International conference on “Recent Developments & Emerging Trends in

Management Research & Information Science”

29th & 30th November 2016

Need of youth parliament in India: A new public & advisory management

perspective

Naveen B R

Department of Management Studies, Indian Institute of Science

Abstract

Management is an inclusive part of a parliament, a public representative institution which involves

comprehensive and complex management which requires a holistic approach. India is a democratic

country with more than one billion population with majority of them are youth. Parliament with

bicameral nature is the political and management body of the India which governs the country.

Youth being a major population in the country but enough opportunities are not given for them in

the decision making system. Though India is a democratic country and being one of the young

country in the world, but very less youth representation is there in the parliament. People

representatives being public managers, they have larger avenue and greater responsibility to have

inclusive representation from all the sections of the society for effective decision making. This

paper aims to explore the opportunities and need of the youth parliament in India at least as the

advisory body for better public management by getting to know needs and aspirations of youth

adequately. This paper is primarily a conceptual and observational which is based on author’s

review of national youth policy, 2014, global youth development index and development, 2016,

publications and extensive interactions with public leaders, young people and from experience.

Limitation is that this paper is a theoretical and overlooked the complexities involved in

establishing such institution.

Introduction

Today world is home to more young people than ever before with 1.8 billion people between the

ages of 15 and 29. Around 87 per cent of them live in developing countries. Young people make

up approximately one quarter of humanity, but in many countries, especially in South Asia and

Africa, one in three people is a young person. Demographic trends and projections make it clear

that the proportion of young people in the global population is declining and it is predicted to fall

below 20 per cent by 2075. The next few decades, therefore, are an unprecedented window of

opportunity for the world, and developing countries in particular, to reap the promise of this

‘demographic dividend’ (Global youth development index & report, 2016).

According to global youth development report, definitions of youth are more contextual,

dependent as much on formal nomenclatures as on informal factors such as culture, tradition and

socio-economic conditions in a country or community. In simple terms, youth is a period of

transition during which children and adolescents gradually come to be recognized as adults (Global

youth development index & report, 2016).

In the Indian National Youth Policy-2003, ‘youth’ was defined a person of age between 13-35

years, but in the current Policy Document, the youth age-group is defined as 15-29 years with a

view to have a more focused approach, as far as various policy interventions are concerned.

According to Dr. Joseph Muscat (Chair-in-office of Common wealth), “Young people see what is

around them in a fresh light and itch to improve what is their inheritance – they are bubbly and

full of inspiring ideas, and they have a strong voice and the ability to make a huge difference

worldwide. It is therefore important that young people are empowered and given the opportunity

to reach their full potential. Such a goal can only be achieved through investing in their skills,

harnessing their energy, encouraging their ambitions, and providing opportunities to further their

education and participation in their local – and by default often the global economy”. According

to Rt. Hon Patricia (Secretary-General of the commonwealth), “the healthier and more skilled our

youth are, and the more they play a recognized role in our societies, the more opportunities and

freedom they will have to fulfil their aspirations and talents, and the more likely it becomes that

we will succeed in achieving the SDGs by 2030”.

In September 2015, the UN General Assembly adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable

Development, which provides the overarching framework for global development between now

and 2030. Although the 17 Sustainable Development Goals do not specifically mention young

people, the needs and role of youth are addressed in some of the targets and indicators that underpin

the SDGs, and the Agenda includes a commitment to ‘the full realization of [young people’s] rights

and capabilities, helping our countries to reap the demographic dividend’. The hopes of building

a world that is more prosperous, equitable, inclusive and peaceful rest on the shoulders of young

people, not least because of their sheer numbers (Global youth development index & report, 2016).

Young people everywhere are also proving at every opportunity their capacity to be champions,

agents and partners in fostering all-round development at local, national and international levels.

From countering climate change to peace-building, from strengthening human rights to tackling

inequality, it is often young people who are showing the way with their innovative ideas and

modern approaches. The world has an unprecedented opportunity today to lay the foundations of

a better future for young people. Governments have the obligation to recognize the barriers to

youth development, overcome them with policies and programmes that have young people at their

heart, and help promote progressive youth development. This last objective should be based on an

understanding of youth development that not only recognizes the agency of the individual but also

emphasizes the structures and contexts in which young lives take shape (Global youth development

index & report, 2016). It is universally acknowledged that young people represent promise. Yet

surprisingly little is known about the current state of affairs in youth development. Measuring

progress on youth development continues to be a challenge, even though its importance is widely

recognised (Global youth development index & report, 2016).

At a global level, youth-related issues have never been as high a priority as they are currently. The

role of the UN Secretary-General’s Envoy on Youth was created in 2013. 190 countries have a

national authority responsible for young people and youth summits – such as the UN ECOSOC

and UNESCO Youth Forums, the Commonwealth Youth Forum, and the World Youth Conference

– have become influential platforms on the international stage. These efforts build on longstanding

international youth policy frameworks such as the UN World Programme of Action for Youth

(WPAY) and the Commonwealth Plan of Action for Youth Empowerment (PAYE). Against this

backdrop, key UN agencies have developed strategies to guide their work with young people. The

UNDP Youth Strategy and the UN Population Fund (UNFPA) Strategy on Adolescents and Youth

lay out their priorities in youth development, including increased economic empowerment, civic

engagement and participation, resilience-building, sexual and reproductive health, and a special

focus on marginalized and disadvantaged youth, especially girls.

The world’s parliaments is not a place for young people. According to the Inter-Parliamentary

Union, of the 45,000 members of national legislatures in the world, only 1.9 per cent are below

the age of 30. If the definition of ‘young’ is relaxed to include everyone below the age of 40, the

proportion of young law-makers rises to 14.2 per cent. Nearly one-third of ‘lower chambers’ of

parliament and close to 80 per cent of ‘upper chambers’ surveyed do not have a single member of

parliament below the age of 30. In only four countries – Sweden, Ecuador, Finland and Norway –

do people below the age of 30 add up to at least 10 per cent of the total number of lawmakers in

the country. Except Ecuador, the other three countries are among the 30 highest-ranked countries

in the YDI. Of the world’s young MPs who are below the age of 30, only two-fifths are female as

per Inter-Parliamentary Union 2016 (Global youth development index & report, 2016).

Young people’s involvement in protests and campaigns are a testament to the fact that they are as

socially conscious and politically active today as they have ever been. The big difference today is

that they are more willing to bypass formal structures in order to instigate meaningful social

change. Young people’s engagement with politics is a complex phenomenon and is affected by a

range of social, economic and political variables. At a global level, youth political participation

does not fit one single pattern but some trends can be discerned from available data and research.

While the indicators in the 2016 YDI reflect an improvement in the enabling environment for youth

political participation, young people themselves tend to be less engaged with formal modes of

participation. For example, there is ample evidence to suggest that they are less likely to vote than

older people. Consciously or not, many young people are abstaining from voting and also opting

out of other formal modes of political participation such as joining political parties or standing for

public office

Explanations that lay more emphasis on the wider political and economic context cite a lack of

political education or awareness, structural and generational shifts, and skepticism about

traditional political processes and institutions as some of the factors contributing to youth

disengagement in formal politics. Some commentators have argued that young people are not well

informed about citizenship, political processes and democracy. This perhaps holds especially true

in developing countries where lack of access to information and knowledge can dampen youth

participation. There is overwhelming evidence to suggest that young people want to participate in

politics but found the existing political culture, institutions and mechanisms ineffective or

unwelcoming. Young people are disenchanted with formal politics because it is unresponsive to

their needs and interests. Young people’s relative lack of interest in the formal political process

partly reflects their skepticism about the ability or will of governments and politicians to create a

supportive environment for young people. There is also a widespread perception among the young

that elected politicians tend to pay more attention to older citizens, who are more influential and

more likely to vote.

Table gives the age definition for ‘youth’ of various international organizations: source GYDI

report, 2016

To empower youth of the country to achieve their full potential and through them enable India to

find its rightful place in the community of nations. NYP-2014 provides a holistic Vision for the

youth of India which is “to empower the youth of the country to achieve their full potential, and

through them enable India to find its rightful place in the community of nations”. In order to

achieve this Vision, all stakeholders must work towards meeting 5 key objectives. This requires

specific action in one or more of 11 priority areas, identified as important for youth development.

Create a productive workforce, Education, Entrepreneurship, Employment and skill development,

Develop a strong and health generation, Health and healthy lifestyle, Sports, Instill social values

and promote community service, Promotion of social values, community engagement, Facilitate

participation and civic engagement, Participation in Politics & Governance, Youth Engagement,

support youth at risk & create equitable opportunity for all inclusion, Social Justice.

Source: NYP 2014

The national youth policy (2014) states that targeted expenditure on youth of INR 370 billion

(USD 6.16 billion) is supplemented by INR 550 billion (USD 9.17 billion) spent on youth in other

schemes. Together this equals outlays of INR 2,710 (USD 45) per young person in 2010-2011

through youth-targeted (higher education, skill development, healthcare etc.) and non-targeted

(food subsidies, employment etc.) programmes. In addition, the State Governments and a number

of other stakeholders are also working to support youth development and to enable productive

youth participation. According to the 12 Five-Year-Plan Vol. I (2013) the Budget of the Ministry

of Youth and Sports declined by 15.1% between 2007-2012 and 2012-2017. According to the

World Bank, India spent 11.02% of its government expenditure and 3.17% of its GDP on education

provision in 2011.

Of the targeted expenditure of Rs.37,000 Crores, more than 80% of the funds are allocated towards

education through the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) and Ministry of Social

Justice and Empowerment (MoSJE). The expenditure is primarily through grants to various

government schools and universities and direct cash benefits to students in the form of scholarships

and fellowships for both secondary and higher education. Further, there are programmes targeting

youth in the areas of skill development, employment, health and engagement.

Of the non-targeted spend, food subsidies, employment programmes like MGNREGA, health

programmes related to infrastructure development, disease control and family welfare constitute a

significant share. Other Ministries with schemes providing direct benefit to youth through some of

their schemes are Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of

Labour and Employment (MLE), Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA) and Ministry of Rural

Development (MoRD). This totals a per capita spending on youth of about Rs 2,710 of which Rs

1,100 is targeted spending.

Source: NYP, 2014

MoYAS currently runs several schemes to enable youth to engage with their community, as well

as to participate in grassroots development. Some of these schemes are NYKS, NYPAD and the

NSS. These schemes target varying youth segments, and have different models of participation. In

addition to MoYAS schemes, there are a range of other government schemes like the Bharat

Nirman Volunteers (BNV) programme of Ministry of Rural Development. BNVs are dedicated

volunteers working in rural areas for generating awareness among the people about their rights

and entitlements. Similarly, the positions of community workers created under NRLM provide

opportunity to such workers to get intensely involved in the development programmes, besides

being avenues of substantial income to them. Leadership and personal development is often a

byproduct of other youth schemes such as NYKS, NSS and NCC. These skills are also imparted

in varying measures through the education curriculum in schools and colleges. While there are a

few programmes of varying success that support holistic development of youth, structured

programmes that help the GoI engage with youth are absent. There are some unstructured

interactions between policy makers and young Indians in forums such as educational institutions.

However, there are no systematic channels for engagement between the government and young

citizens and no mechanisms for youth to provide inputs to government. The Election Commission

runs outreach programmes to get young voters to register and vote in elections, thereby supporting

and promoting youth participation in politics and democracy. The Rajiv Gandhi National Institute

of Youth Development (RGNIYD) also provides training and capacity building for members of

various youth related organisations. GoI has decided to convert RGNIYD into an Institute of

National Importance and this is currently under implementation. MoYAS is also in the process of

setting up a Youth Development Fund which would help channelize private sector contributions

under CSR for GoI’s youth development efforts. This gap has in part been filled by some

organisations that provide analysis and commentary on public policy issues.

Below is the political demography of Indian parliament

Source: prsindia.org

As per the age profile of members of 16th Lok Sabha, share of youth members is comparatively

very less. The greater share comes to members falling under 41-55 years followed by 56- 70 years.

Source: prsindia.org

Age profile of MPs from 1st to 16th Lok Sabha indicates that there is a reduction of youth population

in Lok Sabha from 25% to 12%. Major share is taken by above 50 years.

All through history, youth have been the harbingers of change – from winning independence for

nations, to creating new technologies that upset the status quo, to new forms of art, music and

culture. Supporting and promoting the development of India’s youth must be one of the foremost

priorities, across all sectors and stakeholders, of this nation. Youth is a more fluid category than a

fixed age-group. ‘Youth’ is often indicated as a person between the age where he/she leaves

compulsory education, and the age at which he/she finds his/ her first employment. Often, Youth

age-group is defined differently by different countries/ agencies and by same agency in different

contexts. United Nations defines ‘youth’ as persons between 15 and 24 years of age.

India’s rank in global youth development index and report 2016 is 133 among 183 countries it

clearly indicates that India is far behind in the youth development though it is fastest growing

economy.

Source: YDI report, 2016

Youth in the age group of 15-29 years comprise 27.5% of the population. India is expected to

become the 4th largest economy by 2025, contributing about 5.5%-6% to the world GDP, only

after the United States, China and Japan. While most of these countries face the risk of an ageing

workforce, India is expected to have a very favorable demographic profile. The population of India

is expected to exceed 1.3 billion by 2020 with a median age of 28 which is considerably less than

the expected median ages of China and Japan. The working population of India, is expected to

increase to 592 million by 2020, next only to China (776 million), pointing to the fact that youth

will make a significant contribution to the economic development of the country. This

‘demographic dividend’ offers a great opportunity to India.

According to the national youth policy (2014), youth organizations in India are “fragmented, and

there is little coordination between the various stakeholders working on youth.” India is a member

of the Commonwealth Youth Council and though there are various national platforms and party

youth wings exist, NYP (2014) highlights “there are no systematic channels for engagement

between the government and young citizens and no mechanisms for youth to provide inputs to

government”. It is unclear that the country have a national youth organization / association

(council, platform, body). A key challenge is that there has been no systematic assessment to

understand the current status of the youth segment, the challenges they face and the inter-linkages

between these areas. Furthermore, there has been no concerted effort to identify the range of

stakeholders working on youth development, analyse the impact of their activities and determine

how these stakeholders can be aligned & leveraged to more effectively support the youth. An

overarching framework needs to be developed in order to align stakeholders and to provide

guidance on key issues.

The vision of NYP states that, “To empower youth of the country to achieve their full potential,

and through them enable India to find its rightful place in the community of nations”. In order to

create a productive youth workforce, it is essential that the youth of the country have access to the

right set of tools and opportunities to make a sustainable contribution. Youth of the country must

be encouraged to fulfil their duties as citizens and thus create an environment in which all citizens

enjoy the rights guaranteed in our Constitution. Governance requires an active citizenry, and given

that the youth in the age group of 15-29 years comprise 27.5% of the population, it is essential to

create mechanisms for youth participation in politics and governance. Youth are the future of the

nation and must be encouraged to participate in politics at local and national levels. They must be

provided the necessary training and tools to become effective policy makers and to be able to

execute government’s schemes and programmes.

Youth are the future of the nation, and in the years to come will become the leaders of the nation.

Hence, it is essential that the youth uphold social values and moral standards of highest order.

India is a diverse nation with respect to ethnicity, religion, language, caste and culture. Alongside

this diversity resides socio-economic disparity and extremism, which together have potential for

creating a divide in the society. Hence, it is imperative to instill a sense of harmony and

togetherness in individuals from a young age. It is also important to develop inner values like

compassion, kindness, sympathy and empathy. There is also a serious need to inculcate the spirit

of integrity and truthfulness in the youth. They must be encouraged to strive for excellence in all

spheres of individual and collective activity. Youth represent a large segment of the population

that can be mobilised for community service and development programmes. On one hand, by

participating in community service schemes, youth can contribute to grassroots development

efforts and help create progress in backward regions. At the same time, these initiatives help the

youth build their own skills, such as communication, leadership, inter-personal relationships and

develop a sense of moral responsibility and national ownership.

Given the youth comprise 27.5% of the population, it is critical that youth are represented & can

participate in politics at all levels. Youth participation and engagement on issues related to politics,

democracy, accountability and governance will help create an able generation of future leaders of

the country. An engaged citizenry will help build accountability and ensure better governance, and

can also facilitate the implementation of schemes. The youth can be leveraged as a resource to

monitor the implementation and promote accountability of welfare schemes and development

projects across the country. Though civil societies are working with governments through

partnerships to bridge these gaps but without a coordinated push and clear youth focus, these

programmes are unlikely to be sufficient to help bring youth into the folds of politics and promote

civic engagement at all levels of governance.

The future imperatives laid by NYP, 2014 are as follows:

Engage youth that are outside the political system because it is important to ensure that youth

participate in politics at all levels, from the grassroots to the national stage. There are several pull

and push factors that govern youth participation in politics. A detailed analysis of these is required

in order to create effective policies and programmes to enable youth participation in politics. Youth

perceptions of politics must be understood in order to create effective strategies to combat any

negative perceptions. Politics must be made attractive & appropriate reward systems must be

created to incentivize youth to enter politics. Barriers to entry, such as financial resources for

campaign activities, must be lowered. Improved channels of transition from student politics to

national politics must be developed.

It is important to build awareness on the importance of an active citizenry by making them aware

of the various channels available to them to engage with and question government agencies. Youth

monitoring and accountability creation in the areas of government expenditure and social welfare

schemes must be institutionalized. The youth should be involved in Gram Sabha / Mahila Sabha

meetings, for monitoring the implementing of programmes at village level.

The objective of GoI engagement with the youth is two-fold. First, GoI must engage with youth in

order to provide them with information and enable holistic youth development. Second, GoI must

engage with youth in order to get inputs on issues, policies and specific programmes, especially

those that directly impact youth. By engaging with the youth and by ensuring youth develop

leadership and other interpersonal skills, the GoI will help create a generation of individuals that

are committed to civic, social and political progress. Government should engage with all the youth

of the nation to provide them information and do a regular “pulse check”. Some ways this can be

undertaken include youth forums at various levels, an interactive online portal and wikipedia-style

forums.

Given that youth comprise 27.5% of the population and will play a crucial role in the progress and

development of the nation, supporting and enabling the youth must be made a priority in order to

help youth overcome the challenges they face and India to reap the benefits of its demographic

dividend. Mainstream youth issues in the development process. It is evident that the youth will

play a crucial role in the future development of the nation. Hence it is important that the issues

related to youth are mainstreamed and youth become a national priority. Leverage various

channels for effective youth engagement and participation. Political Participation as per global

development index and report involves existence of a national youth policy, existence of voter

education conducted nationally, voiced opinion to official. The Political Participation domain in

the YDI mainly seeks to convey whether the policy environment in a country supports youth

development and encourages participation of young people in decision making.

Government should engage with a representative cross-section of youth to get inputs on specific

policy issues. This can be done by conducting thematic workshops, putting out calls for policy

notes through ICT based channels, etc. Based on the issue, the government can identify

representative educational institutions, youth groups and other partners to create a channel to

engage with the youth. Also it should identify a sub-section of youth that it interacts with in a more

continuous & structured manner who can help support its programmes and activities. It should set

up a Youth Advisory Council of exceptional yet representative individuals. This council can

provide more detailed inputs to government on key policy issues, run programmes to mobilise

youth and engage more regularly with diverse segments of the youth.

From the analysis of global youth development and index report, 2016 and national youth policy

(NYP), 2014 it is evident that there is a real need of youth participation in politics and decision

making process. NYP 2014 also stresses need of a formal structure / institution which address the

real needs and aspirations of the youth of India. Youth parliament can act as a youth advisory

council to the government by keeping it updated about current trends and happenings in social,

economic, science and technological and environmental fields. So that India can be forefront

player in the globe by harnessing the potential of its demographic dividend in coming years.

Conclusion

The valuable features of Young people as per GYD report are:

A force for peace, democracy, equality and good governance

A catalyst for global consensus building

An essential resource for sustainable development and poverty eradication.

Despite a growing focus on youth participation in lower levels of governance, and a clear political

push to help more young people transition from student and youth politics to national politics;

there is very little coordinated action to promote youth engagement in politics and governance.

Furthermore, existing programmes such as those run by MoPR are focused on youth who are

already elected leaders or in some way associated with politics, rather than on bringing more youth

into political systems. Moreover, youths acquire all the necessary knowledge and skills in India

and when they become finished product they fly to foreign countries and deliver there. This kind

of brain drain is happening because of lack of opportunities in the country, lack of adequate

awareness in their sense of responsibility towards to country and not involving them in the main

stream of decision making process or system. Youth participation in civic and political affairs is

important in and of itself but also for the potential consequences that the involvement – or lack of

it – of young people in decision making may have. Intrinsically, the development of young people

is about providing them with the choices and capabilities necessary to build fulfilling lives. In

order to address the barriers that constrain their opportunities, it is necessary to involve young

people in decisions that directly or indirectly have an effect on their lives. The active involvement

of young people in decision making can improve the lives of individuals, provide better and more

accountable public services, strengthen democracy and civil society and create more peaceful and

tolerant nations.

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