it was reasonable to incur when the gestor acted to provide protection against imminent danger, regard is to be had to the difficulty in judging the situation of

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danger and in endeavouring to eliminate it.

de nl sv el it es (1) El gestor tiene una acción frente al interesado de

indemnización o, según sea el caso, de reembolso con respecto a una obligación, gasto u otra carga en tanto que fue razonable para el gestor incurrir en esa carga. Para determinar en que cargas fue razonable incurrir cuando el gestor actuó para proporcionar protección contra un peligro inminente, se habrá de tener en cuenta la dificultad para juzgar la situación de peligro y en la tentativa de eliminarlo.

pt fr da fi

1: 103 (2)

en (9) The gestor has a claim for remuneration in so far as the act is reasonable and provided in the course of the gestor’s profession or trade. The quantum of remuneration, so far as reasonable, is that which is ordinarily paid at the time and place of performance in order to obtain a performance of the kind undertaken.

de nl sv el it

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es (2) El gestor tendrá una acción de remuneración en tanto que la actuación sea razonable y prestada en el curso de la profesión o negocio del gestor. El quántum de la remuneración, siendo razonable, será el que normalmente se paga en el tiempo y lugar de la prestación en orden a obtener una prestación del tipo de la llevada a cabo.

pt fr da fi

1: 103 (3)

en (10) A gestor who acts to protect another’s person, property, rights or interests against imminent danger has a claim against the principal for reparation for personal injury, property damage and consequential losses suffered in acting, if the act significantly created or increased the risk of such damage and if the risk, so far as foreseeable, was in reasonable proportion to the worth of the endangered interest.

de nl sv el it es (3) El gestor que actua para proteger la propiedad, los

derechos o los intereses de otra persona frente a un peligro inminente tiene una acción frente al interesado de reparación de los daños en la persona, los daños en la propiedad y las perdidas resultantes sufridas en la actuación, si la actuación creó o aumentó significativamente el riesgo de tal daño y si el riesgo, siendo previsible, era razonable proporcional al valor del interés puesto en peligro.

pt fr

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da fi

1: 103 (4)

en (11) The gestor’s claims are reduced or excluded in so far as this is just and equitable, having regard among other things to whether the gestor intended to protect the principal from damage in a situation of joint danger, whether the burden on the principal would be excessive and whether the gestor might reasonably obtain appropriate redress from another.

de nl sv el it es (4) Las acciones del gestor se reducirán o excluirán en

cuanto que sea justo y equitativo, teniendo en cuenta entre otras cosas que el gestor pretendía proteger al interesado de un daño en una situación de peligro conjunto, que la carga para el interesado sería excesiva y que el gestor debería obtener razonablemente una reparación apropiada de otra persona.

pt fr da fi

1: 103 (5)

en (12) The person accountable under Book 3 (Tort Law) for the situation of danger is obliged to indemnify or, as the case may be, reimburse the principal in respect of the gestor’s claims.

de nl

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sv el it es (5) La persona que sea imputable por la situación de

peligro según el Libro 3 (Responsabilidad civil extracontractual) estará obligada a indemnizar o, según sea el caso, pagar al interesado con respecto a las acciones del gestor.

pt fr da fi

1: 103 (6)

en (13) Paras (1) to (4) of this article do not apply, as the case requires, where and in so far as the gestor at the time of acting did not want to demand indemnification, reimbursement, remuneration or reparation.

de nl sv el it es (6) Los párrafos 1 a 4 del presente artículo no se

aplicarán, según requiera el caso, en tanto en cuanto el gestor en el momento en el que actua no quiera pedir indemnización, reembolso, remuneración o reparación.

pt fr da fi

1: 103 (7)

en (7)The gestor may conclude legal transactions

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in the name of the principal where and in so far as this is reasonable to promote the principal’s interest. A unilateral transaction may be rejected by the third party without undue delay.

de nl sv el it es (7)El gestor podrá concluir una transacción legal en

nombre del interesado en tanto en cuanto sea razonable para favorecer los intereses del interesado/al interesado. Una transacción unilateral podrá ser rechazada por la tercera parte sin demora injustificada.

pt fr da fi

Art. 1: 104

en Art. 1: 104: Discharge of Duty in Overriding Public Interest


(a) as an exception to Art. 1:101 (1) (a) the third party is to be regarded as a principal, whether or not the recipient is also a

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principal, (b) Art. 1:101 (3) does not apply,

and (c) for the purposes of Art. 1:102 (1) the gestor may disregard the will of the principal.

de nl sv el it es Art. 1:104: Exoneración del deber de interés

público superior Cuando una persona actua para cumplir el deber de un tercero, cuyo cumplimiento es debido a y asunto de interés público superior, entonces, por más que la persona actue con la intención predominante de beneficiar al que recibe la prestación,

(a) como excepción del art. 1:101 (1) (a) la tercera parte ha de entenderse como el interesado, independientemente de que el que recibe la prestación también sea interesado,

(b) el art. 1: 101 (3) no será aplicable, y

(c) para los efectos del art. 1:102 (1) el gestor podrá ignorar la voluntad del interesado.

pt fr da fi

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