Center fuumlr Flexible Elektrische Netze FENNEDO Smart Communities Summit 2019Tokyo June 4 2019

DC Technology - Key Enabling Technology for a CO2

Neutral Urban Environment

Prof Dr ir Rik W De DonckerBMBF FEN Research Campus ISEA and PGS|EONERC of RWTH Aachen University

2

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conclusions

Seite 3

RWTH Aachen University

Founded in 1870 one of the largest technical

universities in Europe

157 degree courses

ndash 45377 students (57 Engineering)

ndash 7165 graduates 9651 international students

9264 employees

ndash 547 professors (89 Junior Prof)

ndash 5564 research associates

ndash 2786 non-scientific staff

ndash 599 apprentices and interns

948 Meuro Budget 2017

ndash 3603 Meuro external project funds for RampD

4833 Scientific Publications

25 of all Dr-Ing in Germany are from RWTH

rha

RWTH Aachen CAMPUS Cluster Sustainable Energy

clean reliable and affordable solutions

5

RWTH CAMPUS Cluster Sustainable Energyto accelerate innovation with industry partners

CWD

CMP EON ERC

FEN CARL ISEAELab

E3D

Seite 6

Cluster SE - Gateway to other RWTH Centers Programs and

Alliances EON Energy Research Center ndash Sustainable

Energy Supply in the Urban Environment

FEN ndash Forschungscampus Flexible Electrical

Networks

New CARL ndash Center for Ageing Reliability and

Life Cycle Analysis of Electrochemical and Power

Electronic Systems

CWD ndash Center for Wind Drives

KESS ndash Communal Energy Supply Systems

CMP ndash Center for Mobile Propulsion

eLab ndash Emobility Production Laboratory

e3D - Energy Efficiency and Sustainable Building

New RCR ndash Research Center Railways

RWTH Strategic Area ECPE

JARA

Seite 7

4 MW test bench for mechanical and electrical research

and characterization of wind turbines

CWD ndash Center for Wind Power Drives

I3 Research Center for Wind Power Drives

Prof Hameyer

Prof Schroumlder

Prof Monti

Prof De Doncker

Prof Brecher

Prof Jacobs

Prof Abel

Seite 8

CARL ndash Center for Aging Reliability and Life Cycle

Prediction of Electrochemical and Power Electronic

Systems

EON ERC at RWTH Aachen UniversityEnergy savings energy efficiency and sustainable energy supply in the rban

environment

Prof Rik W De Doncker

EON ERC | Prof Rik W De Doncker | 2908201610

Research Fields at New EON Energy Research CenterFocus on urban energy supply and demand

Flexible Electrical Networks (FEN) Research Campus Academia and Industry work together under one roof to accelerate innovation

FEN Research Campus

Scientific advisory board

Partners

FEN GmbH

Industry PartnersUniversity Partners

Start-Up-Support

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University11

Flexible Electrical Networks (FEN) Research CampusResearch Areas on DC- and micro-Grids

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University12

Research on energy technology

Interdisciplinary aspects on energy research

Automation + Control + CloudDigitalization

DC Grid Systems

DC Grid Components

SocietyEconomics

Environment

Regulatory amp Standards

FEN Landmark ProjectMedium-voltage (5 kVdc 5 MW) CAMPUS DC micro-grid

AixControl XRS70707 MW 1 kHZ DC-DC Converter

Landscape Architecture

Research Grid

Medium Frequency

Transformers

Physiology

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University13

14

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conclusions

15

Interdisciplinary group experts from natural technical economical and social sciences from both academia and industry

Leading Question How can we transform the energy supplyto reach the climate goals

Approach of the working group

bull Analysing and evaluating technical options through

1) Expert discussions (bottom up)

2) Comparing relevant energy scenarios

3) Conducting own model calculations (REMod-D)

bull Identifying the economic and societal obstacles and challenges

bull Elaborating options for policy makers to implement changes overcome obstacles and establish necessary instruments

Working Group (WG) on bdquoCoupling of Energy Sectorsldquo

16

Goal of the energy transition reduce greenhouse gas emissionsData greenhouse gas emissions Germany 1990-2018 (Mt CO2 eq)

source bdquoEnergiedaten Gesamtausgabeldquo BMWi January 2018

- 80

-20

-40

- 55

- 70

- 95 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Mt

CO

2e

qu

ival

en

t

other emissions energy-related emissions

Target

Since 2010 slope is not on target

Start Energy Market Liberalization

Start Global Economic Stagnation

17

Goal of the energy transition reduce greenhouse gas emissionsData greenhouse gas emissions Germany 1990-2018 (Mt CO2 eq)

source bdquoEnergiedaten Gesamtausgabeldquo BMWi January 2018

- 80

-20

-40

- 55

- 70

- 95 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Mt

CO

2e

qu

ival

en

t

other emissions energy-related emissions

Target

Start Energy Market Liberalization

Start Global Economic Stagnation

Two main reasons for slow improvements in recent years

Little progress in energy efficiency and savings

No increase of renewables in mobility and heat sectors

18

Main conclusions of WG on bdquoCoupling of Energy Sectorsldquo

bull Electricity from wind and solar power will become the dominant energy sources

bull Because it is often most efficient to use power directly technologies like heat pumps electromobility and electrode heated boilers become important

strong electrification and growing electricity demand sector coupling

need for storage and flexibility

bull But it is not possible to use electricity for all applications

chemical energy carriers remain indispensable hydrogen will be important

more ambitious climate goals require synthetic fuels (power-to-X)

bull Biomass and alternative renewable energy sources need to be used effectively

bull Efficiency is paramount to limit the expansion of wind and PV (and electrical grids) to keep the costs low and thereby to ensure the acceptance of the energy transition

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Large-scale dispursed in space and time energy storage

bull Sector coupling (heat gas eMobility) and eGrid

bull Smart dispursed balancing power generation and DSM

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull DC technology to build meshed distribution grids

bull Solving the eMobility fast charging in urban areas

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conlusions

Storage Requirements in pan-European Electricity System(C Hoffmann IRES Conf 2008)

8 4

2

PV

sh

are

[]

Rel Coverage RES []

Relative Coverage (RES = Wind+PV)

Installed av annual production RES

Average annual consumption

PV share

Installed av annual production PV

Average annual production RES

Relative storage demand

Required storage

Average annual consumption

100

80

60

40

20

0

100 120 140 160 180

Germany2 of 627 TWh 1257 TWh

1257 Mrd euro at 100eurokWh or010 eurokWh of total energy and 20 years service time (Cf 2 Storage horizon 1 week full load)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University20

2 requires all sorts

of low cost dispursed

energy storage

- Fast (min ndashhours)

Batteries amp dual use of

EV amp PHEV batteries

- Large (Days ndash Weeks)

Thermal storage with

heat pumps in homes

and buildings heat and

cold distribution

networks

- Strategic (Months)

Chemical Electrolysers

for H2 and power-to-x

Exergy Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) in Aachen

1 MW Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)equiv Capacity 125 kWh

Hydrogen battery cells equiv Ultrafast charging and discharging properties

equiv BESS can be fully charged and discharged within 75 minutes

equiv Excellent durability (+10000 cycles)

equiv Response time 3 ms

Project start at EONERC Feb 2018equiv Primary energy control reserve

equiv Investigate Future services peak shaving spinning reserve back-up power supply for fast charging stations for EVlsquos

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemTechnically Possible - Scenario for EU-27 + 2

Scenario

calculated in 2011

by R De Doncker

based on linear

extrapolation over

the period 2000-

2010 of the growth

of decentralized

power (CHP and

REN) since market

liberalization in

2000 Predicted

that by 2025 EU

could have had a

CO2 neutral

electrical energy

production

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV

Interesting

observation

transmission

system may

need minimal

upgrade to

DC ETG Task

Force claims

that DC can

be integrated

at lower cost

in existing

infrastructure

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV

Interesting

observation

medium

voltage

distribution

grid will need

upgrades as it

becomes an

exchange

platform

between local

producers

and

prosumers

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV 13 in LV

Interesting

observation

Low-voltage

distribution in

factories

buildings and

homes needs

to exchange

energy

flexibly to MV

grids to

provide D2SM

and storage

functionality

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University26

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for renewables and CHP in urban areas

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and e-Mobility and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

11 hellip 1800 GW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University27

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for Emobility in urban areas

Distributed REN installationBalancing by meshed regional medium-voltage distribution grids

Munich

Berlin

Hamburg

Bremen

Underlay

distribution grid

is an interesting

business

proposition from

DSO

perspective Area for

100 windArea for

100 PV

Cologne

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University28

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Large-scale dispursed in space and time energy storage

bull Sector coupling (heat gas eMobility) and eGrid

bull Smart dispursed balancing power generation and DSM

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull DC technology to build meshed distribution grids

bull Solving the eMobility fast charging in urban areas

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Electric Vehicle Drive Train PrototypeState-of-the-Silicon-art

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker30 27112018

bull Demonstrator 280 kW

2x 115 kW ASM

1x 50 kW PMSM

2 LiIon batteries

144 V and 216 V

384 kWh

bull Audi Q6 e-tron quattro 370 kW (three motors)

Max speed 210 kmh

95 kWh LiIon

DC charging with 150 kW

400 km driving range

e performance developed at RWTH - predecessor of the Audi Q6 Production at AUDI Brussels ndash Presented Nov 2018 in San Francisco CA

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Modularity leads us to a standard components enabling various traction drive platforms ndash eTron platform (2016)

Source audicom July 2016

31 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

4

Distribution GridTypical Urban Grid Structure with e-Mobility (40 kW charger) is quickly overloaded

Branch A 21 households max total power 98 kW 178 kW (2 veh)

Length 461 m

Branch B 34 households max total power 129 kW 249 KW (3 veh)

Length 715 m

Branch C 10 households max total power 68 kW 108 kW (1 veh)

Length 185 m

Connection to transmission grid Transformer Capacity 250 kVA 630 kVA

Upgrade of 400V AC infrastructure

Based on M Stieneker and R W De

Doncker Medium-voltage DC

distribution grids in urban areas 2016

IEEE 7th International Symposium on

Power Electronics for Distributed

Generation Systems (PEDG) Vancouver

2016

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University32

Classical Distribution Grids are radialIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

HV

25 25 25 25

50 50

==3~

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University33

Classical Distribution Grids are radial and massively oversizedIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

HV

25 25 25

100

25 25 25

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

25

==3~

0

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University34

==

N x (F)CS

==

==

==

Hybrid Approach to Maximize Capacity of Distribution GridsIntegration of e-Mobility PV Wind Storage hellip by MVDC-Backbone

3~= =

3~= =

MVDC

MVDC

HV

==

==

==

==

N x (F)CS

25

25

25

100 100

25

50 50

MV MV

MVDC

LVLVLVLV

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University35

Dual Active Bridge DC-DC ConverterMedium-Voltage High-Power DC-DC Converter

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University36

P = 7 MW VDC = 5 kV plusmn10 Efficiency up to 992 Ultimately air-cooled devices are an option DC substation at 13 weight of 50 Hz

transformer

R Lenke bdquoA Contribution to the Design of Isolated DC-DC Converters for Utility Applicationsldquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2012

N Soltau bdquoHigh-power medium-voltage DC-DC converters design control and demonstrationrdquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2017

DC-grid and energy management in a DC quarterLower infrastructure cost higher efficiency and bidirectional

MVDC

LVDC

(AC)

5 kV+(-) 380 V

DC-ConverterLegacy AC

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University37

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Material savings

bull Ecological footprint

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

World-wide target for costs (eurokWh) for large-scale automotive LIB cells

published by the end of 2012

Technology DriversPrice Development of Lithium-Ion Batteries (only cells)

ISEA forecast (2010)

Prices decreased faster

than predicted by NEDO

Germany (BMBFISI)

South Korea (MKE)

Source bdquoTechnologie-

Roadmap Energiespeicher

fuumlr die Elektromobilitaumlt 2030ldquo

Cost in eurokWh

Consumer cell are even

cheaper (eg TESLA)

39 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

Cost reduction of Power ElectronicsDriven by renewables ndash eg Global installed capacity of wind

540 GWpeak installed capacity by the end of 2017 ndash assuming 50 DFG

this translates in approximately 810 GVA of power electronic converters

Multi-megawatt power electronic converters are becoming a mass product

During the past 25 years a major cost reduction of voltage source inverters

took place from 500 eurokVA down to 20 eurokVA

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University40

Price of silicon cells and power electronics inter-twined

Silicon is made of SiO2 (ie sand an abundant material) and energy

Energy is produced by PV

PV energy is controlled and converted by power electronics made of silicon

In 2018$ 0113

Source R W De Doncker IEEE IPEC ECCE 2014 Hiroshima Japan

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University41

Technology Drivers

Price Development of Power Electronics

Specific cost for EV inverters

equiv 1995 $50kVA1

equiv 2015 $5kVA2

equiv 2020 RampD target $33kVA

1 Source Data provided by R De Doncker2 Source US Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office

3

4

5

6

7

8

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

cost

in $

kW

year

Material Usage in Power Transformers

Frequency matters

bull Weight distribution of copper and Si-steel

in machines and transformers

bull Copper 25 ndash 30

bull Iron lamination 70 ndash 75

bull Specific weight Fe 8 gcmsup3

bull Specific weight Cu 9 gcmsup3

bull Standard 50 Hz Transformer 25 kgkVA

bull 7 MW DC-DC converter 1 kHz 5 kV

bull 3 x 23 MVA transformers

bull 1000 Hz transformer 025 kgkVA

bull Increased power density by a factor of 10

compared to 50 Hz transformer

bull AC grids are based on transformer technology

Designed for top down energy transmission

Constant voltage and constant frequency

Flexible AC grids (FACTS) will require major investments in infrastructure

and power electronic energy conversion and storage systems

In 2000 EU29 had 685GW installed capacity ie 137 Mton on Cu and Si-

Steel in generators and transformers ie 1096 Beuro (at price of 8 eurokg)

Standard AC Grid Configuration for Transmission and Distribution

gt 20000 tonGW

Ecological Impact Analysis for Charging InfrastructureAC Charging 22 kW vs DC-Charging Mixed 50 kW amp 37 kW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University45

8490

8045

8008

8386

8216

6910

8917

8224

7211

3347

5536

7386

5974

5218

7325

6584

6479

8305

0 20 40 60 80 100

Landwirtschaftliche Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Klimawandel [kg CO2-Aumlq]

Verbrauch fossiler Rohstoffe [kg oil-Aumlq]

Frischwasseroumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Frischwasser Eutrophierung [kg P-Aumlq]

Humantoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Ionisierende Strahlung [kg U235-Aumlq]

Meeresoumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Meereseutrophierung [kg N-Aumlq]

Verbrauch mineralischer Rohstoffe [kg Fe-hellip

Natuumlrliche Landumwandlung [msup2]

Ozonabbau [kg CFC-11-Aumlq]

Partikelbildung [kg PM10-Aumlq]

Photochemische Oxidantienbildung [kghellip

Terrestrische Versauerung [kg SO2-Aumlq]

Terrestrische Oumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Staumldtische Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Wasserverbrauch [msup3]

AC-System

DC-System

Water usage [m3]

City land usage [m2a]

Global toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Global acidity increase [kg SO2 eq]

Photochemical Oxidants [kg]

Particles [kg PM10 eq]

Ozon reduction [kg CFC11 eq]

Natural land usage [m2]

Usage of mineral resources [kg Fe eq]

Sea water eutrophication [kg N eq]

Sea water ecological toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Ionic radiation [kg U235 eq]

Human toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Drinking water eutrophication [kg P eq]

Drinking water toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Usage of fossil fuels [kg Oil eq]

Climate change impact [kg CO2 eq]

Occupation of agricultural land [m2a]

Summary

Renewable energy has the full potential as a foundation for the future sustainable energy supply of industrial societies

Underlay meshed DC grids shorten the path between volatile renewable energy and consumers and have advantages at flexibility and cost

Interconnected DC grids offer an efficient solution for fast charging service E-mobility can support the grid with all required control power and a useful

proportion of storage Most importantly DC technology saves materials which reduces significantly

the ecological footprint

Researchers and engineers have identified solutions but still open questions Can implementation be accelerated by training technicians Are regulatory issues in the way

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University46

47

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

48

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

CWDKESS

ISEA

ELAB

CMP

FEN

e3D

EON ERC

Kopernikus

Grids

ENSURE

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

2

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conclusions

Seite 3

RWTH Aachen University

Founded in 1870 one of the largest technical

universities in Europe

157 degree courses

ndash 45377 students (57 Engineering)

ndash 7165 graduates 9651 international students

9264 employees

ndash 547 professors (89 Junior Prof)

ndash 5564 research associates

ndash 2786 non-scientific staff

ndash 599 apprentices and interns

948 Meuro Budget 2017

ndash 3603 Meuro external project funds for RampD

4833 Scientific Publications

25 of all Dr-Ing in Germany are from RWTH

rha

RWTH Aachen CAMPUS Cluster Sustainable Energy

clean reliable and affordable solutions

5

RWTH CAMPUS Cluster Sustainable Energyto accelerate innovation with industry partners

CWD

CMP EON ERC

FEN CARL ISEAELab

E3D

Seite 6

Cluster SE - Gateway to other RWTH Centers Programs and

Alliances EON Energy Research Center ndash Sustainable

Energy Supply in the Urban Environment

FEN ndash Forschungscampus Flexible Electrical

Networks

New CARL ndash Center for Ageing Reliability and

Life Cycle Analysis of Electrochemical and Power

Electronic Systems

CWD ndash Center for Wind Drives

KESS ndash Communal Energy Supply Systems

CMP ndash Center for Mobile Propulsion

eLab ndash Emobility Production Laboratory

e3D - Energy Efficiency and Sustainable Building

New RCR ndash Research Center Railways

RWTH Strategic Area ECPE

JARA

Seite 7

4 MW test bench for mechanical and electrical research

and characterization of wind turbines

CWD ndash Center for Wind Power Drives

I3 Research Center for Wind Power Drives

Prof Hameyer

Prof Schroumlder

Prof Monti

Prof De Doncker

Prof Brecher

Prof Jacobs

Prof Abel

Seite 8

CARL ndash Center for Aging Reliability and Life Cycle

Prediction of Electrochemical and Power Electronic

Systems

EON ERC at RWTH Aachen UniversityEnergy savings energy efficiency and sustainable energy supply in the rban

environment

Prof Rik W De Doncker

EON ERC | Prof Rik W De Doncker | 2908201610

Research Fields at New EON Energy Research CenterFocus on urban energy supply and demand

Flexible Electrical Networks (FEN) Research Campus Academia and Industry work together under one roof to accelerate innovation

FEN Research Campus

Scientific advisory board

Partners

FEN GmbH

Industry PartnersUniversity Partners

Start-Up-Support

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University11

Flexible Electrical Networks (FEN) Research CampusResearch Areas on DC- and micro-Grids

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University12

Research on energy technology

Interdisciplinary aspects on energy research

Automation + Control + CloudDigitalization

DC Grid Systems

DC Grid Components

SocietyEconomics

Environment

Regulatory amp Standards

FEN Landmark ProjectMedium-voltage (5 kVdc 5 MW) CAMPUS DC micro-grid

AixControl XRS70707 MW 1 kHZ DC-DC Converter

Landscape Architecture

Research Grid

Medium Frequency

Transformers

Physiology

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University13

14

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conclusions

15

Interdisciplinary group experts from natural technical economical and social sciences from both academia and industry

Leading Question How can we transform the energy supplyto reach the climate goals

Approach of the working group

bull Analysing and evaluating technical options through

1) Expert discussions (bottom up)

2) Comparing relevant energy scenarios

3) Conducting own model calculations (REMod-D)

bull Identifying the economic and societal obstacles and challenges

bull Elaborating options for policy makers to implement changes overcome obstacles and establish necessary instruments

Working Group (WG) on bdquoCoupling of Energy Sectorsldquo

16

Goal of the energy transition reduce greenhouse gas emissionsData greenhouse gas emissions Germany 1990-2018 (Mt CO2 eq)

source bdquoEnergiedaten Gesamtausgabeldquo BMWi January 2018

- 80

-20

-40

- 55

- 70

- 95 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Mt

CO

2e

qu

ival

en

t

other emissions energy-related emissions

Target

Since 2010 slope is not on target

Start Energy Market Liberalization

Start Global Economic Stagnation

17

Goal of the energy transition reduce greenhouse gas emissionsData greenhouse gas emissions Germany 1990-2018 (Mt CO2 eq)

source bdquoEnergiedaten Gesamtausgabeldquo BMWi January 2018

- 80

-20

-40

- 55

- 70

- 95 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Mt

CO

2e

qu

ival

en

t

other emissions energy-related emissions

Target

Start Energy Market Liberalization

Start Global Economic Stagnation

Two main reasons for slow improvements in recent years

Little progress in energy efficiency and savings

No increase of renewables in mobility and heat sectors

18

Main conclusions of WG on bdquoCoupling of Energy Sectorsldquo

bull Electricity from wind and solar power will become the dominant energy sources

bull Because it is often most efficient to use power directly technologies like heat pumps electromobility and electrode heated boilers become important

strong electrification and growing electricity demand sector coupling

need for storage and flexibility

bull But it is not possible to use electricity for all applications

chemical energy carriers remain indispensable hydrogen will be important

more ambitious climate goals require synthetic fuels (power-to-X)

bull Biomass and alternative renewable energy sources need to be used effectively

bull Efficiency is paramount to limit the expansion of wind and PV (and electrical grids) to keep the costs low and thereby to ensure the acceptance of the energy transition

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Large-scale dispursed in space and time energy storage

bull Sector coupling (heat gas eMobility) and eGrid

bull Smart dispursed balancing power generation and DSM

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull DC technology to build meshed distribution grids

bull Solving the eMobility fast charging in urban areas

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conlusions

Storage Requirements in pan-European Electricity System(C Hoffmann IRES Conf 2008)

8 4

2

PV

sh

are

[]

Rel Coverage RES []

Relative Coverage (RES = Wind+PV)

Installed av annual production RES

Average annual consumption

PV share

Installed av annual production PV

Average annual production RES

Relative storage demand

Required storage

Average annual consumption

100

80

60

40

20

0

100 120 140 160 180

Germany2 of 627 TWh 1257 TWh

1257 Mrd euro at 100eurokWh or010 eurokWh of total energy and 20 years service time (Cf 2 Storage horizon 1 week full load)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University20

2 requires all sorts

of low cost dispursed

energy storage

- Fast (min ndashhours)

Batteries amp dual use of

EV amp PHEV batteries

- Large (Days ndash Weeks)

Thermal storage with

heat pumps in homes

and buildings heat and

cold distribution

networks

- Strategic (Months)

Chemical Electrolysers

for H2 and power-to-x

Exergy Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) in Aachen

1 MW Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)equiv Capacity 125 kWh

Hydrogen battery cells equiv Ultrafast charging and discharging properties

equiv BESS can be fully charged and discharged within 75 minutes

equiv Excellent durability (+10000 cycles)

equiv Response time 3 ms

Project start at EONERC Feb 2018equiv Primary energy control reserve

equiv Investigate Future services peak shaving spinning reserve back-up power supply for fast charging stations for EVlsquos

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemTechnically Possible - Scenario for EU-27 + 2

Scenario

calculated in 2011

by R De Doncker

based on linear

extrapolation over

the period 2000-

2010 of the growth

of decentralized

power (CHP and

REN) since market

liberalization in

2000 Predicted

that by 2025 EU

could have had a

CO2 neutral

electrical energy

production

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV

Interesting

observation

transmission

system may

need minimal

upgrade to

DC ETG Task

Force claims

that DC can

be integrated

at lower cost

in existing

infrastructure

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV

Interesting

observation

medium

voltage

distribution

grid will need

upgrades as it

becomes an

exchange

platform

between local

producers

and

prosumers

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV 13 in LV

Interesting

observation

Low-voltage

distribution in

factories

buildings and

homes needs

to exchange

energy

flexibly to MV

grids to

provide D2SM

and storage

functionality

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University26

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for renewables and CHP in urban areas

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and e-Mobility and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

11 hellip 1800 GW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University27

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for Emobility in urban areas

Distributed REN installationBalancing by meshed regional medium-voltage distribution grids

Munich

Berlin

Hamburg

Bremen

Underlay

distribution grid

is an interesting

business

proposition from

DSO

perspective Area for

100 windArea for

100 PV

Cologne

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University28

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Large-scale dispursed in space and time energy storage

bull Sector coupling (heat gas eMobility) and eGrid

bull Smart dispursed balancing power generation and DSM

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull DC technology to build meshed distribution grids

bull Solving the eMobility fast charging in urban areas

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Electric Vehicle Drive Train PrototypeState-of-the-Silicon-art

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker30 27112018

bull Demonstrator 280 kW

2x 115 kW ASM

1x 50 kW PMSM

2 LiIon batteries

144 V and 216 V

384 kWh

bull Audi Q6 e-tron quattro 370 kW (three motors)

Max speed 210 kmh

95 kWh LiIon

DC charging with 150 kW

400 km driving range

e performance developed at RWTH - predecessor of the Audi Q6 Production at AUDI Brussels ndash Presented Nov 2018 in San Francisco CA

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Modularity leads us to a standard components enabling various traction drive platforms ndash eTron platform (2016)

Source audicom July 2016

31 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

4

Distribution GridTypical Urban Grid Structure with e-Mobility (40 kW charger) is quickly overloaded

Branch A 21 households max total power 98 kW 178 kW (2 veh)

Length 461 m

Branch B 34 households max total power 129 kW 249 KW (3 veh)

Length 715 m

Branch C 10 households max total power 68 kW 108 kW (1 veh)

Length 185 m

Connection to transmission grid Transformer Capacity 250 kVA 630 kVA

Upgrade of 400V AC infrastructure

Based on M Stieneker and R W De

Doncker Medium-voltage DC

distribution grids in urban areas 2016

IEEE 7th International Symposium on

Power Electronics for Distributed

Generation Systems (PEDG) Vancouver

2016

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University32

Classical Distribution Grids are radialIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

HV

25 25 25 25

50 50

==3~

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University33

Classical Distribution Grids are radial and massively oversizedIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

HV

25 25 25

100

25 25 25

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

25

==3~

0

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University34

==

N x (F)CS

==

==

==

Hybrid Approach to Maximize Capacity of Distribution GridsIntegration of e-Mobility PV Wind Storage hellip by MVDC-Backbone

3~= =

3~= =

MVDC

MVDC

HV

==

==

==

==

N x (F)CS

25

25

25

100 100

25

50 50

MV MV

MVDC

LVLVLVLV

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University35

Dual Active Bridge DC-DC ConverterMedium-Voltage High-Power DC-DC Converter

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University36

P = 7 MW VDC = 5 kV plusmn10 Efficiency up to 992 Ultimately air-cooled devices are an option DC substation at 13 weight of 50 Hz

transformer

R Lenke bdquoA Contribution to the Design of Isolated DC-DC Converters for Utility Applicationsldquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2012

N Soltau bdquoHigh-power medium-voltage DC-DC converters design control and demonstrationrdquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2017

DC-grid and energy management in a DC quarterLower infrastructure cost higher efficiency and bidirectional

MVDC

LVDC

(AC)

5 kV+(-) 380 V

DC-ConverterLegacy AC

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University37

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Material savings

bull Ecological footprint

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

World-wide target for costs (eurokWh) for large-scale automotive LIB cells

published by the end of 2012

Technology DriversPrice Development of Lithium-Ion Batteries (only cells)

ISEA forecast (2010)

Prices decreased faster

than predicted by NEDO

Germany (BMBFISI)

South Korea (MKE)

Source bdquoTechnologie-

Roadmap Energiespeicher

fuumlr die Elektromobilitaumlt 2030ldquo

Cost in eurokWh

Consumer cell are even

cheaper (eg TESLA)

39 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

Cost reduction of Power ElectronicsDriven by renewables ndash eg Global installed capacity of wind

540 GWpeak installed capacity by the end of 2017 ndash assuming 50 DFG

this translates in approximately 810 GVA of power electronic converters

Multi-megawatt power electronic converters are becoming a mass product

During the past 25 years a major cost reduction of voltage source inverters

took place from 500 eurokVA down to 20 eurokVA

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University40

Price of silicon cells and power electronics inter-twined

Silicon is made of SiO2 (ie sand an abundant material) and energy

Energy is produced by PV

PV energy is controlled and converted by power electronics made of silicon

In 2018$ 0113

Source R W De Doncker IEEE IPEC ECCE 2014 Hiroshima Japan

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University41

Technology Drivers

Price Development of Power Electronics

Specific cost for EV inverters

equiv 1995 $50kVA1

equiv 2015 $5kVA2

equiv 2020 RampD target $33kVA

1 Source Data provided by R De Doncker2 Source US Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office

3

4

5

6

7

8

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

cost

in $

kW

year

Material Usage in Power Transformers

Frequency matters

bull Weight distribution of copper and Si-steel

in machines and transformers

bull Copper 25 ndash 30

bull Iron lamination 70 ndash 75

bull Specific weight Fe 8 gcmsup3

bull Specific weight Cu 9 gcmsup3

bull Standard 50 Hz Transformer 25 kgkVA

bull 7 MW DC-DC converter 1 kHz 5 kV

bull 3 x 23 MVA transformers

bull 1000 Hz transformer 025 kgkVA

bull Increased power density by a factor of 10

compared to 50 Hz transformer

bull AC grids are based on transformer technology

Designed for top down energy transmission

Constant voltage and constant frequency

Flexible AC grids (FACTS) will require major investments in infrastructure

and power electronic energy conversion and storage systems

In 2000 EU29 had 685GW installed capacity ie 137 Mton on Cu and Si-

Steel in generators and transformers ie 1096 Beuro (at price of 8 eurokg)

Standard AC Grid Configuration for Transmission and Distribution

gt 20000 tonGW

Ecological Impact Analysis for Charging InfrastructureAC Charging 22 kW vs DC-Charging Mixed 50 kW amp 37 kW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University45

8490

8045

8008

8386

8216

6910

8917

8224

7211

3347

5536

7386

5974

5218

7325

6584

6479

8305

0 20 40 60 80 100

Landwirtschaftliche Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Klimawandel [kg CO2-Aumlq]

Verbrauch fossiler Rohstoffe [kg oil-Aumlq]

Frischwasseroumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Frischwasser Eutrophierung [kg P-Aumlq]

Humantoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Ionisierende Strahlung [kg U235-Aumlq]

Meeresoumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Meereseutrophierung [kg N-Aumlq]

Verbrauch mineralischer Rohstoffe [kg Fe-hellip

Natuumlrliche Landumwandlung [msup2]

Ozonabbau [kg CFC-11-Aumlq]

Partikelbildung [kg PM10-Aumlq]

Photochemische Oxidantienbildung [kghellip

Terrestrische Versauerung [kg SO2-Aumlq]

Terrestrische Oumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Staumldtische Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Wasserverbrauch [msup3]

AC-System

DC-System

Water usage [m3]

City land usage [m2a]

Global toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Global acidity increase [kg SO2 eq]

Photochemical Oxidants [kg]

Particles [kg PM10 eq]

Ozon reduction [kg CFC11 eq]

Natural land usage [m2]

Usage of mineral resources [kg Fe eq]

Sea water eutrophication [kg N eq]

Sea water ecological toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Ionic radiation [kg U235 eq]

Human toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Drinking water eutrophication [kg P eq]

Drinking water toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Usage of fossil fuels [kg Oil eq]

Climate change impact [kg CO2 eq]

Occupation of agricultural land [m2a]

Summary

Renewable energy has the full potential as a foundation for the future sustainable energy supply of industrial societies

Underlay meshed DC grids shorten the path between volatile renewable energy and consumers and have advantages at flexibility and cost

Interconnected DC grids offer an efficient solution for fast charging service E-mobility can support the grid with all required control power and a useful

proportion of storage Most importantly DC technology saves materials which reduces significantly

the ecological footprint

Researchers and engineers have identified solutions but still open questions Can implementation be accelerated by training technicians Are regulatory issues in the way

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University46

47

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

48

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

CWDKESS

ISEA

ELAB

CMP

FEN

e3D

EON ERC

Kopernikus

Grids

ENSURE

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

Seite 3

RWTH Aachen University

Founded in 1870 one of the largest technical

universities in Europe

157 degree courses

ndash 45377 students (57 Engineering)

ndash 7165 graduates 9651 international students

9264 employees

ndash 547 professors (89 Junior Prof)

ndash 5564 research associates

ndash 2786 non-scientific staff

ndash 599 apprentices and interns

948 Meuro Budget 2017

ndash 3603 Meuro external project funds for RampD

4833 Scientific Publications

25 of all Dr-Ing in Germany are from RWTH

rha

RWTH Aachen CAMPUS Cluster Sustainable Energy

clean reliable and affordable solutions

5

RWTH CAMPUS Cluster Sustainable Energyto accelerate innovation with industry partners

CWD

CMP EON ERC

FEN CARL ISEAELab

E3D

Seite 6

Cluster SE - Gateway to other RWTH Centers Programs and

Alliances EON Energy Research Center ndash Sustainable

Energy Supply in the Urban Environment

FEN ndash Forschungscampus Flexible Electrical

Networks

New CARL ndash Center for Ageing Reliability and

Life Cycle Analysis of Electrochemical and Power

Electronic Systems

CWD ndash Center for Wind Drives

KESS ndash Communal Energy Supply Systems

CMP ndash Center for Mobile Propulsion

eLab ndash Emobility Production Laboratory

e3D - Energy Efficiency and Sustainable Building

New RCR ndash Research Center Railways

RWTH Strategic Area ECPE

JARA

Seite 7

4 MW test bench for mechanical and electrical research

and characterization of wind turbines

CWD ndash Center for Wind Power Drives

I3 Research Center for Wind Power Drives

Prof Hameyer

Prof Schroumlder

Prof Monti

Prof De Doncker

Prof Brecher

Prof Jacobs

Prof Abel

Seite 8

CARL ndash Center for Aging Reliability and Life Cycle

Prediction of Electrochemical and Power Electronic

Systems

EON ERC at RWTH Aachen UniversityEnergy savings energy efficiency and sustainable energy supply in the rban

environment

Prof Rik W De Doncker

EON ERC | Prof Rik W De Doncker | 2908201610

Research Fields at New EON Energy Research CenterFocus on urban energy supply and demand

Flexible Electrical Networks (FEN) Research Campus Academia and Industry work together under one roof to accelerate innovation

FEN Research Campus

Scientific advisory board

Partners

FEN GmbH

Industry PartnersUniversity Partners

Start-Up-Support

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University11

Flexible Electrical Networks (FEN) Research CampusResearch Areas on DC- and micro-Grids

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University12

Research on energy technology

Interdisciplinary aspects on energy research

Automation + Control + CloudDigitalization

DC Grid Systems

DC Grid Components

SocietyEconomics

Environment

Regulatory amp Standards

FEN Landmark ProjectMedium-voltage (5 kVdc 5 MW) CAMPUS DC micro-grid

AixControl XRS70707 MW 1 kHZ DC-DC Converter

Landscape Architecture

Research Grid

Medium Frequency

Transformers

Physiology

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University13

14

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conclusions

15

Interdisciplinary group experts from natural technical economical and social sciences from both academia and industry

Leading Question How can we transform the energy supplyto reach the climate goals

Approach of the working group

bull Analysing and evaluating technical options through

1) Expert discussions (bottom up)

2) Comparing relevant energy scenarios

3) Conducting own model calculations (REMod-D)

bull Identifying the economic and societal obstacles and challenges

bull Elaborating options for policy makers to implement changes overcome obstacles and establish necessary instruments

Working Group (WG) on bdquoCoupling of Energy Sectorsldquo

16

Goal of the energy transition reduce greenhouse gas emissionsData greenhouse gas emissions Germany 1990-2018 (Mt CO2 eq)

source bdquoEnergiedaten Gesamtausgabeldquo BMWi January 2018

- 80

-20

-40

- 55

- 70

- 95 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Mt

CO

2e

qu

ival

en

t

other emissions energy-related emissions

Target

Since 2010 slope is not on target

Start Energy Market Liberalization

Start Global Economic Stagnation

17

Goal of the energy transition reduce greenhouse gas emissionsData greenhouse gas emissions Germany 1990-2018 (Mt CO2 eq)

source bdquoEnergiedaten Gesamtausgabeldquo BMWi January 2018

- 80

-20

-40

- 55

- 70

- 95 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Mt

CO

2e

qu

ival

en

t

other emissions energy-related emissions

Target

Start Energy Market Liberalization

Start Global Economic Stagnation

Two main reasons for slow improvements in recent years

Little progress in energy efficiency and savings

No increase of renewables in mobility and heat sectors

18

Main conclusions of WG on bdquoCoupling of Energy Sectorsldquo

bull Electricity from wind and solar power will become the dominant energy sources

bull Because it is often most efficient to use power directly technologies like heat pumps electromobility and electrode heated boilers become important

strong electrification and growing electricity demand sector coupling

need for storage and flexibility

bull But it is not possible to use electricity for all applications

chemical energy carriers remain indispensable hydrogen will be important

more ambitious climate goals require synthetic fuels (power-to-X)

bull Biomass and alternative renewable energy sources need to be used effectively

bull Efficiency is paramount to limit the expansion of wind and PV (and electrical grids) to keep the costs low and thereby to ensure the acceptance of the energy transition

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Large-scale dispursed in space and time energy storage

bull Sector coupling (heat gas eMobility) and eGrid

bull Smart dispursed balancing power generation and DSM

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull DC technology to build meshed distribution grids

bull Solving the eMobility fast charging in urban areas

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conlusions

Storage Requirements in pan-European Electricity System(C Hoffmann IRES Conf 2008)

8 4

2

PV

sh

are

[]

Rel Coverage RES []

Relative Coverage (RES = Wind+PV)

Installed av annual production RES

Average annual consumption

PV share

Installed av annual production PV

Average annual production RES

Relative storage demand

Required storage

Average annual consumption

100

80

60

40

20

0

100 120 140 160 180

Germany2 of 627 TWh 1257 TWh

1257 Mrd euro at 100eurokWh or010 eurokWh of total energy and 20 years service time (Cf 2 Storage horizon 1 week full load)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University20

2 requires all sorts

of low cost dispursed

energy storage

- Fast (min ndashhours)

Batteries amp dual use of

EV amp PHEV batteries

- Large (Days ndash Weeks)

Thermal storage with

heat pumps in homes

and buildings heat and

cold distribution

networks

- Strategic (Months)

Chemical Electrolysers

for H2 and power-to-x

Exergy Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) in Aachen

1 MW Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)equiv Capacity 125 kWh

Hydrogen battery cells equiv Ultrafast charging and discharging properties

equiv BESS can be fully charged and discharged within 75 minutes

equiv Excellent durability (+10000 cycles)

equiv Response time 3 ms

Project start at EONERC Feb 2018equiv Primary energy control reserve

equiv Investigate Future services peak shaving spinning reserve back-up power supply for fast charging stations for EVlsquos

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemTechnically Possible - Scenario for EU-27 + 2

Scenario

calculated in 2011

by R De Doncker

based on linear

extrapolation over

the period 2000-

2010 of the growth

of decentralized

power (CHP and

REN) since market

liberalization in

2000 Predicted

that by 2025 EU

could have had a

CO2 neutral

electrical energy

production

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV

Interesting

observation

transmission

system may

need minimal

upgrade to

DC ETG Task

Force claims

that DC can

be integrated

at lower cost

in existing

infrastructure

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV

Interesting

observation

medium

voltage

distribution

grid will need

upgrades as it

becomes an

exchange

platform

between local

producers

and

prosumers

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV 13 in LV

Interesting

observation

Low-voltage

distribution in

factories

buildings and

homes needs

to exchange

energy

flexibly to MV

grids to

provide D2SM

and storage

functionality

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University26

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for renewables and CHP in urban areas

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and e-Mobility and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

11 hellip 1800 GW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University27

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for Emobility in urban areas

Distributed REN installationBalancing by meshed regional medium-voltage distribution grids

Munich

Berlin

Hamburg

Bremen

Underlay

distribution grid

is an interesting

business

proposition from

DSO

perspective Area for

100 windArea for

100 PV

Cologne

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University28

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Large-scale dispursed in space and time energy storage

bull Sector coupling (heat gas eMobility) and eGrid

bull Smart dispursed balancing power generation and DSM

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull DC technology to build meshed distribution grids

bull Solving the eMobility fast charging in urban areas

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Electric Vehicle Drive Train PrototypeState-of-the-Silicon-art

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker30 27112018

bull Demonstrator 280 kW

2x 115 kW ASM

1x 50 kW PMSM

2 LiIon batteries

144 V and 216 V

384 kWh

bull Audi Q6 e-tron quattro 370 kW (three motors)

Max speed 210 kmh

95 kWh LiIon

DC charging with 150 kW

400 km driving range

e performance developed at RWTH - predecessor of the Audi Q6 Production at AUDI Brussels ndash Presented Nov 2018 in San Francisco CA

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Modularity leads us to a standard components enabling various traction drive platforms ndash eTron platform (2016)

Source audicom July 2016

31 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

4

Distribution GridTypical Urban Grid Structure with e-Mobility (40 kW charger) is quickly overloaded

Branch A 21 households max total power 98 kW 178 kW (2 veh)

Length 461 m

Branch B 34 households max total power 129 kW 249 KW (3 veh)

Length 715 m

Branch C 10 households max total power 68 kW 108 kW (1 veh)

Length 185 m

Connection to transmission grid Transformer Capacity 250 kVA 630 kVA

Upgrade of 400V AC infrastructure

Based on M Stieneker and R W De

Doncker Medium-voltage DC

distribution grids in urban areas 2016

IEEE 7th International Symposium on

Power Electronics for Distributed

Generation Systems (PEDG) Vancouver

2016

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University32

Classical Distribution Grids are radialIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

HV

25 25 25 25

50 50

==3~

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University33

Classical Distribution Grids are radial and massively oversizedIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

HV

25 25 25

100

25 25 25

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

25

==3~

0

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University34

==

N x (F)CS

==

==

==

Hybrid Approach to Maximize Capacity of Distribution GridsIntegration of e-Mobility PV Wind Storage hellip by MVDC-Backbone

3~= =

3~= =

MVDC

MVDC

HV

==

==

==

==

N x (F)CS

25

25

25

100 100

25

50 50

MV MV

MVDC

LVLVLVLV

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University35

Dual Active Bridge DC-DC ConverterMedium-Voltage High-Power DC-DC Converter

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University36

P = 7 MW VDC = 5 kV plusmn10 Efficiency up to 992 Ultimately air-cooled devices are an option DC substation at 13 weight of 50 Hz

transformer

R Lenke bdquoA Contribution to the Design of Isolated DC-DC Converters for Utility Applicationsldquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2012

N Soltau bdquoHigh-power medium-voltage DC-DC converters design control and demonstrationrdquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2017

DC-grid and energy management in a DC quarterLower infrastructure cost higher efficiency and bidirectional

MVDC

LVDC

(AC)

5 kV+(-) 380 V

DC-ConverterLegacy AC

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University37

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Material savings

bull Ecological footprint

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

World-wide target for costs (eurokWh) for large-scale automotive LIB cells

published by the end of 2012

Technology DriversPrice Development of Lithium-Ion Batteries (only cells)

ISEA forecast (2010)

Prices decreased faster

than predicted by NEDO

Germany (BMBFISI)

South Korea (MKE)

Source bdquoTechnologie-

Roadmap Energiespeicher

fuumlr die Elektromobilitaumlt 2030ldquo

Cost in eurokWh

Consumer cell are even

cheaper (eg TESLA)

39 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

Cost reduction of Power ElectronicsDriven by renewables ndash eg Global installed capacity of wind

540 GWpeak installed capacity by the end of 2017 ndash assuming 50 DFG

this translates in approximately 810 GVA of power electronic converters

Multi-megawatt power electronic converters are becoming a mass product

During the past 25 years a major cost reduction of voltage source inverters

took place from 500 eurokVA down to 20 eurokVA

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University40

Price of silicon cells and power electronics inter-twined

Silicon is made of SiO2 (ie sand an abundant material) and energy

Energy is produced by PV

PV energy is controlled and converted by power electronics made of silicon

In 2018$ 0113

Source R W De Doncker IEEE IPEC ECCE 2014 Hiroshima Japan

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University41

Technology Drivers

Price Development of Power Electronics

Specific cost for EV inverters

equiv 1995 $50kVA1

equiv 2015 $5kVA2

equiv 2020 RampD target $33kVA

1 Source Data provided by R De Doncker2 Source US Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office

3

4

5

6

7

8

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

cost

in $

kW

year

Material Usage in Power Transformers

Frequency matters

bull Weight distribution of copper and Si-steel

in machines and transformers

bull Copper 25 ndash 30

bull Iron lamination 70 ndash 75

bull Specific weight Fe 8 gcmsup3

bull Specific weight Cu 9 gcmsup3

bull Standard 50 Hz Transformer 25 kgkVA

bull 7 MW DC-DC converter 1 kHz 5 kV

bull 3 x 23 MVA transformers

bull 1000 Hz transformer 025 kgkVA

bull Increased power density by a factor of 10

compared to 50 Hz transformer

bull AC grids are based on transformer technology

Designed for top down energy transmission

Constant voltage and constant frequency

Flexible AC grids (FACTS) will require major investments in infrastructure

and power electronic energy conversion and storage systems

In 2000 EU29 had 685GW installed capacity ie 137 Mton on Cu and Si-

Steel in generators and transformers ie 1096 Beuro (at price of 8 eurokg)

Standard AC Grid Configuration for Transmission and Distribution

gt 20000 tonGW

Ecological Impact Analysis for Charging InfrastructureAC Charging 22 kW vs DC-Charging Mixed 50 kW amp 37 kW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University45

8490

8045

8008

8386

8216

6910

8917

8224

7211

3347

5536

7386

5974

5218

7325

6584

6479

8305

0 20 40 60 80 100

Landwirtschaftliche Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Klimawandel [kg CO2-Aumlq]

Verbrauch fossiler Rohstoffe [kg oil-Aumlq]

Frischwasseroumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Frischwasser Eutrophierung [kg P-Aumlq]

Humantoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Ionisierende Strahlung [kg U235-Aumlq]

Meeresoumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Meereseutrophierung [kg N-Aumlq]

Verbrauch mineralischer Rohstoffe [kg Fe-hellip

Natuumlrliche Landumwandlung [msup2]

Ozonabbau [kg CFC-11-Aumlq]

Partikelbildung [kg PM10-Aumlq]

Photochemische Oxidantienbildung [kghellip

Terrestrische Versauerung [kg SO2-Aumlq]

Terrestrische Oumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Staumldtische Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Wasserverbrauch [msup3]

AC-System

DC-System

Water usage [m3]

City land usage [m2a]

Global toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Global acidity increase [kg SO2 eq]

Photochemical Oxidants [kg]

Particles [kg PM10 eq]

Ozon reduction [kg CFC11 eq]

Natural land usage [m2]

Usage of mineral resources [kg Fe eq]

Sea water eutrophication [kg N eq]

Sea water ecological toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Ionic radiation [kg U235 eq]

Human toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Drinking water eutrophication [kg P eq]

Drinking water toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Usage of fossil fuels [kg Oil eq]

Climate change impact [kg CO2 eq]

Occupation of agricultural land [m2a]

Summary

Renewable energy has the full potential as a foundation for the future sustainable energy supply of industrial societies

Underlay meshed DC grids shorten the path between volatile renewable energy and consumers and have advantages at flexibility and cost

Interconnected DC grids offer an efficient solution for fast charging service E-mobility can support the grid with all required control power and a useful

proportion of storage Most importantly DC technology saves materials which reduces significantly

the ecological footprint

Researchers and engineers have identified solutions but still open questions Can implementation be accelerated by training technicians Are regulatory issues in the way

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University46

47

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

48

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

CWDKESS

ISEA

ELAB

CMP

FEN

e3D

EON ERC

Kopernikus

Grids

ENSURE

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

rha

RWTH Aachen CAMPUS Cluster Sustainable Energy

clean reliable and affordable solutions

5

RWTH CAMPUS Cluster Sustainable Energyto accelerate innovation with industry partners

CWD

CMP EON ERC

FEN CARL ISEAELab

E3D

Seite 6

Cluster SE - Gateway to other RWTH Centers Programs and

Alliances EON Energy Research Center ndash Sustainable

Energy Supply in the Urban Environment

FEN ndash Forschungscampus Flexible Electrical

Networks

New CARL ndash Center for Ageing Reliability and

Life Cycle Analysis of Electrochemical and Power

Electronic Systems

CWD ndash Center for Wind Drives

KESS ndash Communal Energy Supply Systems

CMP ndash Center for Mobile Propulsion

eLab ndash Emobility Production Laboratory

e3D - Energy Efficiency and Sustainable Building

New RCR ndash Research Center Railways

RWTH Strategic Area ECPE

JARA

Seite 7

4 MW test bench for mechanical and electrical research

and characterization of wind turbines

CWD ndash Center for Wind Power Drives

I3 Research Center for Wind Power Drives

Prof Hameyer

Prof Schroumlder

Prof Monti

Prof De Doncker

Prof Brecher

Prof Jacobs

Prof Abel

Seite 8

CARL ndash Center for Aging Reliability and Life Cycle

Prediction of Electrochemical and Power Electronic

Systems

EON ERC at RWTH Aachen UniversityEnergy savings energy efficiency and sustainable energy supply in the rban

environment

Prof Rik W De Doncker

EON ERC | Prof Rik W De Doncker | 2908201610

Research Fields at New EON Energy Research CenterFocus on urban energy supply and demand

Flexible Electrical Networks (FEN) Research Campus Academia and Industry work together under one roof to accelerate innovation

FEN Research Campus

Scientific advisory board

Partners

FEN GmbH

Industry PartnersUniversity Partners

Start-Up-Support

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University11

Flexible Electrical Networks (FEN) Research CampusResearch Areas on DC- and micro-Grids

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University12

Research on energy technology

Interdisciplinary aspects on energy research

Automation + Control + CloudDigitalization

DC Grid Systems

DC Grid Components

SocietyEconomics

Environment

Regulatory amp Standards

FEN Landmark ProjectMedium-voltage (5 kVdc 5 MW) CAMPUS DC micro-grid

AixControl XRS70707 MW 1 kHZ DC-DC Converter

Landscape Architecture

Research Grid

Medium Frequency

Transformers

Physiology

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University13

14

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conclusions

15

Interdisciplinary group experts from natural technical economical and social sciences from both academia and industry

Leading Question How can we transform the energy supplyto reach the climate goals

Approach of the working group

bull Analysing and evaluating technical options through

1) Expert discussions (bottom up)

2) Comparing relevant energy scenarios

3) Conducting own model calculations (REMod-D)

bull Identifying the economic and societal obstacles and challenges

bull Elaborating options for policy makers to implement changes overcome obstacles and establish necessary instruments

Working Group (WG) on bdquoCoupling of Energy Sectorsldquo

16

Goal of the energy transition reduce greenhouse gas emissionsData greenhouse gas emissions Germany 1990-2018 (Mt CO2 eq)

source bdquoEnergiedaten Gesamtausgabeldquo BMWi January 2018

- 80

-20

-40

- 55

- 70

- 95 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Mt

CO

2e

qu

ival

en

t

other emissions energy-related emissions

Target

Since 2010 slope is not on target

Start Energy Market Liberalization

Start Global Economic Stagnation

17

Goal of the energy transition reduce greenhouse gas emissionsData greenhouse gas emissions Germany 1990-2018 (Mt CO2 eq)

source bdquoEnergiedaten Gesamtausgabeldquo BMWi January 2018

- 80

-20

-40

- 55

- 70

- 95 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Mt

CO

2e

qu

ival

en

t

other emissions energy-related emissions

Target

Start Energy Market Liberalization

Start Global Economic Stagnation

Two main reasons for slow improvements in recent years

Little progress in energy efficiency and savings

No increase of renewables in mobility and heat sectors

18

Main conclusions of WG on bdquoCoupling of Energy Sectorsldquo

bull Electricity from wind and solar power will become the dominant energy sources

bull Because it is often most efficient to use power directly technologies like heat pumps electromobility and electrode heated boilers become important

strong electrification and growing electricity demand sector coupling

need for storage and flexibility

bull But it is not possible to use electricity for all applications

chemical energy carriers remain indispensable hydrogen will be important

more ambitious climate goals require synthetic fuels (power-to-X)

bull Biomass and alternative renewable energy sources need to be used effectively

bull Efficiency is paramount to limit the expansion of wind and PV (and electrical grids) to keep the costs low and thereby to ensure the acceptance of the energy transition

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Large-scale dispursed in space and time energy storage

bull Sector coupling (heat gas eMobility) and eGrid

bull Smart dispursed balancing power generation and DSM

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull DC technology to build meshed distribution grids

bull Solving the eMobility fast charging in urban areas

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conlusions

Storage Requirements in pan-European Electricity System(C Hoffmann IRES Conf 2008)

8 4

2

PV

sh

are

[]

Rel Coverage RES []

Relative Coverage (RES = Wind+PV)

Installed av annual production RES

Average annual consumption

PV share

Installed av annual production PV

Average annual production RES

Relative storage demand

Required storage

Average annual consumption

100

80

60

40

20

0

100 120 140 160 180

Germany2 of 627 TWh 1257 TWh

1257 Mrd euro at 100eurokWh or010 eurokWh of total energy and 20 years service time (Cf 2 Storage horizon 1 week full load)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University20

2 requires all sorts

of low cost dispursed

energy storage

- Fast (min ndashhours)

Batteries amp dual use of

EV amp PHEV batteries

- Large (Days ndash Weeks)

Thermal storage with

heat pumps in homes

and buildings heat and

cold distribution

networks

- Strategic (Months)

Chemical Electrolysers

for H2 and power-to-x

Exergy Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) in Aachen

1 MW Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)equiv Capacity 125 kWh

Hydrogen battery cells equiv Ultrafast charging and discharging properties

equiv BESS can be fully charged and discharged within 75 minutes

equiv Excellent durability (+10000 cycles)

equiv Response time 3 ms

Project start at EONERC Feb 2018equiv Primary energy control reserve

equiv Investigate Future services peak shaving spinning reserve back-up power supply for fast charging stations for EVlsquos

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemTechnically Possible - Scenario for EU-27 + 2

Scenario

calculated in 2011

by R De Doncker

based on linear

extrapolation over

the period 2000-

2010 of the growth

of decentralized

power (CHP and

REN) since market

liberalization in

2000 Predicted

that by 2025 EU

could have had a

CO2 neutral

electrical energy

production

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV

Interesting

observation

transmission

system may

need minimal

upgrade to

DC ETG Task

Force claims

that DC can

be integrated

at lower cost

in existing

infrastructure

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV

Interesting

observation

medium

voltage

distribution

grid will need

upgrades as it

becomes an

exchange

platform

between local

producers

and

prosumers

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV 13 in LV

Interesting

observation

Low-voltage

distribution in

factories

buildings and

homes needs

to exchange

energy

flexibly to MV

grids to

provide D2SM

and storage

functionality

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University26

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for renewables and CHP in urban areas

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and e-Mobility and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

11 hellip 1800 GW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University27

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for Emobility in urban areas

Distributed REN installationBalancing by meshed regional medium-voltage distribution grids

Munich

Berlin

Hamburg

Bremen

Underlay

distribution grid

is an interesting

business

proposition from

DSO

perspective Area for

100 windArea for

100 PV

Cologne

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University28

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Large-scale dispursed in space and time energy storage

bull Sector coupling (heat gas eMobility) and eGrid

bull Smart dispursed balancing power generation and DSM

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull DC technology to build meshed distribution grids

bull Solving the eMobility fast charging in urban areas

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Electric Vehicle Drive Train PrototypeState-of-the-Silicon-art

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker30 27112018

bull Demonstrator 280 kW

2x 115 kW ASM

1x 50 kW PMSM

2 LiIon batteries

144 V and 216 V

384 kWh

bull Audi Q6 e-tron quattro 370 kW (three motors)

Max speed 210 kmh

95 kWh LiIon

DC charging with 150 kW

400 km driving range

e performance developed at RWTH - predecessor of the Audi Q6 Production at AUDI Brussels ndash Presented Nov 2018 in San Francisco CA

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Modularity leads us to a standard components enabling various traction drive platforms ndash eTron platform (2016)

Source audicom July 2016

31 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

4

Distribution GridTypical Urban Grid Structure with e-Mobility (40 kW charger) is quickly overloaded

Branch A 21 households max total power 98 kW 178 kW (2 veh)

Length 461 m

Branch B 34 households max total power 129 kW 249 KW (3 veh)

Length 715 m

Branch C 10 households max total power 68 kW 108 kW (1 veh)

Length 185 m

Connection to transmission grid Transformer Capacity 250 kVA 630 kVA

Upgrade of 400V AC infrastructure

Based on M Stieneker and R W De

Doncker Medium-voltage DC

distribution grids in urban areas 2016

IEEE 7th International Symposium on

Power Electronics for Distributed

Generation Systems (PEDG) Vancouver

2016

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University32

Classical Distribution Grids are radialIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

HV

25 25 25 25

50 50

==3~

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University33

Classical Distribution Grids are radial and massively oversizedIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

HV

25 25 25

100

25 25 25

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

25

==3~

0

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University34

==

N x (F)CS

==

==

==

Hybrid Approach to Maximize Capacity of Distribution GridsIntegration of e-Mobility PV Wind Storage hellip by MVDC-Backbone

3~= =

3~= =

MVDC

MVDC

HV

==

==

==

==

N x (F)CS

25

25

25

100 100

25

50 50

MV MV

MVDC

LVLVLVLV

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University35

Dual Active Bridge DC-DC ConverterMedium-Voltage High-Power DC-DC Converter

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University36

P = 7 MW VDC = 5 kV plusmn10 Efficiency up to 992 Ultimately air-cooled devices are an option DC substation at 13 weight of 50 Hz

transformer

R Lenke bdquoA Contribution to the Design of Isolated DC-DC Converters for Utility Applicationsldquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2012

N Soltau bdquoHigh-power medium-voltage DC-DC converters design control and demonstrationrdquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2017

DC-grid and energy management in a DC quarterLower infrastructure cost higher efficiency and bidirectional

MVDC

LVDC

(AC)

5 kV+(-) 380 V

DC-ConverterLegacy AC

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University37

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Material savings

bull Ecological footprint

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

World-wide target for costs (eurokWh) for large-scale automotive LIB cells

published by the end of 2012

Technology DriversPrice Development of Lithium-Ion Batteries (only cells)

ISEA forecast (2010)

Prices decreased faster

than predicted by NEDO

Germany (BMBFISI)

South Korea (MKE)

Source bdquoTechnologie-

Roadmap Energiespeicher

fuumlr die Elektromobilitaumlt 2030ldquo

Cost in eurokWh

Consumer cell are even

cheaper (eg TESLA)

39 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

Cost reduction of Power ElectronicsDriven by renewables ndash eg Global installed capacity of wind

540 GWpeak installed capacity by the end of 2017 ndash assuming 50 DFG

this translates in approximately 810 GVA of power electronic converters

Multi-megawatt power electronic converters are becoming a mass product

During the past 25 years a major cost reduction of voltage source inverters

took place from 500 eurokVA down to 20 eurokVA

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University40

Price of silicon cells and power electronics inter-twined

Silicon is made of SiO2 (ie sand an abundant material) and energy

Energy is produced by PV

PV energy is controlled and converted by power electronics made of silicon

In 2018$ 0113

Source R W De Doncker IEEE IPEC ECCE 2014 Hiroshima Japan

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University41

Technology Drivers

Price Development of Power Electronics

Specific cost for EV inverters

equiv 1995 $50kVA1

equiv 2015 $5kVA2

equiv 2020 RampD target $33kVA

1 Source Data provided by R De Doncker2 Source US Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office

3

4

5

6

7

8

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

cost

in $

kW

year

Material Usage in Power Transformers

Frequency matters

bull Weight distribution of copper and Si-steel

in machines and transformers

bull Copper 25 ndash 30

bull Iron lamination 70 ndash 75

bull Specific weight Fe 8 gcmsup3

bull Specific weight Cu 9 gcmsup3

bull Standard 50 Hz Transformer 25 kgkVA

bull 7 MW DC-DC converter 1 kHz 5 kV

bull 3 x 23 MVA transformers

bull 1000 Hz transformer 025 kgkVA

bull Increased power density by a factor of 10

compared to 50 Hz transformer

bull AC grids are based on transformer technology

Designed for top down energy transmission

Constant voltage and constant frequency

Flexible AC grids (FACTS) will require major investments in infrastructure

and power electronic energy conversion and storage systems

In 2000 EU29 had 685GW installed capacity ie 137 Mton on Cu and Si-

Steel in generators and transformers ie 1096 Beuro (at price of 8 eurokg)

Standard AC Grid Configuration for Transmission and Distribution

gt 20000 tonGW

Ecological Impact Analysis for Charging InfrastructureAC Charging 22 kW vs DC-Charging Mixed 50 kW amp 37 kW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University45

8490

8045

8008

8386

8216

6910

8917

8224

7211

3347

5536

7386

5974

5218

7325

6584

6479

8305

0 20 40 60 80 100

Landwirtschaftliche Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Klimawandel [kg CO2-Aumlq]

Verbrauch fossiler Rohstoffe [kg oil-Aumlq]

Frischwasseroumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Frischwasser Eutrophierung [kg P-Aumlq]

Humantoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Ionisierende Strahlung [kg U235-Aumlq]

Meeresoumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Meereseutrophierung [kg N-Aumlq]

Verbrauch mineralischer Rohstoffe [kg Fe-hellip

Natuumlrliche Landumwandlung [msup2]

Ozonabbau [kg CFC-11-Aumlq]

Partikelbildung [kg PM10-Aumlq]

Photochemische Oxidantienbildung [kghellip

Terrestrische Versauerung [kg SO2-Aumlq]

Terrestrische Oumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Staumldtische Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Wasserverbrauch [msup3]

AC-System

DC-System

Water usage [m3]

City land usage [m2a]

Global toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Global acidity increase [kg SO2 eq]

Photochemical Oxidants [kg]

Particles [kg PM10 eq]

Ozon reduction [kg CFC11 eq]

Natural land usage [m2]

Usage of mineral resources [kg Fe eq]

Sea water eutrophication [kg N eq]

Sea water ecological toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Ionic radiation [kg U235 eq]

Human toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Drinking water eutrophication [kg P eq]

Drinking water toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Usage of fossil fuels [kg Oil eq]

Climate change impact [kg CO2 eq]

Occupation of agricultural land [m2a]

Summary

Renewable energy has the full potential as a foundation for the future sustainable energy supply of industrial societies

Underlay meshed DC grids shorten the path between volatile renewable energy and consumers and have advantages at flexibility and cost

Interconnected DC grids offer an efficient solution for fast charging service E-mobility can support the grid with all required control power and a useful

proportion of storage Most importantly DC technology saves materials which reduces significantly

the ecological footprint

Researchers and engineers have identified solutions but still open questions Can implementation be accelerated by training technicians Are regulatory issues in the way

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University46

47

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

48

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

CWDKESS

ISEA

ELAB

CMP

FEN

e3D

EON ERC

Kopernikus

Grids

ENSURE

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

5

RWTH CAMPUS Cluster Sustainable Energyto accelerate innovation with industry partners

CWD

CMP EON ERC

FEN CARL ISEAELab

E3D

Seite 6

Cluster SE - Gateway to other RWTH Centers Programs and

Alliances EON Energy Research Center ndash Sustainable

Energy Supply in the Urban Environment

FEN ndash Forschungscampus Flexible Electrical

Networks

New CARL ndash Center for Ageing Reliability and

Life Cycle Analysis of Electrochemical and Power

Electronic Systems

CWD ndash Center for Wind Drives

KESS ndash Communal Energy Supply Systems

CMP ndash Center for Mobile Propulsion

eLab ndash Emobility Production Laboratory

e3D - Energy Efficiency and Sustainable Building

New RCR ndash Research Center Railways

RWTH Strategic Area ECPE

JARA

Seite 7

4 MW test bench for mechanical and electrical research

and characterization of wind turbines

CWD ndash Center for Wind Power Drives

I3 Research Center for Wind Power Drives

Prof Hameyer

Prof Schroumlder

Prof Monti

Prof De Doncker

Prof Brecher

Prof Jacobs

Prof Abel

Seite 8

CARL ndash Center for Aging Reliability and Life Cycle

Prediction of Electrochemical and Power Electronic

Systems

EON ERC at RWTH Aachen UniversityEnergy savings energy efficiency and sustainable energy supply in the rban

environment

Prof Rik W De Doncker

EON ERC | Prof Rik W De Doncker | 2908201610

Research Fields at New EON Energy Research CenterFocus on urban energy supply and demand

Flexible Electrical Networks (FEN) Research Campus Academia and Industry work together under one roof to accelerate innovation

FEN Research Campus

Scientific advisory board

Partners

FEN GmbH

Industry PartnersUniversity Partners

Start-Up-Support

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University11

Flexible Electrical Networks (FEN) Research CampusResearch Areas on DC- and micro-Grids

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University12

Research on energy technology

Interdisciplinary aspects on energy research

Automation + Control + CloudDigitalization

DC Grid Systems

DC Grid Components

SocietyEconomics

Environment

Regulatory amp Standards

FEN Landmark ProjectMedium-voltage (5 kVdc 5 MW) CAMPUS DC micro-grid

AixControl XRS70707 MW 1 kHZ DC-DC Converter

Landscape Architecture

Research Grid

Medium Frequency

Transformers

Physiology

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University13

14

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conclusions

15

Interdisciplinary group experts from natural technical economical and social sciences from both academia and industry

Leading Question How can we transform the energy supplyto reach the climate goals

Approach of the working group

bull Analysing and evaluating technical options through

1) Expert discussions (bottom up)

2) Comparing relevant energy scenarios

3) Conducting own model calculations (REMod-D)

bull Identifying the economic and societal obstacles and challenges

bull Elaborating options for policy makers to implement changes overcome obstacles and establish necessary instruments

Working Group (WG) on bdquoCoupling of Energy Sectorsldquo

16

Goal of the energy transition reduce greenhouse gas emissionsData greenhouse gas emissions Germany 1990-2018 (Mt CO2 eq)

source bdquoEnergiedaten Gesamtausgabeldquo BMWi January 2018

- 80

-20

-40

- 55

- 70

- 95 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Mt

CO

2e

qu

ival

en

t

other emissions energy-related emissions

Target

Since 2010 slope is not on target

Start Energy Market Liberalization

Start Global Economic Stagnation

17

Goal of the energy transition reduce greenhouse gas emissionsData greenhouse gas emissions Germany 1990-2018 (Mt CO2 eq)

source bdquoEnergiedaten Gesamtausgabeldquo BMWi January 2018

- 80

-20

-40

- 55

- 70

- 95 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Mt

CO

2e

qu

ival

en

t

other emissions energy-related emissions

Target

Start Energy Market Liberalization

Start Global Economic Stagnation

Two main reasons for slow improvements in recent years

Little progress in energy efficiency and savings

No increase of renewables in mobility and heat sectors

18

Main conclusions of WG on bdquoCoupling of Energy Sectorsldquo

bull Electricity from wind and solar power will become the dominant energy sources

bull Because it is often most efficient to use power directly technologies like heat pumps electromobility and electrode heated boilers become important

strong electrification and growing electricity demand sector coupling

need for storage and flexibility

bull But it is not possible to use electricity for all applications

chemical energy carriers remain indispensable hydrogen will be important

more ambitious climate goals require synthetic fuels (power-to-X)

bull Biomass and alternative renewable energy sources need to be used effectively

bull Efficiency is paramount to limit the expansion of wind and PV (and electrical grids) to keep the costs low and thereby to ensure the acceptance of the energy transition

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Large-scale dispursed in space and time energy storage

bull Sector coupling (heat gas eMobility) and eGrid

bull Smart dispursed balancing power generation and DSM

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull DC technology to build meshed distribution grids

bull Solving the eMobility fast charging in urban areas

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conlusions

Storage Requirements in pan-European Electricity System(C Hoffmann IRES Conf 2008)

8 4

2

PV

sh

are

[]

Rel Coverage RES []

Relative Coverage (RES = Wind+PV)

Installed av annual production RES

Average annual consumption

PV share

Installed av annual production PV

Average annual production RES

Relative storage demand

Required storage

Average annual consumption

100

80

60

40

20

0

100 120 140 160 180

Germany2 of 627 TWh 1257 TWh

1257 Mrd euro at 100eurokWh or010 eurokWh of total energy and 20 years service time (Cf 2 Storage horizon 1 week full load)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University20

2 requires all sorts

of low cost dispursed

energy storage

- Fast (min ndashhours)

Batteries amp dual use of

EV amp PHEV batteries

- Large (Days ndash Weeks)

Thermal storage with

heat pumps in homes

and buildings heat and

cold distribution

networks

- Strategic (Months)

Chemical Electrolysers

for H2 and power-to-x

Exergy Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) in Aachen

1 MW Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)equiv Capacity 125 kWh

Hydrogen battery cells equiv Ultrafast charging and discharging properties

equiv BESS can be fully charged and discharged within 75 minutes

equiv Excellent durability (+10000 cycles)

equiv Response time 3 ms

Project start at EONERC Feb 2018equiv Primary energy control reserve

equiv Investigate Future services peak shaving spinning reserve back-up power supply for fast charging stations for EVlsquos

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemTechnically Possible - Scenario for EU-27 + 2

Scenario

calculated in 2011

by R De Doncker

based on linear

extrapolation over

the period 2000-

2010 of the growth

of decentralized

power (CHP and

REN) since market

liberalization in

2000 Predicted

that by 2025 EU

could have had a

CO2 neutral

electrical energy

production

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV

Interesting

observation

transmission

system may

need minimal

upgrade to

DC ETG Task

Force claims

that DC can

be integrated

at lower cost

in existing

infrastructure

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV

Interesting

observation

medium

voltage

distribution

grid will need

upgrades as it

becomes an

exchange

platform

between local

producers

and

prosumers

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV 13 in LV

Interesting

observation

Low-voltage

distribution in

factories

buildings and

homes needs

to exchange

energy

flexibly to MV

grids to

provide D2SM

and storage

functionality

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University26

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for renewables and CHP in urban areas

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and e-Mobility and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

11 hellip 1800 GW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University27

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for Emobility in urban areas

Distributed REN installationBalancing by meshed regional medium-voltage distribution grids

Munich

Berlin

Hamburg

Bremen

Underlay

distribution grid

is an interesting

business

proposition from

DSO

perspective Area for

100 windArea for

100 PV

Cologne

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University28

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Large-scale dispursed in space and time energy storage

bull Sector coupling (heat gas eMobility) and eGrid

bull Smart dispursed balancing power generation and DSM

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull DC technology to build meshed distribution grids

bull Solving the eMobility fast charging in urban areas

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Electric Vehicle Drive Train PrototypeState-of-the-Silicon-art

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker30 27112018

bull Demonstrator 280 kW

2x 115 kW ASM

1x 50 kW PMSM

2 LiIon batteries

144 V and 216 V

384 kWh

bull Audi Q6 e-tron quattro 370 kW (three motors)

Max speed 210 kmh

95 kWh LiIon

DC charging with 150 kW

400 km driving range

e performance developed at RWTH - predecessor of the Audi Q6 Production at AUDI Brussels ndash Presented Nov 2018 in San Francisco CA

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Modularity leads us to a standard components enabling various traction drive platforms ndash eTron platform (2016)

Source audicom July 2016

31 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

4

Distribution GridTypical Urban Grid Structure with e-Mobility (40 kW charger) is quickly overloaded

Branch A 21 households max total power 98 kW 178 kW (2 veh)

Length 461 m

Branch B 34 households max total power 129 kW 249 KW (3 veh)

Length 715 m

Branch C 10 households max total power 68 kW 108 kW (1 veh)

Length 185 m

Connection to transmission grid Transformer Capacity 250 kVA 630 kVA

Upgrade of 400V AC infrastructure

Based on M Stieneker and R W De

Doncker Medium-voltage DC

distribution grids in urban areas 2016

IEEE 7th International Symposium on

Power Electronics for Distributed

Generation Systems (PEDG) Vancouver

2016

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University32

Classical Distribution Grids are radialIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

HV

25 25 25 25

50 50

==3~

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University33

Classical Distribution Grids are radial and massively oversizedIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

HV

25 25 25

100

25 25 25

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

25

==3~

0

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University34

==

N x (F)CS

==

==

==

Hybrid Approach to Maximize Capacity of Distribution GridsIntegration of e-Mobility PV Wind Storage hellip by MVDC-Backbone

3~= =

3~= =

MVDC

MVDC

HV

==

==

==

==

N x (F)CS

25

25

25

100 100

25

50 50

MV MV

MVDC

LVLVLVLV

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University35

Dual Active Bridge DC-DC ConverterMedium-Voltage High-Power DC-DC Converter

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University36

P = 7 MW VDC = 5 kV plusmn10 Efficiency up to 992 Ultimately air-cooled devices are an option DC substation at 13 weight of 50 Hz

transformer

R Lenke bdquoA Contribution to the Design of Isolated DC-DC Converters for Utility Applicationsldquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2012

N Soltau bdquoHigh-power medium-voltage DC-DC converters design control and demonstrationrdquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2017

DC-grid and energy management in a DC quarterLower infrastructure cost higher efficiency and bidirectional

MVDC

LVDC

(AC)

5 kV+(-) 380 V

DC-ConverterLegacy AC

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University37

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Material savings

bull Ecological footprint

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

World-wide target for costs (eurokWh) for large-scale automotive LIB cells

published by the end of 2012

Technology DriversPrice Development of Lithium-Ion Batteries (only cells)

ISEA forecast (2010)

Prices decreased faster

than predicted by NEDO

Germany (BMBFISI)

South Korea (MKE)

Source bdquoTechnologie-

Roadmap Energiespeicher

fuumlr die Elektromobilitaumlt 2030ldquo

Cost in eurokWh

Consumer cell are even

cheaper (eg TESLA)

39 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

Cost reduction of Power ElectronicsDriven by renewables ndash eg Global installed capacity of wind

540 GWpeak installed capacity by the end of 2017 ndash assuming 50 DFG

this translates in approximately 810 GVA of power electronic converters

Multi-megawatt power electronic converters are becoming a mass product

During the past 25 years a major cost reduction of voltage source inverters

took place from 500 eurokVA down to 20 eurokVA

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University40

Price of silicon cells and power electronics inter-twined

Silicon is made of SiO2 (ie sand an abundant material) and energy

Energy is produced by PV

PV energy is controlled and converted by power electronics made of silicon

In 2018$ 0113

Source R W De Doncker IEEE IPEC ECCE 2014 Hiroshima Japan

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University41

Technology Drivers

Price Development of Power Electronics

Specific cost for EV inverters

equiv 1995 $50kVA1

equiv 2015 $5kVA2

equiv 2020 RampD target $33kVA

1 Source Data provided by R De Doncker2 Source US Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office

3

4

5

6

7

8

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

cost

in $

kW

year

Material Usage in Power Transformers

Frequency matters

bull Weight distribution of copper and Si-steel

in machines and transformers

bull Copper 25 ndash 30

bull Iron lamination 70 ndash 75

bull Specific weight Fe 8 gcmsup3

bull Specific weight Cu 9 gcmsup3

bull Standard 50 Hz Transformer 25 kgkVA

bull 7 MW DC-DC converter 1 kHz 5 kV

bull 3 x 23 MVA transformers

bull 1000 Hz transformer 025 kgkVA

bull Increased power density by a factor of 10

compared to 50 Hz transformer

bull AC grids are based on transformer technology

Designed for top down energy transmission

Constant voltage and constant frequency

Flexible AC grids (FACTS) will require major investments in infrastructure

and power electronic energy conversion and storage systems

In 2000 EU29 had 685GW installed capacity ie 137 Mton on Cu and Si-

Steel in generators and transformers ie 1096 Beuro (at price of 8 eurokg)

Standard AC Grid Configuration for Transmission and Distribution

gt 20000 tonGW

Ecological Impact Analysis for Charging InfrastructureAC Charging 22 kW vs DC-Charging Mixed 50 kW amp 37 kW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University45

8490

8045

8008

8386

8216

6910

8917

8224

7211

3347

5536

7386

5974

5218

7325

6584

6479

8305

0 20 40 60 80 100

Landwirtschaftliche Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Klimawandel [kg CO2-Aumlq]

Verbrauch fossiler Rohstoffe [kg oil-Aumlq]

Frischwasseroumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Frischwasser Eutrophierung [kg P-Aumlq]

Humantoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Ionisierende Strahlung [kg U235-Aumlq]

Meeresoumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Meereseutrophierung [kg N-Aumlq]

Verbrauch mineralischer Rohstoffe [kg Fe-hellip

Natuumlrliche Landumwandlung [msup2]

Ozonabbau [kg CFC-11-Aumlq]

Partikelbildung [kg PM10-Aumlq]

Photochemische Oxidantienbildung [kghellip

Terrestrische Versauerung [kg SO2-Aumlq]

Terrestrische Oumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Staumldtische Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Wasserverbrauch [msup3]

AC-System

DC-System

Water usage [m3]

City land usage [m2a]

Global toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Global acidity increase [kg SO2 eq]

Photochemical Oxidants [kg]

Particles [kg PM10 eq]

Ozon reduction [kg CFC11 eq]

Natural land usage [m2]

Usage of mineral resources [kg Fe eq]

Sea water eutrophication [kg N eq]

Sea water ecological toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Ionic radiation [kg U235 eq]

Human toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Drinking water eutrophication [kg P eq]

Drinking water toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Usage of fossil fuels [kg Oil eq]

Climate change impact [kg CO2 eq]

Occupation of agricultural land [m2a]

Summary

Renewable energy has the full potential as a foundation for the future sustainable energy supply of industrial societies

Underlay meshed DC grids shorten the path between volatile renewable energy and consumers and have advantages at flexibility and cost

Interconnected DC grids offer an efficient solution for fast charging service E-mobility can support the grid with all required control power and a useful

proportion of storage Most importantly DC technology saves materials which reduces significantly

the ecological footprint

Researchers and engineers have identified solutions but still open questions Can implementation be accelerated by training technicians Are regulatory issues in the way

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University46

47

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

48

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

CWDKESS

ISEA

ELAB

CMP

FEN

e3D

EON ERC

Kopernikus

Grids

ENSURE

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

Seite 6

Cluster SE - Gateway to other RWTH Centers Programs and

Alliances EON Energy Research Center ndash Sustainable

Energy Supply in the Urban Environment

FEN ndash Forschungscampus Flexible Electrical

Networks

New CARL ndash Center for Ageing Reliability and

Life Cycle Analysis of Electrochemical and Power

Electronic Systems

CWD ndash Center for Wind Drives

KESS ndash Communal Energy Supply Systems

CMP ndash Center for Mobile Propulsion

eLab ndash Emobility Production Laboratory

e3D - Energy Efficiency and Sustainable Building

New RCR ndash Research Center Railways

RWTH Strategic Area ECPE

JARA

Seite 7

4 MW test bench for mechanical and electrical research

and characterization of wind turbines

CWD ndash Center for Wind Power Drives

I3 Research Center for Wind Power Drives

Prof Hameyer

Prof Schroumlder

Prof Monti

Prof De Doncker

Prof Brecher

Prof Jacobs

Prof Abel

Seite 8

CARL ndash Center for Aging Reliability and Life Cycle

Prediction of Electrochemical and Power Electronic

Systems

EON ERC at RWTH Aachen UniversityEnergy savings energy efficiency and sustainable energy supply in the rban

environment

Prof Rik W De Doncker

EON ERC | Prof Rik W De Doncker | 2908201610

Research Fields at New EON Energy Research CenterFocus on urban energy supply and demand

Flexible Electrical Networks (FEN) Research Campus Academia and Industry work together under one roof to accelerate innovation

FEN Research Campus

Scientific advisory board

Partners

FEN GmbH

Industry PartnersUniversity Partners

Start-Up-Support

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University11

Flexible Electrical Networks (FEN) Research CampusResearch Areas on DC- and micro-Grids

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University12

Research on energy technology

Interdisciplinary aspects on energy research

Automation + Control + CloudDigitalization

DC Grid Systems

DC Grid Components

SocietyEconomics

Environment

Regulatory amp Standards

FEN Landmark ProjectMedium-voltage (5 kVdc 5 MW) CAMPUS DC micro-grid

AixControl XRS70707 MW 1 kHZ DC-DC Converter

Landscape Architecture

Research Grid

Medium Frequency

Transformers

Physiology

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University13

14

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conclusions

15

Interdisciplinary group experts from natural technical economical and social sciences from both academia and industry

Leading Question How can we transform the energy supplyto reach the climate goals

Approach of the working group

bull Analysing and evaluating technical options through

1) Expert discussions (bottom up)

2) Comparing relevant energy scenarios

3) Conducting own model calculations (REMod-D)

bull Identifying the economic and societal obstacles and challenges

bull Elaborating options for policy makers to implement changes overcome obstacles and establish necessary instruments

Working Group (WG) on bdquoCoupling of Energy Sectorsldquo

16

Goal of the energy transition reduce greenhouse gas emissionsData greenhouse gas emissions Germany 1990-2018 (Mt CO2 eq)

source bdquoEnergiedaten Gesamtausgabeldquo BMWi January 2018

- 80

-20

-40

- 55

- 70

- 95 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Mt

CO

2e

qu

ival

en

t

other emissions energy-related emissions

Target

Since 2010 slope is not on target

Start Energy Market Liberalization

Start Global Economic Stagnation

17

Goal of the energy transition reduce greenhouse gas emissionsData greenhouse gas emissions Germany 1990-2018 (Mt CO2 eq)

source bdquoEnergiedaten Gesamtausgabeldquo BMWi January 2018

- 80

-20

-40

- 55

- 70

- 95 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Mt

CO

2e

qu

ival

en

t

other emissions energy-related emissions

Target

Start Energy Market Liberalization

Start Global Economic Stagnation

Two main reasons for slow improvements in recent years

Little progress in energy efficiency and savings

No increase of renewables in mobility and heat sectors

18

Main conclusions of WG on bdquoCoupling of Energy Sectorsldquo

bull Electricity from wind and solar power will become the dominant energy sources

bull Because it is often most efficient to use power directly technologies like heat pumps electromobility and electrode heated boilers become important

strong electrification and growing electricity demand sector coupling

need for storage and flexibility

bull But it is not possible to use electricity for all applications

chemical energy carriers remain indispensable hydrogen will be important

more ambitious climate goals require synthetic fuels (power-to-X)

bull Biomass and alternative renewable energy sources need to be used effectively

bull Efficiency is paramount to limit the expansion of wind and PV (and electrical grids) to keep the costs low and thereby to ensure the acceptance of the energy transition

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Large-scale dispursed in space and time energy storage

bull Sector coupling (heat gas eMobility) and eGrid

bull Smart dispursed balancing power generation and DSM

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull DC technology to build meshed distribution grids

bull Solving the eMobility fast charging in urban areas

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conlusions

Storage Requirements in pan-European Electricity System(C Hoffmann IRES Conf 2008)

8 4

2

PV

sh

are

[]

Rel Coverage RES []

Relative Coverage (RES = Wind+PV)

Installed av annual production RES

Average annual consumption

PV share

Installed av annual production PV

Average annual production RES

Relative storage demand

Required storage

Average annual consumption

100

80

60

40

20

0

100 120 140 160 180

Germany2 of 627 TWh 1257 TWh

1257 Mrd euro at 100eurokWh or010 eurokWh of total energy and 20 years service time (Cf 2 Storage horizon 1 week full load)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University20

2 requires all sorts

of low cost dispursed

energy storage

- Fast (min ndashhours)

Batteries amp dual use of

EV amp PHEV batteries

- Large (Days ndash Weeks)

Thermal storage with

heat pumps in homes

and buildings heat and

cold distribution

networks

- Strategic (Months)

Chemical Electrolysers

for H2 and power-to-x

Exergy Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) in Aachen

1 MW Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)equiv Capacity 125 kWh

Hydrogen battery cells equiv Ultrafast charging and discharging properties

equiv BESS can be fully charged and discharged within 75 minutes

equiv Excellent durability (+10000 cycles)

equiv Response time 3 ms

Project start at EONERC Feb 2018equiv Primary energy control reserve

equiv Investigate Future services peak shaving spinning reserve back-up power supply for fast charging stations for EVlsquos

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemTechnically Possible - Scenario for EU-27 + 2

Scenario

calculated in 2011

by R De Doncker

based on linear

extrapolation over

the period 2000-

2010 of the growth

of decentralized

power (CHP and

REN) since market

liberalization in

2000 Predicted

that by 2025 EU

could have had a

CO2 neutral

electrical energy

production

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV

Interesting

observation

transmission

system may

need minimal

upgrade to

DC ETG Task

Force claims

that DC can

be integrated

at lower cost

in existing

infrastructure

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV

Interesting

observation

medium

voltage

distribution

grid will need

upgrades as it

becomes an

exchange

platform

between local

producers

and

prosumers

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV 13 in LV

Interesting

observation

Low-voltage

distribution in

factories

buildings and

homes needs

to exchange

energy

flexibly to MV

grids to

provide D2SM

and storage

functionality

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University26

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for renewables and CHP in urban areas

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and e-Mobility and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

11 hellip 1800 GW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University27

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for Emobility in urban areas

Distributed REN installationBalancing by meshed regional medium-voltage distribution grids

Munich

Berlin

Hamburg

Bremen

Underlay

distribution grid

is an interesting

business

proposition from

DSO

perspective Area for

100 windArea for

100 PV

Cologne

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University28

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Large-scale dispursed in space and time energy storage

bull Sector coupling (heat gas eMobility) and eGrid

bull Smart dispursed balancing power generation and DSM

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull DC technology to build meshed distribution grids

bull Solving the eMobility fast charging in urban areas

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Electric Vehicle Drive Train PrototypeState-of-the-Silicon-art

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker30 27112018

bull Demonstrator 280 kW

2x 115 kW ASM

1x 50 kW PMSM

2 LiIon batteries

144 V and 216 V

384 kWh

bull Audi Q6 e-tron quattro 370 kW (three motors)

Max speed 210 kmh

95 kWh LiIon

DC charging with 150 kW

400 km driving range

e performance developed at RWTH - predecessor of the Audi Q6 Production at AUDI Brussels ndash Presented Nov 2018 in San Francisco CA

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Modularity leads us to a standard components enabling various traction drive platforms ndash eTron platform (2016)

Source audicom July 2016

31 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

4

Distribution GridTypical Urban Grid Structure with e-Mobility (40 kW charger) is quickly overloaded

Branch A 21 households max total power 98 kW 178 kW (2 veh)

Length 461 m

Branch B 34 households max total power 129 kW 249 KW (3 veh)

Length 715 m

Branch C 10 households max total power 68 kW 108 kW (1 veh)

Length 185 m

Connection to transmission grid Transformer Capacity 250 kVA 630 kVA

Upgrade of 400V AC infrastructure

Based on M Stieneker and R W De

Doncker Medium-voltage DC

distribution grids in urban areas 2016

IEEE 7th International Symposium on

Power Electronics for Distributed

Generation Systems (PEDG) Vancouver

2016

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University32

Classical Distribution Grids are radialIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

HV

25 25 25 25

50 50

==3~

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University33

Classical Distribution Grids are radial and massively oversizedIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

HV

25 25 25

100

25 25 25

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

25

==3~

0

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University34

==

N x (F)CS

==

==

==

Hybrid Approach to Maximize Capacity of Distribution GridsIntegration of e-Mobility PV Wind Storage hellip by MVDC-Backbone

3~= =

3~= =

MVDC

MVDC

HV

==

==

==

==

N x (F)CS

25

25

25

100 100

25

50 50

MV MV

MVDC

LVLVLVLV

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University35

Dual Active Bridge DC-DC ConverterMedium-Voltage High-Power DC-DC Converter

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University36

P = 7 MW VDC = 5 kV plusmn10 Efficiency up to 992 Ultimately air-cooled devices are an option DC substation at 13 weight of 50 Hz

transformer

R Lenke bdquoA Contribution to the Design of Isolated DC-DC Converters for Utility Applicationsldquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2012

N Soltau bdquoHigh-power medium-voltage DC-DC converters design control and demonstrationrdquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2017

DC-grid and energy management in a DC quarterLower infrastructure cost higher efficiency and bidirectional

MVDC

LVDC

(AC)

5 kV+(-) 380 V

DC-ConverterLegacy AC

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University37

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Material savings

bull Ecological footprint

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

World-wide target for costs (eurokWh) for large-scale automotive LIB cells

published by the end of 2012

Technology DriversPrice Development of Lithium-Ion Batteries (only cells)

ISEA forecast (2010)

Prices decreased faster

than predicted by NEDO

Germany (BMBFISI)

South Korea (MKE)

Source bdquoTechnologie-

Roadmap Energiespeicher

fuumlr die Elektromobilitaumlt 2030ldquo

Cost in eurokWh

Consumer cell are even

cheaper (eg TESLA)

39 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

Cost reduction of Power ElectronicsDriven by renewables ndash eg Global installed capacity of wind

540 GWpeak installed capacity by the end of 2017 ndash assuming 50 DFG

this translates in approximately 810 GVA of power electronic converters

Multi-megawatt power electronic converters are becoming a mass product

During the past 25 years a major cost reduction of voltage source inverters

took place from 500 eurokVA down to 20 eurokVA

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University40

Price of silicon cells and power electronics inter-twined

Silicon is made of SiO2 (ie sand an abundant material) and energy

Energy is produced by PV

PV energy is controlled and converted by power electronics made of silicon

In 2018$ 0113

Source R W De Doncker IEEE IPEC ECCE 2014 Hiroshima Japan

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University41

Technology Drivers

Price Development of Power Electronics

Specific cost for EV inverters

equiv 1995 $50kVA1

equiv 2015 $5kVA2

equiv 2020 RampD target $33kVA

1 Source Data provided by R De Doncker2 Source US Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office

3

4

5

6

7

8

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

cost

in $

kW

year

Material Usage in Power Transformers

Frequency matters

bull Weight distribution of copper and Si-steel

in machines and transformers

bull Copper 25 ndash 30

bull Iron lamination 70 ndash 75

bull Specific weight Fe 8 gcmsup3

bull Specific weight Cu 9 gcmsup3

bull Standard 50 Hz Transformer 25 kgkVA

bull 7 MW DC-DC converter 1 kHz 5 kV

bull 3 x 23 MVA transformers

bull 1000 Hz transformer 025 kgkVA

bull Increased power density by a factor of 10

compared to 50 Hz transformer

bull AC grids are based on transformer technology

Designed for top down energy transmission

Constant voltage and constant frequency

Flexible AC grids (FACTS) will require major investments in infrastructure

and power electronic energy conversion and storage systems

In 2000 EU29 had 685GW installed capacity ie 137 Mton on Cu and Si-

Steel in generators and transformers ie 1096 Beuro (at price of 8 eurokg)

Standard AC Grid Configuration for Transmission and Distribution

gt 20000 tonGW

Ecological Impact Analysis for Charging InfrastructureAC Charging 22 kW vs DC-Charging Mixed 50 kW amp 37 kW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University45

8490

8045

8008

8386

8216

6910

8917

8224

7211

3347

5536

7386

5974

5218

7325

6584

6479

8305

0 20 40 60 80 100

Landwirtschaftliche Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Klimawandel [kg CO2-Aumlq]

Verbrauch fossiler Rohstoffe [kg oil-Aumlq]

Frischwasseroumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Frischwasser Eutrophierung [kg P-Aumlq]

Humantoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Ionisierende Strahlung [kg U235-Aumlq]

Meeresoumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Meereseutrophierung [kg N-Aumlq]

Verbrauch mineralischer Rohstoffe [kg Fe-hellip

Natuumlrliche Landumwandlung [msup2]

Ozonabbau [kg CFC-11-Aumlq]

Partikelbildung [kg PM10-Aumlq]

Photochemische Oxidantienbildung [kghellip

Terrestrische Versauerung [kg SO2-Aumlq]

Terrestrische Oumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Staumldtische Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Wasserverbrauch [msup3]

AC-System

DC-System

Water usage [m3]

City land usage [m2a]

Global toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Global acidity increase [kg SO2 eq]

Photochemical Oxidants [kg]

Particles [kg PM10 eq]

Ozon reduction [kg CFC11 eq]

Natural land usage [m2]

Usage of mineral resources [kg Fe eq]

Sea water eutrophication [kg N eq]

Sea water ecological toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Ionic radiation [kg U235 eq]

Human toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Drinking water eutrophication [kg P eq]

Drinking water toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Usage of fossil fuels [kg Oil eq]

Climate change impact [kg CO2 eq]

Occupation of agricultural land [m2a]

Summary

Renewable energy has the full potential as a foundation for the future sustainable energy supply of industrial societies

Underlay meshed DC grids shorten the path between volatile renewable energy and consumers and have advantages at flexibility and cost

Interconnected DC grids offer an efficient solution for fast charging service E-mobility can support the grid with all required control power and a useful

proportion of storage Most importantly DC technology saves materials which reduces significantly

the ecological footprint

Researchers and engineers have identified solutions but still open questions Can implementation be accelerated by training technicians Are regulatory issues in the way

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University46

47

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

48

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

CWDKESS

ISEA

ELAB

CMP

FEN

e3D

EON ERC

Kopernikus

Grids

ENSURE

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

Seite 7

4 MW test bench for mechanical and electrical research

and characterization of wind turbines

CWD ndash Center for Wind Power Drives

I3 Research Center for Wind Power Drives

Prof Hameyer

Prof Schroumlder

Prof Monti

Prof De Doncker

Prof Brecher

Prof Jacobs

Prof Abel

Seite 8

CARL ndash Center for Aging Reliability and Life Cycle

Prediction of Electrochemical and Power Electronic

Systems

EON ERC at RWTH Aachen UniversityEnergy savings energy efficiency and sustainable energy supply in the rban

environment

Prof Rik W De Doncker

EON ERC | Prof Rik W De Doncker | 2908201610

Research Fields at New EON Energy Research CenterFocus on urban energy supply and demand

Flexible Electrical Networks (FEN) Research Campus Academia and Industry work together under one roof to accelerate innovation

FEN Research Campus

Scientific advisory board

Partners

FEN GmbH

Industry PartnersUniversity Partners

Start-Up-Support

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University11

Flexible Electrical Networks (FEN) Research CampusResearch Areas on DC- and micro-Grids

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University12

Research on energy technology

Interdisciplinary aspects on energy research

Automation + Control + CloudDigitalization

DC Grid Systems

DC Grid Components

SocietyEconomics

Environment

Regulatory amp Standards

FEN Landmark ProjectMedium-voltage (5 kVdc 5 MW) CAMPUS DC micro-grid

AixControl XRS70707 MW 1 kHZ DC-DC Converter

Landscape Architecture

Research Grid

Medium Frequency

Transformers

Physiology

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University13

14

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conclusions

15

Interdisciplinary group experts from natural technical economical and social sciences from both academia and industry

Leading Question How can we transform the energy supplyto reach the climate goals

Approach of the working group

bull Analysing and evaluating technical options through

1) Expert discussions (bottom up)

2) Comparing relevant energy scenarios

3) Conducting own model calculations (REMod-D)

bull Identifying the economic and societal obstacles and challenges

bull Elaborating options for policy makers to implement changes overcome obstacles and establish necessary instruments

Working Group (WG) on bdquoCoupling of Energy Sectorsldquo

16

Goal of the energy transition reduce greenhouse gas emissionsData greenhouse gas emissions Germany 1990-2018 (Mt CO2 eq)

source bdquoEnergiedaten Gesamtausgabeldquo BMWi January 2018

- 80

-20

-40

- 55

- 70

- 95 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Mt

CO

2e

qu

ival

en

t

other emissions energy-related emissions

Target

Since 2010 slope is not on target

Start Energy Market Liberalization

Start Global Economic Stagnation

17

Goal of the energy transition reduce greenhouse gas emissionsData greenhouse gas emissions Germany 1990-2018 (Mt CO2 eq)

source bdquoEnergiedaten Gesamtausgabeldquo BMWi January 2018

- 80

-20

-40

- 55

- 70

- 95 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Mt

CO

2e

qu

ival

en

t

other emissions energy-related emissions

Target

Start Energy Market Liberalization

Start Global Economic Stagnation

Two main reasons for slow improvements in recent years

Little progress in energy efficiency and savings

No increase of renewables in mobility and heat sectors

18

Main conclusions of WG on bdquoCoupling of Energy Sectorsldquo

bull Electricity from wind and solar power will become the dominant energy sources

bull Because it is often most efficient to use power directly technologies like heat pumps electromobility and electrode heated boilers become important

strong electrification and growing electricity demand sector coupling

need for storage and flexibility

bull But it is not possible to use electricity for all applications

chemical energy carriers remain indispensable hydrogen will be important

more ambitious climate goals require synthetic fuels (power-to-X)

bull Biomass and alternative renewable energy sources need to be used effectively

bull Efficiency is paramount to limit the expansion of wind and PV (and electrical grids) to keep the costs low and thereby to ensure the acceptance of the energy transition

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Large-scale dispursed in space and time energy storage

bull Sector coupling (heat gas eMobility) and eGrid

bull Smart dispursed balancing power generation and DSM

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull DC technology to build meshed distribution grids

bull Solving the eMobility fast charging in urban areas

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conlusions

Storage Requirements in pan-European Electricity System(C Hoffmann IRES Conf 2008)

8 4

2

PV

sh

are

[]

Rel Coverage RES []

Relative Coverage (RES = Wind+PV)

Installed av annual production RES

Average annual consumption

PV share

Installed av annual production PV

Average annual production RES

Relative storage demand

Required storage

Average annual consumption

100

80

60

40

20

0

100 120 140 160 180

Germany2 of 627 TWh 1257 TWh

1257 Mrd euro at 100eurokWh or010 eurokWh of total energy and 20 years service time (Cf 2 Storage horizon 1 week full load)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University20

2 requires all sorts

of low cost dispursed

energy storage

- Fast (min ndashhours)

Batteries amp dual use of

EV amp PHEV batteries

- Large (Days ndash Weeks)

Thermal storage with

heat pumps in homes

and buildings heat and

cold distribution

networks

- Strategic (Months)

Chemical Electrolysers

for H2 and power-to-x

Exergy Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) in Aachen

1 MW Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)equiv Capacity 125 kWh

Hydrogen battery cells equiv Ultrafast charging and discharging properties

equiv BESS can be fully charged and discharged within 75 minutes

equiv Excellent durability (+10000 cycles)

equiv Response time 3 ms

Project start at EONERC Feb 2018equiv Primary energy control reserve

equiv Investigate Future services peak shaving spinning reserve back-up power supply for fast charging stations for EVlsquos

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemTechnically Possible - Scenario for EU-27 + 2

Scenario

calculated in 2011

by R De Doncker

based on linear

extrapolation over

the period 2000-

2010 of the growth

of decentralized

power (CHP and

REN) since market

liberalization in

2000 Predicted

that by 2025 EU

could have had a

CO2 neutral

electrical energy

production

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV

Interesting

observation

transmission

system may

need minimal

upgrade to

DC ETG Task

Force claims

that DC can

be integrated

at lower cost

in existing

infrastructure

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV

Interesting

observation

medium

voltage

distribution

grid will need

upgrades as it

becomes an

exchange

platform

between local

producers

and

prosumers

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV 13 in LV

Interesting

observation

Low-voltage

distribution in

factories

buildings and

homes needs

to exchange

energy

flexibly to MV

grids to

provide D2SM

and storage

functionality

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University26

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for renewables and CHP in urban areas

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and e-Mobility and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

11 hellip 1800 GW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University27

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for Emobility in urban areas

Distributed REN installationBalancing by meshed regional medium-voltage distribution grids

Munich

Berlin

Hamburg

Bremen

Underlay

distribution grid

is an interesting

business

proposition from

DSO

perspective Area for

100 windArea for

100 PV

Cologne

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University28

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Large-scale dispursed in space and time energy storage

bull Sector coupling (heat gas eMobility) and eGrid

bull Smart dispursed balancing power generation and DSM

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull DC technology to build meshed distribution grids

bull Solving the eMobility fast charging in urban areas

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Electric Vehicle Drive Train PrototypeState-of-the-Silicon-art

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker30 27112018

bull Demonstrator 280 kW

2x 115 kW ASM

1x 50 kW PMSM

2 LiIon batteries

144 V and 216 V

384 kWh

bull Audi Q6 e-tron quattro 370 kW (three motors)

Max speed 210 kmh

95 kWh LiIon

DC charging with 150 kW

400 km driving range

e performance developed at RWTH - predecessor of the Audi Q6 Production at AUDI Brussels ndash Presented Nov 2018 in San Francisco CA

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Modularity leads us to a standard components enabling various traction drive platforms ndash eTron platform (2016)

Source audicom July 2016

31 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

4

Distribution GridTypical Urban Grid Structure with e-Mobility (40 kW charger) is quickly overloaded

Branch A 21 households max total power 98 kW 178 kW (2 veh)

Length 461 m

Branch B 34 households max total power 129 kW 249 KW (3 veh)

Length 715 m

Branch C 10 households max total power 68 kW 108 kW (1 veh)

Length 185 m

Connection to transmission grid Transformer Capacity 250 kVA 630 kVA

Upgrade of 400V AC infrastructure

Based on M Stieneker and R W De

Doncker Medium-voltage DC

distribution grids in urban areas 2016

IEEE 7th International Symposium on

Power Electronics for Distributed

Generation Systems (PEDG) Vancouver

2016

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University32

Classical Distribution Grids are radialIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

HV

25 25 25 25

50 50

==3~

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University33

Classical Distribution Grids are radial and massively oversizedIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

HV

25 25 25

100

25 25 25

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

25

==3~

0

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University34

==

N x (F)CS

==

==

==

Hybrid Approach to Maximize Capacity of Distribution GridsIntegration of e-Mobility PV Wind Storage hellip by MVDC-Backbone

3~= =

3~= =

MVDC

MVDC

HV

==

==

==

==

N x (F)CS

25

25

25

100 100

25

50 50

MV MV

MVDC

LVLVLVLV

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University35

Dual Active Bridge DC-DC ConverterMedium-Voltage High-Power DC-DC Converter

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University36

P = 7 MW VDC = 5 kV plusmn10 Efficiency up to 992 Ultimately air-cooled devices are an option DC substation at 13 weight of 50 Hz

transformer

R Lenke bdquoA Contribution to the Design of Isolated DC-DC Converters for Utility Applicationsldquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2012

N Soltau bdquoHigh-power medium-voltage DC-DC converters design control and demonstrationrdquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2017

DC-grid and energy management in a DC quarterLower infrastructure cost higher efficiency and bidirectional

MVDC

LVDC

(AC)

5 kV+(-) 380 V

DC-ConverterLegacy AC

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University37

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Material savings

bull Ecological footprint

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

World-wide target for costs (eurokWh) for large-scale automotive LIB cells

published by the end of 2012

Technology DriversPrice Development of Lithium-Ion Batteries (only cells)

ISEA forecast (2010)

Prices decreased faster

than predicted by NEDO

Germany (BMBFISI)

South Korea (MKE)

Source bdquoTechnologie-

Roadmap Energiespeicher

fuumlr die Elektromobilitaumlt 2030ldquo

Cost in eurokWh

Consumer cell are even

cheaper (eg TESLA)

39 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

Cost reduction of Power ElectronicsDriven by renewables ndash eg Global installed capacity of wind

540 GWpeak installed capacity by the end of 2017 ndash assuming 50 DFG

this translates in approximately 810 GVA of power electronic converters

Multi-megawatt power electronic converters are becoming a mass product

During the past 25 years a major cost reduction of voltage source inverters

took place from 500 eurokVA down to 20 eurokVA

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University40

Price of silicon cells and power electronics inter-twined

Silicon is made of SiO2 (ie sand an abundant material) and energy

Energy is produced by PV

PV energy is controlled and converted by power electronics made of silicon

In 2018$ 0113

Source R W De Doncker IEEE IPEC ECCE 2014 Hiroshima Japan

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University41

Technology Drivers

Price Development of Power Electronics

Specific cost for EV inverters

equiv 1995 $50kVA1

equiv 2015 $5kVA2

equiv 2020 RampD target $33kVA

1 Source Data provided by R De Doncker2 Source US Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office

3

4

5

6

7

8

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

cost

in $

kW

year

Material Usage in Power Transformers

Frequency matters

bull Weight distribution of copper and Si-steel

in machines and transformers

bull Copper 25 ndash 30

bull Iron lamination 70 ndash 75

bull Specific weight Fe 8 gcmsup3

bull Specific weight Cu 9 gcmsup3

bull Standard 50 Hz Transformer 25 kgkVA

bull 7 MW DC-DC converter 1 kHz 5 kV

bull 3 x 23 MVA transformers

bull 1000 Hz transformer 025 kgkVA

bull Increased power density by a factor of 10

compared to 50 Hz transformer

bull AC grids are based on transformer technology

Designed for top down energy transmission

Constant voltage and constant frequency

Flexible AC grids (FACTS) will require major investments in infrastructure

and power electronic energy conversion and storage systems

In 2000 EU29 had 685GW installed capacity ie 137 Mton on Cu and Si-

Steel in generators and transformers ie 1096 Beuro (at price of 8 eurokg)

Standard AC Grid Configuration for Transmission and Distribution

gt 20000 tonGW

Ecological Impact Analysis for Charging InfrastructureAC Charging 22 kW vs DC-Charging Mixed 50 kW amp 37 kW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University45

8490

8045

8008

8386

8216

6910

8917

8224

7211

3347

5536

7386

5974

5218

7325

6584

6479

8305

0 20 40 60 80 100

Landwirtschaftliche Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Klimawandel [kg CO2-Aumlq]

Verbrauch fossiler Rohstoffe [kg oil-Aumlq]

Frischwasseroumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Frischwasser Eutrophierung [kg P-Aumlq]

Humantoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Ionisierende Strahlung [kg U235-Aumlq]

Meeresoumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Meereseutrophierung [kg N-Aumlq]

Verbrauch mineralischer Rohstoffe [kg Fe-hellip

Natuumlrliche Landumwandlung [msup2]

Ozonabbau [kg CFC-11-Aumlq]

Partikelbildung [kg PM10-Aumlq]

Photochemische Oxidantienbildung [kghellip

Terrestrische Versauerung [kg SO2-Aumlq]

Terrestrische Oumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Staumldtische Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Wasserverbrauch [msup3]

AC-System

DC-System

Water usage [m3]

City land usage [m2a]

Global toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Global acidity increase [kg SO2 eq]

Photochemical Oxidants [kg]

Particles [kg PM10 eq]

Ozon reduction [kg CFC11 eq]

Natural land usage [m2]

Usage of mineral resources [kg Fe eq]

Sea water eutrophication [kg N eq]

Sea water ecological toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Ionic radiation [kg U235 eq]

Human toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Drinking water eutrophication [kg P eq]

Drinking water toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Usage of fossil fuels [kg Oil eq]

Climate change impact [kg CO2 eq]

Occupation of agricultural land [m2a]

Summary

Renewable energy has the full potential as a foundation for the future sustainable energy supply of industrial societies

Underlay meshed DC grids shorten the path between volatile renewable energy and consumers and have advantages at flexibility and cost

Interconnected DC grids offer an efficient solution for fast charging service E-mobility can support the grid with all required control power and a useful

proportion of storage Most importantly DC technology saves materials which reduces significantly

the ecological footprint

Researchers and engineers have identified solutions but still open questions Can implementation be accelerated by training technicians Are regulatory issues in the way

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University46

47

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

48

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

CWDKESS

ISEA

ELAB

CMP

FEN

e3D

EON ERC

Kopernikus

Grids

ENSURE

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

Seite 8

CARL ndash Center for Aging Reliability and Life Cycle

Prediction of Electrochemical and Power Electronic

Systems

EON ERC at RWTH Aachen UniversityEnergy savings energy efficiency and sustainable energy supply in the rban

environment

Prof Rik W De Doncker

EON ERC | Prof Rik W De Doncker | 2908201610

Research Fields at New EON Energy Research CenterFocus on urban energy supply and demand

Flexible Electrical Networks (FEN) Research Campus Academia and Industry work together under one roof to accelerate innovation

FEN Research Campus

Scientific advisory board

Partners

FEN GmbH

Industry PartnersUniversity Partners

Start-Up-Support

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University11

Flexible Electrical Networks (FEN) Research CampusResearch Areas on DC- and micro-Grids

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University12

Research on energy technology

Interdisciplinary aspects on energy research

Automation + Control + CloudDigitalization

DC Grid Systems

DC Grid Components

SocietyEconomics

Environment

Regulatory amp Standards

FEN Landmark ProjectMedium-voltage (5 kVdc 5 MW) CAMPUS DC micro-grid

AixControl XRS70707 MW 1 kHZ DC-DC Converter

Landscape Architecture

Research Grid

Medium Frequency

Transformers

Physiology

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University13

14

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conclusions

15

Interdisciplinary group experts from natural technical economical and social sciences from both academia and industry

Leading Question How can we transform the energy supplyto reach the climate goals

Approach of the working group

bull Analysing and evaluating technical options through

1) Expert discussions (bottom up)

2) Comparing relevant energy scenarios

3) Conducting own model calculations (REMod-D)

bull Identifying the economic and societal obstacles and challenges

bull Elaborating options for policy makers to implement changes overcome obstacles and establish necessary instruments

Working Group (WG) on bdquoCoupling of Energy Sectorsldquo

16

Goal of the energy transition reduce greenhouse gas emissionsData greenhouse gas emissions Germany 1990-2018 (Mt CO2 eq)

source bdquoEnergiedaten Gesamtausgabeldquo BMWi January 2018

- 80

-20

-40

- 55

- 70

- 95 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Mt

CO

2e

qu

ival

en

t

other emissions energy-related emissions

Target

Since 2010 slope is not on target

Start Energy Market Liberalization

Start Global Economic Stagnation

17

Goal of the energy transition reduce greenhouse gas emissionsData greenhouse gas emissions Germany 1990-2018 (Mt CO2 eq)

source bdquoEnergiedaten Gesamtausgabeldquo BMWi January 2018

- 80

-20

-40

- 55

- 70

- 95 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Mt

CO

2e

qu

ival

en

t

other emissions energy-related emissions

Target

Start Energy Market Liberalization

Start Global Economic Stagnation

Two main reasons for slow improvements in recent years

Little progress in energy efficiency and savings

No increase of renewables in mobility and heat sectors

18

Main conclusions of WG on bdquoCoupling of Energy Sectorsldquo

bull Electricity from wind and solar power will become the dominant energy sources

bull Because it is often most efficient to use power directly technologies like heat pumps electromobility and electrode heated boilers become important

strong electrification and growing electricity demand sector coupling

need for storage and flexibility

bull But it is not possible to use electricity for all applications

chemical energy carriers remain indispensable hydrogen will be important

more ambitious climate goals require synthetic fuels (power-to-X)

bull Biomass and alternative renewable energy sources need to be used effectively

bull Efficiency is paramount to limit the expansion of wind and PV (and electrical grids) to keep the costs low and thereby to ensure the acceptance of the energy transition

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Large-scale dispursed in space and time energy storage

bull Sector coupling (heat gas eMobility) and eGrid

bull Smart dispursed balancing power generation and DSM

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull DC technology to build meshed distribution grids

bull Solving the eMobility fast charging in urban areas

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conlusions

Storage Requirements in pan-European Electricity System(C Hoffmann IRES Conf 2008)

8 4

2

PV

sh

are

[]

Rel Coverage RES []

Relative Coverage (RES = Wind+PV)

Installed av annual production RES

Average annual consumption

PV share

Installed av annual production PV

Average annual production RES

Relative storage demand

Required storage

Average annual consumption

100

80

60

40

20

0

100 120 140 160 180

Germany2 of 627 TWh 1257 TWh

1257 Mrd euro at 100eurokWh or010 eurokWh of total energy and 20 years service time (Cf 2 Storage horizon 1 week full load)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University20

2 requires all sorts

of low cost dispursed

energy storage

- Fast (min ndashhours)

Batteries amp dual use of

EV amp PHEV batteries

- Large (Days ndash Weeks)

Thermal storage with

heat pumps in homes

and buildings heat and

cold distribution

networks

- Strategic (Months)

Chemical Electrolysers

for H2 and power-to-x

Exergy Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) in Aachen

1 MW Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)equiv Capacity 125 kWh

Hydrogen battery cells equiv Ultrafast charging and discharging properties

equiv BESS can be fully charged and discharged within 75 minutes

equiv Excellent durability (+10000 cycles)

equiv Response time 3 ms

Project start at EONERC Feb 2018equiv Primary energy control reserve

equiv Investigate Future services peak shaving spinning reserve back-up power supply for fast charging stations for EVlsquos

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemTechnically Possible - Scenario for EU-27 + 2

Scenario

calculated in 2011

by R De Doncker

based on linear

extrapolation over

the period 2000-

2010 of the growth

of decentralized

power (CHP and

REN) since market

liberalization in

2000 Predicted

that by 2025 EU

could have had a

CO2 neutral

electrical energy

production

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV

Interesting

observation

transmission

system may

need minimal

upgrade to

DC ETG Task

Force claims

that DC can

be integrated

at lower cost

in existing

infrastructure

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV

Interesting

observation

medium

voltage

distribution

grid will need

upgrades as it

becomes an

exchange

platform

between local

producers

and

prosumers

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV 13 in LV

Interesting

observation

Low-voltage

distribution in

factories

buildings and

homes needs

to exchange

energy

flexibly to MV

grids to

provide D2SM

and storage

functionality

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University26

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for renewables and CHP in urban areas

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and e-Mobility and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

11 hellip 1800 GW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University27

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for Emobility in urban areas

Distributed REN installationBalancing by meshed regional medium-voltage distribution grids

Munich

Berlin

Hamburg

Bremen

Underlay

distribution grid

is an interesting

business

proposition from

DSO

perspective Area for

100 windArea for

100 PV

Cologne

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University28

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Large-scale dispursed in space and time energy storage

bull Sector coupling (heat gas eMobility) and eGrid

bull Smart dispursed balancing power generation and DSM

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull DC technology to build meshed distribution grids

bull Solving the eMobility fast charging in urban areas

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Electric Vehicle Drive Train PrototypeState-of-the-Silicon-art

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker30 27112018

bull Demonstrator 280 kW

2x 115 kW ASM

1x 50 kW PMSM

2 LiIon batteries

144 V and 216 V

384 kWh

bull Audi Q6 e-tron quattro 370 kW (three motors)

Max speed 210 kmh

95 kWh LiIon

DC charging with 150 kW

400 km driving range

e performance developed at RWTH - predecessor of the Audi Q6 Production at AUDI Brussels ndash Presented Nov 2018 in San Francisco CA

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Modularity leads us to a standard components enabling various traction drive platforms ndash eTron platform (2016)

Source audicom July 2016

31 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

4

Distribution GridTypical Urban Grid Structure with e-Mobility (40 kW charger) is quickly overloaded

Branch A 21 households max total power 98 kW 178 kW (2 veh)

Length 461 m

Branch B 34 households max total power 129 kW 249 KW (3 veh)

Length 715 m

Branch C 10 households max total power 68 kW 108 kW (1 veh)

Length 185 m

Connection to transmission grid Transformer Capacity 250 kVA 630 kVA

Upgrade of 400V AC infrastructure

Based on M Stieneker and R W De

Doncker Medium-voltage DC

distribution grids in urban areas 2016

IEEE 7th International Symposium on

Power Electronics for Distributed

Generation Systems (PEDG) Vancouver

2016

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University32

Classical Distribution Grids are radialIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

HV

25 25 25 25

50 50

==3~

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University33

Classical Distribution Grids are radial and massively oversizedIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

HV

25 25 25

100

25 25 25

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

25

==3~

0

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University34

==

N x (F)CS

==

==

==

Hybrid Approach to Maximize Capacity of Distribution GridsIntegration of e-Mobility PV Wind Storage hellip by MVDC-Backbone

3~= =

3~= =

MVDC

MVDC

HV

==

==

==

==

N x (F)CS

25

25

25

100 100

25

50 50

MV MV

MVDC

LVLVLVLV

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University35

Dual Active Bridge DC-DC ConverterMedium-Voltage High-Power DC-DC Converter

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University36

P = 7 MW VDC = 5 kV plusmn10 Efficiency up to 992 Ultimately air-cooled devices are an option DC substation at 13 weight of 50 Hz

transformer

R Lenke bdquoA Contribution to the Design of Isolated DC-DC Converters for Utility Applicationsldquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2012

N Soltau bdquoHigh-power medium-voltage DC-DC converters design control and demonstrationrdquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2017

DC-grid and energy management in a DC quarterLower infrastructure cost higher efficiency and bidirectional

MVDC

LVDC

(AC)

5 kV+(-) 380 V

DC-ConverterLegacy AC

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University37

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Material savings

bull Ecological footprint

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

World-wide target for costs (eurokWh) for large-scale automotive LIB cells

published by the end of 2012

Technology DriversPrice Development of Lithium-Ion Batteries (only cells)

ISEA forecast (2010)

Prices decreased faster

than predicted by NEDO

Germany (BMBFISI)

South Korea (MKE)

Source bdquoTechnologie-

Roadmap Energiespeicher

fuumlr die Elektromobilitaumlt 2030ldquo

Cost in eurokWh

Consumer cell are even

cheaper (eg TESLA)

39 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

Cost reduction of Power ElectronicsDriven by renewables ndash eg Global installed capacity of wind

540 GWpeak installed capacity by the end of 2017 ndash assuming 50 DFG

this translates in approximately 810 GVA of power electronic converters

Multi-megawatt power electronic converters are becoming a mass product

During the past 25 years a major cost reduction of voltage source inverters

took place from 500 eurokVA down to 20 eurokVA

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University40

Price of silicon cells and power electronics inter-twined

Silicon is made of SiO2 (ie sand an abundant material) and energy

Energy is produced by PV

PV energy is controlled and converted by power electronics made of silicon

In 2018$ 0113

Source R W De Doncker IEEE IPEC ECCE 2014 Hiroshima Japan

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University41

Technology Drivers

Price Development of Power Electronics

Specific cost for EV inverters

equiv 1995 $50kVA1

equiv 2015 $5kVA2

equiv 2020 RampD target $33kVA

1 Source Data provided by R De Doncker2 Source US Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office

3

4

5

6

7

8

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

cost

in $

kW

year

Material Usage in Power Transformers

Frequency matters

bull Weight distribution of copper and Si-steel

in machines and transformers

bull Copper 25 ndash 30

bull Iron lamination 70 ndash 75

bull Specific weight Fe 8 gcmsup3

bull Specific weight Cu 9 gcmsup3

bull Standard 50 Hz Transformer 25 kgkVA

bull 7 MW DC-DC converter 1 kHz 5 kV

bull 3 x 23 MVA transformers

bull 1000 Hz transformer 025 kgkVA

bull Increased power density by a factor of 10

compared to 50 Hz transformer

bull AC grids are based on transformer technology

Designed for top down energy transmission

Constant voltage and constant frequency

Flexible AC grids (FACTS) will require major investments in infrastructure

and power electronic energy conversion and storage systems

In 2000 EU29 had 685GW installed capacity ie 137 Mton on Cu and Si-

Steel in generators and transformers ie 1096 Beuro (at price of 8 eurokg)

Standard AC Grid Configuration for Transmission and Distribution

gt 20000 tonGW

Ecological Impact Analysis for Charging InfrastructureAC Charging 22 kW vs DC-Charging Mixed 50 kW amp 37 kW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University45

8490

8045

8008

8386

8216

6910

8917

8224

7211

3347

5536

7386

5974

5218

7325

6584

6479

8305

0 20 40 60 80 100

Landwirtschaftliche Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Klimawandel [kg CO2-Aumlq]

Verbrauch fossiler Rohstoffe [kg oil-Aumlq]

Frischwasseroumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Frischwasser Eutrophierung [kg P-Aumlq]

Humantoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Ionisierende Strahlung [kg U235-Aumlq]

Meeresoumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Meereseutrophierung [kg N-Aumlq]

Verbrauch mineralischer Rohstoffe [kg Fe-hellip

Natuumlrliche Landumwandlung [msup2]

Ozonabbau [kg CFC-11-Aumlq]

Partikelbildung [kg PM10-Aumlq]

Photochemische Oxidantienbildung [kghellip

Terrestrische Versauerung [kg SO2-Aumlq]

Terrestrische Oumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Staumldtische Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Wasserverbrauch [msup3]

AC-System

DC-System

Water usage [m3]

City land usage [m2a]

Global toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Global acidity increase [kg SO2 eq]

Photochemical Oxidants [kg]

Particles [kg PM10 eq]

Ozon reduction [kg CFC11 eq]

Natural land usage [m2]

Usage of mineral resources [kg Fe eq]

Sea water eutrophication [kg N eq]

Sea water ecological toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Ionic radiation [kg U235 eq]

Human toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Drinking water eutrophication [kg P eq]

Drinking water toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Usage of fossil fuels [kg Oil eq]

Climate change impact [kg CO2 eq]

Occupation of agricultural land [m2a]

Summary

Renewable energy has the full potential as a foundation for the future sustainable energy supply of industrial societies

Underlay meshed DC grids shorten the path between volatile renewable energy and consumers and have advantages at flexibility and cost

Interconnected DC grids offer an efficient solution for fast charging service E-mobility can support the grid with all required control power and a useful

proportion of storage Most importantly DC technology saves materials which reduces significantly

the ecological footprint

Researchers and engineers have identified solutions but still open questions Can implementation be accelerated by training technicians Are regulatory issues in the way

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University46

47

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

48

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

CWDKESS

ISEA

ELAB

CMP

FEN

e3D

EON ERC

Kopernikus

Grids

ENSURE

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

EON ERC at RWTH Aachen UniversityEnergy savings energy efficiency and sustainable energy supply in the rban

environment

Prof Rik W De Doncker

EON ERC | Prof Rik W De Doncker | 2908201610

Research Fields at New EON Energy Research CenterFocus on urban energy supply and demand

Flexible Electrical Networks (FEN) Research Campus Academia and Industry work together under one roof to accelerate innovation

FEN Research Campus

Scientific advisory board

Partners

FEN GmbH

Industry PartnersUniversity Partners

Start-Up-Support

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University11

Flexible Electrical Networks (FEN) Research CampusResearch Areas on DC- and micro-Grids

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University12

Research on energy technology

Interdisciplinary aspects on energy research

Automation + Control + CloudDigitalization

DC Grid Systems

DC Grid Components

SocietyEconomics

Environment

Regulatory amp Standards

FEN Landmark ProjectMedium-voltage (5 kVdc 5 MW) CAMPUS DC micro-grid

AixControl XRS70707 MW 1 kHZ DC-DC Converter

Landscape Architecture

Research Grid

Medium Frequency

Transformers

Physiology

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University13

14

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conclusions

15

Interdisciplinary group experts from natural technical economical and social sciences from both academia and industry

Leading Question How can we transform the energy supplyto reach the climate goals

Approach of the working group

bull Analysing and evaluating technical options through

1) Expert discussions (bottom up)

2) Comparing relevant energy scenarios

3) Conducting own model calculations (REMod-D)

bull Identifying the economic and societal obstacles and challenges

bull Elaborating options for policy makers to implement changes overcome obstacles and establish necessary instruments

Working Group (WG) on bdquoCoupling of Energy Sectorsldquo

16

Goal of the energy transition reduce greenhouse gas emissionsData greenhouse gas emissions Germany 1990-2018 (Mt CO2 eq)

source bdquoEnergiedaten Gesamtausgabeldquo BMWi January 2018

- 80

-20

-40

- 55

- 70

- 95 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Mt

CO

2e

qu

ival

en

t

other emissions energy-related emissions

Target

Since 2010 slope is not on target

Start Energy Market Liberalization

Start Global Economic Stagnation

17

Goal of the energy transition reduce greenhouse gas emissionsData greenhouse gas emissions Germany 1990-2018 (Mt CO2 eq)

source bdquoEnergiedaten Gesamtausgabeldquo BMWi January 2018

- 80

-20

-40

- 55

- 70

- 95 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Mt

CO

2e

qu

ival

en

t

other emissions energy-related emissions

Target

Start Energy Market Liberalization

Start Global Economic Stagnation

Two main reasons for slow improvements in recent years

Little progress in energy efficiency and savings

No increase of renewables in mobility and heat sectors

18

Main conclusions of WG on bdquoCoupling of Energy Sectorsldquo

bull Electricity from wind and solar power will become the dominant energy sources

bull Because it is often most efficient to use power directly technologies like heat pumps electromobility and electrode heated boilers become important

strong electrification and growing electricity demand sector coupling

need for storage and flexibility

bull But it is not possible to use electricity for all applications

chemical energy carriers remain indispensable hydrogen will be important

more ambitious climate goals require synthetic fuels (power-to-X)

bull Biomass and alternative renewable energy sources need to be used effectively

bull Efficiency is paramount to limit the expansion of wind and PV (and electrical grids) to keep the costs low and thereby to ensure the acceptance of the energy transition

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Large-scale dispursed in space and time energy storage

bull Sector coupling (heat gas eMobility) and eGrid

bull Smart dispursed balancing power generation and DSM

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull DC technology to build meshed distribution grids

bull Solving the eMobility fast charging in urban areas

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conlusions

Storage Requirements in pan-European Electricity System(C Hoffmann IRES Conf 2008)

8 4

2

PV

sh

are

[]

Rel Coverage RES []

Relative Coverage (RES = Wind+PV)

Installed av annual production RES

Average annual consumption

PV share

Installed av annual production PV

Average annual production RES

Relative storage demand

Required storage

Average annual consumption

100

80

60

40

20

0

100 120 140 160 180

Germany2 of 627 TWh 1257 TWh

1257 Mrd euro at 100eurokWh or010 eurokWh of total energy and 20 years service time (Cf 2 Storage horizon 1 week full load)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University20

2 requires all sorts

of low cost dispursed

energy storage

- Fast (min ndashhours)

Batteries amp dual use of

EV amp PHEV batteries

- Large (Days ndash Weeks)

Thermal storage with

heat pumps in homes

and buildings heat and

cold distribution

networks

- Strategic (Months)

Chemical Electrolysers

for H2 and power-to-x

Exergy Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) in Aachen

1 MW Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)equiv Capacity 125 kWh

Hydrogen battery cells equiv Ultrafast charging and discharging properties

equiv BESS can be fully charged and discharged within 75 minutes

equiv Excellent durability (+10000 cycles)

equiv Response time 3 ms

Project start at EONERC Feb 2018equiv Primary energy control reserve

equiv Investigate Future services peak shaving spinning reserve back-up power supply for fast charging stations for EVlsquos

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemTechnically Possible - Scenario for EU-27 + 2

Scenario

calculated in 2011

by R De Doncker

based on linear

extrapolation over

the period 2000-

2010 of the growth

of decentralized

power (CHP and

REN) since market

liberalization in

2000 Predicted

that by 2025 EU

could have had a

CO2 neutral

electrical energy

production

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV

Interesting

observation

transmission

system may

need minimal

upgrade to

DC ETG Task

Force claims

that DC can

be integrated

at lower cost

in existing

infrastructure

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV

Interesting

observation

medium

voltage

distribution

grid will need

upgrades as it

becomes an

exchange

platform

between local

producers

and

prosumers

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV 13 in LV

Interesting

observation

Low-voltage

distribution in

factories

buildings and

homes needs

to exchange

energy

flexibly to MV

grids to

provide D2SM

and storage

functionality

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University26

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for renewables and CHP in urban areas

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and e-Mobility and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

11 hellip 1800 GW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University27

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for Emobility in urban areas

Distributed REN installationBalancing by meshed regional medium-voltage distribution grids

Munich

Berlin

Hamburg

Bremen

Underlay

distribution grid

is an interesting

business

proposition from

DSO

perspective Area for

100 windArea for

100 PV

Cologne

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University28

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Large-scale dispursed in space and time energy storage

bull Sector coupling (heat gas eMobility) and eGrid

bull Smart dispursed balancing power generation and DSM

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull DC technology to build meshed distribution grids

bull Solving the eMobility fast charging in urban areas

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Electric Vehicle Drive Train PrototypeState-of-the-Silicon-art

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker30 27112018

bull Demonstrator 280 kW

2x 115 kW ASM

1x 50 kW PMSM

2 LiIon batteries

144 V and 216 V

384 kWh

bull Audi Q6 e-tron quattro 370 kW (three motors)

Max speed 210 kmh

95 kWh LiIon

DC charging with 150 kW

400 km driving range

e performance developed at RWTH - predecessor of the Audi Q6 Production at AUDI Brussels ndash Presented Nov 2018 in San Francisco CA

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Modularity leads us to a standard components enabling various traction drive platforms ndash eTron platform (2016)

Source audicom July 2016

31 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

4

Distribution GridTypical Urban Grid Structure with e-Mobility (40 kW charger) is quickly overloaded

Branch A 21 households max total power 98 kW 178 kW (2 veh)

Length 461 m

Branch B 34 households max total power 129 kW 249 KW (3 veh)

Length 715 m

Branch C 10 households max total power 68 kW 108 kW (1 veh)

Length 185 m

Connection to transmission grid Transformer Capacity 250 kVA 630 kVA

Upgrade of 400V AC infrastructure

Based on M Stieneker and R W De

Doncker Medium-voltage DC

distribution grids in urban areas 2016

IEEE 7th International Symposium on

Power Electronics for Distributed

Generation Systems (PEDG) Vancouver

2016

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University32

Classical Distribution Grids are radialIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

HV

25 25 25 25

50 50

==3~

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University33

Classical Distribution Grids are radial and massively oversizedIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

HV

25 25 25

100

25 25 25

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

25

==3~

0

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University34

==

N x (F)CS

==

==

==

Hybrid Approach to Maximize Capacity of Distribution GridsIntegration of e-Mobility PV Wind Storage hellip by MVDC-Backbone

3~= =

3~= =

MVDC

MVDC

HV

==

==

==

==

N x (F)CS

25

25

25

100 100

25

50 50

MV MV

MVDC

LVLVLVLV

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University35

Dual Active Bridge DC-DC ConverterMedium-Voltage High-Power DC-DC Converter

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University36

P = 7 MW VDC = 5 kV plusmn10 Efficiency up to 992 Ultimately air-cooled devices are an option DC substation at 13 weight of 50 Hz

transformer

R Lenke bdquoA Contribution to the Design of Isolated DC-DC Converters for Utility Applicationsldquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2012

N Soltau bdquoHigh-power medium-voltage DC-DC converters design control and demonstrationrdquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2017

DC-grid and energy management in a DC quarterLower infrastructure cost higher efficiency and bidirectional

MVDC

LVDC

(AC)

5 kV+(-) 380 V

DC-ConverterLegacy AC

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University37

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Material savings

bull Ecological footprint

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

World-wide target for costs (eurokWh) for large-scale automotive LIB cells

published by the end of 2012

Technology DriversPrice Development of Lithium-Ion Batteries (only cells)

ISEA forecast (2010)

Prices decreased faster

than predicted by NEDO

Germany (BMBFISI)

South Korea (MKE)

Source bdquoTechnologie-

Roadmap Energiespeicher

fuumlr die Elektromobilitaumlt 2030ldquo

Cost in eurokWh

Consumer cell are even

cheaper (eg TESLA)

39 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

Cost reduction of Power ElectronicsDriven by renewables ndash eg Global installed capacity of wind

540 GWpeak installed capacity by the end of 2017 ndash assuming 50 DFG

this translates in approximately 810 GVA of power electronic converters

Multi-megawatt power electronic converters are becoming a mass product

During the past 25 years a major cost reduction of voltage source inverters

took place from 500 eurokVA down to 20 eurokVA

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University40

Price of silicon cells and power electronics inter-twined

Silicon is made of SiO2 (ie sand an abundant material) and energy

Energy is produced by PV

PV energy is controlled and converted by power electronics made of silicon

In 2018$ 0113

Source R W De Doncker IEEE IPEC ECCE 2014 Hiroshima Japan

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University41

Technology Drivers

Price Development of Power Electronics

Specific cost for EV inverters

equiv 1995 $50kVA1

equiv 2015 $5kVA2

equiv 2020 RampD target $33kVA

1 Source Data provided by R De Doncker2 Source US Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office

3

4

5

6

7

8

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

cost

in $

kW

year

Material Usage in Power Transformers

Frequency matters

bull Weight distribution of copper and Si-steel

in machines and transformers

bull Copper 25 ndash 30

bull Iron lamination 70 ndash 75

bull Specific weight Fe 8 gcmsup3

bull Specific weight Cu 9 gcmsup3

bull Standard 50 Hz Transformer 25 kgkVA

bull 7 MW DC-DC converter 1 kHz 5 kV

bull 3 x 23 MVA transformers

bull 1000 Hz transformer 025 kgkVA

bull Increased power density by a factor of 10

compared to 50 Hz transformer

bull AC grids are based on transformer technology

Designed for top down energy transmission

Constant voltage and constant frequency

Flexible AC grids (FACTS) will require major investments in infrastructure

and power electronic energy conversion and storage systems

In 2000 EU29 had 685GW installed capacity ie 137 Mton on Cu and Si-

Steel in generators and transformers ie 1096 Beuro (at price of 8 eurokg)

Standard AC Grid Configuration for Transmission and Distribution

gt 20000 tonGW

Ecological Impact Analysis for Charging InfrastructureAC Charging 22 kW vs DC-Charging Mixed 50 kW amp 37 kW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University45

8490

8045

8008

8386

8216

6910

8917

8224

7211

3347

5536

7386

5974

5218

7325

6584

6479

8305

0 20 40 60 80 100

Landwirtschaftliche Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Klimawandel [kg CO2-Aumlq]

Verbrauch fossiler Rohstoffe [kg oil-Aumlq]

Frischwasseroumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Frischwasser Eutrophierung [kg P-Aumlq]

Humantoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Ionisierende Strahlung [kg U235-Aumlq]

Meeresoumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Meereseutrophierung [kg N-Aumlq]

Verbrauch mineralischer Rohstoffe [kg Fe-hellip

Natuumlrliche Landumwandlung [msup2]

Ozonabbau [kg CFC-11-Aumlq]

Partikelbildung [kg PM10-Aumlq]

Photochemische Oxidantienbildung [kghellip

Terrestrische Versauerung [kg SO2-Aumlq]

Terrestrische Oumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Staumldtische Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Wasserverbrauch [msup3]

AC-System

DC-System

Water usage [m3]

City land usage [m2a]

Global toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Global acidity increase [kg SO2 eq]

Photochemical Oxidants [kg]

Particles [kg PM10 eq]

Ozon reduction [kg CFC11 eq]

Natural land usage [m2]

Usage of mineral resources [kg Fe eq]

Sea water eutrophication [kg N eq]

Sea water ecological toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Ionic radiation [kg U235 eq]

Human toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Drinking water eutrophication [kg P eq]

Drinking water toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Usage of fossil fuels [kg Oil eq]

Climate change impact [kg CO2 eq]

Occupation of agricultural land [m2a]

Summary

Renewable energy has the full potential as a foundation for the future sustainable energy supply of industrial societies

Underlay meshed DC grids shorten the path between volatile renewable energy and consumers and have advantages at flexibility and cost

Interconnected DC grids offer an efficient solution for fast charging service E-mobility can support the grid with all required control power and a useful

proportion of storage Most importantly DC technology saves materials which reduces significantly

the ecological footprint

Researchers and engineers have identified solutions but still open questions Can implementation be accelerated by training technicians Are regulatory issues in the way

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University46

47

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

48

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

CWDKESS

ISEA

ELAB

CMP

FEN

e3D

EON ERC

Kopernikus

Grids

ENSURE

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

EON ERC | Prof Rik W De Doncker | 2908201610

Research Fields at New EON Energy Research CenterFocus on urban energy supply and demand

Flexible Electrical Networks (FEN) Research Campus Academia and Industry work together under one roof to accelerate innovation

FEN Research Campus

Scientific advisory board

Partners

FEN GmbH

Industry PartnersUniversity Partners

Start-Up-Support

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University11

Flexible Electrical Networks (FEN) Research CampusResearch Areas on DC- and micro-Grids

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University12

Research on energy technology

Interdisciplinary aspects on energy research

Automation + Control + CloudDigitalization

DC Grid Systems

DC Grid Components

SocietyEconomics

Environment

Regulatory amp Standards

FEN Landmark ProjectMedium-voltage (5 kVdc 5 MW) CAMPUS DC micro-grid

AixControl XRS70707 MW 1 kHZ DC-DC Converter

Landscape Architecture

Research Grid

Medium Frequency

Transformers

Physiology

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University13

14

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conclusions

15

Interdisciplinary group experts from natural technical economical and social sciences from both academia and industry

Leading Question How can we transform the energy supplyto reach the climate goals

Approach of the working group

bull Analysing and evaluating technical options through

1) Expert discussions (bottom up)

2) Comparing relevant energy scenarios

3) Conducting own model calculations (REMod-D)

bull Identifying the economic and societal obstacles and challenges

bull Elaborating options for policy makers to implement changes overcome obstacles and establish necessary instruments

Working Group (WG) on bdquoCoupling of Energy Sectorsldquo

16

Goal of the energy transition reduce greenhouse gas emissionsData greenhouse gas emissions Germany 1990-2018 (Mt CO2 eq)

source bdquoEnergiedaten Gesamtausgabeldquo BMWi January 2018

- 80

-20

-40

- 55

- 70

- 95 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Mt

CO

2e

qu

ival

en

t

other emissions energy-related emissions

Target

Since 2010 slope is not on target

Start Energy Market Liberalization

Start Global Economic Stagnation

17

Goal of the energy transition reduce greenhouse gas emissionsData greenhouse gas emissions Germany 1990-2018 (Mt CO2 eq)

source bdquoEnergiedaten Gesamtausgabeldquo BMWi January 2018

- 80

-20

-40

- 55

- 70

- 95 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Mt

CO

2e

qu

ival

en

t

other emissions energy-related emissions

Target

Start Energy Market Liberalization

Start Global Economic Stagnation

Two main reasons for slow improvements in recent years

Little progress in energy efficiency and savings

No increase of renewables in mobility and heat sectors

18

Main conclusions of WG on bdquoCoupling of Energy Sectorsldquo

bull Electricity from wind and solar power will become the dominant energy sources

bull Because it is often most efficient to use power directly technologies like heat pumps electromobility and electrode heated boilers become important

strong electrification and growing electricity demand sector coupling

need for storage and flexibility

bull But it is not possible to use electricity for all applications

chemical energy carriers remain indispensable hydrogen will be important

more ambitious climate goals require synthetic fuels (power-to-X)

bull Biomass and alternative renewable energy sources need to be used effectively

bull Efficiency is paramount to limit the expansion of wind and PV (and electrical grids) to keep the costs low and thereby to ensure the acceptance of the energy transition

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Large-scale dispursed in space and time energy storage

bull Sector coupling (heat gas eMobility) and eGrid

bull Smart dispursed balancing power generation and DSM

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull DC technology to build meshed distribution grids

bull Solving the eMobility fast charging in urban areas

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conlusions

Storage Requirements in pan-European Electricity System(C Hoffmann IRES Conf 2008)

8 4

2

PV

sh

are

[]

Rel Coverage RES []

Relative Coverage (RES = Wind+PV)

Installed av annual production RES

Average annual consumption

PV share

Installed av annual production PV

Average annual production RES

Relative storage demand

Required storage

Average annual consumption

100

80

60

40

20

0

100 120 140 160 180

Germany2 of 627 TWh 1257 TWh

1257 Mrd euro at 100eurokWh or010 eurokWh of total energy and 20 years service time (Cf 2 Storage horizon 1 week full load)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University20

2 requires all sorts

of low cost dispursed

energy storage

- Fast (min ndashhours)

Batteries amp dual use of

EV amp PHEV batteries

- Large (Days ndash Weeks)

Thermal storage with

heat pumps in homes

and buildings heat and

cold distribution

networks

- Strategic (Months)

Chemical Electrolysers

for H2 and power-to-x

Exergy Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) in Aachen

1 MW Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)equiv Capacity 125 kWh

Hydrogen battery cells equiv Ultrafast charging and discharging properties

equiv BESS can be fully charged and discharged within 75 minutes

equiv Excellent durability (+10000 cycles)

equiv Response time 3 ms

Project start at EONERC Feb 2018equiv Primary energy control reserve

equiv Investigate Future services peak shaving spinning reserve back-up power supply for fast charging stations for EVlsquos

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemTechnically Possible - Scenario for EU-27 + 2

Scenario

calculated in 2011

by R De Doncker

based on linear

extrapolation over

the period 2000-

2010 of the growth

of decentralized

power (CHP and

REN) since market

liberalization in

2000 Predicted

that by 2025 EU

could have had a

CO2 neutral

electrical energy

production

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV

Interesting

observation

transmission

system may

need minimal

upgrade to

DC ETG Task

Force claims

that DC can

be integrated

at lower cost

in existing

infrastructure

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV

Interesting

observation

medium

voltage

distribution

grid will need

upgrades as it

becomes an

exchange

platform

between local

producers

and

prosumers

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV 13 in LV

Interesting

observation

Low-voltage

distribution in

factories

buildings and

homes needs

to exchange

energy

flexibly to MV

grids to

provide D2SM

and storage

functionality

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University26

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for renewables and CHP in urban areas

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and e-Mobility and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

11 hellip 1800 GW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University27

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for Emobility in urban areas

Distributed REN installationBalancing by meshed regional medium-voltage distribution grids

Munich

Berlin

Hamburg

Bremen

Underlay

distribution grid

is an interesting

business

proposition from

DSO

perspective Area for

100 windArea for

100 PV

Cologne

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University28

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Large-scale dispursed in space and time energy storage

bull Sector coupling (heat gas eMobility) and eGrid

bull Smart dispursed balancing power generation and DSM

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull DC technology to build meshed distribution grids

bull Solving the eMobility fast charging in urban areas

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Electric Vehicle Drive Train PrototypeState-of-the-Silicon-art

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker30 27112018

bull Demonstrator 280 kW

2x 115 kW ASM

1x 50 kW PMSM

2 LiIon batteries

144 V and 216 V

384 kWh

bull Audi Q6 e-tron quattro 370 kW (three motors)

Max speed 210 kmh

95 kWh LiIon

DC charging with 150 kW

400 km driving range

e performance developed at RWTH - predecessor of the Audi Q6 Production at AUDI Brussels ndash Presented Nov 2018 in San Francisco CA

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Modularity leads us to a standard components enabling various traction drive platforms ndash eTron platform (2016)

Source audicom July 2016

31 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

4

Distribution GridTypical Urban Grid Structure with e-Mobility (40 kW charger) is quickly overloaded

Branch A 21 households max total power 98 kW 178 kW (2 veh)

Length 461 m

Branch B 34 households max total power 129 kW 249 KW (3 veh)

Length 715 m

Branch C 10 households max total power 68 kW 108 kW (1 veh)

Length 185 m

Connection to transmission grid Transformer Capacity 250 kVA 630 kVA

Upgrade of 400V AC infrastructure

Based on M Stieneker and R W De

Doncker Medium-voltage DC

distribution grids in urban areas 2016

IEEE 7th International Symposium on

Power Electronics for Distributed

Generation Systems (PEDG) Vancouver

2016

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University32

Classical Distribution Grids are radialIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

HV

25 25 25 25

50 50

==3~

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University33

Classical Distribution Grids are radial and massively oversizedIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

HV

25 25 25

100

25 25 25

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

25

==3~

0

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University34

==

N x (F)CS

==

==

==

Hybrid Approach to Maximize Capacity of Distribution GridsIntegration of e-Mobility PV Wind Storage hellip by MVDC-Backbone

3~= =

3~= =

MVDC

MVDC

HV

==

==

==

==

N x (F)CS

25

25

25

100 100

25

50 50

MV MV

MVDC

LVLVLVLV

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University35

Dual Active Bridge DC-DC ConverterMedium-Voltage High-Power DC-DC Converter

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University36

P = 7 MW VDC = 5 kV plusmn10 Efficiency up to 992 Ultimately air-cooled devices are an option DC substation at 13 weight of 50 Hz

transformer

R Lenke bdquoA Contribution to the Design of Isolated DC-DC Converters for Utility Applicationsldquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2012

N Soltau bdquoHigh-power medium-voltage DC-DC converters design control and demonstrationrdquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2017

DC-grid and energy management in a DC quarterLower infrastructure cost higher efficiency and bidirectional

MVDC

LVDC

(AC)

5 kV+(-) 380 V

DC-ConverterLegacy AC

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University37

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Material savings

bull Ecological footprint

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

World-wide target for costs (eurokWh) for large-scale automotive LIB cells

published by the end of 2012

Technology DriversPrice Development of Lithium-Ion Batteries (only cells)

ISEA forecast (2010)

Prices decreased faster

than predicted by NEDO

Germany (BMBFISI)

South Korea (MKE)

Source bdquoTechnologie-

Roadmap Energiespeicher

fuumlr die Elektromobilitaumlt 2030ldquo

Cost in eurokWh

Consumer cell are even

cheaper (eg TESLA)

39 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

Cost reduction of Power ElectronicsDriven by renewables ndash eg Global installed capacity of wind

540 GWpeak installed capacity by the end of 2017 ndash assuming 50 DFG

this translates in approximately 810 GVA of power electronic converters

Multi-megawatt power electronic converters are becoming a mass product

During the past 25 years a major cost reduction of voltage source inverters

took place from 500 eurokVA down to 20 eurokVA

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University40

Price of silicon cells and power electronics inter-twined

Silicon is made of SiO2 (ie sand an abundant material) and energy

Energy is produced by PV

PV energy is controlled and converted by power electronics made of silicon

In 2018$ 0113

Source R W De Doncker IEEE IPEC ECCE 2014 Hiroshima Japan

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University41

Technology Drivers

Price Development of Power Electronics

Specific cost for EV inverters

equiv 1995 $50kVA1

equiv 2015 $5kVA2

equiv 2020 RampD target $33kVA

1 Source Data provided by R De Doncker2 Source US Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office

3

4

5

6

7

8

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

cost

in $

kW

year

Material Usage in Power Transformers

Frequency matters

bull Weight distribution of copper and Si-steel

in machines and transformers

bull Copper 25 ndash 30

bull Iron lamination 70 ndash 75

bull Specific weight Fe 8 gcmsup3

bull Specific weight Cu 9 gcmsup3

bull Standard 50 Hz Transformer 25 kgkVA

bull 7 MW DC-DC converter 1 kHz 5 kV

bull 3 x 23 MVA transformers

bull 1000 Hz transformer 025 kgkVA

bull Increased power density by a factor of 10

compared to 50 Hz transformer

bull AC grids are based on transformer technology

Designed for top down energy transmission

Constant voltage and constant frequency

Flexible AC grids (FACTS) will require major investments in infrastructure

and power electronic energy conversion and storage systems

In 2000 EU29 had 685GW installed capacity ie 137 Mton on Cu and Si-

Steel in generators and transformers ie 1096 Beuro (at price of 8 eurokg)

Standard AC Grid Configuration for Transmission and Distribution

gt 20000 tonGW

Ecological Impact Analysis for Charging InfrastructureAC Charging 22 kW vs DC-Charging Mixed 50 kW amp 37 kW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University45

8490

8045

8008

8386

8216

6910

8917

8224

7211

3347

5536

7386

5974

5218

7325

6584

6479

8305

0 20 40 60 80 100

Landwirtschaftliche Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Klimawandel [kg CO2-Aumlq]

Verbrauch fossiler Rohstoffe [kg oil-Aumlq]

Frischwasseroumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Frischwasser Eutrophierung [kg P-Aumlq]

Humantoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Ionisierende Strahlung [kg U235-Aumlq]

Meeresoumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Meereseutrophierung [kg N-Aumlq]

Verbrauch mineralischer Rohstoffe [kg Fe-hellip

Natuumlrliche Landumwandlung [msup2]

Ozonabbau [kg CFC-11-Aumlq]

Partikelbildung [kg PM10-Aumlq]

Photochemische Oxidantienbildung [kghellip

Terrestrische Versauerung [kg SO2-Aumlq]

Terrestrische Oumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Staumldtische Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Wasserverbrauch [msup3]

AC-System

DC-System

Water usage [m3]

City land usage [m2a]

Global toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Global acidity increase [kg SO2 eq]

Photochemical Oxidants [kg]

Particles [kg PM10 eq]

Ozon reduction [kg CFC11 eq]

Natural land usage [m2]

Usage of mineral resources [kg Fe eq]

Sea water eutrophication [kg N eq]

Sea water ecological toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Ionic radiation [kg U235 eq]

Human toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Drinking water eutrophication [kg P eq]

Drinking water toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Usage of fossil fuels [kg Oil eq]

Climate change impact [kg CO2 eq]

Occupation of agricultural land [m2a]

Summary

Renewable energy has the full potential as a foundation for the future sustainable energy supply of industrial societies

Underlay meshed DC grids shorten the path between volatile renewable energy and consumers and have advantages at flexibility and cost

Interconnected DC grids offer an efficient solution for fast charging service E-mobility can support the grid with all required control power and a useful

proportion of storage Most importantly DC technology saves materials which reduces significantly

the ecological footprint

Researchers and engineers have identified solutions but still open questions Can implementation be accelerated by training technicians Are regulatory issues in the way

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University46

47

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

48

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

CWDKESS

ISEA

ELAB

CMP

FEN

e3D

EON ERC

Kopernikus

Grids

ENSURE

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

Flexible Electrical Networks (FEN) Research Campus Academia and Industry work together under one roof to accelerate innovation

FEN Research Campus

Scientific advisory board

Partners

FEN GmbH

Industry PartnersUniversity Partners

Start-Up-Support

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University11

Flexible Electrical Networks (FEN) Research CampusResearch Areas on DC- and micro-Grids

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University12

Research on energy technology

Interdisciplinary aspects on energy research

Automation + Control + CloudDigitalization

DC Grid Systems

DC Grid Components

SocietyEconomics

Environment

Regulatory amp Standards

FEN Landmark ProjectMedium-voltage (5 kVdc 5 MW) CAMPUS DC micro-grid

AixControl XRS70707 MW 1 kHZ DC-DC Converter

Landscape Architecture

Research Grid

Medium Frequency

Transformers

Physiology

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University13

14

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conclusions

15

Interdisciplinary group experts from natural technical economical and social sciences from both academia and industry

Leading Question How can we transform the energy supplyto reach the climate goals

Approach of the working group

bull Analysing and evaluating technical options through

1) Expert discussions (bottom up)

2) Comparing relevant energy scenarios

3) Conducting own model calculations (REMod-D)

bull Identifying the economic and societal obstacles and challenges

bull Elaborating options for policy makers to implement changes overcome obstacles and establish necessary instruments

Working Group (WG) on bdquoCoupling of Energy Sectorsldquo

16

Goal of the energy transition reduce greenhouse gas emissionsData greenhouse gas emissions Germany 1990-2018 (Mt CO2 eq)

source bdquoEnergiedaten Gesamtausgabeldquo BMWi January 2018

- 80

-20

-40

- 55

- 70

- 95 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Mt

CO

2e

qu

ival

en

t

other emissions energy-related emissions

Target

Since 2010 slope is not on target

Start Energy Market Liberalization

Start Global Economic Stagnation

17

Goal of the energy transition reduce greenhouse gas emissionsData greenhouse gas emissions Germany 1990-2018 (Mt CO2 eq)

source bdquoEnergiedaten Gesamtausgabeldquo BMWi January 2018

- 80

-20

-40

- 55

- 70

- 95 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Mt

CO

2e

qu

ival

en

t

other emissions energy-related emissions

Target

Start Energy Market Liberalization

Start Global Economic Stagnation

Two main reasons for slow improvements in recent years

Little progress in energy efficiency and savings

No increase of renewables in mobility and heat sectors

18

Main conclusions of WG on bdquoCoupling of Energy Sectorsldquo

bull Electricity from wind and solar power will become the dominant energy sources

bull Because it is often most efficient to use power directly technologies like heat pumps electromobility and electrode heated boilers become important

strong electrification and growing electricity demand sector coupling

need for storage and flexibility

bull But it is not possible to use electricity for all applications

chemical energy carriers remain indispensable hydrogen will be important

more ambitious climate goals require synthetic fuels (power-to-X)

bull Biomass and alternative renewable energy sources need to be used effectively

bull Efficiency is paramount to limit the expansion of wind and PV (and electrical grids) to keep the costs low and thereby to ensure the acceptance of the energy transition

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Large-scale dispursed in space and time energy storage

bull Sector coupling (heat gas eMobility) and eGrid

bull Smart dispursed balancing power generation and DSM

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull DC technology to build meshed distribution grids

bull Solving the eMobility fast charging in urban areas

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conlusions

Storage Requirements in pan-European Electricity System(C Hoffmann IRES Conf 2008)

8 4

2

PV

sh

are

[]

Rel Coverage RES []

Relative Coverage (RES = Wind+PV)

Installed av annual production RES

Average annual consumption

PV share

Installed av annual production PV

Average annual production RES

Relative storage demand

Required storage

Average annual consumption

100

80

60

40

20

0

100 120 140 160 180

Germany2 of 627 TWh 1257 TWh

1257 Mrd euro at 100eurokWh or010 eurokWh of total energy and 20 years service time (Cf 2 Storage horizon 1 week full load)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University20

2 requires all sorts

of low cost dispursed

energy storage

- Fast (min ndashhours)

Batteries amp dual use of

EV amp PHEV batteries

- Large (Days ndash Weeks)

Thermal storage with

heat pumps in homes

and buildings heat and

cold distribution

networks

- Strategic (Months)

Chemical Electrolysers

for H2 and power-to-x

Exergy Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) in Aachen

1 MW Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)equiv Capacity 125 kWh

Hydrogen battery cells equiv Ultrafast charging and discharging properties

equiv BESS can be fully charged and discharged within 75 minutes

equiv Excellent durability (+10000 cycles)

equiv Response time 3 ms

Project start at EONERC Feb 2018equiv Primary energy control reserve

equiv Investigate Future services peak shaving spinning reserve back-up power supply for fast charging stations for EVlsquos

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemTechnically Possible - Scenario for EU-27 + 2

Scenario

calculated in 2011

by R De Doncker

based on linear

extrapolation over

the period 2000-

2010 of the growth

of decentralized

power (CHP and

REN) since market

liberalization in

2000 Predicted

that by 2025 EU

could have had a

CO2 neutral

electrical energy

production

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV

Interesting

observation

transmission

system may

need minimal

upgrade to

DC ETG Task

Force claims

that DC can

be integrated

at lower cost

in existing

infrastructure

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV

Interesting

observation

medium

voltage

distribution

grid will need

upgrades as it

becomes an

exchange

platform

between local

producers

and

prosumers

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV 13 in LV

Interesting

observation

Low-voltage

distribution in

factories

buildings and

homes needs

to exchange

energy

flexibly to MV

grids to

provide D2SM

and storage

functionality

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University26

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for renewables and CHP in urban areas

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and e-Mobility and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

11 hellip 1800 GW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University27

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for Emobility in urban areas

Distributed REN installationBalancing by meshed regional medium-voltage distribution grids

Munich

Berlin

Hamburg

Bremen

Underlay

distribution grid

is an interesting

business

proposition from

DSO

perspective Area for

100 windArea for

100 PV

Cologne

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University28

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Large-scale dispursed in space and time energy storage

bull Sector coupling (heat gas eMobility) and eGrid

bull Smart dispursed balancing power generation and DSM

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull DC technology to build meshed distribution grids

bull Solving the eMobility fast charging in urban areas

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Electric Vehicle Drive Train PrototypeState-of-the-Silicon-art

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker30 27112018

bull Demonstrator 280 kW

2x 115 kW ASM

1x 50 kW PMSM

2 LiIon batteries

144 V and 216 V

384 kWh

bull Audi Q6 e-tron quattro 370 kW (three motors)

Max speed 210 kmh

95 kWh LiIon

DC charging with 150 kW

400 km driving range

e performance developed at RWTH - predecessor of the Audi Q6 Production at AUDI Brussels ndash Presented Nov 2018 in San Francisco CA

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Modularity leads us to a standard components enabling various traction drive platforms ndash eTron platform (2016)

Source audicom July 2016

31 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

4

Distribution GridTypical Urban Grid Structure with e-Mobility (40 kW charger) is quickly overloaded

Branch A 21 households max total power 98 kW 178 kW (2 veh)

Length 461 m

Branch B 34 households max total power 129 kW 249 KW (3 veh)

Length 715 m

Branch C 10 households max total power 68 kW 108 kW (1 veh)

Length 185 m

Connection to transmission grid Transformer Capacity 250 kVA 630 kVA

Upgrade of 400V AC infrastructure

Based on M Stieneker and R W De

Doncker Medium-voltage DC

distribution grids in urban areas 2016

IEEE 7th International Symposium on

Power Electronics for Distributed

Generation Systems (PEDG) Vancouver

2016

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University32

Classical Distribution Grids are radialIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

HV

25 25 25 25

50 50

==3~

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University33

Classical Distribution Grids are radial and massively oversizedIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

HV

25 25 25

100

25 25 25

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

25

==3~

0

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University34

==

N x (F)CS

==

==

==

Hybrid Approach to Maximize Capacity of Distribution GridsIntegration of e-Mobility PV Wind Storage hellip by MVDC-Backbone

3~= =

3~= =

MVDC

MVDC

HV

==

==

==

==

N x (F)CS

25

25

25

100 100

25

50 50

MV MV

MVDC

LVLVLVLV

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University35

Dual Active Bridge DC-DC ConverterMedium-Voltage High-Power DC-DC Converter

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University36

P = 7 MW VDC = 5 kV plusmn10 Efficiency up to 992 Ultimately air-cooled devices are an option DC substation at 13 weight of 50 Hz

transformer

R Lenke bdquoA Contribution to the Design of Isolated DC-DC Converters for Utility Applicationsldquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2012

N Soltau bdquoHigh-power medium-voltage DC-DC converters design control and demonstrationrdquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2017

DC-grid and energy management in a DC quarterLower infrastructure cost higher efficiency and bidirectional

MVDC

LVDC

(AC)

5 kV+(-) 380 V

DC-ConverterLegacy AC

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University37

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Material savings

bull Ecological footprint

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

World-wide target for costs (eurokWh) for large-scale automotive LIB cells

published by the end of 2012

Technology DriversPrice Development of Lithium-Ion Batteries (only cells)

ISEA forecast (2010)

Prices decreased faster

than predicted by NEDO

Germany (BMBFISI)

South Korea (MKE)

Source bdquoTechnologie-

Roadmap Energiespeicher

fuumlr die Elektromobilitaumlt 2030ldquo

Cost in eurokWh

Consumer cell are even

cheaper (eg TESLA)

39 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

Cost reduction of Power ElectronicsDriven by renewables ndash eg Global installed capacity of wind

540 GWpeak installed capacity by the end of 2017 ndash assuming 50 DFG

this translates in approximately 810 GVA of power electronic converters

Multi-megawatt power electronic converters are becoming a mass product

During the past 25 years a major cost reduction of voltage source inverters

took place from 500 eurokVA down to 20 eurokVA

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University40

Price of silicon cells and power electronics inter-twined

Silicon is made of SiO2 (ie sand an abundant material) and energy

Energy is produced by PV

PV energy is controlled and converted by power electronics made of silicon

In 2018$ 0113

Source R W De Doncker IEEE IPEC ECCE 2014 Hiroshima Japan

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University41

Technology Drivers

Price Development of Power Electronics

Specific cost for EV inverters

equiv 1995 $50kVA1

equiv 2015 $5kVA2

equiv 2020 RampD target $33kVA

1 Source Data provided by R De Doncker2 Source US Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office

3

4

5

6

7

8

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

cost

in $

kW

year

Material Usage in Power Transformers

Frequency matters

bull Weight distribution of copper and Si-steel

in machines and transformers

bull Copper 25 ndash 30

bull Iron lamination 70 ndash 75

bull Specific weight Fe 8 gcmsup3

bull Specific weight Cu 9 gcmsup3

bull Standard 50 Hz Transformer 25 kgkVA

bull 7 MW DC-DC converter 1 kHz 5 kV

bull 3 x 23 MVA transformers

bull 1000 Hz transformer 025 kgkVA

bull Increased power density by a factor of 10

compared to 50 Hz transformer

bull AC grids are based on transformer technology

Designed for top down energy transmission

Constant voltage and constant frequency

Flexible AC grids (FACTS) will require major investments in infrastructure

and power electronic energy conversion and storage systems

In 2000 EU29 had 685GW installed capacity ie 137 Mton on Cu and Si-

Steel in generators and transformers ie 1096 Beuro (at price of 8 eurokg)

Standard AC Grid Configuration for Transmission and Distribution

gt 20000 tonGW

Ecological Impact Analysis for Charging InfrastructureAC Charging 22 kW vs DC-Charging Mixed 50 kW amp 37 kW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University45

8490

8045

8008

8386

8216

6910

8917

8224

7211

3347

5536

7386

5974

5218

7325

6584

6479

8305

0 20 40 60 80 100

Landwirtschaftliche Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Klimawandel [kg CO2-Aumlq]

Verbrauch fossiler Rohstoffe [kg oil-Aumlq]

Frischwasseroumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Frischwasser Eutrophierung [kg P-Aumlq]

Humantoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Ionisierende Strahlung [kg U235-Aumlq]

Meeresoumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Meereseutrophierung [kg N-Aumlq]

Verbrauch mineralischer Rohstoffe [kg Fe-hellip

Natuumlrliche Landumwandlung [msup2]

Ozonabbau [kg CFC-11-Aumlq]

Partikelbildung [kg PM10-Aumlq]

Photochemische Oxidantienbildung [kghellip

Terrestrische Versauerung [kg SO2-Aumlq]

Terrestrische Oumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Staumldtische Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Wasserverbrauch [msup3]

AC-System

DC-System

Water usage [m3]

City land usage [m2a]

Global toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Global acidity increase [kg SO2 eq]

Photochemical Oxidants [kg]

Particles [kg PM10 eq]

Ozon reduction [kg CFC11 eq]

Natural land usage [m2]

Usage of mineral resources [kg Fe eq]

Sea water eutrophication [kg N eq]

Sea water ecological toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Ionic radiation [kg U235 eq]

Human toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Drinking water eutrophication [kg P eq]

Drinking water toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Usage of fossil fuels [kg Oil eq]

Climate change impact [kg CO2 eq]

Occupation of agricultural land [m2a]

Summary

Renewable energy has the full potential as a foundation for the future sustainable energy supply of industrial societies

Underlay meshed DC grids shorten the path between volatile renewable energy and consumers and have advantages at flexibility and cost

Interconnected DC grids offer an efficient solution for fast charging service E-mobility can support the grid with all required control power and a useful

proportion of storage Most importantly DC technology saves materials which reduces significantly

the ecological footprint

Researchers and engineers have identified solutions but still open questions Can implementation be accelerated by training technicians Are regulatory issues in the way

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University46

47

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

48

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

CWDKESS

ISEA

ELAB

CMP

FEN

e3D

EON ERC

Kopernikus

Grids

ENSURE

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

Flexible Electrical Networks (FEN) Research CampusResearch Areas on DC- and micro-Grids

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University12

Research on energy technology

Interdisciplinary aspects on energy research

Automation + Control + CloudDigitalization

DC Grid Systems

DC Grid Components

SocietyEconomics

Environment

Regulatory amp Standards

FEN Landmark ProjectMedium-voltage (5 kVdc 5 MW) CAMPUS DC micro-grid

AixControl XRS70707 MW 1 kHZ DC-DC Converter

Landscape Architecture

Research Grid

Medium Frequency

Transformers

Physiology

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University13

14

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conclusions

15

Interdisciplinary group experts from natural technical economical and social sciences from both academia and industry

Leading Question How can we transform the energy supplyto reach the climate goals

Approach of the working group

bull Analysing and evaluating technical options through

1) Expert discussions (bottom up)

2) Comparing relevant energy scenarios

3) Conducting own model calculations (REMod-D)

bull Identifying the economic and societal obstacles and challenges

bull Elaborating options for policy makers to implement changes overcome obstacles and establish necessary instruments

Working Group (WG) on bdquoCoupling of Energy Sectorsldquo

16

Goal of the energy transition reduce greenhouse gas emissionsData greenhouse gas emissions Germany 1990-2018 (Mt CO2 eq)

source bdquoEnergiedaten Gesamtausgabeldquo BMWi January 2018

- 80

-20

-40

- 55

- 70

- 95 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Mt

CO

2e

qu

ival

en

t

other emissions energy-related emissions

Target

Since 2010 slope is not on target

Start Energy Market Liberalization

Start Global Economic Stagnation

17

Goal of the energy transition reduce greenhouse gas emissionsData greenhouse gas emissions Germany 1990-2018 (Mt CO2 eq)

source bdquoEnergiedaten Gesamtausgabeldquo BMWi January 2018

- 80

-20

-40

- 55

- 70

- 95 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Mt

CO

2e

qu

ival

en

t

other emissions energy-related emissions

Target

Start Energy Market Liberalization

Start Global Economic Stagnation

Two main reasons for slow improvements in recent years

Little progress in energy efficiency and savings

No increase of renewables in mobility and heat sectors

18

Main conclusions of WG on bdquoCoupling of Energy Sectorsldquo

bull Electricity from wind and solar power will become the dominant energy sources

bull Because it is often most efficient to use power directly technologies like heat pumps electromobility and electrode heated boilers become important

strong electrification and growing electricity demand sector coupling

need for storage and flexibility

bull But it is not possible to use electricity for all applications

chemical energy carriers remain indispensable hydrogen will be important

more ambitious climate goals require synthetic fuels (power-to-X)

bull Biomass and alternative renewable energy sources need to be used effectively

bull Efficiency is paramount to limit the expansion of wind and PV (and electrical grids) to keep the costs low and thereby to ensure the acceptance of the energy transition

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Large-scale dispursed in space and time energy storage

bull Sector coupling (heat gas eMobility) and eGrid

bull Smart dispursed balancing power generation and DSM

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull DC technology to build meshed distribution grids

bull Solving the eMobility fast charging in urban areas

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conlusions

Storage Requirements in pan-European Electricity System(C Hoffmann IRES Conf 2008)

8 4

2

PV

sh

are

[]

Rel Coverage RES []

Relative Coverage (RES = Wind+PV)

Installed av annual production RES

Average annual consumption

PV share

Installed av annual production PV

Average annual production RES

Relative storage demand

Required storage

Average annual consumption

100

80

60

40

20

0

100 120 140 160 180

Germany2 of 627 TWh 1257 TWh

1257 Mrd euro at 100eurokWh or010 eurokWh of total energy and 20 years service time (Cf 2 Storage horizon 1 week full load)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University20

2 requires all sorts

of low cost dispursed

energy storage

- Fast (min ndashhours)

Batteries amp dual use of

EV amp PHEV batteries

- Large (Days ndash Weeks)

Thermal storage with

heat pumps in homes

and buildings heat and

cold distribution

networks

- Strategic (Months)

Chemical Electrolysers

for H2 and power-to-x

Exergy Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) in Aachen

1 MW Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)equiv Capacity 125 kWh

Hydrogen battery cells equiv Ultrafast charging and discharging properties

equiv BESS can be fully charged and discharged within 75 minutes

equiv Excellent durability (+10000 cycles)

equiv Response time 3 ms

Project start at EONERC Feb 2018equiv Primary energy control reserve

equiv Investigate Future services peak shaving spinning reserve back-up power supply for fast charging stations for EVlsquos

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemTechnically Possible - Scenario for EU-27 + 2

Scenario

calculated in 2011

by R De Doncker

based on linear

extrapolation over

the period 2000-

2010 of the growth

of decentralized

power (CHP and

REN) since market

liberalization in

2000 Predicted

that by 2025 EU

could have had a

CO2 neutral

electrical energy

production

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV

Interesting

observation

transmission

system may

need minimal

upgrade to

DC ETG Task

Force claims

that DC can

be integrated

at lower cost

in existing

infrastructure

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV

Interesting

observation

medium

voltage

distribution

grid will need

upgrades as it

becomes an

exchange

platform

between local

producers

and

prosumers

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV 13 in LV

Interesting

observation

Low-voltage

distribution in

factories

buildings and

homes needs

to exchange

energy

flexibly to MV

grids to

provide D2SM

and storage

functionality

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University26

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for renewables and CHP in urban areas

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and e-Mobility and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

11 hellip 1800 GW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University27

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for Emobility in urban areas

Distributed REN installationBalancing by meshed regional medium-voltage distribution grids

Munich

Berlin

Hamburg

Bremen

Underlay

distribution grid

is an interesting

business

proposition from

DSO

perspective Area for

100 windArea for

100 PV

Cologne

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University28

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Large-scale dispursed in space and time energy storage

bull Sector coupling (heat gas eMobility) and eGrid

bull Smart dispursed balancing power generation and DSM

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull DC technology to build meshed distribution grids

bull Solving the eMobility fast charging in urban areas

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Electric Vehicle Drive Train PrototypeState-of-the-Silicon-art

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker30 27112018

bull Demonstrator 280 kW

2x 115 kW ASM

1x 50 kW PMSM

2 LiIon batteries

144 V and 216 V

384 kWh

bull Audi Q6 e-tron quattro 370 kW (three motors)

Max speed 210 kmh

95 kWh LiIon

DC charging with 150 kW

400 km driving range

e performance developed at RWTH - predecessor of the Audi Q6 Production at AUDI Brussels ndash Presented Nov 2018 in San Francisco CA

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Modularity leads us to a standard components enabling various traction drive platforms ndash eTron platform (2016)

Source audicom July 2016

31 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

4

Distribution GridTypical Urban Grid Structure with e-Mobility (40 kW charger) is quickly overloaded

Branch A 21 households max total power 98 kW 178 kW (2 veh)

Length 461 m

Branch B 34 households max total power 129 kW 249 KW (3 veh)

Length 715 m

Branch C 10 households max total power 68 kW 108 kW (1 veh)

Length 185 m

Connection to transmission grid Transformer Capacity 250 kVA 630 kVA

Upgrade of 400V AC infrastructure

Based on M Stieneker and R W De

Doncker Medium-voltage DC

distribution grids in urban areas 2016

IEEE 7th International Symposium on

Power Electronics for Distributed

Generation Systems (PEDG) Vancouver

2016

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University32

Classical Distribution Grids are radialIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

HV

25 25 25 25

50 50

==3~

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University33

Classical Distribution Grids are radial and massively oversizedIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

HV

25 25 25

100

25 25 25

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

25

==3~

0

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University34

==

N x (F)CS

==

==

==

Hybrid Approach to Maximize Capacity of Distribution GridsIntegration of e-Mobility PV Wind Storage hellip by MVDC-Backbone

3~= =

3~= =

MVDC

MVDC

HV

==

==

==

==

N x (F)CS

25

25

25

100 100

25

50 50

MV MV

MVDC

LVLVLVLV

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University35

Dual Active Bridge DC-DC ConverterMedium-Voltage High-Power DC-DC Converter

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University36

P = 7 MW VDC = 5 kV plusmn10 Efficiency up to 992 Ultimately air-cooled devices are an option DC substation at 13 weight of 50 Hz

transformer

R Lenke bdquoA Contribution to the Design of Isolated DC-DC Converters for Utility Applicationsldquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2012

N Soltau bdquoHigh-power medium-voltage DC-DC converters design control and demonstrationrdquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2017

DC-grid and energy management in a DC quarterLower infrastructure cost higher efficiency and bidirectional

MVDC

LVDC

(AC)

5 kV+(-) 380 V

DC-ConverterLegacy AC

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University37

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Material savings

bull Ecological footprint

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

World-wide target for costs (eurokWh) for large-scale automotive LIB cells

published by the end of 2012

Technology DriversPrice Development of Lithium-Ion Batteries (only cells)

ISEA forecast (2010)

Prices decreased faster

than predicted by NEDO

Germany (BMBFISI)

South Korea (MKE)

Source bdquoTechnologie-

Roadmap Energiespeicher

fuumlr die Elektromobilitaumlt 2030ldquo

Cost in eurokWh

Consumer cell are even

cheaper (eg TESLA)

39 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

Cost reduction of Power ElectronicsDriven by renewables ndash eg Global installed capacity of wind

540 GWpeak installed capacity by the end of 2017 ndash assuming 50 DFG

this translates in approximately 810 GVA of power electronic converters

Multi-megawatt power electronic converters are becoming a mass product

During the past 25 years a major cost reduction of voltage source inverters

took place from 500 eurokVA down to 20 eurokVA

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University40

Price of silicon cells and power electronics inter-twined

Silicon is made of SiO2 (ie sand an abundant material) and energy

Energy is produced by PV

PV energy is controlled and converted by power electronics made of silicon

In 2018$ 0113

Source R W De Doncker IEEE IPEC ECCE 2014 Hiroshima Japan

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University41

Technology Drivers

Price Development of Power Electronics

Specific cost for EV inverters

equiv 1995 $50kVA1

equiv 2015 $5kVA2

equiv 2020 RampD target $33kVA

1 Source Data provided by R De Doncker2 Source US Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office

3

4

5

6

7

8

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

cost

in $

kW

year

Material Usage in Power Transformers

Frequency matters

bull Weight distribution of copper and Si-steel

in machines and transformers

bull Copper 25 ndash 30

bull Iron lamination 70 ndash 75

bull Specific weight Fe 8 gcmsup3

bull Specific weight Cu 9 gcmsup3

bull Standard 50 Hz Transformer 25 kgkVA

bull 7 MW DC-DC converter 1 kHz 5 kV

bull 3 x 23 MVA transformers

bull 1000 Hz transformer 025 kgkVA

bull Increased power density by a factor of 10

compared to 50 Hz transformer

bull AC grids are based on transformer technology

Designed for top down energy transmission

Constant voltage and constant frequency

Flexible AC grids (FACTS) will require major investments in infrastructure

and power electronic energy conversion and storage systems

In 2000 EU29 had 685GW installed capacity ie 137 Mton on Cu and Si-

Steel in generators and transformers ie 1096 Beuro (at price of 8 eurokg)

Standard AC Grid Configuration for Transmission and Distribution

gt 20000 tonGW

Ecological Impact Analysis for Charging InfrastructureAC Charging 22 kW vs DC-Charging Mixed 50 kW amp 37 kW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University45

8490

8045

8008

8386

8216

6910

8917

8224

7211

3347

5536

7386

5974

5218

7325

6584

6479

8305

0 20 40 60 80 100

Landwirtschaftliche Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Klimawandel [kg CO2-Aumlq]

Verbrauch fossiler Rohstoffe [kg oil-Aumlq]

Frischwasseroumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Frischwasser Eutrophierung [kg P-Aumlq]

Humantoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Ionisierende Strahlung [kg U235-Aumlq]

Meeresoumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Meereseutrophierung [kg N-Aumlq]

Verbrauch mineralischer Rohstoffe [kg Fe-hellip

Natuumlrliche Landumwandlung [msup2]

Ozonabbau [kg CFC-11-Aumlq]

Partikelbildung [kg PM10-Aumlq]

Photochemische Oxidantienbildung [kghellip

Terrestrische Versauerung [kg SO2-Aumlq]

Terrestrische Oumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Staumldtische Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Wasserverbrauch [msup3]

AC-System

DC-System

Water usage [m3]

City land usage [m2a]

Global toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Global acidity increase [kg SO2 eq]

Photochemical Oxidants [kg]

Particles [kg PM10 eq]

Ozon reduction [kg CFC11 eq]

Natural land usage [m2]

Usage of mineral resources [kg Fe eq]

Sea water eutrophication [kg N eq]

Sea water ecological toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Ionic radiation [kg U235 eq]

Human toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Drinking water eutrophication [kg P eq]

Drinking water toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Usage of fossil fuels [kg Oil eq]

Climate change impact [kg CO2 eq]

Occupation of agricultural land [m2a]

Summary

Renewable energy has the full potential as a foundation for the future sustainable energy supply of industrial societies

Underlay meshed DC grids shorten the path between volatile renewable energy and consumers and have advantages at flexibility and cost

Interconnected DC grids offer an efficient solution for fast charging service E-mobility can support the grid with all required control power and a useful

proportion of storage Most importantly DC technology saves materials which reduces significantly

the ecological footprint

Researchers and engineers have identified solutions but still open questions Can implementation be accelerated by training technicians Are regulatory issues in the way

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University46

47

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

48

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

CWDKESS

ISEA

ELAB

CMP

FEN

e3D

EON ERC

Kopernikus

Grids

ENSURE

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

FEN Landmark ProjectMedium-voltage (5 kVdc 5 MW) CAMPUS DC micro-grid

AixControl XRS70707 MW 1 kHZ DC-DC Converter

Landscape Architecture

Research Grid

Medium Frequency

Transformers

Physiology

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University13

14

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conclusions

15

Interdisciplinary group experts from natural technical economical and social sciences from both academia and industry

Leading Question How can we transform the energy supplyto reach the climate goals

Approach of the working group

bull Analysing and evaluating technical options through

1) Expert discussions (bottom up)

2) Comparing relevant energy scenarios

3) Conducting own model calculations (REMod-D)

bull Identifying the economic and societal obstacles and challenges

bull Elaborating options for policy makers to implement changes overcome obstacles and establish necessary instruments

Working Group (WG) on bdquoCoupling of Energy Sectorsldquo

16

Goal of the energy transition reduce greenhouse gas emissionsData greenhouse gas emissions Germany 1990-2018 (Mt CO2 eq)

source bdquoEnergiedaten Gesamtausgabeldquo BMWi January 2018

- 80

-20

-40

- 55

- 70

- 95 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Mt

CO

2e

qu

ival

en

t

other emissions energy-related emissions

Target

Since 2010 slope is not on target

Start Energy Market Liberalization

Start Global Economic Stagnation

17

Goal of the energy transition reduce greenhouse gas emissionsData greenhouse gas emissions Germany 1990-2018 (Mt CO2 eq)

source bdquoEnergiedaten Gesamtausgabeldquo BMWi January 2018

- 80

-20

-40

- 55

- 70

- 95 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Mt

CO

2e

qu

ival

en

t

other emissions energy-related emissions

Target

Start Energy Market Liberalization

Start Global Economic Stagnation

Two main reasons for slow improvements in recent years

Little progress in energy efficiency and savings

No increase of renewables in mobility and heat sectors

18

Main conclusions of WG on bdquoCoupling of Energy Sectorsldquo

bull Electricity from wind and solar power will become the dominant energy sources

bull Because it is often most efficient to use power directly technologies like heat pumps electromobility and electrode heated boilers become important

strong electrification and growing electricity demand sector coupling

need for storage and flexibility

bull But it is not possible to use electricity for all applications

chemical energy carriers remain indispensable hydrogen will be important

more ambitious climate goals require synthetic fuels (power-to-X)

bull Biomass and alternative renewable energy sources need to be used effectively

bull Efficiency is paramount to limit the expansion of wind and PV (and electrical grids) to keep the costs low and thereby to ensure the acceptance of the energy transition

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Large-scale dispursed in space and time energy storage

bull Sector coupling (heat gas eMobility) and eGrid

bull Smart dispursed balancing power generation and DSM

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull DC technology to build meshed distribution grids

bull Solving the eMobility fast charging in urban areas

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conlusions

Storage Requirements in pan-European Electricity System(C Hoffmann IRES Conf 2008)

8 4

2

PV

sh

are

[]

Rel Coverage RES []

Relative Coverage (RES = Wind+PV)

Installed av annual production RES

Average annual consumption

PV share

Installed av annual production PV

Average annual production RES

Relative storage demand

Required storage

Average annual consumption

100

80

60

40

20

0

100 120 140 160 180

Germany2 of 627 TWh 1257 TWh

1257 Mrd euro at 100eurokWh or010 eurokWh of total energy and 20 years service time (Cf 2 Storage horizon 1 week full load)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University20

2 requires all sorts

of low cost dispursed

energy storage

- Fast (min ndashhours)

Batteries amp dual use of

EV amp PHEV batteries

- Large (Days ndash Weeks)

Thermal storage with

heat pumps in homes

and buildings heat and

cold distribution

networks

- Strategic (Months)

Chemical Electrolysers

for H2 and power-to-x

Exergy Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) in Aachen

1 MW Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)equiv Capacity 125 kWh

Hydrogen battery cells equiv Ultrafast charging and discharging properties

equiv BESS can be fully charged and discharged within 75 minutes

equiv Excellent durability (+10000 cycles)

equiv Response time 3 ms

Project start at EONERC Feb 2018equiv Primary energy control reserve

equiv Investigate Future services peak shaving spinning reserve back-up power supply for fast charging stations for EVlsquos

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemTechnically Possible - Scenario for EU-27 + 2

Scenario

calculated in 2011

by R De Doncker

based on linear

extrapolation over

the period 2000-

2010 of the growth

of decentralized

power (CHP and

REN) since market

liberalization in

2000 Predicted

that by 2025 EU

could have had a

CO2 neutral

electrical energy

production

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV

Interesting

observation

transmission

system may

need minimal

upgrade to

DC ETG Task

Force claims

that DC can

be integrated

at lower cost

in existing

infrastructure

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV

Interesting

observation

medium

voltage

distribution

grid will need

upgrades as it

becomes an

exchange

platform

between local

producers

and

prosumers

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV 13 in LV

Interesting

observation

Low-voltage

distribution in

factories

buildings and

homes needs

to exchange

energy

flexibly to MV

grids to

provide D2SM

and storage

functionality

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University26

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for renewables and CHP in urban areas

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and e-Mobility and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

11 hellip 1800 GW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University27

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for Emobility in urban areas

Distributed REN installationBalancing by meshed regional medium-voltage distribution grids

Munich

Berlin

Hamburg

Bremen

Underlay

distribution grid

is an interesting

business

proposition from

DSO

perspective Area for

100 windArea for

100 PV

Cologne

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University28

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Large-scale dispursed in space and time energy storage

bull Sector coupling (heat gas eMobility) and eGrid

bull Smart dispursed balancing power generation and DSM

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull DC technology to build meshed distribution grids

bull Solving the eMobility fast charging in urban areas

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Electric Vehicle Drive Train PrototypeState-of-the-Silicon-art

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker30 27112018

bull Demonstrator 280 kW

2x 115 kW ASM

1x 50 kW PMSM

2 LiIon batteries

144 V and 216 V

384 kWh

bull Audi Q6 e-tron quattro 370 kW (three motors)

Max speed 210 kmh

95 kWh LiIon

DC charging with 150 kW

400 km driving range

e performance developed at RWTH - predecessor of the Audi Q6 Production at AUDI Brussels ndash Presented Nov 2018 in San Francisco CA

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Modularity leads us to a standard components enabling various traction drive platforms ndash eTron platform (2016)

Source audicom July 2016

31 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

4

Distribution GridTypical Urban Grid Structure with e-Mobility (40 kW charger) is quickly overloaded

Branch A 21 households max total power 98 kW 178 kW (2 veh)

Length 461 m

Branch B 34 households max total power 129 kW 249 KW (3 veh)

Length 715 m

Branch C 10 households max total power 68 kW 108 kW (1 veh)

Length 185 m

Connection to transmission grid Transformer Capacity 250 kVA 630 kVA

Upgrade of 400V AC infrastructure

Based on M Stieneker and R W De

Doncker Medium-voltage DC

distribution grids in urban areas 2016

IEEE 7th International Symposium on

Power Electronics for Distributed

Generation Systems (PEDG) Vancouver

2016

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University32

Classical Distribution Grids are radialIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

HV

25 25 25 25

50 50

==3~

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University33

Classical Distribution Grids are radial and massively oversizedIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

HV

25 25 25

100

25 25 25

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

25

==3~

0

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University34

==

N x (F)CS

==

==

==

Hybrid Approach to Maximize Capacity of Distribution GridsIntegration of e-Mobility PV Wind Storage hellip by MVDC-Backbone

3~= =

3~= =

MVDC

MVDC

HV

==

==

==

==

N x (F)CS

25

25

25

100 100

25

50 50

MV MV

MVDC

LVLVLVLV

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University35

Dual Active Bridge DC-DC ConverterMedium-Voltage High-Power DC-DC Converter

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University36

P = 7 MW VDC = 5 kV plusmn10 Efficiency up to 992 Ultimately air-cooled devices are an option DC substation at 13 weight of 50 Hz

transformer

R Lenke bdquoA Contribution to the Design of Isolated DC-DC Converters for Utility Applicationsldquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2012

N Soltau bdquoHigh-power medium-voltage DC-DC converters design control and demonstrationrdquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2017

DC-grid and energy management in a DC quarterLower infrastructure cost higher efficiency and bidirectional

MVDC

LVDC

(AC)

5 kV+(-) 380 V

DC-ConverterLegacy AC

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University37

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Material savings

bull Ecological footprint

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

World-wide target for costs (eurokWh) for large-scale automotive LIB cells

published by the end of 2012

Technology DriversPrice Development of Lithium-Ion Batteries (only cells)

ISEA forecast (2010)

Prices decreased faster

than predicted by NEDO

Germany (BMBFISI)

South Korea (MKE)

Source bdquoTechnologie-

Roadmap Energiespeicher

fuumlr die Elektromobilitaumlt 2030ldquo

Cost in eurokWh

Consumer cell are even

cheaper (eg TESLA)

39 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

Cost reduction of Power ElectronicsDriven by renewables ndash eg Global installed capacity of wind

540 GWpeak installed capacity by the end of 2017 ndash assuming 50 DFG

this translates in approximately 810 GVA of power electronic converters

Multi-megawatt power electronic converters are becoming a mass product

During the past 25 years a major cost reduction of voltage source inverters

took place from 500 eurokVA down to 20 eurokVA

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University40

Price of silicon cells and power electronics inter-twined

Silicon is made of SiO2 (ie sand an abundant material) and energy

Energy is produced by PV

PV energy is controlled and converted by power electronics made of silicon

In 2018$ 0113

Source R W De Doncker IEEE IPEC ECCE 2014 Hiroshima Japan

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University41

Technology Drivers

Price Development of Power Electronics

Specific cost for EV inverters

equiv 1995 $50kVA1

equiv 2015 $5kVA2

equiv 2020 RampD target $33kVA

1 Source Data provided by R De Doncker2 Source US Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office

3

4

5

6

7

8

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

cost

in $

kW

year

Material Usage in Power Transformers

Frequency matters

bull Weight distribution of copper and Si-steel

in machines and transformers

bull Copper 25 ndash 30

bull Iron lamination 70 ndash 75

bull Specific weight Fe 8 gcmsup3

bull Specific weight Cu 9 gcmsup3

bull Standard 50 Hz Transformer 25 kgkVA

bull 7 MW DC-DC converter 1 kHz 5 kV

bull 3 x 23 MVA transformers

bull 1000 Hz transformer 025 kgkVA

bull Increased power density by a factor of 10

compared to 50 Hz transformer

bull AC grids are based on transformer technology

Designed for top down energy transmission

Constant voltage and constant frequency

Flexible AC grids (FACTS) will require major investments in infrastructure

and power electronic energy conversion and storage systems

In 2000 EU29 had 685GW installed capacity ie 137 Mton on Cu and Si-

Steel in generators and transformers ie 1096 Beuro (at price of 8 eurokg)

Standard AC Grid Configuration for Transmission and Distribution

gt 20000 tonGW

Ecological Impact Analysis for Charging InfrastructureAC Charging 22 kW vs DC-Charging Mixed 50 kW amp 37 kW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University45

8490

8045

8008

8386

8216

6910

8917

8224

7211

3347

5536

7386

5974

5218

7325

6584

6479

8305

0 20 40 60 80 100

Landwirtschaftliche Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Klimawandel [kg CO2-Aumlq]

Verbrauch fossiler Rohstoffe [kg oil-Aumlq]

Frischwasseroumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Frischwasser Eutrophierung [kg P-Aumlq]

Humantoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Ionisierende Strahlung [kg U235-Aumlq]

Meeresoumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Meereseutrophierung [kg N-Aumlq]

Verbrauch mineralischer Rohstoffe [kg Fe-hellip

Natuumlrliche Landumwandlung [msup2]

Ozonabbau [kg CFC-11-Aumlq]

Partikelbildung [kg PM10-Aumlq]

Photochemische Oxidantienbildung [kghellip

Terrestrische Versauerung [kg SO2-Aumlq]

Terrestrische Oumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Staumldtische Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Wasserverbrauch [msup3]

AC-System

DC-System

Water usage [m3]

City land usage [m2a]

Global toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Global acidity increase [kg SO2 eq]

Photochemical Oxidants [kg]

Particles [kg PM10 eq]

Ozon reduction [kg CFC11 eq]

Natural land usage [m2]

Usage of mineral resources [kg Fe eq]

Sea water eutrophication [kg N eq]

Sea water ecological toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Ionic radiation [kg U235 eq]

Human toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Drinking water eutrophication [kg P eq]

Drinking water toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Usage of fossil fuels [kg Oil eq]

Climate change impact [kg CO2 eq]

Occupation of agricultural land [m2a]

Summary

Renewable energy has the full potential as a foundation for the future sustainable energy supply of industrial societies

Underlay meshed DC grids shorten the path between volatile renewable energy and consumers and have advantages at flexibility and cost

Interconnected DC grids offer an efficient solution for fast charging service E-mobility can support the grid with all required control power and a useful

proportion of storage Most importantly DC technology saves materials which reduces significantly

the ecological footprint

Researchers and engineers have identified solutions but still open questions Can implementation be accelerated by training technicians Are regulatory issues in the way

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University46

47

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

48

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

CWDKESS

ISEA

ELAB

CMP

FEN

e3D

EON ERC

Kopernikus

Grids

ENSURE

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

14

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conclusions

15

Interdisciplinary group experts from natural technical economical and social sciences from both academia and industry

Leading Question How can we transform the energy supplyto reach the climate goals

Approach of the working group

bull Analysing and evaluating technical options through

1) Expert discussions (bottom up)

2) Comparing relevant energy scenarios

3) Conducting own model calculations (REMod-D)

bull Identifying the economic and societal obstacles and challenges

bull Elaborating options for policy makers to implement changes overcome obstacles and establish necessary instruments

Working Group (WG) on bdquoCoupling of Energy Sectorsldquo

16

Goal of the energy transition reduce greenhouse gas emissionsData greenhouse gas emissions Germany 1990-2018 (Mt CO2 eq)

source bdquoEnergiedaten Gesamtausgabeldquo BMWi January 2018

- 80

-20

-40

- 55

- 70

- 95 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Mt

CO

2e

qu

ival

en

t

other emissions energy-related emissions

Target

Since 2010 slope is not on target

Start Energy Market Liberalization

Start Global Economic Stagnation

17

Goal of the energy transition reduce greenhouse gas emissionsData greenhouse gas emissions Germany 1990-2018 (Mt CO2 eq)

source bdquoEnergiedaten Gesamtausgabeldquo BMWi January 2018

- 80

-20

-40

- 55

- 70

- 95 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Mt

CO

2e

qu

ival

en

t

other emissions energy-related emissions

Target

Start Energy Market Liberalization

Start Global Economic Stagnation

Two main reasons for slow improvements in recent years

Little progress in energy efficiency and savings

No increase of renewables in mobility and heat sectors

18

Main conclusions of WG on bdquoCoupling of Energy Sectorsldquo

bull Electricity from wind and solar power will become the dominant energy sources

bull Because it is often most efficient to use power directly technologies like heat pumps electromobility and electrode heated boilers become important

strong electrification and growing electricity demand sector coupling

need for storage and flexibility

bull But it is not possible to use electricity for all applications

chemical energy carriers remain indispensable hydrogen will be important

more ambitious climate goals require synthetic fuels (power-to-X)

bull Biomass and alternative renewable energy sources need to be used effectively

bull Efficiency is paramount to limit the expansion of wind and PV (and electrical grids) to keep the costs low and thereby to ensure the acceptance of the energy transition

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Large-scale dispursed in space and time energy storage

bull Sector coupling (heat gas eMobility) and eGrid

bull Smart dispursed balancing power generation and DSM

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull DC technology to build meshed distribution grids

bull Solving the eMobility fast charging in urban areas

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conlusions

Storage Requirements in pan-European Electricity System(C Hoffmann IRES Conf 2008)

8 4

2

PV

sh

are

[]

Rel Coverage RES []

Relative Coverage (RES = Wind+PV)

Installed av annual production RES

Average annual consumption

PV share

Installed av annual production PV

Average annual production RES

Relative storage demand

Required storage

Average annual consumption

100

80

60

40

20

0

100 120 140 160 180

Germany2 of 627 TWh 1257 TWh

1257 Mrd euro at 100eurokWh or010 eurokWh of total energy and 20 years service time (Cf 2 Storage horizon 1 week full load)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University20

2 requires all sorts

of low cost dispursed

energy storage

- Fast (min ndashhours)

Batteries amp dual use of

EV amp PHEV batteries

- Large (Days ndash Weeks)

Thermal storage with

heat pumps in homes

and buildings heat and

cold distribution

networks

- Strategic (Months)

Chemical Electrolysers

for H2 and power-to-x

Exergy Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) in Aachen

1 MW Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)equiv Capacity 125 kWh

Hydrogen battery cells equiv Ultrafast charging and discharging properties

equiv BESS can be fully charged and discharged within 75 minutes

equiv Excellent durability (+10000 cycles)

equiv Response time 3 ms

Project start at EONERC Feb 2018equiv Primary energy control reserve

equiv Investigate Future services peak shaving spinning reserve back-up power supply for fast charging stations for EVlsquos

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemTechnically Possible - Scenario for EU-27 + 2

Scenario

calculated in 2011

by R De Doncker

based on linear

extrapolation over

the period 2000-

2010 of the growth

of decentralized

power (CHP and

REN) since market

liberalization in

2000 Predicted

that by 2025 EU

could have had a

CO2 neutral

electrical energy

production

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV

Interesting

observation

transmission

system may

need minimal

upgrade to

DC ETG Task

Force claims

that DC can

be integrated

at lower cost

in existing

infrastructure

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV

Interesting

observation

medium

voltage

distribution

grid will need

upgrades as it

becomes an

exchange

platform

between local

producers

and

prosumers

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV 13 in LV

Interesting

observation

Low-voltage

distribution in

factories

buildings and

homes needs

to exchange

energy

flexibly to MV

grids to

provide D2SM

and storage

functionality

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University26

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for renewables and CHP in urban areas

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and e-Mobility and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

11 hellip 1800 GW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University27

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for Emobility in urban areas

Distributed REN installationBalancing by meshed regional medium-voltage distribution grids

Munich

Berlin

Hamburg

Bremen

Underlay

distribution grid

is an interesting

business

proposition from

DSO

perspective Area for

100 windArea for

100 PV

Cologne

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University28

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Large-scale dispursed in space and time energy storage

bull Sector coupling (heat gas eMobility) and eGrid

bull Smart dispursed balancing power generation and DSM

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull DC technology to build meshed distribution grids

bull Solving the eMobility fast charging in urban areas

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Electric Vehicle Drive Train PrototypeState-of-the-Silicon-art

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker30 27112018

bull Demonstrator 280 kW

2x 115 kW ASM

1x 50 kW PMSM

2 LiIon batteries

144 V and 216 V

384 kWh

bull Audi Q6 e-tron quattro 370 kW (three motors)

Max speed 210 kmh

95 kWh LiIon

DC charging with 150 kW

400 km driving range

e performance developed at RWTH - predecessor of the Audi Q6 Production at AUDI Brussels ndash Presented Nov 2018 in San Francisco CA

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Modularity leads us to a standard components enabling various traction drive platforms ndash eTron platform (2016)

Source audicom July 2016

31 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

4

Distribution GridTypical Urban Grid Structure with e-Mobility (40 kW charger) is quickly overloaded

Branch A 21 households max total power 98 kW 178 kW (2 veh)

Length 461 m

Branch B 34 households max total power 129 kW 249 KW (3 veh)

Length 715 m

Branch C 10 households max total power 68 kW 108 kW (1 veh)

Length 185 m

Connection to transmission grid Transformer Capacity 250 kVA 630 kVA

Upgrade of 400V AC infrastructure

Based on M Stieneker and R W De

Doncker Medium-voltage DC

distribution grids in urban areas 2016

IEEE 7th International Symposium on

Power Electronics for Distributed

Generation Systems (PEDG) Vancouver

2016

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University32

Classical Distribution Grids are radialIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

HV

25 25 25 25

50 50

==3~

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University33

Classical Distribution Grids are radial and massively oversizedIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

HV

25 25 25

100

25 25 25

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

25

==3~

0

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University34

==

N x (F)CS

==

==

==

Hybrid Approach to Maximize Capacity of Distribution GridsIntegration of e-Mobility PV Wind Storage hellip by MVDC-Backbone

3~= =

3~= =

MVDC

MVDC

HV

==

==

==

==

N x (F)CS

25

25

25

100 100

25

50 50

MV MV

MVDC

LVLVLVLV

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University35

Dual Active Bridge DC-DC ConverterMedium-Voltage High-Power DC-DC Converter

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University36

P = 7 MW VDC = 5 kV plusmn10 Efficiency up to 992 Ultimately air-cooled devices are an option DC substation at 13 weight of 50 Hz

transformer

R Lenke bdquoA Contribution to the Design of Isolated DC-DC Converters for Utility Applicationsldquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2012

N Soltau bdquoHigh-power medium-voltage DC-DC converters design control and demonstrationrdquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2017

DC-grid and energy management in a DC quarterLower infrastructure cost higher efficiency and bidirectional

MVDC

LVDC

(AC)

5 kV+(-) 380 V

DC-ConverterLegacy AC

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University37

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Material savings

bull Ecological footprint

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

World-wide target for costs (eurokWh) for large-scale automotive LIB cells

published by the end of 2012

Technology DriversPrice Development of Lithium-Ion Batteries (only cells)

ISEA forecast (2010)

Prices decreased faster

than predicted by NEDO

Germany (BMBFISI)

South Korea (MKE)

Source bdquoTechnologie-

Roadmap Energiespeicher

fuumlr die Elektromobilitaumlt 2030ldquo

Cost in eurokWh

Consumer cell are even

cheaper (eg TESLA)

39 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

Cost reduction of Power ElectronicsDriven by renewables ndash eg Global installed capacity of wind

540 GWpeak installed capacity by the end of 2017 ndash assuming 50 DFG

this translates in approximately 810 GVA of power electronic converters

Multi-megawatt power electronic converters are becoming a mass product

During the past 25 years a major cost reduction of voltage source inverters

took place from 500 eurokVA down to 20 eurokVA

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University40

Price of silicon cells and power electronics inter-twined

Silicon is made of SiO2 (ie sand an abundant material) and energy

Energy is produced by PV

PV energy is controlled and converted by power electronics made of silicon

In 2018$ 0113

Source R W De Doncker IEEE IPEC ECCE 2014 Hiroshima Japan

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University41

Technology Drivers

Price Development of Power Electronics

Specific cost for EV inverters

equiv 1995 $50kVA1

equiv 2015 $5kVA2

equiv 2020 RampD target $33kVA

1 Source Data provided by R De Doncker2 Source US Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office

3

4

5

6

7

8

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

cost

in $

kW

year

Material Usage in Power Transformers

Frequency matters

bull Weight distribution of copper and Si-steel

in machines and transformers

bull Copper 25 ndash 30

bull Iron lamination 70 ndash 75

bull Specific weight Fe 8 gcmsup3

bull Specific weight Cu 9 gcmsup3

bull Standard 50 Hz Transformer 25 kgkVA

bull 7 MW DC-DC converter 1 kHz 5 kV

bull 3 x 23 MVA transformers

bull 1000 Hz transformer 025 kgkVA

bull Increased power density by a factor of 10

compared to 50 Hz transformer

bull AC grids are based on transformer technology

Designed for top down energy transmission

Constant voltage and constant frequency

Flexible AC grids (FACTS) will require major investments in infrastructure

and power electronic energy conversion and storage systems

In 2000 EU29 had 685GW installed capacity ie 137 Mton on Cu and Si-

Steel in generators and transformers ie 1096 Beuro (at price of 8 eurokg)

Standard AC Grid Configuration for Transmission and Distribution

gt 20000 tonGW

Ecological Impact Analysis for Charging InfrastructureAC Charging 22 kW vs DC-Charging Mixed 50 kW amp 37 kW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University45

8490

8045

8008

8386

8216

6910

8917

8224

7211

3347

5536

7386

5974

5218

7325

6584

6479

8305

0 20 40 60 80 100

Landwirtschaftliche Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Klimawandel [kg CO2-Aumlq]

Verbrauch fossiler Rohstoffe [kg oil-Aumlq]

Frischwasseroumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Frischwasser Eutrophierung [kg P-Aumlq]

Humantoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Ionisierende Strahlung [kg U235-Aumlq]

Meeresoumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Meereseutrophierung [kg N-Aumlq]

Verbrauch mineralischer Rohstoffe [kg Fe-hellip

Natuumlrliche Landumwandlung [msup2]

Ozonabbau [kg CFC-11-Aumlq]

Partikelbildung [kg PM10-Aumlq]

Photochemische Oxidantienbildung [kghellip

Terrestrische Versauerung [kg SO2-Aumlq]

Terrestrische Oumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Staumldtische Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Wasserverbrauch [msup3]

AC-System

DC-System

Water usage [m3]

City land usage [m2a]

Global toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Global acidity increase [kg SO2 eq]

Photochemical Oxidants [kg]

Particles [kg PM10 eq]

Ozon reduction [kg CFC11 eq]

Natural land usage [m2]

Usage of mineral resources [kg Fe eq]

Sea water eutrophication [kg N eq]

Sea water ecological toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Ionic radiation [kg U235 eq]

Human toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Drinking water eutrophication [kg P eq]

Drinking water toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Usage of fossil fuels [kg Oil eq]

Climate change impact [kg CO2 eq]

Occupation of agricultural land [m2a]

Summary

Renewable energy has the full potential as a foundation for the future sustainable energy supply of industrial societies

Underlay meshed DC grids shorten the path between volatile renewable energy and consumers and have advantages at flexibility and cost

Interconnected DC grids offer an efficient solution for fast charging service E-mobility can support the grid with all required control power and a useful

proportion of storage Most importantly DC technology saves materials which reduces significantly

the ecological footprint

Researchers and engineers have identified solutions but still open questions Can implementation be accelerated by training technicians Are regulatory issues in the way

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University46

47

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

48

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

CWDKESS

ISEA

ELAB

CMP

FEN

e3D

EON ERC

Kopernikus

Grids

ENSURE

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

15

Interdisciplinary group experts from natural technical economical and social sciences from both academia and industry

Leading Question How can we transform the energy supplyto reach the climate goals

Approach of the working group

bull Analysing and evaluating technical options through

1) Expert discussions (bottom up)

2) Comparing relevant energy scenarios

3) Conducting own model calculations (REMod-D)

bull Identifying the economic and societal obstacles and challenges

bull Elaborating options for policy makers to implement changes overcome obstacles and establish necessary instruments

Working Group (WG) on bdquoCoupling of Energy Sectorsldquo

16

Goal of the energy transition reduce greenhouse gas emissionsData greenhouse gas emissions Germany 1990-2018 (Mt CO2 eq)

source bdquoEnergiedaten Gesamtausgabeldquo BMWi January 2018

- 80

-20

-40

- 55

- 70

- 95 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Mt

CO

2e

qu

ival

en

t

other emissions energy-related emissions

Target

Since 2010 slope is not on target

Start Energy Market Liberalization

Start Global Economic Stagnation

17

Goal of the energy transition reduce greenhouse gas emissionsData greenhouse gas emissions Germany 1990-2018 (Mt CO2 eq)

source bdquoEnergiedaten Gesamtausgabeldquo BMWi January 2018

- 80

-20

-40

- 55

- 70

- 95 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Mt

CO

2e

qu

ival

en

t

other emissions energy-related emissions

Target

Start Energy Market Liberalization

Start Global Economic Stagnation

Two main reasons for slow improvements in recent years

Little progress in energy efficiency and savings

No increase of renewables in mobility and heat sectors

18

Main conclusions of WG on bdquoCoupling of Energy Sectorsldquo

bull Electricity from wind and solar power will become the dominant energy sources

bull Because it is often most efficient to use power directly technologies like heat pumps electromobility and electrode heated boilers become important

strong electrification and growing electricity demand sector coupling

need for storage and flexibility

bull But it is not possible to use electricity for all applications

chemical energy carriers remain indispensable hydrogen will be important

more ambitious climate goals require synthetic fuels (power-to-X)

bull Biomass and alternative renewable energy sources need to be used effectively

bull Efficiency is paramount to limit the expansion of wind and PV (and electrical grids) to keep the costs low and thereby to ensure the acceptance of the energy transition

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Large-scale dispursed in space and time energy storage

bull Sector coupling (heat gas eMobility) and eGrid

bull Smart dispursed balancing power generation and DSM

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull DC technology to build meshed distribution grids

bull Solving the eMobility fast charging in urban areas

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conlusions

Storage Requirements in pan-European Electricity System(C Hoffmann IRES Conf 2008)

8 4

2

PV

sh

are

[]

Rel Coverage RES []

Relative Coverage (RES = Wind+PV)

Installed av annual production RES

Average annual consumption

PV share

Installed av annual production PV

Average annual production RES

Relative storage demand

Required storage

Average annual consumption

100

80

60

40

20

0

100 120 140 160 180

Germany2 of 627 TWh 1257 TWh

1257 Mrd euro at 100eurokWh or010 eurokWh of total energy and 20 years service time (Cf 2 Storage horizon 1 week full load)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University20

2 requires all sorts

of low cost dispursed

energy storage

- Fast (min ndashhours)

Batteries amp dual use of

EV amp PHEV batteries

- Large (Days ndash Weeks)

Thermal storage with

heat pumps in homes

and buildings heat and

cold distribution

networks

- Strategic (Months)

Chemical Electrolysers

for H2 and power-to-x

Exergy Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) in Aachen

1 MW Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)equiv Capacity 125 kWh

Hydrogen battery cells equiv Ultrafast charging and discharging properties

equiv BESS can be fully charged and discharged within 75 minutes

equiv Excellent durability (+10000 cycles)

equiv Response time 3 ms

Project start at EONERC Feb 2018equiv Primary energy control reserve

equiv Investigate Future services peak shaving spinning reserve back-up power supply for fast charging stations for EVlsquos

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemTechnically Possible - Scenario for EU-27 + 2

Scenario

calculated in 2011

by R De Doncker

based on linear

extrapolation over

the period 2000-

2010 of the growth

of decentralized

power (CHP and

REN) since market

liberalization in

2000 Predicted

that by 2025 EU

could have had a

CO2 neutral

electrical energy

production

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV

Interesting

observation

transmission

system may

need minimal

upgrade to

DC ETG Task

Force claims

that DC can

be integrated

at lower cost

in existing

infrastructure

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV

Interesting

observation

medium

voltage

distribution

grid will need

upgrades as it

becomes an

exchange

platform

between local

producers

and

prosumers

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV 13 in LV

Interesting

observation

Low-voltage

distribution in

factories

buildings and

homes needs

to exchange

energy

flexibly to MV

grids to

provide D2SM

and storage

functionality

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University26

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for renewables and CHP in urban areas

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and e-Mobility and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

11 hellip 1800 GW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University27

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for Emobility in urban areas

Distributed REN installationBalancing by meshed regional medium-voltage distribution grids

Munich

Berlin

Hamburg

Bremen

Underlay

distribution grid

is an interesting

business

proposition from

DSO

perspective Area for

100 windArea for

100 PV

Cologne

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University28

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Large-scale dispursed in space and time energy storage

bull Sector coupling (heat gas eMobility) and eGrid

bull Smart dispursed balancing power generation and DSM

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull DC technology to build meshed distribution grids

bull Solving the eMobility fast charging in urban areas

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Electric Vehicle Drive Train PrototypeState-of-the-Silicon-art

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker30 27112018

bull Demonstrator 280 kW

2x 115 kW ASM

1x 50 kW PMSM

2 LiIon batteries

144 V and 216 V

384 kWh

bull Audi Q6 e-tron quattro 370 kW (three motors)

Max speed 210 kmh

95 kWh LiIon

DC charging with 150 kW

400 km driving range

e performance developed at RWTH - predecessor of the Audi Q6 Production at AUDI Brussels ndash Presented Nov 2018 in San Francisco CA

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Modularity leads us to a standard components enabling various traction drive platforms ndash eTron platform (2016)

Source audicom July 2016

31 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

4

Distribution GridTypical Urban Grid Structure with e-Mobility (40 kW charger) is quickly overloaded

Branch A 21 households max total power 98 kW 178 kW (2 veh)

Length 461 m

Branch B 34 households max total power 129 kW 249 KW (3 veh)

Length 715 m

Branch C 10 households max total power 68 kW 108 kW (1 veh)

Length 185 m

Connection to transmission grid Transformer Capacity 250 kVA 630 kVA

Upgrade of 400V AC infrastructure

Based on M Stieneker and R W De

Doncker Medium-voltage DC

distribution grids in urban areas 2016

IEEE 7th International Symposium on

Power Electronics for Distributed

Generation Systems (PEDG) Vancouver

2016

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University32

Classical Distribution Grids are radialIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

HV

25 25 25 25

50 50

==3~

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University33

Classical Distribution Grids are radial and massively oversizedIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

HV

25 25 25

100

25 25 25

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

25

==3~

0

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University34

==

N x (F)CS

==

==

==

Hybrid Approach to Maximize Capacity of Distribution GridsIntegration of e-Mobility PV Wind Storage hellip by MVDC-Backbone

3~= =

3~= =

MVDC

MVDC

HV

==

==

==

==

N x (F)CS

25

25

25

100 100

25

50 50

MV MV

MVDC

LVLVLVLV

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University35

Dual Active Bridge DC-DC ConverterMedium-Voltage High-Power DC-DC Converter

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University36

P = 7 MW VDC = 5 kV plusmn10 Efficiency up to 992 Ultimately air-cooled devices are an option DC substation at 13 weight of 50 Hz

transformer

R Lenke bdquoA Contribution to the Design of Isolated DC-DC Converters for Utility Applicationsldquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2012

N Soltau bdquoHigh-power medium-voltage DC-DC converters design control and demonstrationrdquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2017

DC-grid and energy management in a DC quarterLower infrastructure cost higher efficiency and bidirectional

MVDC

LVDC

(AC)

5 kV+(-) 380 V

DC-ConverterLegacy AC

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University37

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Material savings

bull Ecological footprint

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

World-wide target for costs (eurokWh) for large-scale automotive LIB cells

published by the end of 2012

Technology DriversPrice Development of Lithium-Ion Batteries (only cells)

ISEA forecast (2010)

Prices decreased faster

than predicted by NEDO

Germany (BMBFISI)

South Korea (MKE)

Source bdquoTechnologie-

Roadmap Energiespeicher

fuumlr die Elektromobilitaumlt 2030ldquo

Cost in eurokWh

Consumer cell are even

cheaper (eg TESLA)

39 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

Cost reduction of Power ElectronicsDriven by renewables ndash eg Global installed capacity of wind

540 GWpeak installed capacity by the end of 2017 ndash assuming 50 DFG

this translates in approximately 810 GVA of power electronic converters

Multi-megawatt power electronic converters are becoming a mass product

During the past 25 years a major cost reduction of voltage source inverters

took place from 500 eurokVA down to 20 eurokVA

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University40

Price of silicon cells and power electronics inter-twined

Silicon is made of SiO2 (ie sand an abundant material) and energy

Energy is produced by PV

PV energy is controlled and converted by power electronics made of silicon

In 2018$ 0113

Source R W De Doncker IEEE IPEC ECCE 2014 Hiroshima Japan

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University41

Technology Drivers

Price Development of Power Electronics

Specific cost for EV inverters

equiv 1995 $50kVA1

equiv 2015 $5kVA2

equiv 2020 RampD target $33kVA

1 Source Data provided by R De Doncker2 Source US Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office

3

4

5

6

7

8

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

cost

in $

kW

year

Material Usage in Power Transformers

Frequency matters

bull Weight distribution of copper and Si-steel

in machines and transformers

bull Copper 25 ndash 30

bull Iron lamination 70 ndash 75

bull Specific weight Fe 8 gcmsup3

bull Specific weight Cu 9 gcmsup3

bull Standard 50 Hz Transformer 25 kgkVA

bull 7 MW DC-DC converter 1 kHz 5 kV

bull 3 x 23 MVA transformers

bull 1000 Hz transformer 025 kgkVA

bull Increased power density by a factor of 10

compared to 50 Hz transformer

bull AC grids are based on transformer technology

Designed for top down energy transmission

Constant voltage and constant frequency

Flexible AC grids (FACTS) will require major investments in infrastructure

and power electronic energy conversion and storage systems

In 2000 EU29 had 685GW installed capacity ie 137 Mton on Cu and Si-

Steel in generators and transformers ie 1096 Beuro (at price of 8 eurokg)

Standard AC Grid Configuration for Transmission and Distribution

gt 20000 tonGW

Ecological Impact Analysis for Charging InfrastructureAC Charging 22 kW vs DC-Charging Mixed 50 kW amp 37 kW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University45

8490

8045

8008

8386

8216

6910

8917

8224

7211

3347

5536

7386

5974

5218

7325

6584

6479

8305

0 20 40 60 80 100

Landwirtschaftliche Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Klimawandel [kg CO2-Aumlq]

Verbrauch fossiler Rohstoffe [kg oil-Aumlq]

Frischwasseroumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Frischwasser Eutrophierung [kg P-Aumlq]

Humantoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Ionisierende Strahlung [kg U235-Aumlq]

Meeresoumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Meereseutrophierung [kg N-Aumlq]

Verbrauch mineralischer Rohstoffe [kg Fe-hellip

Natuumlrliche Landumwandlung [msup2]

Ozonabbau [kg CFC-11-Aumlq]

Partikelbildung [kg PM10-Aumlq]

Photochemische Oxidantienbildung [kghellip

Terrestrische Versauerung [kg SO2-Aumlq]

Terrestrische Oumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Staumldtische Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Wasserverbrauch [msup3]

AC-System

DC-System

Water usage [m3]

City land usage [m2a]

Global toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Global acidity increase [kg SO2 eq]

Photochemical Oxidants [kg]

Particles [kg PM10 eq]

Ozon reduction [kg CFC11 eq]

Natural land usage [m2]

Usage of mineral resources [kg Fe eq]

Sea water eutrophication [kg N eq]

Sea water ecological toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Ionic radiation [kg U235 eq]

Human toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Drinking water eutrophication [kg P eq]

Drinking water toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Usage of fossil fuels [kg Oil eq]

Climate change impact [kg CO2 eq]

Occupation of agricultural land [m2a]

Summary

Renewable energy has the full potential as a foundation for the future sustainable energy supply of industrial societies

Underlay meshed DC grids shorten the path between volatile renewable energy and consumers and have advantages at flexibility and cost

Interconnected DC grids offer an efficient solution for fast charging service E-mobility can support the grid with all required control power and a useful

proportion of storage Most importantly DC technology saves materials which reduces significantly

the ecological footprint

Researchers and engineers have identified solutions but still open questions Can implementation be accelerated by training technicians Are regulatory issues in the way

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University46

47

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

48

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

CWDKESS

ISEA

ELAB

CMP

FEN

e3D

EON ERC

Kopernikus

Grids

ENSURE

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

16

Goal of the energy transition reduce greenhouse gas emissionsData greenhouse gas emissions Germany 1990-2018 (Mt CO2 eq)

source bdquoEnergiedaten Gesamtausgabeldquo BMWi January 2018

- 80

-20

-40

- 55

- 70

- 95 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Mt

CO

2e

qu

ival

en

t

other emissions energy-related emissions

Target

Since 2010 slope is not on target

Start Energy Market Liberalization

Start Global Economic Stagnation

17

Goal of the energy transition reduce greenhouse gas emissionsData greenhouse gas emissions Germany 1990-2018 (Mt CO2 eq)

source bdquoEnergiedaten Gesamtausgabeldquo BMWi January 2018

- 80

-20

-40

- 55

- 70

- 95 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Mt

CO

2e

qu

ival

en

t

other emissions energy-related emissions

Target

Start Energy Market Liberalization

Start Global Economic Stagnation

Two main reasons for slow improvements in recent years

Little progress in energy efficiency and savings

No increase of renewables in mobility and heat sectors

18

Main conclusions of WG on bdquoCoupling of Energy Sectorsldquo

bull Electricity from wind and solar power will become the dominant energy sources

bull Because it is often most efficient to use power directly technologies like heat pumps electromobility and electrode heated boilers become important

strong electrification and growing electricity demand sector coupling

need for storage and flexibility

bull But it is not possible to use electricity for all applications

chemical energy carriers remain indispensable hydrogen will be important

more ambitious climate goals require synthetic fuels (power-to-X)

bull Biomass and alternative renewable energy sources need to be used effectively

bull Efficiency is paramount to limit the expansion of wind and PV (and electrical grids) to keep the costs low and thereby to ensure the acceptance of the energy transition

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Large-scale dispursed in space and time energy storage

bull Sector coupling (heat gas eMobility) and eGrid

bull Smart dispursed balancing power generation and DSM

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull DC technology to build meshed distribution grids

bull Solving the eMobility fast charging in urban areas

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conlusions

Storage Requirements in pan-European Electricity System(C Hoffmann IRES Conf 2008)

8 4

2

PV

sh

are

[]

Rel Coverage RES []

Relative Coverage (RES = Wind+PV)

Installed av annual production RES

Average annual consumption

PV share

Installed av annual production PV

Average annual production RES

Relative storage demand

Required storage

Average annual consumption

100

80

60

40

20

0

100 120 140 160 180

Germany2 of 627 TWh 1257 TWh

1257 Mrd euro at 100eurokWh or010 eurokWh of total energy and 20 years service time (Cf 2 Storage horizon 1 week full load)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University20

2 requires all sorts

of low cost dispursed

energy storage

- Fast (min ndashhours)

Batteries amp dual use of

EV amp PHEV batteries

- Large (Days ndash Weeks)

Thermal storage with

heat pumps in homes

and buildings heat and

cold distribution

networks

- Strategic (Months)

Chemical Electrolysers

for H2 and power-to-x

Exergy Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) in Aachen

1 MW Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)equiv Capacity 125 kWh

Hydrogen battery cells equiv Ultrafast charging and discharging properties

equiv BESS can be fully charged and discharged within 75 minutes

equiv Excellent durability (+10000 cycles)

equiv Response time 3 ms

Project start at EONERC Feb 2018equiv Primary energy control reserve

equiv Investigate Future services peak shaving spinning reserve back-up power supply for fast charging stations for EVlsquos

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemTechnically Possible - Scenario for EU-27 + 2

Scenario

calculated in 2011

by R De Doncker

based on linear

extrapolation over

the period 2000-

2010 of the growth

of decentralized

power (CHP and

REN) since market

liberalization in

2000 Predicted

that by 2025 EU

could have had a

CO2 neutral

electrical energy

production

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV

Interesting

observation

transmission

system may

need minimal

upgrade to

DC ETG Task

Force claims

that DC can

be integrated

at lower cost

in existing

infrastructure

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV

Interesting

observation

medium

voltage

distribution

grid will need

upgrades as it

becomes an

exchange

platform

between local

producers

and

prosumers

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV 13 in LV

Interesting

observation

Low-voltage

distribution in

factories

buildings and

homes needs

to exchange

energy

flexibly to MV

grids to

provide D2SM

and storage

functionality

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University26

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for renewables and CHP in urban areas

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and e-Mobility and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

11 hellip 1800 GW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University27

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for Emobility in urban areas

Distributed REN installationBalancing by meshed regional medium-voltage distribution grids

Munich

Berlin

Hamburg

Bremen

Underlay

distribution grid

is an interesting

business

proposition from

DSO

perspective Area for

100 windArea for

100 PV

Cologne

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University28

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Large-scale dispursed in space and time energy storage

bull Sector coupling (heat gas eMobility) and eGrid

bull Smart dispursed balancing power generation and DSM

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull DC technology to build meshed distribution grids

bull Solving the eMobility fast charging in urban areas

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Electric Vehicle Drive Train PrototypeState-of-the-Silicon-art

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker30 27112018

bull Demonstrator 280 kW

2x 115 kW ASM

1x 50 kW PMSM

2 LiIon batteries

144 V and 216 V

384 kWh

bull Audi Q6 e-tron quattro 370 kW (three motors)

Max speed 210 kmh

95 kWh LiIon

DC charging with 150 kW

400 km driving range

e performance developed at RWTH - predecessor of the Audi Q6 Production at AUDI Brussels ndash Presented Nov 2018 in San Francisco CA

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Modularity leads us to a standard components enabling various traction drive platforms ndash eTron platform (2016)

Source audicom July 2016

31 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

4

Distribution GridTypical Urban Grid Structure with e-Mobility (40 kW charger) is quickly overloaded

Branch A 21 households max total power 98 kW 178 kW (2 veh)

Length 461 m

Branch B 34 households max total power 129 kW 249 KW (3 veh)

Length 715 m

Branch C 10 households max total power 68 kW 108 kW (1 veh)

Length 185 m

Connection to transmission grid Transformer Capacity 250 kVA 630 kVA

Upgrade of 400V AC infrastructure

Based on M Stieneker and R W De

Doncker Medium-voltage DC

distribution grids in urban areas 2016

IEEE 7th International Symposium on

Power Electronics for Distributed

Generation Systems (PEDG) Vancouver

2016

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University32

Classical Distribution Grids are radialIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

HV

25 25 25 25

50 50

==3~

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University33

Classical Distribution Grids are radial and massively oversizedIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

HV

25 25 25

100

25 25 25

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

25

==3~

0

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University34

==

N x (F)CS

==

==

==

Hybrid Approach to Maximize Capacity of Distribution GridsIntegration of e-Mobility PV Wind Storage hellip by MVDC-Backbone

3~= =

3~= =

MVDC

MVDC

HV

==

==

==

==

N x (F)CS

25

25

25

100 100

25

50 50

MV MV

MVDC

LVLVLVLV

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University35

Dual Active Bridge DC-DC ConverterMedium-Voltage High-Power DC-DC Converter

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University36

P = 7 MW VDC = 5 kV plusmn10 Efficiency up to 992 Ultimately air-cooled devices are an option DC substation at 13 weight of 50 Hz

transformer

R Lenke bdquoA Contribution to the Design of Isolated DC-DC Converters for Utility Applicationsldquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2012

N Soltau bdquoHigh-power medium-voltage DC-DC converters design control and demonstrationrdquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2017

DC-grid and energy management in a DC quarterLower infrastructure cost higher efficiency and bidirectional

MVDC

LVDC

(AC)

5 kV+(-) 380 V

DC-ConverterLegacy AC

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University37

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Material savings

bull Ecological footprint

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

World-wide target for costs (eurokWh) for large-scale automotive LIB cells

published by the end of 2012

Technology DriversPrice Development of Lithium-Ion Batteries (only cells)

ISEA forecast (2010)

Prices decreased faster

than predicted by NEDO

Germany (BMBFISI)

South Korea (MKE)

Source bdquoTechnologie-

Roadmap Energiespeicher

fuumlr die Elektromobilitaumlt 2030ldquo

Cost in eurokWh

Consumer cell are even

cheaper (eg TESLA)

39 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

Cost reduction of Power ElectronicsDriven by renewables ndash eg Global installed capacity of wind

540 GWpeak installed capacity by the end of 2017 ndash assuming 50 DFG

this translates in approximately 810 GVA of power electronic converters

Multi-megawatt power electronic converters are becoming a mass product

During the past 25 years a major cost reduction of voltage source inverters

took place from 500 eurokVA down to 20 eurokVA

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University40

Price of silicon cells and power electronics inter-twined

Silicon is made of SiO2 (ie sand an abundant material) and energy

Energy is produced by PV

PV energy is controlled and converted by power electronics made of silicon

In 2018$ 0113

Source R W De Doncker IEEE IPEC ECCE 2014 Hiroshima Japan

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University41

Technology Drivers

Price Development of Power Electronics

Specific cost for EV inverters

equiv 1995 $50kVA1

equiv 2015 $5kVA2

equiv 2020 RampD target $33kVA

1 Source Data provided by R De Doncker2 Source US Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office

3

4

5

6

7

8

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

cost

in $

kW

year

Material Usage in Power Transformers

Frequency matters

bull Weight distribution of copper and Si-steel

in machines and transformers

bull Copper 25 ndash 30

bull Iron lamination 70 ndash 75

bull Specific weight Fe 8 gcmsup3

bull Specific weight Cu 9 gcmsup3

bull Standard 50 Hz Transformer 25 kgkVA

bull 7 MW DC-DC converter 1 kHz 5 kV

bull 3 x 23 MVA transformers

bull 1000 Hz transformer 025 kgkVA

bull Increased power density by a factor of 10

compared to 50 Hz transformer

bull AC grids are based on transformer technology

Designed for top down energy transmission

Constant voltage and constant frequency

Flexible AC grids (FACTS) will require major investments in infrastructure

and power electronic energy conversion and storage systems

In 2000 EU29 had 685GW installed capacity ie 137 Mton on Cu and Si-

Steel in generators and transformers ie 1096 Beuro (at price of 8 eurokg)

Standard AC Grid Configuration for Transmission and Distribution

gt 20000 tonGW

Ecological Impact Analysis for Charging InfrastructureAC Charging 22 kW vs DC-Charging Mixed 50 kW amp 37 kW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University45

8490

8045

8008

8386

8216

6910

8917

8224

7211

3347

5536

7386

5974

5218

7325

6584

6479

8305

0 20 40 60 80 100

Landwirtschaftliche Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Klimawandel [kg CO2-Aumlq]

Verbrauch fossiler Rohstoffe [kg oil-Aumlq]

Frischwasseroumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Frischwasser Eutrophierung [kg P-Aumlq]

Humantoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Ionisierende Strahlung [kg U235-Aumlq]

Meeresoumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Meereseutrophierung [kg N-Aumlq]

Verbrauch mineralischer Rohstoffe [kg Fe-hellip

Natuumlrliche Landumwandlung [msup2]

Ozonabbau [kg CFC-11-Aumlq]

Partikelbildung [kg PM10-Aumlq]

Photochemische Oxidantienbildung [kghellip

Terrestrische Versauerung [kg SO2-Aumlq]

Terrestrische Oumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Staumldtische Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Wasserverbrauch [msup3]

AC-System

DC-System

Water usage [m3]

City land usage [m2a]

Global toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Global acidity increase [kg SO2 eq]

Photochemical Oxidants [kg]

Particles [kg PM10 eq]

Ozon reduction [kg CFC11 eq]

Natural land usage [m2]

Usage of mineral resources [kg Fe eq]

Sea water eutrophication [kg N eq]

Sea water ecological toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Ionic radiation [kg U235 eq]

Human toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Drinking water eutrophication [kg P eq]

Drinking water toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Usage of fossil fuels [kg Oil eq]

Climate change impact [kg CO2 eq]

Occupation of agricultural land [m2a]

Summary

Renewable energy has the full potential as a foundation for the future sustainable energy supply of industrial societies

Underlay meshed DC grids shorten the path between volatile renewable energy and consumers and have advantages at flexibility and cost

Interconnected DC grids offer an efficient solution for fast charging service E-mobility can support the grid with all required control power and a useful

proportion of storage Most importantly DC technology saves materials which reduces significantly

the ecological footprint

Researchers and engineers have identified solutions but still open questions Can implementation be accelerated by training technicians Are regulatory issues in the way

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University46

47

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

48

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

CWDKESS

ISEA

ELAB

CMP

FEN

e3D

EON ERC

Kopernikus

Grids

ENSURE

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

17

Goal of the energy transition reduce greenhouse gas emissionsData greenhouse gas emissions Germany 1990-2018 (Mt CO2 eq)

source bdquoEnergiedaten Gesamtausgabeldquo BMWi January 2018

- 80

-20

-40

- 55

- 70

- 95 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Mt

CO

2e

qu

ival

en

t

other emissions energy-related emissions

Target

Start Energy Market Liberalization

Start Global Economic Stagnation

Two main reasons for slow improvements in recent years

Little progress in energy efficiency and savings

No increase of renewables in mobility and heat sectors

18

Main conclusions of WG on bdquoCoupling of Energy Sectorsldquo

bull Electricity from wind and solar power will become the dominant energy sources

bull Because it is often most efficient to use power directly technologies like heat pumps electromobility and electrode heated boilers become important

strong electrification and growing electricity demand sector coupling

need for storage and flexibility

bull But it is not possible to use electricity for all applications

chemical energy carriers remain indispensable hydrogen will be important

more ambitious climate goals require synthetic fuels (power-to-X)

bull Biomass and alternative renewable energy sources need to be used effectively

bull Efficiency is paramount to limit the expansion of wind and PV (and electrical grids) to keep the costs low and thereby to ensure the acceptance of the energy transition

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Large-scale dispursed in space and time energy storage

bull Sector coupling (heat gas eMobility) and eGrid

bull Smart dispursed balancing power generation and DSM

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull DC technology to build meshed distribution grids

bull Solving the eMobility fast charging in urban areas

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conlusions

Storage Requirements in pan-European Electricity System(C Hoffmann IRES Conf 2008)

8 4

2

PV

sh

are

[]

Rel Coverage RES []

Relative Coverage (RES = Wind+PV)

Installed av annual production RES

Average annual consumption

PV share

Installed av annual production PV

Average annual production RES

Relative storage demand

Required storage

Average annual consumption

100

80

60

40

20

0

100 120 140 160 180

Germany2 of 627 TWh 1257 TWh

1257 Mrd euro at 100eurokWh or010 eurokWh of total energy and 20 years service time (Cf 2 Storage horizon 1 week full load)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University20

2 requires all sorts

of low cost dispursed

energy storage

- Fast (min ndashhours)

Batteries amp dual use of

EV amp PHEV batteries

- Large (Days ndash Weeks)

Thermal storage with

heat pumps in homes

and buildings heat and

cold distribution

networks

- Strategic (Months)

Chemical Electrolysers

for H2 and power-to-x

Exergy Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) in Aachen

1 MW Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)equiv Capacity 125 kWh

Hydrogen battery cells equiv Ultrafast charging and discharging properties

equiv BESS can be fully charged and discharged within 75 minutes

equiv Excellent durability (+10000 cycles)

equiv Response time 3 ms

Project start at EONERC Feb 2018equiv Primary energy control reserve

equiv Investigate Future services peak shaving spinning reserve back-up power supply for fast charging stations for EVlsquos

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemTechnically Possible - Scenario for EU-27 + 2

Scenario

calculated in 2011

by R De Doncker

based on linear

extrapolation over

the period 2000-

2010 of the growth

of decentralized

power (CHP and

REN) since market

liberalization in

2000 Predicted

that by 2025 EU

could have had a

CO2 neutral

electrical energy

production

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV

Interesting

observation

transmission

system may

need minimal

upgrade to

DC ETG Task

Force claims

that DC can

be integrated

at lower cost

in existing

infrastructure

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV

Interesting

observation

medium

voltage

distribution

grid will need

upgrades as it

becomes an

exchange

platform

between local

producers

and

prosumers

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV 13 in LV

Interesting

observation

Low-voltage

distribution in

factories

buildings and

homes needs

to exchange

energy

flexibly to MV

grids to

provide D2SM

and storage

functionality

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University26

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for renewables and CHP in urban areas

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and e-Mobility and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

11 hellip 1800 GW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University27

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for Emobility in urban areas

Distributed REN installationBalancing by meshed regional medium-voltage distribution grids

Munich

Berlin

Hamburg

Bremen

Underlay

distribution grid

is an interesting

business

proposition from

DSO

perspective Area for

100 windArea for

100 PV

Cologne

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University28

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Large-scale dispursed in space and time energy storage

bull Sector coupling (heat gas eMobility) and eGrid

bull Smart dispursed balancing power generation and DSM

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull DC technology to build meshed distribution grids

bull Solving the eMobility fast charging in urban areas

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Electric Vehicle Drive Train PrototypeState-of-the-Silicon-art

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker30 27112018

bull Demonstrator 280 kW

2x 115 kW ASM

1x 50 kW PMSM

2 LiIon batteries

144 V and 216 V

384 kWh

bull Audi Q6 e-tron quattro 370 kW (three motors)

Max speed 210 kmh

95 kWh LiIon

DC charging with 150 kW

400 km driving range

e performance developed at RWTH - predecessor of the Audi Q6 Production at AUDI Brussels ndash Presented Nov 2018 in San Francisco CA

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Modularity leads us to a standard components enabling various traction drive platforms ndash eTron platform (2016)

Source audicom July 2016

31 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

4

Distribution GridTypical Urban Grid Structure with e-Mobility (40 kW charger) is quickly overloaded

Branch A 21 households max total power 98 kW 178 kW (2 veh)

Length 461 m

Branch B 34 households max total power 129 kW 249 KW (3 veh)

Length 715 m

Branch C 10 households max total power 68 kW 108 kW (1 veh)

Length 185 m

Connection to transmission grid Transformer Capacity 250 kVA 630 kVA

Upgrade of 400V AC infrastructure

Based on M Stieneker and R W De

Doncker Medium-voltage DC

distribution grids in urban areas 2016

IEEE 7th International Symposium on

Power Electronics for Distributed

Generation Systems (PEDG) Vancouver

2016

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University32

Classical Distribution Grids are radialIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

HV

25 25 25 25

50 50

==3~

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University33

Classical Distribution Grids are radial and massively oversizedIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

HV

25 25 25

100

25 25 25

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

25

==3~

0

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University34

==

N x (F)CS

==

==

==

Hybrid Approach to Maximize Capacity of Distribution GridsIntegration of e-Mobility PV Wind Storage hellip by MVDC-Backbone

3~= =

3~= =

MVDC

MVDC

HV

==

==

==

==

N x (F)CS

25

25

25

100 100

25

50 50

MV MV

MVDC

LVLVLVLV

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University35

Dual Active Bridge DC-DC ConverterMedium-Voltage High-Power DC-DC Converter

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University36

P = 7 MW VDC = 5 kV plusmn10 Efficiency up to 992 Ultimately air-cooled devices are an option DC substation at 13 weight of 50 Hz

transformer

R Lenke bdquoA Contribution to the Design of Isolated DC-DC Converters for Utility Applicationsldquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2012

N Soltau bdquoHigh-power medium-voltage DC-DC converters design control and demonstrationrdquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2017

DC-grid and energy management in a DC quarterLower infrastructure cost higher efficiency and bidirectional

MVDC

LVDC

(AC)

5 kV+(-) 380 V

DC-ConverterLegacy AC

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University37

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Material savings

bull Ecological footprint

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

World-wide target for costs (eurokWh) for large-scale automotive LIB cells

published by the end of 2012

Technology DriversPrice Development of Lithium-Ion Batteries (only cells)

ISEA forecast (2010)

Prices decreased faster

than predicted by NEDO

Germany (BMBFISI)

South Korea (MKE)

Source bdquoTechnologie-

Roadmap Energiespeicher

fuumlr die Elektromobilitaumlt 2030ldquo

Cost in eurokWh

Consumer cell are even

cheaper (eg TESLA)

39 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

Cost reduction of Power ElectronicsDriven by renewables ndash eg Global installed capacity of wind

540 GWpeak installed capacity by the end of 2017 ndash assuming 50 DFG

this translates in approximately 810 GVA of power electronic converters

Multi-megawatt power electronic converters are becoming a mass product

During the past 25 years a major cost reduction of voltage source inverters

took place from 500 eurokVA down to 20 eurokVA

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University40

Price of silicon cells and power electronics inter-twined

Silicon is made of SiO2 (ie sand an abundant material) and energy

Energy is produced by PV

PV energy is controlled and converted by power electronics made of silicon

In 2018$ 0113

Source R W De Doncker IEEE IPEC ECCE 2014 Hiroshima Japan

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University41

Technology Drivers

Price Development of Power Electronics

Specific cost for EV inverters

equiv 1995 $50kVA1

equiv 2015 $5kVA2

equiv 2020 RampD target $33kVA

1 Source Data provided by R De Doncker2 Source US Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office

3

4

5

6

7

8

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

cost

in $

kW

year

Material Usage in Power Transformers

Frequency matters

bull Weight distribution of copper and Si-steel

in machines and transformers

bull Copper 25 ndash 30

bull Iron lamination 70 ndash 75

bull Specific weight Fe 8 gcmsup3

bull Specific weight Cu 9 gcmsup3

bull Standard 50 Hz Transformer 25 kgkVA

bull 7 MW DC-DC converter 1 kHz 5 kV

bull 3 x 23 MVA transformers

bull 1000 Hz transformer 025 kgkVA

bull Increased power density by a factor of 10

compared to 50 Hz transformer

bull AC grids are based on transformer technology

Designed for top down energy transmission

Constant voltage and constant frequency

Flexible AC grids (FACTS) will require major investments in infrastructure

and power electronic energy conversion and storage systems

In 2000 EU29 had 685GW installed capacity ie 137 Mton on Cu and Si-

Steel in generators and transformers ie 1096 Beuro (at price of 8 eurokg)

Standard AC Grid Configuration for Transmission and Distribution

gt 20000 tonGW

Ecological Impact Analysis for Charging InfrastructureAC Charging 22 kW vs DC-Charging Mixed 50 kW amp 37 kW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University45

8490

8045

8008

8386

8216

6910

8917

8224

7211

3347

5536

7386

5974

5218

7325

6584

6479

8305

0 20 40 60 80 100

Landwirtschaftliche Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Klimawandel [kg CO2-Aumlq]

Verbrauch fossiler Rohstoffe [kg oil-Aumlq]

Frischwasseroumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Frischwasser Eutrophierung [kg P-Aumlq]

Humantoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Ionisierende Strahlung [kg U235-Aumlq]

Meeresoumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Meereseutrophierung [kg N-Aumlq]

Verbrauch mineralischer Rohstoffe [kg Fe-hellip

Natuumlrliche Landumwandlung [msup2]

Ozonabbau [kg CFC-11-Aumlq]

Partikelbildung [kg PM10-Aumlq]

Photochemische Oxidantienbildung [kghellip

Terrestrische Versauerung [kg SO2-Aumlq]

Terrestrische Oumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Staumldtische Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Wasserverbrauch [msup3]

AC-System

DC-System

Water usage [m3]

City land usage [m2a]

Global toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Global acidity increase [kg SO2 eq]

Photochemical Oxidants [kg]

Particles [kg PM10 eq]

Ozon reduction [kg CFC11 eq]

Natural land usage [m2]

Usage of mineral resources [kg Fe eq]

Sea water eutrophication [kg N eq]

Sea water ecological toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Ionic radiation [kg U235 eq]

Human toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Drinking water eutrophication [kg P eq]

Drinking water toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Usage of fossil fuels [kg Oil eq]

Climate change impact [kg CO2 eq]

Occupation of agricultural land [m2a]

Summary

Renewable energy has the full potential as a foundation for the future sustainable energy supply of industrial societies

Underlay meshed DC grids shorten the path between volatile renewable energy and consumers and have advantages at flexibility and cost

Interconnected DC grids offer an efficient solution for fast charging service E-mobility can support the grid with all required control power and a useful

proportion of storage Most importantly DC technology saves materials which reduces significantly

the ecological footprint

Researchers and engineers have identified solutions but still open questions Can implementation be accelerated by training technicians Are regulatory issues in the way

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University46

47

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

48

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

CWDKESS

ISEA

ELAB

CMP

FEN

e3D

EON ERC

Kopernikus

Grids

ENSURE

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

18

Main conclusions of WG on bdquoCoupling of Energy Sectorsldquo

bull Electricity from wind and solar power will become the dominant energy sources

bull Because it is often most efficient to use power directly technologies like heat pumps electromobility and electrode heated boilers become important

strong electrification and growing electricity demand sector coupling

need for storage and flexibility

bull But it is not possible to use electricity for all applications

chemical energy carriers remain indispensable hydrogen will be important

more ambitious climate goals require synthetic fuels (power-to-X)

bull Biomass and alternative renewable energy sources need to be used effectively

bull Efficiency is paramount to limit the expansion of wind and PV (and electrical grids) to keep the costs low and thereby to ensure the acceptance of the energy transition

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Large-scale dispursed in space and time energy storage

bull Sector coupling (heat gas eMobility) and eGrid

bull Smart dispursed balancing power generation and DSM

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull DC technology to build meshed distribution grids

bull Solving the eMobility fast charging in urban areas

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conlusions

Storage Requirements in pan-European Electricity System(C Hoffmann IRES Conf 2008)

8 4

2

PV

sh

are

[]

Rel Coverage RES []

Relative Coverage (RES = Wind+PV)

Installed av annual production RES

Average annual consumption

PV share

Installed av annual production PV

Average annual production RES

Relative storage demand

Required storage

Average annual consumption

100

80

60

40

20

0

100 120 140 160 180

Germany2 of 627 TWh 1257 TWh

1257 Mrd euro at 100eurokWh or010 eurokWh of total energy and 20 years service time (Cf 2 Storage horizon 1 week full load)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University20

2 requires all sorts

of low cost dispursed

energy storage

- Fast (min ndashhours)

Batteries amp dual use of

EV amp PHEV batteries

- Large (Days ndash Weeks)

Thermal storage with

heat pumps in homes

and buildings heat and

cold distribution

networks

- Strategic (Months)

Chemical Electrolysers

for H2 and power-to-x

Exergy Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) in Aachen

1 MW Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)equiv Capacity 125 kWh

Hydrogen battery cells equiv Ultrafast charging and discharging properties

equiv BESS can be fully charged and discharged within 75 minutes

equiv Excellent durability (+10000 cycles)

equiv Response time 3 ms

Project start at EONERC Feb 2018equiv Primary energy control reserve

equiv Investigate Future services peak shaving spinning reserve back-up power supply for fast charging stations for EVlsquos

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemTechnically Possible - Scenario for EU-27 + 2

Scenario

calculated in 2011

by R De Doncker

based on linear

extrapolation over

the period 2000-

2010 of the growth

of decentralized

power (CHP and

REN) since market

liberalization in

2000 Predicted

that by 2025 EU

could have had a

CO2 neutral

electrical energy

production

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV

Interesting

observation

transmission

system may

need minimal

upgrade to

DC ETG Task

Force claims

that DC can

be integrated

at lower cost

in existing

infrastructure

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV

Interesting

observation

medium

voltage

distribution

grid will need

upgrades as it

becomes an

exchange

platform

between local

producers

and

prosumers

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV 13 in LV

Interesting

observation

Low-voltage

distribution in

factories

buildings and

homes needs

to exchange

energy

flexibly to MV

grids to

provide D2SM

and storage

functionality

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University26

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for renewables and CHP in urban areas

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and e-Mobility and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

11 hellip 1800 GW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University27

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for Emobility in urban areas

Distributed REN installationBalancing by meshed regional medium-voltage distribution grids

Munich

Berlin

Hamburg

Bremen

Underlay

distribution grid

is an interesting

business

proposition from

DSO

perspective Area for

100 windArea for

100 PV

Cologne

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University28

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Large-scale dispursed in space and time energy storage

bull Sector coupling (heat gas eMobility) and eGrid

bull Smart dispursed balancing power generation and DSM

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull DC technology to build meshed distribution grids

bull Solving the eMobility fast charging in urban areas

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Electric Vehicle Drive Train PrototypeState-of-the-Silicon-art

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker30 27112018

bull Demonstrator 280 kW

2x 115 kW ASM

1x 50 kW PMSM

2 LiIon batteries

144 V and 216 V

384 kWh

bull Audi Q6 e-tron quattro 370 kW (three motors)

Max speed 210 kmh

95 kWh LiIon

DC charging with 150 kW

400 km driving range

e performance developed at RWTH - predecessor of the Audi Q6 Production at AUDI Brussels ndash Presented Nov 2018 in San Francisco CA

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Modularity leads us to a standard components enabling various traction drive platforms ndash eTron platform (2016)

Source audicom July 2016

31 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

4

Distribution GridTypical Urban Grid Structure with e-Mobility (40 kW charger) is quickly overloaded

Branch A 21 households max total power 98 kW 178 kW (2 veh)

Length 461 m

Branch B 34 households max total power 129 kW 249 KW (3 veh)

Length 715 m

Branch C 10 households max total power 68 kW 108 kW (1 veh)

Length 185 m

Connection to transmission grid Transformer Capacity 250 kVA 630 kVA

Upgrade of 400V AC infrastructure

Based on M Stieneker and R W De

Doncker Medium-voltage DC

distribution grids in urban areas 2016

IEEE 7th International Symposium on

Power Electronics for Distributed

Generation Systems (PEDG) Vancouver

2016

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University32

Classical Distribution Grids are radialIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

HV

25 25 25 25

50 50

==3~

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University33

Classical Distribution Grids are radial and massively oversizedIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

HV

25 25 25

100

25 25 25

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

25

==3~

0

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University34

==

N x (F)CS

==

==

==

Hybrid Approach to Maximize Capacity of Distribution GridsIntegration of e-Mobility PV Wind Storage hellip by MVDC-Backbone

3~= =

3~= =

MVDC

MVDC

HV

==

==

==

==

N x (F)CS

25

25

25

100 100

25

50 50

MV MV

MVDC

LVLVLVLV

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University35

Dual Active Bridge DC-DC ConverterMedium-Voltage High-Power DC-DC Converter

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University36

P = 7 MW VDC = 5 kV plusmn10 Efficiency up to 992 Ultimately air-cooled devices are an option DC substation at 13 weight of 50 Hz

transformer

R Lenke bdquoA Contribution to the Design of Isolated DC-DC Converters for Utility Applicationsldquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2012

N Soltau bdquoHigh-power medium-voltage DC-DC converters design control and demonstrationrdquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2017

DC-grid and energy management in a DC quarterLower infrastructure cost higher efficiency and bidirectional

MVDC

LVDC

(AC)

5 kV+(-) 380 V

DC-ConverterLegacy AC

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University37

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Material savings

bull Ecological footprint

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

World-wide target for costs (eurokWh) for large-scale automotive LIB cells

published by the end of 2012

Technology DriversPrice Development of Lithium-Ion Batteries (only cells)

ISEA forecast (2010)

Prices decreased faster

than predicted by NEDO

Germany (BMBFISI)

South Korea (MKE)

Source bdquoTechnologie-

Roadmap Energiespeicher

fuumlr die Elektromobilitaumlt 2030ldquo

Cost in eurokWh

Consumer cell are even

cheaper (eg TESLA)

39 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

Cost reduction of Power ElectronicsDriven by renewables ndash eg Global installed capacity of wind

540 GWpeak installed capacity by the end of 2017 ndash assuming 50 DFG

this translates in approximately 810 GVA of power electronic converters

Multi-megawatt power electronic converters are becoming a mass product

During the past 25 years a major cost reduction of voltage source inverters

took place from 500 eurokVA down to 20 eurokVA

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University40

Price of silicon cells and power electronics inter-twined

Silicon is made of SiO2 (ie sand an abundant material) and energy

Energy is produced by PV

PV energy is controlled and converted by power electronics made of silicon

In 2018$ 0113

Source R W De Doncker IEEE IPEC ECCE 2014 Hiroshima Japan

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University41

Technology Drivers

Price Development of Power Electronics

Specific cost for EV inverters

equiv 1995 $50kVA1

equiv 2015 $5kVA2

equiv 2020 RampD target $33kVA

1 Source Data provided by R De Doncker2 Source US Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office

3

4

5

6

7

8

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

cost

in $

kW

year

Material Usage in Power Transformers

Frequency matters

bull Weight distribution of copper and Si-steel

in machines and transformers

bull Copper 25 ndash 30

bull Iron lamination 70 ndash 75

bull Specific weight Fe 8 gcmsup3

bull Specific weight Cu 9 gcmsup3

bull Standard 50 Hz Transformer 25 kgkVA

bull 7 MW DC-DC converter 1 kHz 5 kV

bull 3 x 23 MVA transformers

bull 1000 Hz transformer 025 kgkVA

bull Increased power density by a factor of 10

compared to 50 Hz transformer

bull AC grids are based on transformer technology

Designed for top down energy transmission

Constant voltage and constant frequency

Flexible AC grids (FACTS) will require major investments in infrastructure

and power electronic energy conversion and storage systems

In 2000 EU29 had 685GW installed capacity ie 137 Mton on Cu and Si-

Steel in generators and transformers ie 1096 Beuro (at price of 8 eurokg)

Standard AC Grid Configuration for Transmission and Distribution

gt 20000 tonGW

Ecological Impact Analysis for Charging InfrastructureAC Charging 22 kW vs DC-Charging Mixed 50 kW amp 37 kW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University45

8490

8045

8008

8386

8216

6910

8917

8224

7211

3347

5536

7386

5974

5218

7325

6584

6479

8305

0 20 40 60 80 100

Landwirtschaftliche Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Klimawandel [kg CO2-Aumlq]

Verbrauch fossiler Rohstoffe [kg oil-Aumlq]

Frischwasseroumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Frischwasser Eutrophierung [kg P-Aumlq]

Humantoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Ionisierende Strahlung [kg U235-Aumlq]

Meeresoumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Meereseutrophierung [kg N-Aumlq]

Verbrauch mineralischer Rohstoffe [kg Fe-hellip

Natuumlrliche Landumwandlung [msup2]

Ozonabbau [kg CFC-11-Aumlq]

Partikelbildung [kg PM10-Aumlq]

Photochemische Oxidantienbildung [kghellip

Terrestrische Versauerung [kg SO2-Aumlq]

Terrestrische Oumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Staumldtische Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Wasserverbrauch [msup3]

AC-System

DC-System

Water usage [m3]

City land usage [m2a]

Global toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Global acidity increase [kg SO2 eq]

Photochemical Oxidants [kg]

Particles [kg PM10 eq]

Ozon reduction [kg CFC11 eq]

Natural land usage [m2]

Usage of mineral resources [kg Fe eq]

Sea water eutrophication [kg N eq]

Sea water ecological toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Ionic radiation [kg U235 eq]

Human toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Drinking water eutrophication [kg P eq]

Drinking water toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Usage of fossil fuels [kg Oil eq]

Climate change impact [kg CO2 eq]

Occupation of agricultural land [m2a]

Summary

Renewable energy has the full potential as a foundation for the future sustainable energy supply of industrial societies

Underlay meshed DC grids shorten the path between volatile renewable energy and consumers and have advantages at flexibility and cost

Interconnected DC grids offer an efficient solution for fast charging service E-mobility can support the grid with all required control power and a useful

proportion of storage Most importantly DC technology saves materials which reduces significantly

the ecological footprint

Researchers and engineers have identified solutions but still open questions Can implementation be accelerated by training technicians Are regulatory issues in the way

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University46

47

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

48

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

CWDKESS

ISEA

ELAB

CMP

FEN

e3D

EON ERC

Kopernikus

Grids

ENSURE

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Large-scale dispursed in space and time energy storage

bull Sector coupling (heat gas eMobility) and eGrid

bull Smart dispursed balancing power generation and DSM

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull DC technology to build meshed distribution grids

bull Solving the eMobility fast charging in urban areas

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conlusions

Storage Requirements in pan-European Electricity System(C Hoffmann IRES Conf 2008)

8 4

2

PV

sh

are

[]

Rel Coverage RES []

Relative Coverage (RES = Wind+PV)

Installed av annual production RES

Average annual consumption

PV share

Installed av annual production PV

Average annual production RES

Relative storage demand

Required storage

Average annual consumption

100

80

60

40

20

0

100 120 140 160 180

Germany2 of 627 TWh 1257 TWh

1257 Mrd euro at 100eurokWh or010 eurokWh of total energy and 20 years service time (Cf 2 Storage horizon 1 week full load)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University20

2 requires all sorts

of low cost dispursed

energy storage

- Fast (min ndashhours)

Batteries amp dual use of

EV amp PHEV batteries

- Large (Days ndash Weeks)

Thermal storage with

heat pumps in homes

and buildings heat and

cold distribution

networks

- Strategic (Months)

Chemical Electrolysers

for H2 and power-to-x

Exergy Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) in Aachen

1 MW Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)equiv Capacity 125 kWh

Hydrogen battery cells equiv Ultrafast charging and discharging properties

equiv BESS can be fully charged and discharged within 75 minutes

equiv Excellent durability (+10000 cycles)

equiv Response time 3 ms

Project start at EONERC Feb 2018equiv Primary energy control reserve

equiv Investigate Future services peak shaving spinning reserve back-up power supply for fast charging stations for EVlsquos

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemTechnically Possible - Scenario for EU-27 + 2

Scenario

calculated in 2011

by R De Doncker

based on linear

extrapolation over

the period 2000-

2010 of the growth

of decentralized

power (CHP and

REN) since market

liberalization in

2000 Predicted

that by 2025 EU

could have had a

CO2 neutral

electrical energy

production

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV

Interesting

observation

transmission

system may

need minimal

upgrade to

DC ETG Task

Force claims

that DC can

be integrated

at lower cost

in existing

infrastructure

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV

Interesting

observation

medium

voltage

distribution

grid will need

upgrades as it

becomes an

exchange

platform

between local

producers

and

prosumers

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV 13 in LV

Interesting

observation

Low-voltage

distribution in

factories

buildings and

homes needs

to exchange

energy

flexibly to MV

grids to

provide D2SM

and storage

functionality

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University26

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for renewables and CHP in urban areas

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and e-Mobility and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

11 hellip 1800 GW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University27

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for Emobility in urban areas

Distributed REN installationBalancing by meshed regional medium-voltage distribution grids

Munich

Berlin

Hamburg

Bremen

Underlay

distribution grid

is an interesting

business

proposition from

DSO

perspective Area for

100 windArea for

100 PV

Cologne

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University28

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Large-scale dispursed in space and time energy storage

bull Sector coupling (heat gas eMobility) and eGrid

bull Smart dispursed balancing power generation and DSM

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull DC technology to build meshed distribution grids

bull Solving the eMobility fast charging in urban areas

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Electric Vehicle Drive Train PrototypeState-of-the-Silicon-art

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker30 27112018

bull Demonstrator 280 kW

2x 115 kW ASM

1x 50 kW PMSM

2 LiIon batteries

144 V and 216 V

384 kWh

bull Audi Q6 e-tron quattro 370 kW (three motors)

Max speed 210 kmh

95 kWh LiIon

DC charging with 150 kW

400 km driving range

e performance developed at RWTH - predecessor of the Audi Q6 Production at AUDI Brussels ndash Presented Nov 2018 in San Francisco CA

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Modularity leads us to a standard components enabling various traction drive platforms ndash eTron platform (2016)

Source audicom July 2016

31 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

4

Distribution GridTypical Urban Grid Structure with e-Mobility (40 kW charger) is quickly overloaded

Branch A 21 households max total power 98 kW 178 kW (2 veh)

Length 461 m

Branch B 34 households max total power 129 kW 249 KW (3 veh)

Length 715 m

Branch C 10 households max total power 68 kW 108 kW (1 veh)

Length 185 m

Connection to transmission grid Transformer Capacity 250 kVA 630 kVA

Upgrade of 400V AC infrastructure

Based on M Stieneker and R W De

Doncker Medium-voltage DC

distribution grids in urban areas 2016

IEEE 7th International Symposium on

Power Electronics for Distributed

Generation Systems (PEDG) Vancouver

2016

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University32

Classical Distribution Grids are radialIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

HV

25 25 25 25

50 50

==3~

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University33

Classical Distribution Grids are radial and massively oversizedIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

HV

25 25 25

100

25 25 25

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

25

==3~

0

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University34

==

N x (F)CS

==

==

==

Hybrid Approach to Maximize Capacity of Distribution GridsIntegration of e-Mobility PV Wind Storage hellip by MVDC-Backbone

3~= =

3~= =

MVDC

MVDC

HV

==

==

==

==

N x (F)CS

25

25

25

100 100

25

50 50

MV MV

MVDC

LVLVLVLV

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University35

Dual Active Bridge DC-DC ConverterMedium-Voltage High-Power DC-DC Converter

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University36

P = 7 MW VDC = 5 kV plusmn10 Efficiency up to 992 Ultimately air-cooled devices are an option DC substation at 13 weight of 50 Hz

transformer

R Lenke bdquoA Contribution to the Design of Isolated DC-DC Converters for Utility Applicationsldquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2012

N Soltau bdquoHigh-power medium-voltage DC-DC converters design control and demonstrationrdquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2017

DC-grid and energy management in a DC quarterLower infrastructure cost higher efficiency and bidirectional

MVDC

LVDC

(AC)

5 kV+(-) 380 V

DC-ConverterLegacy AC

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University37

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Material savings

bull Ecological footprint

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

World-wide target for costs (eurokWh) for large-scale automotive LIB cells

published by the end of 2012

Technology DriversPrice Development of Lithium-Ion Batteries (only cells)

ISEA forecast (2010)

Prices decreased faster

than predicted by NEDO

Germany (BMBFISI)

South Korea (MKE)

Source bdquoTechnologie-

Roadmap Energiespeicher

fuumlr die Elektromobilitaumlt 2030ldquo

Cost in eurokWh

Consumer cell are even

cheaper (eg TESLA)

39 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

Cost reduction of Power ElectronicsDriven by renewables ndash eg Global installed capacity of wind

540 GWpeak installed capacity by the end of 2017 ndash assuming 50 DFG

this translates in approximately 810 GVA of power electronic converters

Multi-megawatt power electronic converters are becoming a mass product

During the past 25 years a major cost reduction of voltage source inverters

took place from 500 eurokVA down to 20 eurokVA

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University40

Price of silicon cells and power electronics inter-twined

Silicon is made of SiO2 (ie sand an abundant material) and energy

Energy is produced by PV

PV energy is controlled and converted by power electronics made of silicon

In 2018$ 0113

Source R W De Doncker IEEE IPEC ECCE 2014 Hiroshima Japan

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University41

Technology Drivers

Price Development of Power Electronics

Specific cost for EV inverters

equiv 1995 $50kVA1

equiv 2015 $5kVA2

equiv 2020 RampD target $33kVA

1 Source Data provided by R De Doncker2 Source US Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office

3

4

5

6

7

8

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

cost

in $

kW

year

Material Usage in Power Transformers

Frequency matters

bull Weight distribution of copper and Si-steel

in machines and transformers

bull Copper 25 ndash 30

bull Iron lamination 70 ndash 75

bull Specific weight Fe 8 gcmsup3

bull Specific weight Cu 9 gcmsup3

bull Standard 50 Hz Transformer 25 kgkVA

bull 7 MW DC-DC converter 1 kHz 5 kV

bull 3 x 23 MVA transformers

bull 1000 Hz transformer 025 kgkVA

bull Increased power density by a factor of 10

compared to 50 Hz transformer

bull AC grids are based on transformer technology

Designed for top down energy transmission

Constant voltage and constant frequency

Flexible AC grids (FACTS) will require major investments in infrastructure

and power electronic energy conversion and storage systems

In 2000 EU29 had 685GW installed capacity ie 137 Mton on Cu and Si-

Steel in generators and transformers ie 1096 Beuro (at price of 8 eurokg)

Standard AC Grid Configuration for Transmission and Distribution

gt 20000 tonGW

Ecological Impact Analysis for Charging InfrastructureAC Charging 22 kW vs DC-Charging Mixed 50 kW amp 37 kW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University45

8490

8045

8008

8386

8216

6910

8917

8224

7211

3347

5536

7386

5974

5218

7325

6584

6479

8305

0 20 40 60 80 100

Landwirtschaftliche Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Klimawandel [kg CO2-Aumlq]

Verbrauch fossiler Rohstoffe [kg oil-Aumlq]

Frischwasseroumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Frischwasser Eutrophierung [kg P-Aumlq]

Humantoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Ionisierende Strahlung [kg U235-Aumlq]

Meeresoumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Meereseutrophierung [kg N-Aumlq]

Verbrauch mineralischer Rohstoffe [kg Fe-hellip

Natuumlrliche Landumwandlung [msup2]

Ozonabbau [kg CFC-11-Aumlq]

Partikelbildung [kg PM10-Aumlq]

Photochemische Oxidantienbildung [kghellip

Terrestrische Versauerung [kg SO2-Aumlq]

Terrestrische Oumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Staumldtische Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Wasserverbrauch [msup3]

AC-System

DC-System

Water usage [m3]

City land usage [m2a]

Global toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Global acidity increase [kg SO2 eq]

Photochemical Oxidants [kg]

Particles [kg PM10 eq]

Ozon reduction [kg CFC11 eq]

Natural land usage [m2]

Usage of mineral resources [kg Fe eq]

Sea water eutrophication [kg N eq]

Sea water ecological toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Ionic radiation [kg U235 eq]

Human toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Drinking water eutrophication [kg P eq]

Drinking water toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Usage of fossil fuels [kg Oil eq]

Climate change impact [kg CO2 eq]

Occupation of agricultural land [m2a]

Summary

Renewable energy has the full potential as a foundation for the future sustainable energy supply of industrial societies

Underlay meshed DC grids shorten the path between volatile renewable energy and consumers and have advantages at flexibility and cost

Interconnected DC grids offer an efficient solution for fast charging service E-mobility can support the grid with all required control power and a useful

proportion of storage Most importantly DC technology saves materials which reduces significantly

the ecological footprint

Researchers and engineers have identified solutions but still open questions Can implementation be accelerated by training technicians Are regulatory issues in the way

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University46

47

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

48

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

CWDKESS

ISEA

ELAB

CMP

FEN

e3D

EON ERC

Kopernikus

Grids

ENSURE

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

Storage Requirements in pan-European Electricity System(C Hoffmann IRES Conf 2008)

8 4

2

PV

sh

are

[]

Rel Coverage RES []

Relative Coverage (RES = Wind+PV)

Installed av annual production RES

Average annual consumption

PV share

Installed av annual production PV

Average annual production RES

Relative storage demand

Required storage

Average annual consumption

100

80

60

40

20

0

100 120 140 160 180

Germany2 of 627 TWh 1257 TWh

1257 Mrd euro at 100eurokWh or010 eurokWh of total energy and 20 years service time (Cf 2 Storage horizon 1 week full load)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University20

2 requires all sorts

of low cost dispursed

energy storage

- Fast (min ndashhours)

Batteries amp dual use of

EV amp PHEV batteries

- Large (Days ndash Weeks)

Thermal storage with

heat pumps in homes

and buildings heat and

cold distribution

networks

- Strategic (Months)

Chemical Electrolysers

for H2 and power-to-x

Exergy Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) in Aachen

1 MW Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)equiv Capacity 125 kWh

Hydrogen battery cells equiv Ultrafast charging and discharging properties

equiv BESS can be fully charged and discharged within 75 minutes

equiv Excellent durability (+10000 cycles)

equiv Response time 3 ms

Project start at EONERC Feb 2018equiv Primary energy control reserve

equiv Investigate Future services peak shaving spinning reserve back-up power supply for fast charging stations for EVlsquos

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemTechnically Possible - Scenario for EU-27 + 2

Scenario

calculated in 2011

by R De Doncker

based on linear

extrapolation over

the period 2000-

2010 of the growth

of decentralized

power (CHP and

REN) since market

liberalization in

2000 Predicted

that by 2025 EU

could have had a

CO2 neutral

electrical energy

production

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV

Interesting

observation

transmission

system may

need minimal

upgrade to

DC ETG Task

Force claims

that DC can

be integrated

at lower cost

in existing

infrastructure

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV

Interesting

observation

medium

voltage

distribution

grid will need

upgrades as it

becomes an

exchange

platform

between local

producers

and

prosumers

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV 13 in LV

Interesting

observation

Low-voltage

distribution in

factories

buildings and

homes needs

to exchange

energy

flexibly to MV

grids to

provide D2SM

and storage

functionality

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University26

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for renewables and CHP in urban areas

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and e-Mobility and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

11 hellip 1800 GW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University27

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for Emobility in urban areas

Distributed REN installationBalancing by meshed regional medium-voltage distribution grids

Munich

Berlin

Hamburg

Bremen

Underlay

distribution grid

is an interesting

business

proposition from

DSO

perspective Area for

100 windArea for

100 PV

Cologne

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University28

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Large-scale dispursed in space and time energy storage

bull Sector coupling (heat gas eMobility) and eGrid

bull Smart dispursed balancing power generation and DSM

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull DC technology to build meshed distribution grids

bull Solving the eMobility fast charging in urban areas

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Electric Vehicle Drive Train PrototypeState-of-the-Silicon-art

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker30 27112018

bull Demonstrator 280 kW

2x 115 kW ASM

1x 50 kW PMSM

2 LiIon batteries

144 V and 216 V

384 kWh

bull Audi Q6 e-tron quattro 370 kW (three motors)

Max speed 210 kmh

95 kWh LiIon

DC charging with 150 kW

400 km driving range

e performance developed at RWTH - predecessor of the Audi Q6 Production at AUDI Brussels ndash Presented Nov 2018 in San Francisco CA

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Modularity leads us to a standard components enabling various traction drive platforms ndash eTron platform (2016)

Source audicom July 2016

31 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

4

Distribution GridTypical Urban Grid Structure with e-Mobility (40 kW charger) is quickly overloaded

Branch A 21 households max total power 98 kW 178 kW (2 veh)

Length 461 m

Branch B 34 households max total power 129 kW 249 KW (3 veh)

Length 715 m

Branch C 10 households max total power 68 kW 108 kW (1 veh)

Length 185 m

Connection to transmission grid Transformer Capacity 250 kVA 630 kVA

Upgrade of 400V AC infrastructure

Based on M Stieneker and R W De

Doncker Medium-voltage DC

distribution grids in urban areas 2016

IEEE 7th International Symposium on

Power Electronics for Distributed

Generation Systems (PEDG) Vancouver

2016

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University32

Classical Distribution Grids are radialIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

HV

25 25 25 25

50 50

==3~

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University33

Classical Distribution Grids are radial and massively oversizedIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

HV

25 25 25

100

25 25 25

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

25

==3~

0

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University34

==

N x (F)CS

==

==

==

Hybrid Approach to Maximize Capacity of Distribution GridsIntegration of e-Mobility PV Wind Storage hellip by MVDC-Backbone

3~= =

3~= =

MVDC

MVDC

HV

==

==

==

==

N x (F)CS

25

25

25

100 100

25

50 50

MV MV

MVDC

LVLVLVLV

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University35

Dual Active Bridge DC-DC ConverterMedium-Voltage High-Power DC-DC Converter

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University36

P = 7 MW VDC = 5 kV plusmn10 Efficiency up to 992 Ultimately air-cooled devices are an option DC substation at 13 weight of 50 Hz

transformer

R Lenke bdquoA Contribution to the Design of Isolated DC-DC Converters for Utility Applicationsldquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2012

N Soltau bdquoHigh-power medium-voltage DC-DC converters design control and demonstrationrdquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2017

DC-grid and energy management in a DC quarterLower infrastructure cost higher efficiency and bidirectional

MVDC

LVDC

(AC)

5 kV+(-) 380 V

DC-ConverterLegacy AC

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University37

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Material savings

bull Ecological footprint

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

World-wide target for costs (eurokWh) for large-scale automotive LIB cells

published by the end of 2012

Technology DriversPrice Development of Lithium-Ion Batteries (only cells)

ISEA forecast (2010)

Prices decreased faster

than predicted by NEDO

Germany (BMBFISI)

South Korea (MKE)

Source bdquoTechnologie-

Roadmap Energiespeicher

fuumlr die Elektromobilitaumlt 2030ldquo

Cost in eurokWh

Consumer cell are even

cheaper (eg TESLA)

39 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

Cost reduction of Power ElectronicsDriven by renewables ndash eg Global installed capacity of wind

540 GWpeak installed capacity by the end of 2017 ndash assuming 50 DFG

this translates in approximately 810 GVA of power electronic converters

Multi-megawatt power electronic converters are becoming a mass product

During the past 25 years a major cost reduction of voltage source inverters

took place from 500 eurokVA down to 20 eurokVA

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University40

Price of silicon cells and power electronics inter-twined

Silicon is made of SiO2 (ie sand an abundant material) and energy

Energy is produced by PV

PV energy is controlled and converted by power electronics made of silicon

In 2018$ 0113

Source R W De Doncker IEEE IPEC ECCE 2014 Hiroshima Japan

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University41

Technology Drivers

Price Development of Power Electronics

Specific cost for EV inverters

equiv 1995 $50kVA1

equiv 2015 $5kVA2

equiv 2020 RampD target $33kVA

1 Source Data provided by R De Doncker2 Source US Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office

3

4

5

6

7

8

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

cost

in $

kW

year

Material Usage in Power Transformers

Frequency matters

bull Weight distribution of copper and Si-steel

in machines and transformers

bull Copper 25 ndash 30

bull Iron lamination 70 ndash 75

bull Specific weight Fe 8 gcmsup3

bull Specific weight Cu 9 gcmsup3

bull Standard 50 Hz Transformer 25 kgkVA

bull 7 MW DC-DC converter 1 kHz 5 kV

bull 3 x 23 MVA transformers

bull 1000 Hz transformer 025 kgkVA

bull Increased power density by a factor of 10

compared to 50 Hz transformer

bull AC grids are based on transformer technology

Designed for top down energy transmission

Constant voltage and constant frequency

Flexible AC grids (FACTS) will require major investments in infrastructure

and power electronic energy conversion and storage systems

In 2000 EU29 had 685GW installed capacity ie 137 Mton on Cu and Si-

Steel in generators and transformers ie 1096 Beuro (at price of 8 eurokg)

Standard AC Grid Configuration for Transmission and Distribution

gt 20000 tonGW

Ecological Impact Analysis for Charging InfrastructureAC Charging 22 kW vs DC-Charging Mixed 50 kW amp 37 kW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University45

8490

8045

8008

8386

8216

6910

8917

8224

7211

3347

5536

7386

5974

5218

7325

6584

6479

8305

0 20 40 60 80 100

Landwirtschaftliche Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Klimawandel [kg CO2-Aumlq]

Verbrauch fossiler Rohstoffe [kg oil-Aumlq]

Frischwasseroumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Frischwasser Eutrophierung [kg P-Aumlq]

Humantoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Ionisierende Strahlung [kg U235-Aumlq]

Meeresoumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Meereseutrophierung [kg N-Aumlq]

Verbrauch mineralischer Rohstoffe [kg Fe-hellip

Natuumlrliche Landumwandlung [msup2]

Ozonabbau [kg CFC-11-Aumlq]

Partikelbildung [kg PM10-Aumlq]

Photochemische Oxidantienbildung [kghellip

Terrestrische Versauerung [kg SO2-Aumlq]

Terrestrische Oumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Staumldtische Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Wasserverbrauch [msup3]

AC-System

DC-System

Water usage [m3]

City land usage [m2a]

Global toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Global acidity increase [kg SO2 eq]

Photochemical Oxidants [kg]

Particles [kg PM10 eq]

Ozon reduction [kg CFC11 eq]

Natural land usage [m2]

Usage of mineral resources [kg Fe eq]

Sea water eutrophication [kg N eq]

Sea water ecological toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Ionic radiation [kg U235 eq]

Human toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Drinking water eutrophication [kg P eq]

Drinking water toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Usage of fossil fuels [kg Oil eq]

Climate change impact [kg CO2 eq]

Occupation of agricultural land [m2a]

Summary

Renewable energy has the full potential as a foundation for the future sustainable energy supply of industrial societies

Underlay meshed DC grids shorten the path between volatile renewable energy and consumers and have advantages at flexibility and cost

Interconnected DC grids offer an efficient solution for fast charging service E-mobility can support the grid with all required control power and a useful

proportion of storage Most importantly DC technology saves materials which reduces significantly

the ecological footprint

Researchers and engineers have identified solutions but still open questions Can implementation be accelerated by training technicians Are regulatory issues in the way

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University46

47

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

48

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

CWDKESS

ISEA

ELAB

CMP

FEN

e3D

EON ERC

Kopernikus

Grids

ENSURE

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

Exergy Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) in Aachen

1 MW Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)equiv Capacity 125 kWh

Hydrogen battery cells equiv Ultrafast charging and discharging properties

equiv BESS can be fully charged and discharged within 75 minutes

equiv Excellent durability (+10000 cycles)

equiv Response time 3 ms

Project start at EONERC Feb 2018equiv Primary energy control reserve

equiv Investigate Future services peak shaving spinning reserve back-up power supply for fast charging stations for EVlsquos

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemTechnically Possible - Scenario for EU-27 + 2

Scenario

calculated in 2011

by R De Doncker

based on linear

extrapolation over

the period 2000-

2010 of the growth

of decentralized

power (CHP and

REN) since market

liberalization in

2000 Predicted

that by 2025 EU

could have had a

CO2 neutral

electrical energy

production

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV

Interesting

observation

transmission

system may

need minimal

upgrade to

DC ETG Task

Force claims

that DC can

be integrated

at lower cost

in existing

infrastructure

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV

Interesting

observation

medium

voltage

distribution

grid will need

upgrades as it

becomes an

exchange

platform

between local

producers

and

prosumers

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV 13 in LV

Interesting

observation

Low-voltage

distribution in

factories

buildings and

homes needs

to exchange

energy

flexibly to MV

grids to

provide D2SM

and storage

functionality

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University26

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for renewables and CHP in urban areas

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and e-Mobility and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

11 hellip 1800 GW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University27

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for Emobility in urban areas

Distributed REN installationBalancing by meshed regional medium-voltage distribution grids

Munich

Berlin

Hamburg

Bremen

Underlay

distribution grid

is an interesting

business

proposition from

DSO

perspective Area for

100 windArea for

100 PV

Cologne

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University28

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Large-scale dispursed in space and time energy storage

bull Sector coupling (heat gas eMobility) and eGrid

bull Smart dispursed balancing power generation and DSM

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull DC technology to build meshed distribution grids

bull Solving the eMobility fast charging in urban areas

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Electric Vehicle Drive Train PrototypeState-of-the-Silicon-art

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker30 27112018

bull Demonstrator 280 kW

2x 115 kW ASM

1x 50 kW PMSM

2 LiIon batteries

144 V and 216 V

384 kWh

bull Audi Q6 e-tron quattro 370 kW (three motors)

Max speed 210 kmh

95 kWh LiIon

DC charging with 150 kW

400 km driving range

e performance developed at RWTH - predecessor of the Audi Q6 Production at AUDI Brussels ndash Presented Nov 2018 in San Francisco CA

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Modularity leads us to a standard components enabling various traction drive platforms ndash eTron platform (2016)

Source audicom July 2016

31 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

4

Distribution GridTypical Urban Grid Structure with e-Mobility (40 kW charger) is quickly overloaded

Branch A 21 households max total power 98 kW 178 kW (2 veh)

Length 461 m

Branch B 34 households max total power 129 kW 249 KW (3 veh)

Length 715 m

Branch C 10 households max total power 68 kW 108 kW (1 veh)

Length 185 m

Connection to transmission grid Transformer Capacity 250 kVA 630 kVA

Upgrade of 400V AC infrastructure

Based on M Stieneker and R W De

Doncker Medium-voltage DC

distribution grids in urban areas 2016

IEEE 7th International Symposium on

Power Electronics for Distributed

Generation Systems (PEDG) Vancouver

2016

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University32

Classical Distribution Grids are radialIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

HV

25 25 25 25

50 50

==3~

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University33

Classical Distribution Grids are radial and massively oversizedIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

HV

25 25 25

100

25 25 25

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

25

==3~

0

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University34

==

N x (F)CS

==

==

==

Hybrid Approach to Maximize Capacity of Distribution GridsIntegration of e-Mobility PV Wind Storage hellip by MVDC-Backbone

3~= =

3~= =

MVDC

MVDC

HV

==

==

==

==

N x (F)CS

25

25

25

100 100

25

50 50

MV MV

MVDC

LVLVLVLV

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University35

Dual Active Bridge DC-DC ConverterMedium-Voltage High-Power DC-DC Converter

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University36

P = 7 MW VDC = 5 kV plusmn10 Efficiency up to 992 Ultimately air-cooled devices are an option DC substation at 13 weight of 50 Hz

transformer

R Lenke bdquoA Contribution to the Design of Isolated DC-DC Converters for Utility Applicationsldquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2012

N Soltau bdquoHigh-power medium-voltage DC-DC converters design control and demonstrationrdquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2017

DC-grid and energy management in a DC quarterLower infrastructure cost higher efficiency and bidirectional

MVDC

LVDC

(AC)

5 kV+(-) 380 V

DC-ConverterLegacy AC

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University37

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Material savings

bull Ecological footprint

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

World-wide target for costs (eurokWh) for large-scale automotive LIB cells

published by the end of 2012

Technology DriversPrice Development of Lithium-Ion Batteries (only cells)

ISEA forecast (2010)

Prices decreased faster

than predicted by NEDO

Germany (BMBFISI)

South Korea (MKE)

Source bdquoTechnologie-

Roadmap Energiespeicher

fuumlr die Elektromobilitaumlt 2030ldquo

Cost in eurokWh

Consumer cell are even

cheaper (eg TESLA)

39 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

Cost reduction of Power ElectronicsDriven by renewables ndash eg Global installed capacity of wind

540 GWpeak installed capacity by the end of 2017 ndash assuming 50 DFG

this translates in approximately 810 GVA of power electronic converters

Multi-megawatt power electronic converters are becoming a mass product

During the past 25 years a major cost reduction of voltage source inverters

took place from 500 eurokVA down to 20 eurokVA

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University40

Price of silicon cells and power electronics inter-twined

Silicon is made of SiO2 (ie sand an abundant material) and energy

Energy is produced by PV

PV energy is controlled and converted by power electronics made of silicon

In 2018$ 0113

Source R W De Doncker IEEE IPEC ECCE 2014 Hiroshima Japan

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University41

Technology Drivers

Price Development of Power Electronics

Specific cost for EV inverters

equiv 1995 $50kVA1

equiv 2015 $5kVA2

equiv 2020 RampD target $33kVA

1 Source Data provided by R De Doncker2 Source US Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office

3

4

5

6

7

8

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

cost

in $

kW

year

Material Usage in Power Transformers

Frequency matters

bull Weight distribution of copper and Si-steel

in machines and transformers

bull Copper 25 ndash 30

bull Iron lamination 70 ndash 75

bull Specific weight Fe 8 gcmsup3

bull Specific weight Cu 9 gcmsup3

bull Standard 50 Hz Transformer 25 kgkVA

bull 7 MW DC-DC converter 1 kHz 5 kV

bull 3 x 23 MVA transformers

bull 1000 Hz transformer 025 kgkVA

bull Increased power density by a factor of 10

compared to 50 Hz transformer

bull AC grids are based on transformer technology

Designed for top down energy transmission

Constant voltage and constant frequency

Flexible AC grids (FACTS) will require major investments in infrastructure

and power electronic energy conversion and storage systems

In 2000 EU29 had 685GW installed capacity ie 137 Mton on Cu and Si-

Steel in generators and transformers ie 1096 Beuro (at price of 8 eurokg)

Standard AC Grid Configuration for Transmission and Distribution

gt 20000 tonGW

Ecological Impact Analysis for Charging InfrastructureAC Charging 22 kW vs DC-Charging Mixed 50 kW amp 37 kW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University45

8490

8045

8008

8386

8216

6910

8917

8224

7211

3347

5536

7386

5974

5218

7325

6584

6479

8305

0 20 40 60 80 100

Landwirtschaftliche Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Klimawandel [kg CO2-Aumlq]

Verbrauch fossiler Rohstoffe [kg oil-Aumlq]

Frischwasseroumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Frischwasser Eutrophierung [kg P-Aumlq]

Humantoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Ionisierende Strahlung [kg U235-Aumlq]

Meeresoumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Meereseutrophierung [kg N-Aumlq]

Verbrauch mineralischer Rohstoffe [kg Fe-hellip

Natuumlrliche Landumwandlung [msup2]

Ozonabbau [kg CFC-11-Aumlq]

Partikelbildung [kg PM10-Aumlq]

Photochemische Oxidantienbildung [kghellip

Terrestrische Versauerung [kg SO2-Aumlq]

Terrestrische Oumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Staumldtische Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Wasserverbrauch [msup3]

AC-System

DC-System

Water usage [m3]

City land usage [m2a]

Global toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Global acidity increase [kg SO2 eq]

Photochemical Oxidants [kg]

Particles [kg PM10 eq]

Ozon reduction [kg CFC11 eq]

Natural land usage [m2]

Usage of mineral resources [kg Fe eq]

Sea water eutrophication [kg N eq]

Sea water ecological toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Ionic radiation [kg U235 eq]

Human toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Drinking water eutrophication [kg P eq]

Drinking water toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Usage of fossil fuels [kg Oil eq]

Climate change impact [kg CO2 eq]

Occupation of agricultural land [m2a]

Summary

Renewable energy has the full potential as a foundation for the future sustainable energy supply of industrial societies

Underlay meshed DC grids shorten the path between volatile renewable energy and consumers and have advantages at flexibility and cost

Interconnected DC grids offer an efficient solution for fast charging service E-mobility can support the grid with all required control power and a useful

proportion of storage Most importantly DC technology saves materials which reduces significantly

the ecological footprint

Researchers and engineers have identified solutions but still open questions Can implementation be accelerated by training technicians Are regulatory issues in the way

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University46

47

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

48

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

CWDKESS

ISEA

ELAB

CMP

FEN

e3D

EON ERC

Kopernikus

Grids

ENSURE

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemTechnically Possible - Scenario for EU-27 + 2

Scenario

calculated in 2011

by R De Doncker

based on linear

extrapolation over

the period 2000-

2010 of the growth

of decentralized

power (CHP and

REN) since market

liberalization in

2000 Predicted

that by 2025 EU

could have had a

CO2 neutral

electrical energy

production

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV

Interesting

observation

transmission

system may

need minimal

upgrade to

DC ETG Task

Force claims

that DC can

be integrated

at lower cost

in existing

infrastructure

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV

Interesting

observation

medium

voltage

distribution

grid will need

upgrades as it

becomes an

exchange

platform

between local

producers

and

prosumers

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV 13 in LV

Interesting

observation

Low-voltage

distribution in

factories

buildings and

homes needs

to exchange

energy

flexibly to MV

grids to

provide D2SM

and storage

functionality

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University26

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for renewables and CHP in urban areas

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and e-Mobility and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

11 hellip 1800 GW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University27

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for Emobility in urban areas

Distributed REN installationBalancing by meshed regional medium-voltage distribution grids

Munich

Berlin

Hamburg

Bremen

Underlay

distribution grid

is an interesting

business

proposition from

DSO

perspective Area for

100 windArea for

100 PV

Cologne

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University28

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Large-scale dispursed in space and time energy storage

bull Sector coupling (heat gas eMobility) and eGrid

bull Smart dispursed balancing power generation and DSM

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull DC technology to build meshed distribution grids

bull Solving the eMobility fast charging in urban areas

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Electric Vehicle Drive Train PrototypeState-of-the-Silicon-art

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker30 27112018

bull Demonstrator 280 kW

2x 115 kW ASM

1x 50 kW PMSM

2 LiIon batteries

144 V and 216 V

384 kWh

bull Audi Q6 e-tron quattro 370 kW (three motors)

Max speed 210 kmh

95 kWh LiIon

DC charging with 150 kW

400 km driving range

e performance developed at RWTH - predecessor of the Audi Q6 Production at AUDI Brussels ndash Presented Nov 2018 in San Francisco CA

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Modularity leads us to a standard components enabling various traction drive platforms ndash eTron platform (2016)

Source audicom July 2016

31 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

4

Distribution GridTypical Urban Grid Structure with e-Mobility (40 kW charger) is quickly overloaded

Branch A 21 households max total power 98 kW 178 kW (2 veh)

Length 461 m

Branch B 34 households max total power 129 kW 249 KW (3 veh)

Length 715 m

Branch C 10 households max total power 68 kW 108 kW (1 veh)

Length 185 m

Connection to transmission grid Transformer Capacity 250 kVA 630 kVA

Upgrade of 400V AC infrastructure

Based on M Stieneker and R W De

Doncker Medium-voltage DC

distribution grids in urban areas 2016

IEEE 7th International Symposium on

Power Electronics for Distributed

Generation Systems (PEDG) Vancouver

2016

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University32

Classical Distribution Grids are radialIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

HV

25 25 25 25

50 50

==3~

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University33

Classical Distribution Grids are radial and massively oversizedIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

HV

25 25 25

100

25 25 25

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

25

==3~

0

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University34

==

N x (F)CS

==

==

==

Hybrid Approach to Maximize Capacity of Distribution GridsIntegration of e-Mobility PV Wind Storage hellip by MVDC-Backbone

3~= =

3~= =

MVDC

MVDC

HV

==

==

==

==

N x (F)CS

25

25

25

100 100

25

50 50

MV MV

MVDC

LVLVLVLV

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University35

Dual Active Bridge DC-DC ConverterMedium-Voltage High-Power DC-DC Converter

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University36

P = 7 MW VDC = 5 kV plusmn10 Efficiency up to 992 Ultimately air-cooled devices are an option DC substation at 13 weight of 50 Hz

transformer

R Lenke bdquoA Contribution to the Design of Isolated DC-DC Converters for Utility Applicationsldquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2012

N Soltau bdquoHigh-power medium-voltage DC-DC converters design control and demonstrationrdquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2017

DC-grid and energy management in a DC quarterLower infrastructure cost higher efficiency and bidirectional

MVDC

LVDC

(AC)

5 kV+(-) 380 V

DC-ConverterLegacy AC

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University37

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Material savings

bull Ecological footprint

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

World-wide target for costs (eurokWh) for large-scale automotive LIB cells

published by the end of 2012

Technology DriversPrice Development of Lithium-Ion Batteries (only cells)

ISEA forecast (2010)

Prices decreased faster

than predicted by NEDO

Germany (BMBFISI)

South Korea (MKE)

Source bdquoTechnologie-

Roadmap Energiespeicher

fuumlr die Elektromobilitaumlt 2030ldquo

Cost in eurokWh

Consumer cell are even

cheaper (eg TESLA)

39 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

Cost reduction of Power ElectronicsDriven by renewables ndash eg Global installed capacity of wind

540 GWpeak installed capacity by the end of 2017 ndash assuming 50 DFG

this translates in approximately 810 GVA of power electronic converters

Multi-megawatt power electronic converters are becoming a mass product

During the past 25 years a major cost reduction of voltage source inverters

took place from 500 eurokVA down to 20 eurokVA

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University40

Price of silicon cells and power electronics inter-twined

Silicon is made of SiO2 (ie sand an abundant material) and energy

Energy is produced by PV

PV energy is controlled and converted by power electronics made of silicon

In 2018$ 0113

Source R W De Doncker IEEE IPEC ECCE 2014 Hiroshima Japan

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University41

Technology Drivers

Price Development of Power Electronics

Specific cost for EV inverters

equiv 1995 $50kVA1

equiv 2015 $5kVA2

equiv 2020 RampD target $33kVA

1 Source Data provided by R De Doncker2 Source US Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office

3

4

5

6

7

8

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

cost

in $

kW

year

Material Usage in Power Transformers

Frequency matters

bull Weight distribution of copper and Si-steel

in machines and transformers

bull Copper 25 ndash 30

bull Iron lamination 70 ndash 75

bull Specific weight Fe 8 gcmsup3

bull Specific weight Cu 9 gcmsup3

bull Standard 50 Hz Transformer 25 kgkVA

bull 7 MW DC-DC converter 1 kHz 5 kV

bull 3 x 23 MVA transformers

bull 1000 Hz transformer 025 kgkVA

bull Increased power density by a factor of 10

compared to 50 Hz transformer

bull AC grids are based on transformer technology

Designed for top down energy transmission

Constant voltage and constant frequency

Flexible AC grids (FACTS) will require major investments in infrastructure

and power electronic energy conversion and storage systems

In 2000 EU29 had 685GW installed capacity ie 137 Mton on Cu and Si-

Steel in generators and transformers ie 1096 Beuro (at price of 8 eurokg)

Standard AC Grid Configuration for Transmission and Distribution

gt 20000 tonGW

Ecological Impact Analysis for Charging InfrastructureAC Charging 22 kW vs DC-Charging Mixed 50 kW amp 37 kW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University45

8490

8045

8008

8386

8216

6910

8917

8224

7211

3347

5536

7386

5974

5218

7325

6584

6479

8305

0 20 40 60 80 100

Landwirtschaftliche Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Klimawandel [kg CO2-Aumlq]

Verbrauch fossiler Rohstoffe [kg oil-Aumlq]

Frischwasseroumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Frischwasser Eutrophierung [kg P-Aumlq]

Humantoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Ionisierende Strahlung [kg U235-Aumlq]

Meeresoumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Meereseutrophierung [kg N-Aumlq]

Verbrauch mineralischer Rohstoffe [kg Fe-hellip

Natuumlrliche Landumwandlung [msup2]

Ozonabbau [kg CFC-11-Aumlq]

Partikelbildung [kg PM10-Aumlq]

Photochemische Oxidantienbildung [kghellip

Terrestrische Versauerung [kg SO2-Aumlq]

Terrestrische Oumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Staumldtische Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Wasserverbrauch [msup3]

AC-System

DC-System

Water usage [m3]

City land usage [m2a]

Global toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Global acidity increase [kg SO2 eq]

Photochemical Oxidants [kg]

Particles [kg PM10 eq]

Ozon reduction [kg CFC11 eq]

Natural land usage [m2]

Usage of mineral resources [kg Fe eq]

Sea water eutrophication [kg N eq]

Sea water ecological toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Ionic radiation [kg U235 eq]

Human toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Drinking water eutrophication [kg P eq]

Drinking water toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Usage of fossil fuels [kg Oil eq]

Climate change impact [kg CO2 eq]

Occupation of agricultural land [m2a]

Summary

Renewable energy has the full potential as a foundation for the future sustainable energy supply of industrial societies

Underlay meshed DC grids shorten the path between volatile renewable energy and consumers and have advantages at flexibility and cost

Interconnected DC grids offer an efficient solution for fast charging service E-mobility can support the grid with all required control power and a useful

proportion of storage Most importantly DC technology saves materials which reduces significantly

the ecological footprint

Researchers and engineers have identified solutions but still open questions Can implementation be accelerated by training technicians Are regulatory issues in the way

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University46

47

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

48

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

CWDKESS

ISEA

ELAB

CMP

FEN

e3D

EON ERC

Kopernikus

Grids

ENSURE

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV

Interesting

observation

transmission

system may

need minimal

upgrade to

DC ETG Task

Force claims

that DC can

be integrated

at lower cost

in existing

infrastructure

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV

Interesting

observation

medium

voltage

distribution

grid will need

upgrades as it

becomes an

exchange

platform

between local

producers

and

prosumers

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV 13 in LV

Interesting

observation

Low-voltage

distribution in

factories

buildings and

homes needs

to exchange

energy

flexibly to MV

grids to

provide D2SM

and storage

functionality

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University26

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for renewables and CHP in urban areas

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and e-Mobility and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

11 hellip 1800 GW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University27

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for Emobility in urban areas

Distributed REN installationBalancing by meshed regional medium-voltage distribution grids

Munich

Berlin

Hamburg

Bremen

Underlay

distribution grid

is an interesting

business

proposition from

DSO

perspective Area for

100 windArea for

100 PV

Cologne

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University28

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Large-scale dispursed in space and time energy storage

bull Sector coupling (heat gas eMobility) and eGrid

bull Smart dispursed balancing power generation and DSM

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull DC technology to build meshed distribution grids

bull Solving the eMobility fast charging in urban areas

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Electric Vehicle Drive Train PrototypeState-of-the-Silicon-art

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker30 27112018

bull Demonstrator 280 kW

2x 115 kW ASM

1x 50 kW PMSM

2 LiIon batteries

144 V and 216 V

384 kWh

bull Audi Q6 e-tron quattro 370 kW (three motors)

Max speed 210 kmh

95 kWh LiIon

DC charging with 150 kW

400 km driving range

e performance developed at RWTH - predecessor of the Audi Q6 Production at AUDI Brussels ndash Presented Nov 2018 in San Francisco CA

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Modularity leads us to a standard components enabling various traction drive platforms ndash eTron platform (2016)

Source audicom July 2016

31 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

4

Distribution GridTypical Urban Grid Structure with e-Mobility (40 kW charger) is quickly overloaded

Branch A 21 households max total power 98 kW 178 kW (2 veh)

Length 461 m

Branch B 34 households max total power 129 kW 249 KW (3 veh)

Length 715 m

Branch C 10 households max total power 68 kW 108 kW (1 veh)

Length 185 m

Connection to transmission grid Transformer Capacity 250 kVA 630 kVA

Upgrade of 400V AC infrastructure

Based on M Stieneker and R W De

Doncker Medium-voltage DC

distribution grids in urban areas 2016

IEEE 7th International Symposium on

Power Electronics for Distributed

Generation Systems (PEDG) Vancouver

2016

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University32

Classical Distribution Grids are radialIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

HV

25 25 25 25

50 50

==3~

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University33

Classical Distribution Grids are radial and massively oversizedIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

HV

25 25 25

100

25 25 25

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

25

==3~

0

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University34

==

N x (F)CS

==

==

==

Hybrid Approach to Maximize Capacity of Distribution GridsIntegration of e-Mobility PV Wind Storage hellip by MVDC-Backbone

3~= =

3~= =

MVDC

MVDC

HV

==

==

==

==

N x (F)CS

25

25

25

100 100

25

50 50

MV MV

MVDC

LVLVLVLV

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University35

Dual Active Bridge DC-DC ConverterMedium-Voltage High-Power DC-DC Converter

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University36

P = 7 MW VDC = 5 kV plusmn10 Efficiency up to 992 Ultimately air-cooled devices are an option DC substation at 13 weight of 50 Hz

transformer

R Lenke bdquoA Contribution to the Design of Isolated DC-DC Converters for Utility Applicationsldquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2012

N Soltau bdquoHigh-power medium-voltage DC-DC converters design control and demonstrationrdquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2017

DC-grid and energy management in a DC quarterLower infrastructure cost higher efficiency and bidirectional

MVDC

LVDC

(AC)

5 kV+(-) 380 V

DC-ConverterLegacy AC

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University37

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Material savings

bull Ecological footprint

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

World-wide target for costs (eurokWh) for large-scale automotive LIB cells

published by the end of 2012

Technology DriversPrice Development of Lithium-Ion Batteries (only cells)

ISEA forecast (2010)

Prices decreased faster

than predicted by NEDO

Germany (BMBFISI)

South Korea (MKE)

Source bdquoTechnologie-

Roadmap Energiespeicher

fuumlr die Elektromobilitaumlt 2030ldquo

Cost in eurokWh

Consumer cell are even

cheaper (eg TESLA)

39 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

Cost reduction of Power ElectronicsDriven by renewables ndash eg Global installed capacity of wind

540 GWpeak installed capacity by the end of 2017 ndash assuming 50 DFG

this translates in approximately 810 GVA of power electronic converters

Multi-megawatt power electronic converters are becoming a mass product

During the past 25 years a major cost reduction of voltage source inverters

took place from 500 eurokVA down to 20 eurokVA

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University40

Price of silicon cells and power electronics inter-twined

Silicon is made of SiO2 (ie sand an abundant material) and energy

Energy is produced by PV

PV energy is controlled and converted by power electronics made of silicon

In 2018$ 0113

Source R W De Doncker IEEE IPEC ECCE 2014 Hiroshima Japan

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University41

Technology Drivers

Price Development of Power Electronics

Specific cost for EV inverters

equiv 1995 $50kVA1

equiv 2015 $5kVA2

equiv 2020 RampD target $33kVA

1 Source Data provided by R De Doncker2 Source US Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office

3

4

5

6

7

8

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

cost

in $

kW

year

Material Usage in Power Transformers

Frequency matters

bull Weight distribution of copper and Si-steel

in machines and transformers

bull Copper 25 ndash 30

bull Iron lamination 70 ndash 75

bull Specific weight Fe 8 gcmsup3

bull Specific weight Cu 9 gcmsup3

bull Standard 50 Hz Transformer 25 kgkVA

bull 7 MW DC-DC converter 1 kHz 5 kV

bull 3 x 23 MVA transformers

bull 1000 Hz transformer 025 kgkVA

bull Increased power density by a factor of 10

compared to 50 Hz transformer

bull AC grids are based on transformer technology

Designed for top down energy transmission

Constant voltage and constant frequency

Flexible AC grids (FACTS) will require major investments in infrastructure

and power electronic energy conversion and storage systems

In 2000 EU29 had 685GW installed capacity ie 137 Mton on Cu and Si-

Steel in generators and transformers ie 1096 Beuro (at price of 8 eurokg)

Standard AC Grid Configuration for Transmission and Distribution

gt 20000 tonGW

Ecological Impact Analysis for Charging InfrastructureAC Charging 22 kW vs DC-Charging Mixed 50 kW amp 37 kW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University45

8490

8045

8008

8386

8216

6910

8917

8224

7211

3347

5536

7386

5974

5218

7325

6584

6479

8305

0 20 40 60 80 100

Landwirtschaftliche Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Klimawandel [kg CO2-Aumlq]

Verbrauch fossiler Rohstoffe [kg oil-Aumlq]

Frischwasseroumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Frischwasser Eutrophierung [kg P-Aumlq]

Humantoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Ionisierende Strahlung [kg U235-Aumlq]

Meeresoumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Meereseutrophierung [kg N-Aumlq]

Verbrauch mineralischer Rohstoffe [kg Fe-hellip

Natuumlrliche Landumwandlung [msup2]

Ozonabbau [kg CFC-11-Aumlq]

Partikelbildung [kg PM10-Aumlq]

Photochemische Oxidantienbildung [kghellip

Terrestrische Versauerung [kg SO2-Aumlq]

Terrestrische Oumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Staumldtische Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Wasserverbrauch [msup3]

AC-System

DC-System

Water usage [m3]

City land usage [m2a]

Global toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Global acidity increase [kg SO2 eq]

Photochemical Oxidants [kg]

Particles [kg PM10 eq]

Ozon reduction [kg CFC11 eq]

Natural land usage [m2]

Usage of mineral resources [kg Fe eq]

Sea water eutrophication [kg N eq]

Sea water ecological toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Ionic radiation [kg U235 eq]

Human toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Drinking water eutrophication [kg P eq]

Drinking water toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Usage of fossil fuels [kg Oil eq]

Climate change impact [kg CO2 eq]

Occupation of agricultural land [m2a]

Summary

Renewable energy has the full potential as a foundation for the future sustainable energy supply of industrial societies

Underlay meshed DC grids shorten the path between volatile renewable energy and consumers and have advantages at flexibility and cost

Interconnected DC grids offer an efficient solution for fast charging service E-mobility can support the grid with all required control power and a useful

proportion of storage Most importantly DC technology saves materials which reduces significantly

the ecological footprint

Researchers and engineers have identified solutions but still open questions Can implementation be accelerated by training technicians Are regulatory issues in the way

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University46

47

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

48

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

CWDKESS

ISEA

ELAB

CMP

FEN

e3D

EON ERC

Kopernikus

Grids

ENSURE

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV

Interesting

observation

medium

voltage

distribution

grid will need

upgrades as it

becomes an

exchange

platform

between local

producers

and

prosumers

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV 13 in LV

Interesting

observation

Low-voltage

distribution in

factories

buildings and

homes needs

to exchange

energy

flexibly to MV

grids to

provide D2SM

and storage

functionality

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University26

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for renewables and CHP in urban areas

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and e-Mobility and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

11 hellip 1800 GW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University27

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for Emobility in urban areas

Distributed REN installationBalancing by meshed regional medium-voltage distribution grids

Munich

Berlin

Hamburg

Bremen

Underlay

distribution grid

is an interesting

business

proposition from

DSO

perspective Area for

100 windArea for

100 PV

Cologne

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University28

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Large-scale dispursed in space and time energy storage

bull Sector coupling (heat gas eMobility) and eGrid

bull Smart dispursed balancing power generation and DSM

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull DC technology to build meshed distribution grids

bull Solving the eMobility fast charging in urban areas

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Electric Vehicle Drive Train PrototypeState-of-the-Silicon-art

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker30 27112018

bull Demonstrator 280 kW

2x 115 kW ASM

1x 50 kW PMSM

2 LiIon batteries

144 V and 216 V

384 kWh

bull Audi Q6 e-tron quattro 370 kW (three motors)

Max speed 210 kmh

95 kWh LiIon

DC charging with 150 kW

400 km driving range

e performance developed at RWTH - predecessor of the Audi Q6 Production at AUDI Brussels ndash Presented Nov 2018 in San Francisco CA

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Modularity leads us to a standard components enabling various traction drive platforms ndash eTron platform (2016)

Source audicom July 2016

31 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

4

Distribution GridTypical Urban Grid Structure with e-Mobility (40 kW charger) is quickly overloaded

Branch A 21 households max total power 98 kW 178 kW (2 veh)

Length 461 m

Branch B 34 households max total power 129 kW 249 KW (3 veh)

Length 715 m

Branch C 10 households max total power 68 kW 108 kW (1 veh)

Length 185 m

Connection to transmission grid Transformer Capacity 250 kVA 630 kVA

Upgrade of 400V AC infrastructure

Based on M Stieneker and R W De

Doncker Medium-voltage DC

distribution grids in urban areas 2016

IEEE 7th International Symposium on

Power Electronics for Distributed

Generation Systems (PEDG) Vancouver

2016

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University32

Classical Distribution Grids are radialIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

HV

25 25 25 25

50 50

==3~

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University33

Classical Distribution Grids are radial and massively oversizedIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

HV

25 25 25

100

25 25 25

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

25

==3~

0

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University34

==

N x (F)CS

==

==

==

Hybrid Approach to Maximize Capacity of Distribution GridsIntegration of e-Mobility PV Wind Storage hellip by MVDC-Backbone

3~= =

3~= =

MVDC

MVDC

HV

==

==

==

==

N x (F)CS

25

25

25

100 100

25

50 50

MV MV

MVDC

LVLVLVLV

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University35

Dual Active Bridge DC-DC ConverterMedium-Voltage High-Power DC-DC Converter

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University36

P = 7 MW VDC = 5 kV plusmn10 Efficiency up to 992 Ultimately air-cooled devices are an option DC substation at 13 weight of 50 Hz

transformer

R Lenke bdquoA Contribution to the Design of Isolated DC-DC Converters for Utility Applicationsldquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2012

N Soltau bdquoHigh-power medium-voltage DC-DC converters design control and demonstrationrdquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2017

DC-grid and energy management in a DC quarterLower infrastructure cost higher efficiency and bidirectional

MVDC

LVDC

(AC)

5 kV+(-) 380 V

DC-ConverterLegacy AC

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University37

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Material savings

bull Ecological footprint

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

World-wide target for costs (eurokWh) for large-scale automotive LIB cells

published by the end of 2012

Technology DriversPrice Development of Lithium-Ion Batteries (only cells)

ISEA forecast (2010)

Prices decreased faster

than predicted by NEDO

Germany (BMBFISI)

South Korea (MKE)

Source bdquoTechnologie-

Roadmap Energiespeicher

fuumlr die Elektromobilitaumlt 2030ldquo

Cost in eurokWh

Consumer cell are even

cheaper (eg TESLA)

39 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

Cost reduction of Power ElectronicsDriven by renewables ndash eg Global installed capacity of wind

540 GWpeak installed capacity by the end of 2017 ndash assuming 50 DFG

this translates in approximately 810 GVA of power electronic converters

Multi-megawatt power electronic converters are becoming a mass product

During the past 25 years a major cost reduction of voltage source inverters

took place from 500 eurokVA down to 20 eurokVA

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University40

Price of silicon cells and power electronics inter-twined

Silicon is made of SiO2 (ie sand an abundant material) and energy

Energy is produced by PV

PV energy is controlled and converted by power electronics made of silicon

In 2018$ 0113

Source R W De Doncker IEEE IPEC ECCE 2014 Hiroshima Japan

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University41

Technology Drivers

Price Development of Power Electronics

Specific cost for EV inverters

equiv 1995 $50kVA1

equiv 2015 $5kVA2

equiv 2020 RampD target $33kVA

1 Source Data provided by R De Doncker2 Source US Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office

3

4

5

6

7

8

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

cost

in $

kW

year

Material Usage in Power Transformers

Frequency matters

bull Weight distribution of copper and Si-steel

in machines and transformers

bull Copper 25 ndash 30

bull Iron lamination 70 ndash 75

bull Specific weight Fe 8 gcmsup3

bull Specific weight Cu 9 gcmsup3

bull Standard 50 Hz Transformer 25 kgkVA

bull 7 MW DC-DC converter 1 kHz 5 kV

bull 3 x 23 MVA transformers

bull 1000 Hz transformer 025 kgkVA

bull Increased power density by a factor of 10

compared to 50 Hz transformer

bull AC grids are based on transformer technology

Designed for top down energy transmission

Constant voltage and constant frequency

Flexible AC grids (FACTS) will require major investments in infrastructure

and power electronic energy conversion and storage systems

In 2000 EU29 had 685GW installed capacity ie 137 Mton on Cu and Si-

Steel in generators and transformers ie 1096 Beuro (at price of 8 eurokg)

Standard AC Grid Configuration for Transmission and Distribution

gt 20000 tonGW

Ecological Impact Analysis for Charging InfrastructureAC Charging 22 kW vs DC-Charging Mixed 50 kW amp 37 kW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University45

8490

8045

8008

8386

8216

6910

8917

8224

7211

3347

5536

7386

5974

5218

7325

6584

6479

8305

0 20 40 60 80 100

Landwirtschaftliche Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Klimawandel [kg CO2-Aumlq]

Verbrauch fossiler Rohstoffe [kg oil-Aumlq]

Frischwasseroumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Frischwasser Eutrophierung [kg P-Aumlq]

Humantoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Ionisierende Strahlung [kg U235-Aumlq]

Meeresoumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Meereseutrophierung [kg N-Aumlq]

Verbrauch mineralischer Rohstoffe [kg Fe-hellip

Natuumlrliche Landumwandlung [msup2]

Ozonabbau [kg CFC-11-Aumlq]

Partikelbildung [kg PM10-Aumlq]

Photochemische Oxidantienbildung [kghellip

Terrestrische Versauerung [kg SO2-Aumlq]

Terrestrische Oumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Staumldtische Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Wasserverbrauch [msup3]

AC-System

DC-System

Water usage [m3]

City land usage [m2a]

Global toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Global acidity increase [kg SO2 eq]

Photochemical Oxidants [kg]

Particles [kg PM10 eq]

Ozon reduction [kg CFC11 eq]

Natural land usage [m2]

Usage of mineral resources [kg Fe eq]

Sea water eutrophication [kg N eq]

Sea water ecological toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Ionic radiation [kg U235 eq]

Human toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Drinking water eutrophication [kg P eq]

Drinking water toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Usage of fossil fuels [kg Oil eq]

Climate change impact [kg CO2 eq]

Occupation of agricultural land [m2a]

Summary

Renewable energy has the full potential as a foundation for the future sustainable energy supply of industrial societies

Underlay meshed DC grids shorten the path between volatile renewable energy and consumers and have advantages at flexibility and cost

Interconnected DC grids offer an efficient solution for fast charging service E-mobility can support the grid with all required control power and a useful

proportion of storage Most importantly DC technology saves materials which reduces significantly

the ecological footprint

Researchers and engineers have identified solutions but still open questions Can implementation be accelerated by training technicians Are regulatory issues in the way

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University46

47

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

48

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

CWDKESS

ISEA

ELAB

CMP

FEN

e3D

EON ERC

Kopernikus

Grids

ENSURE

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

Concept for a CO2 Neutral Electrical Energy Supply SystemAbout 13 in HV 13 in MV 13 in LV

Interesting

observation

Low-voltage

distribution in

factories

buildings and

homes needs

to exchange

energy

flexibly to MV

grids to

provide D2SM

and storage

functionality

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University26

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for renewables and CHP in urban areas

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and e-Mobility and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

11 hellip 1800 GW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University27

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for Emobility in urban areas

Distributed REN installationBalancing by meshed regional medium-voltage distribution grids

Munich

Berlin

Hamburg

Bremen

Underlay

distribution grid

is an interesting

business

proposition from

DSO

perspective Area for

100 windArea for

100 PV

Cologne

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University28

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Large-scale dispursed in space and time energy storage

bull Sector coupling (heat gas eMobility) and eGrid

bull Smart dispursed balancing power generation and DSM

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull DC technology to build meshed distribution grids

bull Solving the eMobility fast charging in urban areas

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Electric Vehicle Drive Train PrototypeState-of-the-Silicon-art

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker30 27112018

bull Demonstrator 280 kW

2x 115 kW ASM

1x 50 kW PMSM

2 LiIon batteries

144 V and 216 V

384 kWh

bull Audi Q6 e-tron quattro 370 kW (three motors)

Max speed 210 kmh

95 kWh LiIon

DC charging with 150 kW

400 km driving range

e performance developed at RWTH - predecessor of the Audi Q6 Production at AUDI Brussels ndash Presented Nov 2018 in San Francisco CA

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Modularity leads us to a standard components enabling various traction drive platforms ndash eTron platform (2016)

Source audicom July 2016

31 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

4

Distribution GridTypical Urban Grid Structure with e-Mobility (40 kW charger) is quickly overloaded

Branch A 21 households max total power 98 kW 178 kW (2 veh)

Length 461 m

Branch B 34 households max total power 129 kW 249 KW (3 veh)

Length 715 m

Branch C 10 households max total power 68 kW 108 kW (1 veh)

Length 185 m

Connection to transmission grid Transformer Capacity 250 kVA 630 kVA

Upgrade of 400V AC infrastructure

Based on M Stieneker and R W De

Doncker Medium-voltage DC

distribution grids in urban areas 2016

IEEE 7th International Symposium on

Power Electronics for Distributed

Generation Systems (PEDG) Vancouver

2016

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University32

Classical Distribution Grids are radialIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

HV

25 25 25 25

50 50

==3~

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University33

Classical Distribution Grids are radial and massively oversizedIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

HV

25 25 25

100

25 25 25

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

25

==3~

0

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University34

==

N x (F)CS

==

==

==

Hybrid Approach to Maximize Capacity of Distribution GridsIntegration of e-Mobility PV Wind Storage hellip by MVDC-Backbone

3~= =

3~= =

MVDC

MVDC

HV

==

==

==

==

N x (F)CS

25

25

25

100 100

25

50 50

MV MV

MVDC

LVLVLVLV

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University35

Dual Active Bridge DC-DC ConverterMedium-Voltage High-Power DC-DC Converter

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University36

P = 7 MW VDC = 5 kV plusmn10 Efficiency up to 992 Ultimately air-cooled devices are an option DC substation at 13 weight of 50 Hz

transformer

R Lenke bdquoA Contribution to the Design of Isolated DC-DC Converters for Utility Applicationsldquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2012

N Soltau bdquoHigh-power medium-voltage DC-DC converters design control and demonstrationrdquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2017

DC-grid and energy management in a DC quarterLower infrastructure cost higher efficiency and bidirectional

MVDC

LVDC

(AC)

5 kV+(-) 380 V

DC-ConverterLegacy AC

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University37

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Material savings

bull Ecological footprint

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

World-wide target for costs (eurokWh) for large-scale automotive LIB cells

published by the end of 2012

Technology DriversPrice Development of Lithium-Ion Batteries (only cells)

ISEA forecast (2010)

Prices decreased faster

than predicted by NEDO

Germany (BMBFISI)

South Korea (MKE)

Source bdquoTechnologie-

Roadmap Energiespeicher

fuumlr die Elektromobilitaumlt 2030ldquo

Cost in eurokWh

Consumer cell are even

cheaper (eg TESLA)

39 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

Cost reduction of Power ElectronicsDriven by renewables ndash eg Global installed capacity of wind

540 GWpeak installed capacity by the end of 2017 ndash assuming 50 DFG

this translates in approximately 810 GVA of power electronic converters

Multi-megawatt power electronic converters are becoming a mass product

During the past 25 years a major cost reduction of voltage source inverters

took place from 500 eurokVA down to 20 eurokVA

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University40

Price of silicon cells and power electronics inter-twined

Silicon is made of SiO2 (ie sand an abundant material) and energy

Energy is produced by PV

PV energy is controlled and converted by power electronics made of silicon

In 2018$ 0113

Source R W De Doncker IEEE IPEC ECCE 2014 Hiroshima Japan

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University41

Technology Drivers

Price Development of Power Electronics

Specific cost for EV inverters

equiv 1995 $50kVA1

equiv 2015 $5kVA2

equiv 2020 RampD target $33kVA

1 Source Data provided by R De Doncker2 Source US Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office

3

4

5

6

7

8

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

cost

in $

kW

year

Material Usage in Power Transformers

Frequency matters

bull Weight distribution of copper and Si-steel

in machines and transformers

bull Copper 25 ndash 30

bull Iron lamination 70 ndash 75

bull Specific weight Fe 8 gcmsup3

bull Specific weight Cu 9 gcmsup3

bull Standard 50 Hz Transformer 25 kgkVA

bull 7 MW DC-DC converter 1 kHz 5 kV

bull 3 x 23 MVA transformers

bull 1000 Hz transformer 025 kgkVA

bull Increased power density by a factor of 10

compared to 50 Hz transformer

bull AC grids are based on transformer technology

Designed for top down energy transmission

Constant voltage and constant frequency

Flexible AC grids (FACTS) will require major investments in infrastructure

and power electronic energy conversion and storage systems

In 2000 EU29 had 685GW installed capacity ie 137 Mton on Cu and Si-

Steel in generators and transformers ie 1096 Beuro (at price of 8 eurokg)

Standard AC Grid Configuration for Transmission and Distribution

gt 20000 tonGW

Ecological Impact Analysis for Charging InfrastructureAC Charging 22 kW vs DC-Charging Mixed 50 kW amp 37 kW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University45

8490

8045

8008

8386

8216

6910

8917

8224

7211

3347

5536

7386

5974

5218

7325

6584

6479

8305

0 20 40 60 80 100

Landwirtschaftliche Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Klimawandel [kg CO2-Aumlq]

Verbrauch fossiler Rohstoffe [kg oil-Aumlq]

Frischwasseroumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Frischwasser Eutrophierung [kg P-Aumlq]

Humantoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Ionisierende Strahlung [kg U235-Aumlq]

Meeresoumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Meereseutrophierung [kg N-Aumlq]

Verbrauch mineralischer Rohstoffe [kg Fe-hellip

Natuumlrliche Landumwandlung [msup2]

Ozonabbau [kg CFC-11-Aumlq]

Partikelbildung [kg PM10-Aumlq]

Photochemische Oxidantienbildung [kghellip

Terrestrische Versauerung [kg SO2-Aumlq]

Terrestrische Oumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Staumldtische Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Wasserverbrauch [msup3]

AC-System

DC-System

Water usage [m3]

City land usage [m2a]

Global toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Global acidity increase [kg SO2 eq]

Photochemical Oxidants [kg]

Particles [kg PM10 eq]

Ozon reduction [kg CFC11 eq]

Natural land usage [m2]

Usage of mineral resources [kg Fe eq]

Sea water eutrophication [kg N eq]

Sea water ecological toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Ionic radiation [kg U235 eq]

Human toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Drinking water eutrophication [kg P eq]

Drinking water toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Usage of fossil fuels [kg Oil eq]

Climate change impact [kg CO2 eq]

Occupation of agricultural land [m2a]

Summary

Renewable energy has the full potential as a foundation for the future sustainable energy supply of industrial societies

Underlay meshed DC grids shorten the path between volatile renewable energy and consumers and have advantages at flexibility and cost

Interconnected DC grids offer an efficient solution for fast charging service E-mobility can support the grid with all required control power and a useful

proportion of storage Most importantly DC technology saves materials which reduces significantly

the ecological footprint

Researchers and engineers have identified solutions but still open questions Can implementation be accelerated by training technicians Are regulatory issues in the way

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University46

47

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

48

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

CWDKESS

ISEA

ELAB

CMP

FEN

e3D

EON ERC

Kopernikus

Grids

ENSURE

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University26

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for renewables and CHP in urban areas

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and e-Mobility and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

11 hellip 1800 GW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University27

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for Emobility in urban areas

Distributed REN installationBalancing by meshed regional medium-voltage distribution grids

Munich

Berlin

Hamburg

Bremen

Underlay

distribution grid

is an interesting

business

proposition from

DSO

perspective Area for

100 windArea for

100 PV

Cologne

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University28

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Large-scale dispursed in space and time energy storage

bull Sector coupling (heat gas eMobility) and eGrid

bull Smart dispursed balancing power generation and DSM

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull DC technology to build meshed distribution grids

bull Solving the eMobility fast charging in urban areas

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Electric Vehicle Drive Train PrototypeState-of-the-Silicon-art

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker30 27112018

bull Demonstrator 280 kW

2x 115 kW ASM

1x 50 kW PMSM

2 LiIon batteries

144 V and 216 V

384 kWh

bull Audi Q6 e-tron quattro 370 kW (three motors)

Max speed 210 kmh

95 kWh LiIon

DC charging with 150 kW

400 km driving range

e performance developed at RWTH - predecessor of the Audi Q6 Production at AUDI Brussels ndash Presented Nov 2018 in San Francisco CA

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Modularity leads us to a standard components enabling various traction drive platforms ndash eTron platform (2016)

Source audicom July 2016

31 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

4

Distribution GridTypical Urban Grid Structure with e-Mobility (40 kW charger) is quickly overloaded

Branch A 21 households max total power 98 kW 178 kW (2 veh)

Length 461 m

Branch B 34 households max total power 129 kW 249 KW (3 veh)

Length 715 m

Branch C 10 households max total power 68 kW 108 kW (1 veh)

Length 185 m

Connection to transmission grid Transformer Capacity 250 kVA 630 kVA

Upgrade of 400V AC infrastructure

Based on M Stieneker and R W De

Doncker Medium-voltage DC

distribution grids in urban areas 2016

IEEE 7th International Symposium on

Power Electronics for Distributed

Generation Systems (PEDG) Vancouver

2016

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University32

Classical Distribution Grids are radialIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

HV

25 25 25 25

50 50

==3~

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University33

Classical Distribution Grids are radial and massively oversizedIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

HV

25 25 25

100

25 25 25

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

25

==3~

0

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University34

==

N x (F)CS

==

==

==

Hybrid Approach to Maximize Capacity of Distribution GridsIntegration of e-Mobility PV Wind Storage hellip by MVDC-Backbone

3~= =

3~= =

MVDC

MVDC

HV

==

==

==

==

N x (F)CS

25

25

25

100 100

25

50 50

MV MV

MVDC

LVLVLVLV

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University35

Dual Active Bridge DC-DC ConverterMedium-Voltage High-Power DC-DC Converter

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University36

P = 7 MW VDC = 5 kV plusmn10 Efficiency up to 992 Ultimately air-cooled devices are an option DC substation at 13 weight of 50 Hz

transformer

R Lenke bdquoA Contribution to the Design of Isolated DC-DC Converters for Utility Applicationsldquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2012

N Soltau bdquoHigh-power medium-voltage DC-DC converters design control and demonstrationrdquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2017

DC-grid and energy management in a DC quarterLower infrastructure cost higher efficiency and bidirectional

MVDC

LVDC

(AC)

5 kV+(-) 380 V

DC-ConverterLegacy AC

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University37

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Material savings

bull Ecological footprint

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

World-wide target for costs (eurokWh) for large-scale automotive LIB cells

published by the end of 2012

Technology DriversPrice Development of Lithium-Ion Batteries (only cells)

ISEA forecast (2010)

Prices decreased faster

than predicted by NEDO

Germany (BMBFISI)

South Korea (MKE)

Source bdquoTechnologie-

Roadmap Energiespeicher

fuumlr die Elektromobilitaumlt 2030ldquo

Cost in eurokWh

Consumer cell are even

cheaper (eg TESLA)

39 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

Cost reduction of Power ElectronicsDriven by renewables ndash eg Global installed capacity of wind

540 GWpeak installed capacity by the end of 2017 ndash assuming 50 DFG

this translates in approximately 810 GVA of power electronic converters

Multi-megawatt power electronic converters are becoming a mass product

During the past 25 years a major cost reduction of voltage source inverters

took place from 500 eurokVA down to 20 eurokVA

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University40

Price of silicon cells and power electronics inter-twined

Silicon is made of SiO2 (ie sand an abundant material) and energy

Energy is produced by PV

PV energy is controlled and converted by power electronics made of silicon

In 2018$ 0113

Source R W De Doncker IEEE IPEC ECCE 2014 Hiroshima Japan

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University41

Technology Drivers

Price Development of Power Electronics

Specific cost for EV inverters

equiv 1995 $50kVA1

equiv 2015 $5kVA2

equiv 2020 RampD target $33kVA

1 Source Data provided by R De Doncker2 Source US Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office

3

4

5

6

7

8

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

cost

in $

kW

year

Material Usage in Power Transformers

Frequency matters

bull Weight distribution of copper and Si-steel

in machines and transformers

bull Copper 25 ndash 30

bull Iron lamination 70 ndash 75

bull Specific weight Fe 8 gcmsup3

bull Specific weight Cu 9 gcmsup3

bull Standard 50 Hz Transformer 25 kgkVA

bull 7 MW DC-DC converter 1 kHz 5 kV

bull 3 x 23 MVA transformers

bull 1000 Hz transformer 025 kgkVA

bull Increased power density by a factor of 10

compared to 50 Hz transformer

bull AC grids are based on transformer technology

Designed for top down energy transmission

Constant voltage and constant frequency

Flexible AC grids (FACTS) will require major investments in infrastructure

and power electronic energy conversion and storage systems

In 2000 EU29 had 685GW installed capacity ie 137 Mton on Cu and Si-

Steel in generators and transformers ie 1096 Beuro (at price of 8 eurokg)

Standard AC Grid Configuration for Transmission and Distribution

gt 20000 tonGW

Ecological Impact Analysis for Charging InfrastructureAC Charging 22 kW vs DC-Charging Mixed 50 kW amp 37 kW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University45

8490

8045

8008

8386

8216

6910

8917

8224

7211

3347

5536

7386

5974

5218

7325

6584

6479

8305

0 20 40 60 80 100

Landwirtschaftliche Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Klimawandel [kg CO2-Aumlq]

Verbrauch fossiler Rohstoffe [kg oil-Aumlq]

Frischwasseroumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Frischwasser Eutrophierung [kg P-Aumlq]

Humantoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Ionisierende Strahlung [kg U235-Aumlq]

Meeresoumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Meereseutrophierung [kg N-Aumlq]

Verbrauch mineralischer Rohstoffe [kg Fe-hellip

Natuumlrliche Landumwandlung [msup2]

Ozonabbau [kg CFC-11-Aumlq]

Partikelbildung [kg PM10-Aumlq]

Photochemische Oxidantienbildung [kghellip

Terrestrische Versauerung [kg SO2-Aumlq]

Terrestrische Oumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Staumldtische Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Wasserverbrauch [msup3]

AC-System

DC-System

Water usage [m3]

City land usage [m2a]

Global toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Global acidity increase [kg SO2 eq]

Photochemical Oxidants [kg]

Particles [kg PM10 eq]

Ozon reduction [kg CFC11 eq]

Natural land usage [m2]

Usage of mineral resources [kg Fe eq]

Sea water eutrophication [kg N eq]

Sea water ecological toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Ionic radiation [kg U235 eq]

Human toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Drinking water eutrophication [kg P eq]

Drinking water toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Usage of fossil fuels [kg Oil eq]

Climate change impact [kg CO2 eq]

Occupation of agricultural land [m2a]

Summary

Renewable energy has the full potential as a foundation for the future sustainable energy supply of industrial societies

Underlay meshed DC grids shorten the path between volatile renewable energy and consumers and have advantages at flexibility and cost

Interconnected DC grids offer an efficient solution for fast charging service E-mobility can support the grid with all required control power and a useful

proportion of storage Most importantly DC technology saves materials which reduces significantly

the ecological footprint

Researchers and engineers have identified solutions but still open questions Can implementation be accelerated by training technicians Are regulatory issues in the way

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University46

47

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

48

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

CWDKESS

ISEA

ELAB

CMP

FEN

e3D

EON ERC

Kopernikus

Grids

ENSURE

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

Future grids cannot ignore the energy feed-in in medium- and low-voltage distribution grids

and e-Mobility and must become interconnected

Offshore-wind parks

Large solar andwind parks

Industrial powerplants

Central power stations

407 GW Solar and

wind parksMunicipal powerplants

45 GW

232 GW PV-systems in localDistribution gridsLocal distribution

grids

-

Bi-directional interconnected grid structure

High voltagefrom 100 kV

Medium voltage

Low voltage

Conventional power sources Renewable power sources

Daten Bundesnetzagentur - Daten und Informationen zum EEG (31122015) Kraftwerksliste und Zahlen (10062016 Status 2015)

(5 GW at LV not associated)

11 hellip 1800 GW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University27

The 13 rule already applies in Germany to the installed capacitiesMeshed distribution grids are indispensable for Emobility in urban areas

Distributed REN installationBalancing by meshed regional medium-voltage distribution grids

Munich

Berlin

Hamburg

Bremen

Underlay

distribution grid

is an interesting

business

proposition from

DSO

perspective Area for

100 windArea for

100 PV

Cologne

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University28

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Large-scale dispursed in space and time energy storage

bull Sector coupling (heat gas eMobility) and eGrid

bull Smart dispursed balancing power generation and DSM

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull DC technology to build meshed distribution grids

bull Solving the eMobility fast charging in urban areas

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Electric Vehicle Drive Train PrototypeState-of-the-Silicon-art

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker30 27112018

bull Demonstrator 280 kW

2x 115 kW ASM

1x 50 kW PMSM

2 LiIon batteries

144 V and 216 V

384 kWh

bull Audi Q6 e-tron quattro 370 kW (three motors)

Max speed 210 kmh

95 kWh LiIon

DC charging with 150 kW

400 km driving range

e performance developed at RWTH - predecessor of the Audi Q6 Production at AUDI Brussels ndash Presented Nov 2018 in San Francisco CA

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Modularity leads us to a standard components enabling various traction drive platforms ndash eTron platform (2016)

Source audicom July 2016

31 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

4

Distribution GridTypical Urban Grid Structure with e-Mobility (40 kW charger) is quickly overloaded

Branch A 21 households max total power 98 kW 178 kW (2 veh)

Length 461 m

Branch B 34 households max total power 129 kW 249 KW (3 veh)

Length 715 m

Branch C 10 households max total power 68 kW 108 kW (1 veh)

Length 185 m

Connection to transmission grid Transformer Capacity 250 kVA 630 kVA

Upgrade of 400V AC infrastructure

Based on M Stieneker and R W De

Doncker Medium-voltage DC

distribution grids in urban areas 2016

IEEE 7th International Symposium on

Power Electronics for Distributed

Generation Systems (PEDG) Vancouver

2016

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University32

Classical Distribution Grids are radialIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

HV

25 25 25 25

50 50

==3~

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University33

Classical Distribution Grids are radial and massively oversizedIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

HV

25 25 25

100

25 25 25

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

25

==3~

0

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University34

==

N x (F)CS

==

==

==

Hybrid Approach to Maximize Capacity of Distribution GridsIntegration of e-Mobility PV Wind Storage hellip by MVDC-Backbone

3~= =

3~= =

MVDC

MVDC

HV

==

==

==

==

N x (F)CS

25

25

25

100 100

25

50 50

MV MV

MVDC

LVLVLVLV

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University35

Dual Active Bridge DC-DC ConverterMedium-Voltage High-Power DC-DC Converter

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University36

P = 7 MW VDC = 5 kV plusmn10 Efficiency up to 992 Ultimately air-cooled devices are an option DC substation at 13 weight of 50 Hz

transformer

R Lenke bdquoA Contribution to the Design of Isolated DC-DC Converters for Utility Applicationsldquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2012

N Soltau bdquoHigh-power medium-voltage DC-DC converters design control and demonstrationrdquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2017

DC-grid and energy management in a DC quarterLower infrastructure cost higher efficiency and bidirectional

MVDC

LVDC

(AC)

5 kV+(-) 380 V

DC-ConverterLegacy AC

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University37

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Material savings

bull Ecological footprint

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

World-wide target for costs (eurokWh) for large-scale automotive LIB cells

published by the end of 2012

Technology DriversPrice Development of Lithium-Ion Batteries (only cells)

ISEA forecast (2010)

Prices decreased faster

than predicted by NEDO

Germany (BMBFISI)

South Korea (MKE)

Source bdquoTechnologie-

Roadmap Energiespeicher

fuumlr die Elektromobilitaumlt 2030ldquo

Cost in eurokWh

Consumer cell are even

cheaper (eg TESLA)

39 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

Cost reduction of Power ElectronicsDriven by renewables ndash eg Global installed capacity of wind

540 GWpeak installed capacity by the end of 2017 ndash assuming 50 DFG

this translates in approximately 810 GVA of power electronic converters

Multi-megawatt power electronic converters are becoming a mass product

During the past 25 years a major cost reduction of voltage source inverters

took place from 500 eurokVA down to 20 eurokVA

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University40

Price of silicon cells and power electronics inter-twined

Silicon is made of SiO2 (ie sand an abundant material) and energy

Energy is produced by PV

PV energy is controlled and converted by power electronics made of silicon

In 2018$ 0113

Source R W De Doncker IEEE IPEC ECCE 2014 Hiroshima Japan

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University41

Technology Drivers

Price Development of Power Electronics

Specific cost for EV inverters

equiv 1995 $50kVA1

equiv 2015 $5kVA2

equiv 2020 RampD target $33kVA

1 Source Data provided by R De Doncker2 Source US Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office

3

4

5

6

7

8

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

cost

in $

kW

year

Material Usage in Power Transformers

Frequency matters

bull Weight distribution of copper and Si-steel

in machines and transformers

bull Copper 25 ndash 30

bull Iron lamination 70 ndash 75

bull Specific weight Fe 8 gcmsup3

bull Specific weight Cu 9 gcmsup3

bull Standard 50 Hz Transformer 25 kgkVA

bull 7 MW DC-DC converter 1 kHz 5 kV

bull 3 x 23 MVA transformers

bull 1000 Hz transformer 025 kgkVA

bull Increased power density by a factor of 10

compared to 50 Hz transformer

bull AC grids are based on transformer technology

Designed for top down energy transmission

Constant voltage and constant frequency

Flexible AC grids (FACTS) will require major investments in infrastructure

and power electronic energy conversion and storage systems

In 2000 EU29 had 685GW installed capacity ie 137 Mton on Cu and Si-

Steel in generators and transformers ie 1096 Beuro (at price of 8 eurokg)

Standard AC Grid Configuration for Transmission and Distribution

gt 20000 tonGW

Ecological Impact Analysis for Charging InfrastructureAC Charging 22 kW vs DC-Charging Mixed 50 kW amp 37 kW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University45

8490

8045

8008

8386

8216

6910

8917

8224

7211

3347

5536

7386

5974

5218

7325

6584

6479

8305

0 20 40 60 80 100

Landwirtschaftliche Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Klimawandel [kg CO2-Aumlq]

Verbrauch fossiler Rohstoffe [kg oil-Aumlq]

Frischwasseroumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Frischwasser Eutrophierung [kg P-Aumlq]

Humantoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Ionisierende Strahlung [kg U235-Aumlq]

Meeresoumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Meereseutrophierung [kg N-Aumlq]

Verbrauch mineralischer Rohstoffe [kg Fe-hellip

Natuumlrliche Landumwandlung [msup2]

Ozonabbau [kg CFC-11-Aumlq]

Partikelbildung [kg PM10-Aumlq]

Photochemische Oxidantienbildung [kghellip

Terrestrische Versauerung [kg SO2-Aumlq]

Terrestrische Oumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Staumldtische Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Wasserverbrauch [msup3]

AC-System

DC-System

Water usage [m3]

City land usage [m2a]

Global toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Global acidity increase [kg SO2 eq]

Photochemical Oxidants [kg]

Particles [kg PM10 eq]

Ozon reduction [kg CFC11 eq]

Natural land usage [m2]

Usage of mineral resources [kg Fe eq]

Sea water eutrophication [kg N eq]

Sea water ecological toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Ionic radiation [kg U235 eq]

Human toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Drinking water eutrophication [kg P eq]

Drinking water toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Usage of fossil fuels [kg Oil eq]

Climate change impact [kg CO2 eq]

Occupation of agricultural land [m2a]

Summary

Renewable energy has the full potential as a foundation for the future sustainable energy supply of industrial societies

Underlay meshed DC grids shorten the path between volatile renewable energy and consumers and have advantages at flexibility and cost

Interconnected DC grids offer an efficient solution for fast charging service E-mobility can support the grid with all required control power and a useful

proportion of storage Most importantly DC technology saves materials which reduces significantly

the ecological footprint

Researchers and engineers have identified solutions but still open questions Can implementation be accelerated by training technicians Are regulatory issues in the way

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University46

47

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

48

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

CWDKESS

ISEA

ELAB

CMP

FEN

e3D

EON ERC

Kopernikus

Grids

ENSURE

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

Distributed REN installationBalancing by meshed regional medium-voltage distribution grids

Munich

Berlin

Hamburg

Bremen

Underlay

distribution grid

is an interesting

business

proposition from

DSO

perspective Area for

100 windArea for

100 PV

Cologne

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University28

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Large-scale dispursed in space and time energy storage

bull Sector coupling (heat gas eMobility) and eGrid

bull Smart dispursed balancing power generation and DSM

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull DC technology to build meshed distribution grids

bull Solving the eMobility fast charging in urban areas

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Electric Vehicle Drive Train PrototypeState-of-the-Silicon-art

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker30 27112018

bull Demonstrator 280 kW

2x 115 kW ASM

1x 50 kW PMSM

2 LiIon batteries

144 V and 216 V

384 kWh

bull Audi Q6 e-tron quattro 370 kW (three motors)

Max speed 210 kmh

95 kWh LiIon

DC charging with 150 kW

400 km driving range

e performance developed at RWTH - predecessor of the Audi Q6 Production at AUDI Brussels ndash Presented Nov 2018 in San Francisco CA

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Modularity leads us to a standard components enabling various traction drive platforms ndash eTron platform (2016)

Source audicom July 2016

31 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

4

Distribution GridTypical Urban Grid Structure with e-Mobility (40 kW charger) is quickly overloaded

Branch A 21 households max total power 98 kW 178 kW (2 veh)

Length 461 m

Branch B 34 households max total power 129 kW 249 KW (3 veh)

Length 715 m

Branch C 10 households max total power 68 kW 108 kW (1 veh)

Length 185 m

Connection to transmission grid Transformer Capacity 250 kVA 630 kVA

Upgrade of 400V AC infrastructure

Based on M Stieneker and R W De

Doncker Medium-voltage DC

distribution grids in urban areas 2016

IEEE 7th International Symposium on

Power Electronics for Distributed

Generation Systems (PEDG) Vancouver

2016

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University32

Classical Distribution Grids are radialIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

HV

25 25 25 25

50 50

==3~

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University33

Classical Distribution Grids are radial and massively oversizedIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

HV

25 25 25

100

25 25 25

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

25

==3~

0

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University34

==

N x (F)CS

==

==

==

Hybrid Approach to Maximize Capacity of Distribution GridsIntegration of e-Mobility PV Wind Storage hellip by MVDC-Backbone

3~= =

3~= =

MVDC

MVDC

HV

==

==

==

==

N x (F)CS

25

25

25

100 100

25

50 50

MV MV

MVDC

LVLVLVLV

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University35

Dual Active Bridge DC-DC ConverterMedium-Voltage High-Power DC-DC Converter

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University36

P = 7 MW VDC = 5 kV plusmn10 Efficiency up to 992 Ultimately air-cooled devices are an option DC substation at 13 weight of 50 Hz

transformer

R Lenke bdquoA Contribution to the Design of Isolated DC-DC Converters for Utility Applicationsldquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2012

N Soltau bdquoHigh-power medium-voltage DC-DC converters design control and demonstrationrdquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2017

DC-grid and energy management in a DC quarterLower infrastructure cost higher efficiency and bidirectional

MVDC

LVDC

(AC)

5 kV+(-) 380 V

DC-ConverterLegacy AC

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University37

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Material savings

bull Ecological footprint

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

World-wide target for costs (eurokWh) for large-scale automotive LIB cells

published by the end of 2012

Technology DriversPrice Development of Lithium-Ion Batteries (only cells)

ISEA forecast (2010)

Prices decreased faster

than predicted by NEDO

Germany (BMBFISI)

South Korea (MKE)

Source bdquoTechnologie-

Roadmap Energiespeicher

fuumlr die Elektromobilitaumlt 2030ldquo

Cost in eurokWh

Consumer cell are even

cheaper (eg TESLA)

39 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

Cost reduction of Power ElectronicsDriven by renewables ndash eg Global installed capacity of wind

540 GWpeak installed capacity by the end of 2017 ndash assuming 50 DFG

this translates in approximately 810 GVA of power electronic converters

Multi-megawatt power electronic converters are becoming a mass product

During the past 25 years a major cost reduction of voltage source inverters

took place from 500 eurokVA down to 20 eurokVA

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University40

Price of silicon cells and power electronics inter-twined

Silicon is made of SiO2 (ie sand an abundant material) and energy

Energy is produced by PV

PV energy is controlled and converted by power electronics made of silicon

In 2018$ 0113

Source R W De Doncker IEEE IPEC ECCE 2014 Hiroshima Japan

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University41

Technology Drivers

Price Development of Power Electronics

Specific cost for EV inverters

equiv 1995 $50kVA1

equiv 2015 $5kVA2

equiv 2020 RampD target $33kVA

1 Source Data provided by R De Doncker2 Source US Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office

3

4

5

6

7

8

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

cost

in $

kW

year

Material Usage in Power Transformers

Frequency matters

bull Weight distribution of copper and Si-steel

in machines and transformers

bull Copper 25 ndash 30

bull Iron lamination 70 ndash 75

bull Specific weight Fe 8 gcmsup3

bull Specific weight Cu 9 gcmsup3

bull Standard 50 Hz Transformer 25 kgkVA

bull 7 MW DC-DC converter 1 kHz 5 kV

bull 3 x 23 MVA transformers

bull 1000 Hz transformer 025 kgkVA

bull Increased power density by a factor of 10

compared to 50 Hz transformer

bull AC grids are based on transformer technology

Designed for top down energy transmission

Constant voltage and constant frequency

Flexible AC grids (FACTS) will require major investments in infrastructure

and power electronic energy conversion and storage systems

In 2000 EU29 had 685GW installed capacity ie 137 Mton on Cu and Si-

Steel in generators and transformers ie 1096 Beuro (at price of 8 eurokg)

Standard AC Grid Configuration for Transmission and Distribution

gt 20000 tonGW

Ecological Impact Analysis for Charging InfrastructureAC Charging 22 kW vs DC-Charging Mixed 50 kW amp 37 kW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University45

8490

8045

8008

8386

8216

6910

8917

8224

7211

3347

5536

7386

5974

5218

7325

6584

6479

8305

0 20 40 60 80 100

Landwirtschaftliche Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Klimawandel [kg CO2-Aumlq]

Verbrauch fossiler Rohstoffe [kg oil-Aumlq]

Frischwasseroumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Frischwasser Eutrophierung [kg P-Aumlq]

Humantoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Ionisierende Strahlung [kg U235-Aumlq]

Meeresoumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Meereseutrophierung [kg N-Aumlq]

Verbrauch mineralischer Rohstoffe [kg Fe-hellip

Natuumlrliche Landumwandlung [msup2]

Ozonabbau [kg CFC-11-Aumlq]

Partikelbildung [kg PM10-Aumlq]

Photochemische Oxidantienbildung [kghellip

Terrestrische Versauerung [kg SO2-Aumlq]

Terrestrische Oumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Staumldtische Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Wasserverbrauch [msup3]

AC-System

DC-System

Water usage [m3]

City land usage [m2a]

Global toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Global acidity increase [kg SO2 eq]

Photochemical Oxidants [kg]

Particles [kg PM10 eq]

Ozon reduction [kg CFC11 eq]

Natural land usage [m2]

Usage of mineral resources [kg Fe eq]

Sea water eutrophication [kg N eq]

Sea water ecological toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Ionic radiation [kg U235 eq]

Human toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Drinking water eutrophication [kg P eq]

Drinking water toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Usage of fossil fuels [kg Oil eq]

Climate change impact [kg CO2 eq]

Occupation of agricultural land [m2a]

Summary

Renewable energy has the full potential as a foundation for the future sustainable energy supply of industrial societies

Underlay meshed DC grids shorten the path between volatile renewable energy and consumers and have advantages at flexibility and cost

Interconnected DC grids offer an efficient solution for fast charging service E-mobility can support the grid with all required control power and a useful

proportion of storage Most importantly DC technology saves materials which reduces significantly

the ecological footprint

Researchers and engineers have identified solutions but still open questions Can implementation be accelerated by training technicians Are regulatory issues in the way

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University46

47

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

48

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

CWDKESS

ISEA

ELAB

CMP

FEN

e3D

EON ERC

Kopernikus

Grids

ENSURE

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Large-scale dispursed in space and time energy storage

bull Sector coupling (heat gas eMobility) and eGrid

bull Smart dispursed balancing power generation and DSM

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull DC technology to build meshed distribution grids

bull Solving the eMobility fast charging in urban areas

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Electric Vehicle Drive Train PrototypeState-of-the-Silicon-art

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker30 27112018

bull Demonstrator 280 kW

2x 115 kW ASM

1x 50 kW PMSM

2 LiIon batteries

144 V and 216 V

384 kWh

bull Audi Q6 e-tron quattro 370 kW (three motors)

Max speed 210 kmh

95 kWh LiIon

DC charging with 150 kW

400 km driving range

e performance developed at RWTH - predecessor of the Audi Q6 Production at AUDI Brussels ndash Presented Nov 2018 in San Francisco CA

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Modularity leads us to a standard components enabling various traction drive platforms ndash eTron platform (2016)

Source audicom July 2016

31 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

4

Distribution GridTypical Urban Grid Structure with e-Mobility (40 kW charger) is quickly overloaded

Branch A 21 households max total power 98 kW 178 kW (2 veh)

Length 461 m

Branch B 34 households max total power 129 kW 249 KW (3 veh)

Length 715 m

Branch C 10 households max total power 68 kW 108 kW (1 veh)

Length 185 m

Connection to transmission grid Transformer Capacity 250 kVA 630 kVA

Upgrade of 400V AC infrastructure

Based on M Stieneker and R W De

Doncker Medium-voltage DC

distribution grids in urban areas 2016

IEEE 7th International Symposium on

Power Electronics for Distributed

Generation Systems (PEDG) Vancouver

2016

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University32

Classical Distribution Grids are radialIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

HV

25 25 25 25

50 50

==3~

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University33

Classical Distribution Grids are radial and massively oversizedIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

HV

25 25 25

100

25 25 25

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

25

==3~

0

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University34

==

N x (F)CS

==

==

==

Hybrid Approach to Maximize Capacity of Distribution GridsIntegration of e-Mobility PV Wind Storage hellip by MVDC-Backbone

3~= =

3~= =

MVDC

MVDC

HV

==

==

==

==

N x (F)CS

25

25

25

100 100

25

50 50

MV MV

MVDC

LVLVLVLV

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University35

Dual Active Bridge DC-DC ConverterMedium-Voltage High-Power DC-DC Converter

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University36

P = 7 MW VDC = 5 kV plusmn10 Efficiency up to 992 Ultimately air-cooled devices are an option DC substation at 13 weight of 50 Hz

transformer

R Lenke bdquoA Contribution to the Design of Isolated DC-DC Converters for Utility Applicationsldquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2012

N Soltau bdquoHigh-power medium-voltage DC-DC converters design control and demonstrationrdquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2017

DC-grid and energy management in a DC quarterLower infrastructure cost higher efficiency and bidirectional

MVDC

LVDC

(AC)

5 kV+(-) 380 V

DC-ConverterLegacy AC

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University37

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Material savings

bull Ecological footprint

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

World-wide target for costs (eurokWh) for large-scale automotive LIB cells

published by the end of 2012

Technology DriversPrice Development of Lithium-Ion Batteries (only cells)

ISEA forecast (2010)

Prices decreased faster

than predicted by NEDO

Germany (BMBFISI)

South Korea (MKE)

Source bdquoTechnologie-

Roadmap Energiespeicher

fuumlr die Elektromobilitaumlt 2030ldquo

Cost in eurokWh

Consumer cell are even

cheaper (eg TESLA)

39 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

Cost reduction of Power ElectronicsDriven by renewables ndash eg Global installed capacity of wind

540 GWpeak installed capacity by the end of 2017 ndash assuming 50 DFG

this translates in approximately 810 GVA of power electronic converters

Multi-megawatt power electronic converters are becoming a mass product

During the past 25 years a major cost reduction of voltage source inverters

took place from 500 eurokVA down to 20 eurokVA

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University40

Price of silicon cells and power electronics inter-twined

Silicon is made of SiO2 (ie sand an abundant material) and energy

Energy is produced by PV

PV energy is controlled and converted by power electronics made of silicon

In 2018$ 0113

Source R W De Doncker IEEE IPEC ECCE 2014 Hiroshima Japan

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University41

Technology Drivers

Price Development of Power Electronics

Specific cost for EV inverters

equiv 1995 $50kVA1

equiv 2015 $5kVA2

equiv 2020 RampD target $33kVA

1 Source Data provided by R De Doncker2 Source US Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office

3

4

5

6

7

8

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

cost

in $

kW

year

Material Usage in Power Transformers

Frequency matters

bull Weight distribution of copper and Si-steel

in machines and transformers

bull Copper 25 ndash 30

bull Iron lamination 70 ndash 75

bull Specific weight Fe 8 gcmsup3

bull Specific weight Cu 9 gcmsup3

bull Standard 50 Hz Transformer 25 kgkVA

bull 7 MW DC-DC converter 1 kHz 5 kV

bull 3 x 23 MVA transformers

bull 1000 Hz transformer 025 kgkVA

bull Increased power density by a factor of 10

compared to 50 Hz transformer

bull AC grids are based on transformer technology

Designed for top down energy transmission

Constant voltage and constant frequency

Flexible AC grids (FACTS) will require major investments in infrastructure

and power electronic energy conversion and storage systems

In 2000 EU29 had 685GW installed capacity ie 137 Mton on Cu and Si-

Steel in generators and transformers ie 1096 Beuro (at price of 8 eurokg)

Standard AC Grid Configuration for Transmission and Distribution

gt 20000 tonGW

Ecological Impact Analysis for Charging InfrastructureAC Charging 22 kW vs DC-Charging Mixed 50 kW amp 37 kW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University45

8490

8045

8008

8386

8216

6910

8917

8224

7211

3347

5536

7386

5974

5218

7325

6584

6479

8305

0 20 40 60 80 100

Landwirtschaftliche Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Klimawandel [kg CO2-Aumlq]

Verbrauch fossiler Rohstoffe [kg oil-Aumlq]

Frischwasseroumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Frischwasser Eutrophierung [kg P-Aumlq]

Humantoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Ionisierende Strahlung [kg U235-Aumlq]

Meeresoumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Meereseutrophierung [kg N-Aumlq]

Verbrauch mineralischer Rohstoffe [kg Fe-hellip

Natuumlrliche Landumwandlung [msup2]

Ozonabbau [kg CFC-11-Aumlq]

Partikelbildung [kg PM10-Aumlq]

Photochemische Oxidantienbildung [kghellip

Terrestrische Versauerung [kg SO2-Aumlq]

Terrestrische Oumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Staumldtische Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Wasserverbrauch [msup3]

AC-System

DC-System

Water usage [m3]

City land usage [m2a]

Global toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Global acidity increase [kg SO2 eq]

Photochemical Oxidants [kg]

Particles [kg PM10 eq]

Ozon reduction [kg CFC11 eq]

Natural land usage [m2]

Usage of mineral resources [kg Fe eq]

Sea water eutrophication [kg N eq]

Sea water ecological toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Ionic radiation [kg U235 eq]

Human toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Drinking water eutrophication [kg P eq]

Drinking water toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Usage of fossil fuels [kg Oil eq]

Climate change impact [kg CO2 eq]

Occupation of agricultural land [m2a]

Summary

Renewable energy has the full potential as a foundation for the future sustainable energy supply of industrial societies

Underlay meshed DC grids shorten the path between volatile renewable energy and consumers and have advantages at flexibility and cost

Interconnected DC grids offer an efficient solution for fast charging service E-mobility can support the grid with all required control power and a useful

proportion of storage Most importantly DC technology saves materials which reduces significantly

the ecological footprint

Researchers and engineers have identified solutions but still open questions Can implementation be accelerated by training technicians Are regulatory issues in the way

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University46

47

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

48

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

CWDKESS

ISEA

ELAB

CMP

FEN

e3D

EON ERC

Kopernikus

Grids

ENSURE

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Electric Vehicle Drive Train PrototypeState-of-the-Silicon-art

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker30 27112018

bull Demonstrator 280 kW

2x 115 kW ASM

1x 50 kW PMSM

2 LiIon batteries

144 V and 216 V

384 kWh

bull Audi Q6 e-tron quattro 370 kW (three motors)

Max speed 210 kmh

95 kWh LiIon

DC charging with 150 kW

400 km driving range

e performance developed at RWTH - predecessor of the Audi Q6 Production at AUDI Brussels ndash Presented Nov 2018 in San Francisco CA

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Modularity leads us to a standard components enabling various traction drive platforms ndash eTron platform (2016)

Source audicom July 2016

31 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

4

Distribution GridTypical Urban Grid Structure with e-Mobility (40 kW charger) is quickly overloaded

Branch A 21 households max total power 98 kW 178 kW (2 veh)

Length 461 m

Branch B 34 households max total power 129 kW 249 KW (3 veh)

Length 715 m

Branch C 10 households max total power 68 kW 108 kW (1 veh)

Length 185 m

Connection to transmission grid Transformer Capacity 250 kVA 630 kVA

Upgrade of 400V AC infrastructure

Based on M Stieneker and R W De

Doncker Medium-voltage DC

distribution grids in urban areas 2016

IEEE 7th International Symposium on

Power Electronics for Distributed

Generation Systems (PEDG) Vancouver

2016

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University32

Classical Distribution Grids are radialIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

HV

25 25 25 25

50 50

==3~

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University33

Classical Distribution Grids are radial and massively oversizedIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

HV

25 25 25

100

25 25 25

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

25

==3~

0

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University34

==

N x (F)CS

==

==

==

Hybrid Approach to Maximize Capacity of Distribution GridsIntegration of e-Mobility PV Wind Storage hellip by MVDC-Backbone

3~= =

3~= =

MVDC

MVDC

HV

==

==

==

==

N x (F)CS

25

25

25

100 100

25

50 50

MV MV

MVDC

LVLVLVLV

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University35

Dual Active Bridge DC-DC ConverterMedium-Voltage High-Power DC-DC Converter

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University36

P = 7 MW VDC = 5 kV plusmn10 Efficiency up to 992 Ultimately air-cooled devices are an option DC substation at 13 weight of 50 Hz

transformer

R Lenke bdquoA Contribution to the Design of Isolated DC-DC Converters for Utility Applicationsldquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2012

N Soltau bdquoHigh-power medium-voltage DC-DC converters design control and demonstrationrdquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2017

DC-grid and energy management in a DC quarterLower infrastructure cost higher efficiency and bidirectional

MVDC

LVDC

(AC)

5 kV+(-) 380 V

DC-ConverterLegacy AC

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University37

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Material savings

bull Ecological footprint

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

World-wide target for costs (eurokWh) for large-scale automotive LIB cells

published by the end of 2012

Technology DriversPrice Development of Lithium-Ion Batteries (only cells)

ISEA forecast (2010)

Prices decreased faster

than predicted by NEDO

Germany (BMBFISI)

South Korea (MKE)

Source bdquoTechnologie-

Roadmap Energiespeicher

fuumlr die Elektromobilitaumlt 2030ldquo

Cost in eurokWh

Consumer cell are even

cheaper (eg TESLA)

39 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

Cost reduction of Power ElectronicsDriven by renewables ndash eg Global installed capacity of wind

540 GWpeak installed capacity by the end of 2017 ndash assuming 50 DFG

this translates in approximately 810 GVA of power electronic converters

Multi-megawatt power electronic converters are becoming a mass product

During the past 25 years a major cost reduction of voltage source inverters

took place from 500 eurokVA down to 20 eurokVA

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University40

Price of silicon cells and power electronics inter-twined

Silicon is made of SiO2 (ie sand an abundant material) and energy

Energy is produced by PV

PV energy is controlled and converted by power electronics made of silicon

In 2018$ 0113

Source R W De Doncker IEEE IPEC ECCE 2014 Hiroshima Japan

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University41

Technology Drivers

Price Development of Power Electronics

Specific cost for EV inverters

equiv 1995 $50kVA1

equiv 2015 $5kVA2

equiv 2020 RampD target $33kVA

1 Source Data provided by R De Doncker2 Source US Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office

3

4

5

6

7

8

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

cost

in $

kW

year

Material Usage in Power Transformers

Frequency matters

bull Weight distribution of copper and Si-steel

in machines and transformers

bull Copper 25 ndash 30

bull Iron lamination 70 ndash 75

bull Specific weight Fe 8 gcmsup3

bull Specific weight Cu 9 gcmsup3

bull Standard 50 Hz Transformer 25 kgkVA

bull 7 MW DC-DC converter 1 kHz 5 kV

bull 3 x 23 MVA transformers

bull 1000 Hz transformer 025 kgkVA

bull Increased power density by a factor of 10

compared to 50 Hz transformer

bull AC grids are based on transformer technology

Designed for top down energy transmission

Constant voltage and constant frequency

Flexible AC grids (FACTS) will require major investments in infrastructure

and power electronic energy conversion and storage systems

In 2000 EU29 had 685GW installed capacity ie 137 Mton on Cu and Si-

Steel in generators and transformers ie 1096 Beuro (at price of 8 eurokg)

Standard AC Grid Configuration for Transmission and Distribution

gt 20000 tonGW

Ecological Impact Analysis for Charging InfrastructureAC Charging 22 kW vs DC-Charging Mixed 50 kW amp 37 kW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University45

8490

8045

8008

8386

8216

6910

8917

8224

7211

3347

5536

7386

5974

5218

7325

6584

6479

8305

0 20 40 60 80 100

Landwirtschaftliche Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Klimawandel [kg CO2-Aumlq]

Verbrauch fossiler Rohstoffe [kg oil-Aumlq]

Frischwasseroumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Frischwasser Eutrophierung [kg P-Aumlq]

Humantoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Ionisierende Strahlung [kg U235-Aumlq]

Meeresoumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Meereseutrophierung [kg N-Aumlq]

Verbrauch mineralischer Rohstoffe [kg Fe-hellip

Natuumlrliche Landumwandlung [msup2]

Ozonabbau [kg CFC-11-Aumlq]

Partikelbildung [kg PM10-Aumlq]

Photochemische Oxidantienbildung [kghellip

Terrestrische Versauerung [kg SO2-Aumlq]

Terrestrische Oumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Staumldtische Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Wasserverbrauch [msup3]

AC-System

DC-System

Water usage [m3]

City land usage [m2a]

Global toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Global acidity increase [kg SO2 eq]

Photochemical Oxidants [kg]

Particles [kg PM10 eq]

Ozon reduction [kg CFC11 eq]

Natural land usage [m2]

Usage of mineral resources [kg Fe eq]

Sea water eutrophication [kg N eq]

Sea water ecological toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Ionic radiation [kg U235 eq]

Human toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Drinking water eutrophication [kg P eq]

Drinking water toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Usage of fossil fuels [kg Oil eq]

Climate change impact [kg CO2 eq]

Occupation of agricultural land [m2a]

Summary

Renewable energy has the full potential as a foundation for the future sustainable energy supply of industrial societies

Underlay meshed DC grids shorten the path between volatile renewable energy and consumers and have advantages at flexibility and cost

Interconnected DC grids offer an efficient solution for fast charging service E-mobility can support the grid with all required control power and a useful

proportion of storage Most importantly DC technology saves materials which reduces significantly

the ecological footprint

Researchers and engineers have identified solutions but still open questions Can implementation be accelerated by training technicians Are regulatory issues in the way

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University46

47

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

48

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

CWDKESS

ISEA

ELAB

CMP

FEN

e3D

EON ERC

Kopernikus

Grids

ENSURE

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

Modularity leads us to a standard components enabling various traction drive platforms ndash eTron platform (2016)

Source audicom July 2016

31 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

4

Distribution GridTypical Urban Grid Structure with e-Mobility (40 kW charger) is quickly overloaded

Branch A 21 households max total power 98 kW 178 kW (2 veh)

Length 461 m

Branch B 34 households max total power 129 kW 249 KW (3 veh)

Length 715 m

Branch C 10 households max total power 68 kW 108 kW (1 veh)

Length 185 m

Connection to transmission grid Transformer Capacity 250 kVA 630 kVA

Upgrade of 400V AC infrastructure

Based on M Stieneker and R W De

Doncker Medium-voltage DC

distribution grids in urban areas 2016

IEEE 7th International Symposium on

Power Electronics for Distributed

Generation Systems (PEDG) Vancouver

2016

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University32

Classical Distribution Grids are radialIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

HV

25 25 25 25

50 50

==3~

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University33

Classical Distribution Grids are radial and massively oversizedIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

HV

25 25 25

100

25 25 25

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

25

==3~

0

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University34

==

N x (F)CS

==

==

==

Hybrid Approach to Maximize Capacity of Distribution GridsIntegration of e-Mobility PV Wind Storage hellip by MVDC-Backbone

3~= =

3~= =

MVDC

MVDC

HV

==

==

==

==

N x (F)CS

25

25

25

100 100

25

50 50

MV MV

MVDC

LVLVLVLV

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University35

Dual Active Bridge DC-DC ConverterMedium-Voltage High-Power DC-DC Converter

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University36

P = 7 MW VDC = 5 kV plusmn10 Efficiency up to 992 Ultimately air-cooled devices are an option DC substation at 13 weight of 50 Hz

transformer

R Lenke bdquoA Contribution to the Design of Isolated DC-DC Converters for Utility Applicationsldquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2012

N Soltau bdquoHigh-power medium-voltage DC-DC converters design control and demonstrationrdquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2017

DC-grid and energy management in a DC quarterLower infrastructure cost higher efficiency and bidirectional

MVDC

LVDC

(AC)

5 kV+(-) 380 V

DC-ConverterLegacy AC

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University37

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Material savings

bull Ecological footprint

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

World-wide target for costs (eurokWh) for large-scale automotive LIB cells

published by the end of 2012

Technology DriversPrice Development of Lithium-Ion Batteries (only cells)

ISEA forecast (2010)

Prices decreased faster

than predicted by NEDO

Germany (BMBFISI)

South Korea (MKE)

Source bdquoTechnologie-

Roadmap Energiespeicher

fuumlr die Elektromobilitaumlt 2030ldquo

Cost in eurokWh

Consumer cell are even

cheaper (eg TESLA)

39 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

Cost reduction of Power ElectronicsDriven by renewables ndash eg Global installed capacity of wind

540 GWpeak installed capacity by the end of 2017 ndash assuming 50 DFG

this translates in approximately 810 GVA of power electronic converters

Multi-megawatt power electronic converters are becoming a mass product

During the past 25 years a major cost reduction of voltage source inverters

took place from 500 eurokVA down to 20 eurokVA

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University40

Price of silicon cells and power electronics inter-twined

Silicon is made of SiO2 (ie sand an abundant material) and energy

Energy is produced by PV

PV energy is controlled and converted by power electronics made of silicon

In 2018$ 0113

Source R W De Doncker IEEE IPEC ECCE 2014 Hiroshima Japan

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University41

Technology Drivers

Price Development of Power Electronics

Specific cost for EV inverters

equiv 1995 $50kVA1

equiv 2015 $5kVA2

equiv 2020 RampD target $33kVA

1 Source Data provided by R De Doncker2 Source US Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office

3

4

5

6

7

8

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

cost

in $

kW

year

Material Usage in Power Transformers

Frequency matters

bull Weight distribution of copper and Si-steel

in machines and transformers

bull Copper 25 ndash 30

bull Iron lamination 70 ndash 75

bull Specific weight Fe 8 gcmsup3

bull Specific weight Cu 9 gcmsup3

bull Standard 50 Hz Transformer 25 kgkVA

bull 7 MW DC-DC converter 1 kHz 5 kV

bull 3 x 23 MVA transformers

bull 1000 Hz transformer 025 kgkVA

bull Increased power density by a factor of 10

compared to 50 Hz transformer

bull AC grids are based on transformer technology

Designed for top down energy transmission

Constant voltage and constant frequency

Flexible AC grids (FACTS) will require major investments in infrastructure

and power electronic energy conversion and storage systems

In 2000 EU29 had 685GW installed capacity ie 137 Mton on Cu and Si-

Steel in generators and transformers ie 1096 Beuro (at price of 8 eurokg)

Standard AC Grid Configuration for Transmission and Distribution

gt 20000 tonGW

Ecological Impact Analysis for Charging InfrastructureAC Charging 22 kW vs DC-Charging Mixed 50 kW amp 37 kW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University45

8490

8045

8008

8386

8216

6910

8917

8224

7211

3347

5536

7386

5974

5218

7325

6584

6479

8305

0 20 40 60 80 100

Landwirtschaftliche Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Klimawandel [kg CO2-Aumlq]

Verbrauch fossiler Rohstoffe [kg oil-Aumlq]

Frischwasseroumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Frischwasser Eutrophierung [kg P-Aumlq]

Humantoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Ionisierende Strahlung [kg U235-Aumlq]

Meeresoumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Meereseutrophierung [kg N-Aumlq]

Verbrauch mineralischer Rohstoffe [kg Fe-hellip

Natuumlrliche Landumwandlung [msup2]

Ozonabbau [kg CFC-11-Aumlq]

Partikelbildung [kg PM10-Aumlq]

Photochemische Oxidantienbildung [kghellip

Terrestrische Versauerung [kg SO2-Aumlq]

Terrestrische Oumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Staumldtische Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Wasserverbrauch [msup3]

AC-System

DC-System

Water usage [m3]

City land usage [m2a]

Global toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Global acidity increase [kg SO2 eq]

Photochemical Oxidants [kg]

Particles [kg PM10 eq]

Ozon reduction [kg CFC11 eq]

Natural land usage [m2]

Usage of mineral resources [kg Fe eq]

Sea water eutrophication [kg N eq]

Sea water ecological toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Ionic radiation [kg U235 eq]

Human toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Drinking water eutrophication [kg P eq]

Drinking water toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Usage of fossil fuels [kg Oil eq]

Climate change impact [kg CO2 eq]

Occupation of agricultural land [m2a]

Summary

Renewable energy has the full potential as a foundation for the future sustainable energy supply of industrial societies

Underlay meshed DC grids shorten the path between volatile renewable energy and consumers and have advantages at flexibility and cost

Interconnected DC grids offer an efficient solution for fast charging service E-mobility can support the grid with all required control power and a useful

proportion of storage Most importantly DC technology saves materials which reduces significantly

the ecological footprint

Researchers and engineers have identified solutions but still open questions Can implementation be accelerated by training technicians Are regulatory issues in the way

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University46

47

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

48

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

CWDKESS

ISEA

ELAB

CMP

FEN

e3D

EON ERC

Kopernikus

Grids

ENSURE

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

Distribution GridTypical Urban Grid Structure with e-Mobility (40 kW charger) is quickly overloaded

Branch A 21 households max total power 98 kW 178 kW (2 veh)

Length 461 m

Branch B 34 households max total power 129 kW 249 KW (3 veh)

Length 715 m

Branch C 10 households max total power 68 kW 108 kW (1 veh)

Length 185 m

Connection to transmission grid Transformer Capacity 250 kVA 630 kVA

Upgrade of 400V AC infrastructure

Based on M Stieneker and R W De

Doncker Medium-voltage DC

distribution grids in urban areas 2016

IEEE 7th International Symposium on

Power Electronics for Distributed

Generation Systems (PEDG) Vancouver

2016

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University32

Classical Distribution Grids are radialIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

HV

25 25 25 25

50 50

==3~

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University33

Classical Distribution Grids are radial and massively oversizedIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

HV

25 25 25

100

25 25 25

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

25

==3~

0

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University34

==

N x (F)CS

==

==

==

Hybrid Approach to Maximize Capacity of Distribution GridsIntegration of e-Mobility PV Wind Storage hellip by MVDC-Backbone

3~= =

3~= =

MVDC

MVDC

HV

==

==

==

==

N x (F)CS

25

25

25

100 100

25

50 50

MV MV

MVDC

LVLVLVLV

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University35

Dual Active Bridge DC-DC ConverterMedium-Voltage High-Power DC-DC Converter

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University36

P = 7 MW VDC = 5 kV plusmn10 Efficiency up to 992 Ultimately air-cooled devices are an option DC substation at 13 weight of 50 Hz

transformer

R Lenke bdquoA Contribution to the Design of Isolated DC-DC Converters for Utility Applicationsldquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2012

N Soltau bdquoHigh-power medium-voltage DC-DC converters design control and demonstrationrdquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2017

DC-grid and energy management in a DC quarterLower infrastructure cost higher efficiency and bidirectional

MVDC

LVDC

(AC)

5 kV+(-) 380 V

DC-ConverterLegacy AC

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University37

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Material savings

bull Ecological footprint

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

World-wide target for costs (eurokWh) for large-scale automotive LIB cells

published by the end of 2012

Technology DriversPrice Development of Lithium-Ion Batteries (only cells)

ISEA forecast (2010)

Prices decreased faster

than predicted by NEDO

Germany (BMBFISI)

South Korea (MKE)

Source bdquoTechnologie-

Roadmap Energiespeicher

fuumlr die Elektromobilitaumlt 2030ldquo

Cost in eurokWh

Consumer cell are even

cheaper (eg TESLA)

39 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

Cost reduction of Power ElectronicsDriven by renewables ndash eg Global installed capacity of wind

540 GWpeak installed capacity by the end of 2017 ndash assuming 50 DFG

this translates in approximately 810 GVA of power electronic converters

Multi-megawatt power electronic converters are becoming a mass product

During the past 25 years a major cost reduction of voltage source inverters

took place from 500 eurokVA down to 20 eurokVA

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University40

Price of silicon cells and power electronics inter-twined

Silicon is made of SiO2 (ie sand an abundant material) and energy

Energy is produced by PV

PV energy is controlled and converted by power electronics made of silicon

In 2018$ 0113

Source R W De Doncker IEEE IPEC ECCE 2014 Hiroshima Japan

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University41

Technology Drivers

Price Development of Power Electronics

Specific cost for EV inverters

equiv 1995 $50kVA1

equiv 2015 $5kVA2

equiv 2020 RampD target $33kVA

1 Source Data provided by R De Doncker2 Source US Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office

3

4

5

6

7

8

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

cost

in $

kW

year

Material Usage in Power Transformers

Frequency matters

bull Weight distribution of copper and Si-steel

in machines and transformers

bull Copper 25 ndash 30

bull Iron lamination 70 ndash 75

bull Specific weight Fe 8 gcmsup3

bull Specific weight Cu 9 gcmsup3

bull Standard 50 Hz Transformer 25 kgkVA

bull 7 MW DC-DC converter 1 kHz 5 kV

bull 3 x 23 MVA transformers

bull 1000 Hz transformer 025 kgkVA

bull Increased power density by a factor of 10

compared to 50 Hz transformer

bull AC grids are based on transformer technology

Designed for top down energy transmission

Constant voltage and constant frequency

Flexible AC grids (FACTS) will require major investments in infrastructure

and power electronic energy conversion and storage systems

In 2000 EU29 had 685GW installed capacity ie 137 Mton on Cu and Si-

Steel in generators and transformers ie 1096 Beuro (at price of 8 eurokg)

Standard AC Grid Configuration for Transmission and Distribution

gt 20000 tonGW

Ecological Impact Analysis for Charging InfrastructureAC Charging 22 kW vs DC-Charging Mixed 50 kW amp 37 kW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University45

8490

8045

8008

8386

8216

6910

8917

8224

7211

3347

5536

7386

5974

5218

7325

6584

6479

8305

0 20 40 60 80 100

Landwirtschaftliche Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Klimawandel [kg CO2-Aumlq]

Verbrauch fossiler Rohstoffe [kg oil-Aumlq]

Frischwasseroumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Frischwasser Eutrophierung [kg P-Aumlq]

Humantoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Ionisierende Strahlung [kg U235-Aumlq]

Meeresoumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Meereseutrophierung [kg N-Aumlq]

Verbrauch mineralischer Rohstoffe [kg Fe-hellip

Natuumlrliche Landumwandlung [msup2]

Ozonabbau [kg CFC-11-Aumlq]

Partikelbildung [kg PM10-Aumlq]

Photochemische Oxidantienbildung [kghellip

Terrestrische Versauerung [kg SO2-Aumlq]

Terrestrische Oumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Staumldtische Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Wasserverbrauch [msup3]

AC-System

DC-System

Water usage [m3]

City land usage [m2a]

Global toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Global acidity increase [kg SO2 eq]

Photochemical Oxidants [kg]

Particles [kg PM10 eq]

Ozon reduction [kg CFC11 eq]

Natural land usage [m2]

Usage of mineral resources [kg Fe eq]

Sea water eutrophication [kg N eq]

Sea water ecological toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Ionic radiation [kg U235 eq]

Human toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Drinking water eutrophication [kg P eq]

Drinking water toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Usage of fossil fuels [kg Oil eq]

Climate change impact [kg CO2 eq]

Occupation of agricultural land [m2a]

Summary

Renewable energy has the full potential as a foundation for the future sustainable energy supply of industrial societies

Underlay meshed DC grids shorten the path between volatile renewable energy and consumers and have advantages at flexibility and cost

Interconnected DC grids offer an efficient solution for fast charging service E-mobility can support the grid with all required control power and a useful

proportion of storage Most importantly DC technology saves materials which reduces significantly

the ecological footprint

Researchers and engineers have identified solutions but still open questions Can implementation be accelerated by training technicians Are regulatory issues in the way

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University46

47

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

48

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

CWDKESS

ISEA

ELAB

CMP

FEN

e3D

EON ERC

Kopernikus

Grids

ENSURE

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

Classical Distribution Grids are radialIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

HV

25 25 25 25

50 50

==3~

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University33

Classical Distribution Grids are radial and massively oversizedIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

HV

25 25 25

100

25 25 25

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

25

==3~

0

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University34

==

N x (F)CS

==

==

==

Hybrid Approach to Maximize Capacity of Distribution GridsIntegration of e-Mobility PV Wind Storage hellip by MVDC-Backbone

3~= =

3~= =

MVDC

MVDC

HV

==

==

==

==

N x (F)CS

25

25

25

100 100

25

50 50

MV MV

MVDC

LVLVLVLV

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University35

Dual Active Bridge DC-DC ConverterMedium-Voltage High-Power DC-DC Converter

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University36

P = 7 MW VDC = 5 kV plusmn10 Efficiency up to 992 Ultimately air-cooled devices are an option DC substation at 13 weight of 50 Hz

transformer

R Lenke bdquoA Contribution to the Design of Isolated DC-DC Converters for Utility Applicationsldquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2012

N Soltau bdquoHigh-power medium-voltage DC-DC converters design control and demonstrationrdquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2017

DC-grid and energy management in a DC quarterLower infrastructure cost higher efficiency and bidirectional

MVDC

LVDC

(AC)

5 kV+(-) 380 V

DC-ConverterLegacy AC

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University37

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Material savings

bull Ecological footprint

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

World-wide target for costs (eurokWh) for large-scale automotive LIB cells

published by the end of 2012

Technology DriversPrice Development of Lithium-Ion Batteries (only cells)

ISEA forecast (2010)

Prices decreased faster

than predicted by NEDO

Germany (BMBFISI)

South Korea (MKE)

Source bdquoTechnologie-

Roadmap Energiespeicher

fuumlr die Elektromobilitaumlt 2030ldquo

Cost in eurokWh

Consumer cell are even

cheaper (eg TESLA)

39 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

Cost reduction of Power ElectronicsDriven by renewables ndash eg Global installed capacity of wind

540 GWpeak installed capacity by the end of 2017 ndash assuming 50 DFG

this translates in approximately 810 GVA of power electronic converters

Multi-megawatt power electronic converters are becoming a mass product

During the past 25 years a major cost reduction of voltage source inverters

took place from 500 eurokVA down to 20 eurokVA

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University40

Price of silicon cells and power electronics inter-twined

Silicon is made of SiO2 (ie sand an abundant material) and energy

Energy is produced by PV

PV energy is controlled and converted by power electronics made of silicon

In 2018$ 0113

Source R W De Doncker IEEE IPEC ECCE 2014 Hiroshima Japan

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University41

Technology Drivers

Price Development of Power Electronics

Specific cost for EV inverters

equiv 1995 $50kVA1

equiv 2015 $5kVA2

equiv 2020 RampD target $33kVA

1 Source Data provided by R De Doncker2 Source US Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office

3

4

5

6

7

8

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

cost

in $

kW

year

Material Usage in Power Transformers

Frequency matters

bull Weight distribution of copper and Si-steel

in machines and transformers

bull Copper 25 ndash 30

bull Iron lamination 70 ndash 75

bull Specific weight Fe 8 gcmsup3

bull Specific weight Cu 9 gcmsup3

bull Standard 50 Hz Transformer 25 kgkVA

bull 7 MW DC-DC converter 1 kHz 5 kV

bull 3 x 23 MVA transformers

bull 1000 Hz transformer 025 kgkVA

bull Increased power density by a factor of 10

compared to 50 Hz transformer

bull AC grids are based on transformer technology

Designed for top down energy transmission

Constant voltage and constant frequency

Flexible AC grids (FACTS) will require major investments in infrastructure

and power electronic energy conversion and storage systems

In 2000 EU29 had 685GW installed capacity ie 137 Mton on Cu and Si-

Steel in generators and transformers ie 1096 Beuro (at price of 8 eurokg)

Standard AC Grid Configuration for Transmission and Distribution

gt 20000 tonGW

Ecological Impact Analysis for Charging InfrastructureAC Charging 22 kW vs DC-Charging Mixed 50 kW amp 37 kW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University45

8490

8045

8008

8386

8216

6910

8917

8224

7211

3347

5536

7386

5974

5218

7325

6584

6479

8305

0 20 40 60 80 100

Landwirtschaftliche Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Klimawandel [kg CO2-Aumlq]

Verbrauch fossiler Rohstoffe [kg oil-Aumlq]

Frischwasseroumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Frischwasser Eutrophierung [kg P-Aumlq]

Humantoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Ionisierende Strahlung [kg U235-Aumlq]

Meeresoumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Meereseutrophierung [kg N-Aumlq]

Verbrauch mineralischer Rohstoffe [kg Fe-hellip

Natuumlrliche Landumwandlung [msup2]

Ozonabbau [kg CFC-11-Aumlq]

Partikelbildung [kg PM10-Aumlq]

Photochemische Oxidantienbildung [kghellip

Terrestrische Versauerung [kg SO2-Aumlq]

Terrestrische Oumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Staumldtische Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Wasserverbrauch [msup3]

AC-System

DC-System

Water usage [m3]

City land usage [m2a]

Global toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Global acidity increase [kg SO2 eq]

Photochemical Oxidants [kg]

Particles [kg PM10 eq]

Ozon reduction [kg CFC11 eq]

Natural land usage [m2]

Usage of mineral resources [kg Fe eq]

Sea water eutrophication [kg N eq]

Sea water ecological toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Ionic radiation [kg U235 eq]

Human toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Drinking water eutrophication [kg P eq]

Drinking water toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Usage of fossil fuels [kg Oil eq]

Climate change impact [kg CO2 eq]

Occupation of agricultural land [m2a]

Summary

Renewable energy has the full potential as a foundation for the future sustainable energy supply of industrial societies

Underlay meshed DC grids shorten the path between volatile renewable energy and consumers and have advantages at flexibility and cost

Interconnected DC grids offer an efficient solution for fast charging service E-mobility can support the grid with all required control power and a useful

proportion of storage Most importantly DC technology saves materials which reduces significantly

the ecological footprint

Researchers and engineers have identified solutions but still open questions Can implementation be accelerated by training technicians Are regulatory issues in the way

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University46

47

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

48

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

CWDKESS

ISEA

ELAB

CMP

FEN

e3D

EON ERC

Kopernikus

Grids

ENSURE

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

Classical Distribution Grids are radial and massively oversizedIntegration of decentralized supplies renewables storage and e-Mobility is difficult

HV

25 25 25

100

25 25 25

MV MV

LVLVLVLV

25

==3~

0

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University34

==

N x (F)CS

==

==

==

Hybrid Approach to Maximize Capacity of Distribution GridsIntegration of e-Mobility PV Wind Storage hellip by MVDC-Backbone

3~= =

3~= =

MVDC

MVDC

HV

==

==

==

==

N x (F)CS

25

25

25

100 100

25

50 50

MV MV

MVDC

LVLVLVLV

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University35

Dual Active Bridge DC-DC ConverterMedium-Voltage High-Power DC-DC Converter

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University36

P = 7 MW VDC = 5 kV plusmn10 Efficiency up to 992 Ultimately air-cooled devices are an option DC substation at 13 weight of 50 Hz

transformer

R Lenke bdquoA Contribution to the Design of Isolated DC-DC Converters for Utility Applicationsldquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2012

N Soltau bdquoHigh-power medium-voltage DC-DC converters design control and demonstrationrdquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2017

DC-grid and energy management in a DC quarterLower infrastructure cost higher efficiency and bidirectional

MVDC

LVDC

(AC)

5 kV+(-) 380 V

DC-ConverterLegacy AC

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University37

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Material savings

bull Ecological footprint

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

World-wide target for costs (eurokWh) for large-scale automotive LIB cells

published by the end of 2012

Technology DriversPrice Development of Lithium-Ion Batteries (only cells)

ISEA forecast (2010)

Prices decreased faster

than predicted by NEDO

Germany (BMBFISI)

South Korea (MKE)

Source bdquoTechnologie-

Roadmap Energiespeicher

fuumlr die Elektromobilitaumlt 2030ldquo

Cost in eurokWh

Consumer cell are even

cheaper (eg TESLA)

39 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

Cost reduction of Power ElectronicsDriven by renewables ndash eg Global installed capacity of wind

540 GWpeak installed capacity by the end of 2017 ndash assuming 50 DFG

this translates in approximately 810 GVA of power electronic converters

Multi-megawatt power electronic converters are becoming a mass product

During the past 25 years a major cost reduction of voltage source inverters

took place from 500 eurokVA down to 20 eurokVA

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University40

Price of silicon cells and power electronics inter-twined

Silicon is made of SiO2 (ie sand an abundant material) and energy

Energy is produced by PV

PV energy is controlled and converted by power electronics made of silicon

In 2018$ 0113

Source R W De Doncker IEEE IPEC ECCE 2014 Hiroshima Japan

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University41

Technology Drivers

Price Development of Power Electronics

Specific cost for EV inverters

equiv 1995 $50kVA1

equiv 2015 $5kVA2

equiv 2020 RampD target $33kVA

1 Source Data provided by R De Doncker2 Source US Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office

3

4

5

6

7

8

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

cost

in $

kW

year

Material Usage in Power Transformers

Frequency matters

bull Weight distribution of copper and Si-steel

in machines and transformers

bull Copper 25 ndash 30

bull Iron lamination 70 ndash 75

bull Specific weight Fe 8 gcmsup3

bull Specific weight Cu 9 gcmsup3

bull Standard 50 Hz Transformer 25 kgkVA

bull 7 MW DC-DC converter 1 kHz 5 kV

bull 3 x 23 MVA transformers

bull 1000 Hz transformer 025 kgkVA

bull Increased power density by a factor of 10

compared to 50 Hz transformer

bull AC grids are based on transformer technology

Designed for top down energy transmission

Constant voltage and constant frequency

Flexible AC grids (FACTS) will require major investments in infrastructure

and power electronic energy conversion and storage systems

In 2000 EU29 had 685GW installed capacity ie 137 Mton on Cu and Si-

Steel in generators and transformers ie 1096 Beuro (at price of 8 eurokg)

Standard AC Grid Configuration for Transmission and Distribution

gt 20000 tonGW

Ecological Impact Analysis for Charging InfrastructureAC Charging 22 kW vs DC-Charging Mixed 50 kW amp 37 kW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University45

8490

8045

8008

8386

8216

6910

8917

8224

7211

3347

5536

7386

5974

5218

7325

6584

6479

8305

0 20 40 60 80 100

Landwirtschaftliche Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Klimawandel [kg CO2-Aumlq]

Verbrauch fossiler Rohstoffe [kg oil-Aumlq]

Frischwasseroumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Frischwasser Eutrophierung [kg P-Aumlq]

Humantoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Ionisierende Strahlung [kg U235-Aumlq]

Meeresoumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Meereseutrophierung [kg N-Aumlq]

Verbrauch mineralischer Rohstoffe [kg Fe-hellip

Natuumlrliche Landumwandlung [msup2]

Ozonabbau [kg CFC-11-Aumlq]

Partikelbildung [kg PM10-Aumlq]

Photochemische Oxidantienbildung [kghellip

Terrestrische Versauerung [kg SO2-Aumlq]

Terrestrische Oumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Staumldtische Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Wasserverbrauch [msup3]

AC-System

DC-System

Water usage [m3]

City land usage [m2a]

Global toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Global acidity increase [kg SO2 eq]

Photochemical Oxidants [kg]

Particles [kg PM10 eq]

Ozon reduction [kg CFC11 eq]

Natural land usage [m2]

Usage of mineral resources [kg Fe eq]

Sea water eutrophication [kg N eq]

Sea water ecological toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Ionic radiation [kg U235 eq]

Human toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Drinking water eutrophication [kg P eq]

Drinking water toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Usage of fossil fuels [kg Oil eq]

Climate change impact [kg CO2 eq]

Occupation of agricultural land [m2a]

Summary

Renewable energy has the full potential as a foundation for the future sustainable energy supply of industrial societies

Underlay meshed DC grids shorten the path between volatile renewable energy and consumers and have advantages at flexibility and cost

Interconnected DC grids offer an efficient solution for fast charging service E-mobility can support the grid with all required control power and a useful

proportion of storage Most importantly DC technology saves materials which reduces significantly

the ecological footprint

Researchers and engineers have identified solutions but still open questions Can implementation be accelerated by training technicians Are regulatory issues in the way

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University46

47

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

48

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

CWDKESS

ISEA

ELAB

CMP

FEN

e3D

EON ERC

Kopernikus

Grids

ENSURE

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

==

N x (F)CS

==

==

==

Hybrid Approach to Maximize Capacity of Distribution GridsIntegration of e-Mobility PV Wind Storage hellip by MVDC-Backbone

3~= =

3~= =

MVDC

MVDC

HV

==

==

==

==

N x (F)CS

25

25

25

100 100

25

50 50

MV MV

MVDC

LVLVLVLV

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University35

Dual Active Bridge DC-DC ConverterMedium-Voltage High-Power DC-DC Converter

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University36

P = 7 MW VDC = 5 kV plusmn10 Efficiency up to 992 Ultimately air-cooled devices are an option DC substation at 13 weight of 50 Hz

transformer

R Lenke bdquoA Contribution to the Design of Isolated DC-DC Converters for Utility Applicationsldquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2012

N Soltau bdquoHigh-power medium-voltage DC-DC converters design control and demonstrationrdquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2017

DC-grid and energy management in a DC quarterLower infrastructure cost higher efficiency and bidirectional

MVDC

LVDC

(AC)

5 kV+(-) 380 V

DC-ConverterLegacy AC

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University37

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Material savings

bull Ecological footprint

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

World-wide target for costs (eurokWh) for large-scale automotive LIB cells

published by the end of 2012

Technology DriversPrice Development of Lithium-Ion Batteries (only cells)

ISEA forecast (2010)

Prices decreased faster

than predicted by NEDO

Germany (BMBFISI)

South Korea (MKE)

Source bdquoTechnologie-

Roadmap Energiespeicher

fuumlr die Elektromobilitaumlt 2030ldquo

Cost in eurokWh

Consumer cell are even

cheaper (eg TESLA)

39 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

Cost reduction of Power ElectronicsDriven by renewables ndash eg Global installed capacity of wind

540 GWpeak installed capacity by the end of 2017 ndash assuming 50 DFG

this translates in approximately 810 GVA of power electronic converters

Multi-megawatt power electronic converters are becoming a mass product

During the past 25 years a major cost reduction of voltage source inverters

took place from 500 eurokVA down to 20 eurokVA

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University40

Price of silicon cells and power electronics inter-twined

Silicon is made of SiO2 (ie sand an abundant material) and energy

Energy is produced by PV

PV energy is controlled and converted by power electronics made of silicon

In 2018$ 0113

Source R W De Doncker IEEE IPEC ECCE 2014 Hiroshima Japan

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University41

Technology Drivers

Price Development of Power Electronics

Specific cost for EV inverters

equiv 1995 $50kVA1

equiv 2015 $5kVA2

equiv 2020 RampD target $33kVA

1 Source Data provided by R De Doncker2 Source US Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office

3

4

5

6

7

8

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

cost

in $

kW

year

Material Usage in Power Transformers

Frequency matters

bull Weight distribution of copper and Si-steel

in machines and transformers

bull Copper 25 ndash 30

bull Iron lamination 70 ndash 75

bull Specific weight Fe 8 gcmsup3

bull Specific weight Cu 9 gcmsup3

bull Standard 50 Hz Transformer 25 kgkVA

bull 7 MW DC-DC converter 1 kHz 5 kV

bull 3 x 23 MVA transformers

bull 1000 Hz transformer 025 kgkVA

bull Increased power density by a factor of 10

compared to 50 Hz transformer

bull AC grids are based on transformer technology

Designed for top down energy transmission

Constant voltage and constant frequency

Flexible AC grids (FACTS) will require major investments in infrastructure

and power electronic energy conversion and storage systems

In 2000 EU29 had 685GW installed capacity ie 137 Mton on Cu and Si-

Steel in generators and transformers ie 1096 Beuro (at price of 8 eurokg)

Standard AC Grid Configuration for Transmission and Distribution

gt 20000 tonGW

Ecological Impact Analysis for Charging InfrastructureAC Charging 22 kW vs DC-Charging Mixed 50 kW amp 37 kW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University45

8490

8045

8008

8386

8216

6910

8917

8224

7211

3347

5536

7386

5974

5218

7325

6584

6479

8305

0 20 40 60 80 100

Landwirtschaftliche Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Klimawandel [kg CO2-Aumlq]

Verbrauch fossiler Rohstoffe [kg oil-Aumlq]

Frischwasseroumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Frischwasser Eutrophierung [kg P-Aumlq]

Humantoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Ionisierende Strahlung [kg U235-Aumlq]

Meeresoumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Meereseutrophierung [kg N-Aumlq]

Verbrauch mineralischer Rohstoffe [kg Fe-hellip

Natuumlrliche Landumwandlung [msup2]

Ozonabbau [kg CFC-11-Aumlq]

Partikelbildung [kg PM10-Aumlq]

Photochemische Oxidantienbildung [kghellip

Terrestrische Versauerung [kg SO2-Aumlq]

Terrestrische Oumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Staumldtische Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Wasserverbrauch [msup3]

AC-System

DC-System

Water usage [m3]

City land usage [m2a]

Global toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Global acidity increase [kg SO2 eq]

Photochemical Oxidants [kg]

Particles [kg PM10 eq]

Ozon reduction [kg CFC11 eq]

Natural land usage [m2]

Usage of mineral resources [kg Fe eq]

Sea water eutrophication [kg N eq]

Sea water ecological toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Ionic radiation [kg U235 eq]

Human toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Drinking water eutrophication [kg P eq]

Drinking water toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Usage of fossil fuels [kg Oil eq]

Climate change impact [kg CO2 eq]

Occupation of agricultural land [m2a]

Summary

Renewable energy has the full potential as a foundation for the future sustainable energy supply of industrial societies

Underlay meshed DC grids shorten the path between volatile renewable energy and consumers and have advantages at flexibility and cost

Interconnected DC grids offer an efficient solution for fast charging service E-mobility can support the grid with all required control power and a useful

proportion of storage Most importantly DC technology saves materials which reduces significantly

the ecological footprint

Researchers and engineers have identified solutions but still open questions Can implementation be accelerated by training technicians Are regulatory issues in the way

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University46

47

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

48

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

CWDKESS

ISEA

ELAB

CMP

FEN

e3D

EON ERC

Kopernikus

Grids

ENSURE

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

Dual Active Bridge DC-DC ConverterMedium-Voltage High-Power DC-DC Converter

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University36

P = 7 MW VDC = 5 kV plusmn10 Efficiency up to 992 Ultimately air-cooled devices are an option DC substation at 13 weight of 50 Hz

transformer

R Lenke bdquoA Contribution to the Design of Isolated DC-DC Converters for Utility Applicationsldquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2012

N Soltau bdquoHigh-power medium-voltage DC-DC converters design control and demonstrationrdquo Diss RWTH Aachen University EON ERC 2017

DC-grid and energy management in a DC quarterLower infrastructure cost higher efficiency and bidirectional

MVDC

LVDC

(AC)

5 kV+(-) 380 V

DC-ConverterLegacy AC

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University37

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Material savings

bull Ecological footprint

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

World-wide target for costs (eurokWh) for large-scale automotive LIB cells

published by the end of 2012

Technology DriversPrice Development of Lithium-Ion Batteries (only cells)

ISEA forecast (2010)

Prices decreased faster

than predicted by NEDO

Germany (BMBFISI)

South Korea (MKE)

Source bdquoTechnologie-

Roadmap Energiespeicher

fuumlr die Elektromobilitaumlt 2030ldquo

Cost in eurokWh

Consumer cell are even

cheaper (eg TESLA)

39 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

Cost reduction of Power ElectronicsDriven by renewables ndash eg Global installed capacity of wind

540 GWpeak installed capacity by the end of 2017 ndash assuming 50 DFG

this translates in approximately 810 GVA of power electronic converters

Multi-megawatt power electronic converters are becoming a mass product

During the past 25 years a major cost reduction of voltage source inverters

took place from 500 eurokVA down to 20 eurokVA

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University40

Price of silicon cells and power electronics inter-twined

Silicon is made of SiO2 (ie sand an abundant material) and energy

Energy is produced by PV

PV energy is controlled and converted by power electronics made of silicon

In 2018$ 0113

Source R W De Doncker IEEE IPEC ECCE 2014 Hiroshima Japan

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University41

Technology Drivers

Price Development of Power Electronics

Specific cost for EV inverters

equiv 1995 $50kVA1

equiv 2015 $5kVA2

equiv 2020 RampD target $33kVA

1 Source Data provided by R De Doncker2 Source US Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office

3

4

5

6

7

8

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

cost

in $

kW

year

Material Usage in Power Transformers

Frequency matters

bull Weight distribution of copper and Si-steel

in machines and transformers

bull Copper 25 ndash 30

bull Iron lamination 70 ndash 75

bull Specific weight Fe 8 gcmsup3

bull Specific weight Cu 9 gcmsup3

bull Standard 50 Hz Transformer 25 kgkVA

bull 7 MW DC-DC converter 1 kHz 5 kV

bull 3 x 23 MVA transformers

bull 1000 Hz transformer 025 kgkVA

bull Increased power density by a factor of 10

compared to 50 Hz transformer

bull AC grids are based on transformer technology

Designed for top down energy transmission

Constant voltage and constant frequency

Flexible AC grids (FACTS) will require major investments in infrastructure

and power electronic energy conversion and storage systems

In 2000 EU29 had 685GW installed capacity ie 137 Mton on Cu and Si-

Steel in generators and transformers ie 1096 Beuro (at price of 8 eurokg)

Standard AC Grid Configuration for Transmission and Distribution

gt 20000 tonGW

Ecological Impact Analysis for Charging InfrastructureAC Charging 22 kW vs DC-Charging Mixed 50 kW amp 37 kW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University45

8490

8045

8008

8386

8216

6910

8917

8224

7211

3347

5536

7386

5974

5218

7325

6584

6479

8305

0 20 40 60 80 100

Landwirtschaftliche Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Klimawandel [kg CO2-Aumlq]

Verbrauch fossiler Rohstoffe [kg oil-Aumlq]

Frischwasseroumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Frischwasser Eutrophierung [kg P-Aumlq]

Humantoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Ionisierende Strahlung [kg U235-Aumlq]

Meeresoumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Meereseutrophierung [kg N-Aumlq]

Verbrauch mineralischer Rohstoffe [kg Fe-hellip

Natuumlrliche Landumwandlung [msup2]

Ozonabbau [kg CFC-11-Aumlq]

Partikelbildung [kg PM10-Aumlq]

Photochemische Oxidantienbildung [kghellip

Terrestrische Versauerung [kg SO2-Aumlq]

Terrestrische Oumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Staumldtische Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Wasserverbrauch [msup3]

AC-System

DC-System

Water usage [m3]

City land usage [m2a]

Global toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Global acidity increase [kg SO2 eq]

Photochemical Oxidants [kg]

Particles [kg PM10 eq]

Ozon reduction [kg CFC11 eq]

Natural land usage [m2]

Usage of mineral resources [kg Fe eq]

Sea water eutrophication [kg N eq]

Sea water ecological toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Ionic radiation [kg U235 eq]

Human toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Drinking water eutrophication [kg P eq]

Drinking water toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Usage of fossil fuels [kg Oil eq]

Climate change impact [kg CO2 eq]

Occupation of agricultural land [m2a]

Summary

Renewable energy has the full potential as a foundation for the future sustainable energy supply of industrial societies

Underlay meshed DC grids shorten the path between volatile renewable energy and consumers and have advantages at flexibility and cost

Interconnected DC grids offer an efficient solution for fast charging service E-mobility can support the grid with all required control power and a useful

proportion of storage Most importantly DC technology saves materials which reduces significantly

the ecological footprint

Researchers and engineers have identified solutions but still open questions Can implementation be accelerated by training technicians Are regulatory issues in the way

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University46

47

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

48

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

CWDKESS

ISEA

ELAB

CMP

FEN

e3D

EON ERC

Kopernikus

Grids

ENSURE

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

DC-grid and energy management in a DC quarterLower infrastructure cost higher efficiency and bidirectional

MVDC

LVDC

(AC)

5 kV+(-) 380 V

DC-ConverterLegacy AC

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University37

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Material savings

bull Ecological footprint

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

World-wide target for costs (eurokWh) for large-scale automotive LIB cells

published by the end of 2012

Technology DriversPrice Development of Lithium-Ion Batteries (only cells)

ISEA forecast (2010)

Prices decreased faster

than predicted by NEDO

Germany (BMBFISI)

South Korea (MKE)

Source bdquoTechnologie-

Roadmap Energiespeicher

fuumlr die Elektromobilitaumlt 2030ldquo

Cost in eurokWh

Consumer cell are even

cheaper (eg TESLA)

39 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

Cost reduction of Power ElectronicsDriven by renewables ndash eg Global installed capacity of wind

540 GWpeak installed capacity by the end of 2017 ndash assuming 50 DFG

this translates in approximately 810 GVA of power electronic converters

Multi-megawatt power electronic converters are becoming a mass product

During the past 25 years a major cost reduction of voltage source inverters

took place from 500 eurokVA down to 20 eurokVA

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University40

Price of silicon cells and power electronics inter-twined

Silicon is made of SiO2 (ie sand an abundant material) and energy

Energy is produced by PV

PV energy is controlled and converted by power electronics made of silicon

In 2018$ 0113

Source R W De Doncker IEEE IPEC ECCE 2014 Hiroshima Japan

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University41

Technology Drivers

Price Development of Power Electronics

Specific cost for EV inverters

equiv 1995 $50kVA1

equiv 2015 $5kVA2

equiv 2020 RampD target $33kVA

1 Source Data provided by R De Doncker2 Source US Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office

3

4

5

6

7

8

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

cost

in $

kW

year

Material Usage in Power Transformers

Frequency matters

bull Weight distribution of copper and Si-steel

in machines and transformers

bull Copper 25 ndash 30

bull Iron lamination 70 ndash 75

bull Specific weight Fe 8 gcmsup3

bull Specific weight Cu 9 gcmsup3

bull Standard 50 Hz Transformer 25 kgkVA

bull 7 MW DC-DC converter 1 kHz 5 kV

bull 3 x 23 MVA transformers

bull 1000 Hz transformer 025 kgkVA

bull Increased power density by a factor of 10

compared to 50 Hz transformer

bull AC grids are based on transformer technology

Designed for top down energy transmission

Constant voltage and constant frequency

Flexible AC grids (FACTS) will require major investments in infrastructure

and power electronic energy conversion and storage systems

In 2000 EU29 had 685GW installed capacity ie 137 Mton on Cu and Si-

Steel in generators and transformers ie 1096 Beuro (at price of 8 eurokg)

Standard AC Grid Configuration for Transmission and Distribution

gt 20000 tonGW

Ecological Impact Analysis for Charging InfrastructureAC Charging 22 kW vs DC-Charging Mixed 50 kW amp 37 kW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University45

8490

8045

8008

8386

8216

6910

8917

8224

7211

3347

5536

7386

5974

5218

7325

6584

6479

8305

0 20 40 60 80 100

Landwirtschaftliche Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Klimawandel [kg CO2-Aumlq]

Verbrauch fossiler Rohstoffe [kg oil-Aumlq]

Frischwasseroumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Frischwasser Eutrophierung [kg P-Aumlq]

Humantoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Ionisierende Strahlung [kg U235-Aumlq]

Meeresoumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Meereseutrophierung [kg N-Aumlq]

Verbrauch mineralischer Rohstoffe [kg Fe-hellip

Natuumlrliche Landumwandlung [msup2]

Ozonabbau [kg CFC-11-Aumlq]

Partikelbildung [kg PM10-Aumlq]

Photochemische Oxidantienbildung [kghellip

Terrestrische Versauerung [kg SO2-Aumlq]

Terrestrische Oumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Staumldtische Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Wasserverbrauch [msup3]

AC-System

DC-System

Water usage [m3]

City land usage [m2a]

Global toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Global acidity increase [kg SO2 eq]

Photochemical Oxidants [kg]

Particles [kg PM10 eq]

Ozon reduction [kg CFC11 eq]

Natural land usage [m2]

Usage of mineral resources [kg Fe eq]

Sea water eutrophication [kg N eq]

Sea water ecological toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Ionic radiation [kg U235 eq]

Human toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Drinking water eutrophication [kg P eq]

Drinking water toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Usage of fossil fuels [kg Oil eq]

Climate change impact [kg CO2 eq]

Occupation of agricultural land [m2a]

Summary

Renewable energy has the full potential as a foundation for the future sustainable energy supply of industrial societies

Underlay meshed DC grids shorten the path between volatile renewable energy and consumers and have advantages at flexibility and cost

Interconnected DC grids offer an efficient solution for fast charging service E-mobility can support the grid with all required control power and a useful

proportion of storage Most importantly DC technology saves materials which reduces significantly

the ecological footprint

Researchers and engineers have identified solutions but still open questions Can implementation be accelerated by training technicians Are regulatory issues in the way

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University46

47

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

48

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

CWDKESS

ISEA

ELAB

CMP

FEN

e3D

EON ERC

Kopernikus

Grids

ENSURE

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

Overview

bull Introduction - Sustainable Energy Research at RWTH Aachen University

bull Goals of German Government amp Status on CO2 neutrality

bull Technical requirements and system level solutions

bull Energy Storage

bull Flexible meshed distribution grids - eGrid

bull Are the engineering solutions affordable

bull Cost reduction of batteries

bull Cost reduction of power electronics

bull Material savings

bull Ecological footprint

bull Conclusions

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

World-wide target for costs (eurokWh) for large-scale automotive LIB cells

published by the end of 2012

Technology DriversPrice Development of Lithium-Ion Batteries (only cells)

ISEA forecast (2010)

Prices decreased faster

than predicted by NEDO

Germany (BMBFISI)

South Korea (MKE)

Source bdquoTechnologie-

Roadmap Energiespeicher

fuumlr die Elektromobilitaumlt 2030ldquo

Cost in eurokWh

Consumer cell are even

cheaper (eg TESLA)

39 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

Cost reduction of Power ElectronicsDriven by renewables ndash eg Global installed capacity of wind

540 GWpeak installed capacity by the end of 2017 ndash assuming 50 DFG

this translates in approximately 810 GVA of power electronic converters

Multi-megawatt power electronic converters are becoming a mass product

During the past 25 years a major cost reduction of voltage source inverters

took place from 500 eurokVA down to 20 eurokVA

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University40

Price of silicon cells and power electronics inter-twined

Silicon is made of SiO2 (ie sand an abundant material) and energy

Energy is produced by PV

PV energy is controlled and converted by power electronics made of silicon

In 2018$ 0113

Source R W De Doncker IEEE IPEC ECCE 2014 Hiroshima Japan

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University41

Technology Drivers

Price Development of Power Electronics

Specific cost for EV inverters

equiv 1995 $50kVA1

equiv 2015 $5kVA2

equiv 2020 RampD target $33kVA

1 Source Data provided by R De Doncker2 Source US Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office

3

4

5

6

7

8

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

cost

in $

kW

year

Material Usage in Power Transformers

Frequency matters

bull Weight distribution of copper and Si-steel

in machines and transformers

bull Copper 25 ndash 30

bull Iron lamination 70 ndash 75

bull Specific weight Fe 8 gcmsup3

bull Specific weight Cu 9 gcmsup3

bull Standard 50 Hz Transformer 25 kgkVA

bull 7 MW DC-DC converter 1 kHz 5 kV

bull 3 x 23 MVA transformers

bull 1000 Hz transformer 025 kgkVA

bull Increased power density by a factor of 10

compared to 50 Hz transformer

bull AC grids are based on transformer technology

Designed for top down energy transmission

Constant voltage and constant frequency

Flexible AC grids (FACTS) will require major investments in infrastructure

and power electronic energy conversion and storage systems

In 2000 EU29 had 685GW installed capacity ie 137 Mton on Cu and Si-

Steel in generators and transformers ie 1096 Beuro (at price of 8 eurokg)

Standard AC Grid Configuration for Transmission and Distribution

gt 20000 tonGW

Ecological Impact Analysis for Charging InfrastructureAC Charging 22 kW vs DC-Charging Mixed 50 kW amp 37 kW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University45

8490

8045

8008

8386

8216

6910

8917

8224

7211

3347

5536

7386

5974

5218

7325

6584

6479

8305

0 20 40 60 80 100

Landwirtschaftliche Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Klimawandel [kg CO2-Aumlq]

Verbrauch fossiler Rohstoffe [kg oil-Aumlq]

Frischwasseroumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Frischwasser Eutrophierung [kg P-Aumlq]

Humantoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Ionisierende Strahlung [kg U235-Aumlq]

Meeresoumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Meereseutrophierung [kg N-Aumlq]

Verbrauch mineralischer Rohstoffe [kg Fe-hellip

Natuumlrliche Landumwandlung [msup2]

Ozonabbau [kg CFC-11-Aumlq]

Partikelbildung [kg PM10-Aumlq]

Photochemische Oxidantienbildung [kghellip

Terrestrische Versauerung [kg SO2-Aumlq]

Terrestrische Oumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Staumldtische Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Wasserverbrauch [msup3]

AC-System

DC-System

Water usage [m3]

City land usage [m2a]

Global toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Global acidity increase [kg SO2 eq]

Photochemical Oxidants [kg]

Particles [kg PM10 eq]

Ozon reduction [kg CFC11 eq]

Natural land usage [m2]

Usage of mineral resources [kg Fe eq]

Sea water eutrophication [kg N eq]

Sea water ecological toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Ionic radiation [kg U235 eq]

Human toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Drinking water eutrophication [kg P eq]

Drinking water toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Usage of fossil fuels [kg Oil eq]

Climate change impact [kg CO2 eq]

Occupation of agricultural land [m2a]

Summary

Renewable energy has the full potential as a foundation for the future sustainable energy supply of industrial societies

Underlay meshed DC grids shorten the path between volatile renewable energy and consumers and have advantages at flexibility and cost

Interconnected DC grids offer an efficient solution for fast charging service E-mobility can support the grid with all required control power and a useful

proportion of storage Most importantly DC technology saves materials which reduces significantly

the ecological footprint

Researchers and engineers have identified solutions but still open questions Can implementation be accelerated by training technicians Are regulatory issues in the way

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University46

47

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

48

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

CWDKESS

ISEA

ELAB

CMP

FEN

e3D

EON ERC

Kopernikus

Grids

ENSURE

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

|

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives

World-wide target for costs (eurokWh) for large-scale automotive LIB cells

published by the end of 2012

Technology DriversPrice Development of Lithium-Ion Batteries (only cells)

ISEA forecast (2010)

Prices decreased faster

than predicted by NEDO

Germany (BMBFISI)

South Korea (MKE)

Source bdquoTechnologie-

Roadmap Energiespeicher

fuumlr die Elektromobilitaumlt 2030ldquo

Cost in eurokWh

Consumer cell are even

cheaper (eg TESLA)

39 27112018 Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

Cost reduction of Power ElectronicsDriven by renewables ndash eg Global installed capacity of wind

540 GWpeak installed capacity by the end of 2017 ndash assuming 50 DFG

this translates in approximately 810 GVA of power electronic converters

Multi-megawatt power electronic converters are becoming a mass product

During the past 25 years a major cost reduction of voltage source inverters

took place from 500 eurokVA down to 20 eurokVA

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University40

Price of silicon cells and power electronics inter-twined

Silicon is made of SiO2 (ie sand an abundant material) and energy

Energy is produced by PV

PV energy is controlled and converted by power electronics made of silicon

In 2018$ 0113

Source R W De Doncker IEEE IPEC ECCE 2014 Hiroshima Japan

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University41

Technology Drivers

Price Development of Power Electronics

Specific cost for EV inverters

equiv 1995 $50kVA1

equiv 2015 $5kVA2

equiv 2020 RampD target $33kVA

1 Source Data provided by R De Doncker2 Source US Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office

3

4

5

6

7

8

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

cost

in $

kW

year

Material Usage in Power Transformers

Frequency matters

bull Weight distribution of copper and Si-steel

in machines and transformers

bull Copper 25 ndash 30

bull Iron lamination 70 ndash 75

bull Specific weight Fe 8 gcmsup3

bull Specific weight Cu 9 gcmsup3

bull Standard 50 Hz Transformer 25 kgkVA

bull 7 MW DC-DC converter 1 kHz 5 kV

bull 3 x 23 MVA transformers

bull 1000 Hz transformer 025 kgkVA

bull Increased power density by a factor of 10

compared to 50 Hz transformer

bull AC grids are based on transformer technology

Designed for top down energy transmission

Constant voltage and constant frequency

Flexible AC grids (FACTS) will require major investments in infrastructure

and power electronic energy conversion and storage systems

In 2000 EU29 had 685GW installed capacity ie 137 Mton on Cu and Si-

Steel in generators and transformers ie 1096 Beuro (at price of 8 eurokg)

Standard AC Grid Configuration for Transmission and Distribution

gt 20000 tonGW

Ecological Impact Analysis for Charging InfrastructureAC Charging 22 kW vs DC-Charging Mixed 50 kW amp 37 kW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University45

8490

8045

8008

8386

8216

6910

8917

8224

7211

3347

5536

7386

5974

5218

7325

6584

6479

8305

0 20 40 60 80 100

Landwirtschaftliche Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Klimawandel [kg CO2-Aumlq]

Verbrauch fossiler Rohstoffe [kg oil-Aumlq]

Frischwasseroumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Frischwasser Eutrophierung [kg P-Aumlq]

Humantoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Ionisierende Strahlung [kg U235-Aumlq]

Meeresoumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Meereseutrophierung [kg N-Aumlq]

Verbrauch mineralischer Rohstoffe [kg Fe-hellip

Natuumlrliche Landumwandlung [msup2]

Ozonabbau [kg CFC-11-Aumlq]

Partikelbildung [kg PM10-Aumlq]

Photochemische Oxidantienbildung [kghellip

Terrestrische Versauerung [kg SO2-Aumlq]

Terrestrische Oumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Staumldtische Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Wasserverbrauch [msup3]

AC-System

DC-System

Water usage [m3]

City land usage [m2a]

Global toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Global acidity increase [kg SO2 eq]

Photochemical Oxidants [kg]

Particles [kg PM10 eq]

Ozon reduction [kg CFC11 eq]

Natural land usage [m2]

Usage of mineral resources [kg Fe eq]

Sea water eutrophication [kg N eq]

Sea water ecological toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Ionic radiation [kg U235 eq]

Human toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Drinking water eutrophication [kg P eq]

Drinking water toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Usage of fossil fuels [kg Oil eq]

Climate change impact [kg CO2 eq]

Occupation of agricultural land [m2a]

Summary

Renewable energy has the full potential as a foundation for the future sustainable energy supply of industrial societies

Underlay meshed DC grids shorten the path between volatile renewable energy and consumers and have advantages at flexibility and cost

Interconnected DC grids offer an efficient solution for fast charging service E-mobility can support the grid with all required control power and a useful

proportion of storage Most importantly DC technology saves materials which reduces significantly

the ecological footprint

Researchers and engineers have identified solutions but still open questions Can implementation be accelerated by training technicians Are regulatory issues in the way

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University46

47

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

48

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

CWDKESS

ISEA

ELAB

CMP

FEN

e3D

EON ERC

Kopernikus

Grids

ENSURE

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

Cost reduction of Power ElectronicsDriven by renewables ndash eg Global installed capacity of wind

540 GWpeak installed capacity by the end of 2017 ndash assuming 50 DFG

this translates in approximately 810 GVA of power electronic converters

Multi-megawatt power electronic converters are becoming a mass product

During the past 25 years a major cost reduction of voltage source inverters

took place from 500 eurokVA down to 20 eurokVA

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University40

Price of silicon cells and power electronics inter-twined

Silicon is made of SiO2 (ie sand an abundant material) and energy

Energy is produced by PV

PV energy is controlled and converted by power electronics made of silicon

In 2018$ 0113

Source R W De Doncker IEEE IPEC ECCE 2014 Hiroshima Japan

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University41

Technology Drivers

Price Development of Power Electronics

Specific cost for EV inverters

equiv 1995 $50kVA1

equiv 2015 $5kVA2

equiv 2020 RampD target $33kVA

1 Source Data provided by R De Doncker2 Source US Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office

3

4

5

6

7

8

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

cost

in $

kW

year

Material Usage in Power Transformers

Frequency matters

bull Weight distribution of copper and Si-steel

in machines and transformers

bull Copper 25 ndash 30

bull Iron lamination 70 ndash 75

bull Specific weight Fe 8 gcmsup3

bull Specific weight Cu 9 gcmsup3

bull Standard 50 Hz Transformer 25 kgkVA

bull 7 MW DC-DC converter 1 kHz 5 kV

bull 3 x 23 MVA transformers

bull 1000 Hz transformer 025 kgkVA

bull Increased power density by a factor of 10

compared to 50 Hz transformer

bull AC grids are based on transformer technology

Designed for top down energy transmission

Constant voltage and constant frequency

Flexible AC grids (FACTS) will require major investments in infrastructure

and power electronic energy conversion and storage systems

In 2000 EU29 had 685GW installed capacity ie 137 Mton on Cu and Si-

Steel in generators and transformers ie 1096 Beuro (at price of 8 eurokg)

Standard AC Grid Configuration for Transmission and Distribution

gt 20000 tonGW

Ecological Impact Analysis for Charging InfrastructureAC Charging 22 kW vs DC-Charging Mixed 50 kW amp 37 kW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University45

8490

8045

8008

8386

8216

6910

8917

8224

7211

3347

5536

7386

5974

5218

7325

6584

6479

8305

0 20 40 60 80 100

Landwirtschaftliche Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Klimawandel [kg CO2-Aumlq]

Verbrauch fossiler Rohstoffe [kg oil-Aumlq]

Frischwasseroumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Frischwasser Eutrophierung [kg P-Aumlq]

Humantoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Ionisierende Strahlung [kg U235-Aumlq]

Meeresoumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Meereseutrophierung [kg N-Aumlq]

Verbrauch mineralischer Rohstoffe [kg Fe-hellip

Natuumlrliche Landumwandlung [msup2]

Ozonabbau [kg CFC-11-Aumlq]

Partikelbildung [kg PM10-Aumlq]

Photochemische Oxidantienbildung [kghellip

Terrestrische Versauerung [kg SO2-Aumlq]

Terrestrische Oumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Staumldtische Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Wasserverbrauch [msup3]

AC-System

DC-System

Water usage [m3]

City land usage [m2a]

Global toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Global acidity increase [kg SO2 eq]

Photochemical Oxidants [kg]

Particles [kg PM10 eq]

Ozon reduction [kg CFC11 eq]

Natural land usage [m2]

Usage of mineral resources [kg Fe eq]

Sea water eutrophication [kg N eq]

Sea water ecological toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Ionic radiation [kg U235 eq]

Human toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Drinking water eutrophication [kg P eq]

Drinking water toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Usage of fossil fuels [kg Oil eq]

Climate change impact [kg CO2 eq]

Occupation of agricultural land [m2a]

Summary

Renewable energy has the full potential as a foundation for the future sustainable energy supply of industrial societies

Underlay meshed DC grids shorten the path between volatile renewable energy and consumers and have advantages at flexibility and cost

Interconnected DC grids offer an efficient solution for fast charging service E-mobility can support the grid with all required control power and a useful

proportion of storage Most importantly DC technology saves materials which reduces significantly

the ecological footprint

Researchers and engineers have identified solutions but still open questions Can implementation be accelerated by training technicians Are regulatory issues in the way

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University46

47

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

48

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

CWDKESS

ISEA

ELAB

CMP

FEN

e3D

EON ERC

Kopernikus

Grids

ENSURE

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

Price of silicon cells and power electronics inter-twined

Silicon is made of SiO2 (ie sand an abundant material) and energy

Energy is produced by PV

PV energy is controlled and converted by power electronics made of silicon

In 2018$ 0113

Source R W De Doncker IEEE IPEC ECCE 2014 Hiroshima Japan

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University41

Technology Drivers

Price Development of Power Electronics

Specific cost for EV inverters

equiv 1995 $50kVA1

equiv 2015 $5kVA2

equiv 2020 RampD target $33kVA

1 Source Data provided by R De Doncker2 Source US Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office

3

4

5

6

7

8

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

cost

in $

kW

year

Material Usage in Power Transformers

Frequency matters

bull Weight distribution of copper and Si-steel

in machines and transformers

bull Copper 25 ndash 30

bull Iron lamination 70 ndash 75

bull Specific weight Fe 8 gcmsup3

bull Specific weight Cu 9 gcmsup3

bull Standard 50 Hz Transformer 25 kgkVA

bull 7 MW DC-DC converter 1 kHz 5 kV

bull 3 x 23 MVA transformers

bull 1000 Hz transformer 025 kgkVA

bull Increased power density by a factor of 10

compared to 50 Hz transformer

bull AC grids are based on transformer technology

Designed for top down energy transmission

Constant voltage and constant frequency

Flexible AC grids (FACTS) will require major investments in infrastructure

and power electronic energy conversion and storage systems

In 2000 EU29 had 685GW installed capacity ie 137 Mton on Cu and Si-

Steel in generators and transformers ie 1096 Beuro (at price of 8 eurokg)

Standard AC Grid Configuration for Transmission and Distribution

gt 20000 tonGW

Ecological Impact Analysis for Charging InfrastructureAC Charging 22 kW vs DC-Charging Mixed 50 kW amp 37 kW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University45

8490

8045

8008

8386

8216

6910

8917

8224

7211

3347

5536

7386

5974

5218

7325

6584

6479

8305

0 20 40 60 80 100

Landwirtschaftliche Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Klimawandel [kg CO2-Aumlq]

Verbrauch fossiler Rohstoffe [kg oil-Aumlq]

Frischwasseroumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Frischwasser Eutrophierung [kg P-Aumlq]

Humantoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Ionisierende Strahlung [kg U235-Aumlq]

Meeresoumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Meereseutrophierung [kg N-Aumlq]

Verbrauch mineralischer Rohstoffe [kg Fe-hellip

Natuumlrliche Landumwandlung [msup2]

Ozonabbau [kg CFC-11-Aumlq]

Partikelbildung [kg PM10-Aumlq]

Photochemische Oxidantienbildung [kghellip

Terrestrische Versauerung [kg SO2-Aumlq]

Terrestrische Oumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Staumldtische Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Wasserverbrauch [msup3]

AC-System

DC-System

Water usage [m3]

City land usage [m2a]

Global toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Global acidity increase [kg SO2 eq]

Photochemical Oxidants [kg]

Particles [kg PM10 eq]

Ozon reduction [kg CFC11 eq]

Natural land usage [m2]

Usage of mineral resources [kg Fe eq]

Sea water eutrophication [kg N eq]

Sea water ecological toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Ionic radiation [kg U235 eq]

Human toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Drinking water eutrophication [kg P eq]

Drinking water toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Usage of fossil fuels [kg Oil eq]

Climate change impact [kg CO2 eq]

Occupation of agricultural land [m2a]

Summary

Renewable energy has the full potential as a foundation for the future sustainable energy supply of industrial societies

Underlay meshed DC grids shorten the path between volatile renewable energy and consumers and have advantages at flexibility and cost

Interconnected DC grids offer an efficient solution for fast charging service E-mobility can support the grid with all required control power and a useful

proportion of storage Most importantly DC technology saves materials which reduces significantly

the ecological footprint

Researchers and engineers have identified solutions but still open questions Can implementation be accelerated by training technicians Are regulatory issues in the way

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University46

47

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

48

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

CWDKESS

ISEA

ELAB

CMP

FEN

e3D

EON ERC

Kopernikus

Grids

ENSURE

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

Technology Drivers

Price Development of Power Electronics

Specific cost for EV inverters

equiv 1995 $50kVA1

equiv 2015 $5kVA2

equiv 2020 RampD target $33kVA

1 Source Data provided by R De Doncker2 Source US Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office

3

4

5

6

7

8

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

cost

in $

kW

year

Material Usage in Power Transformers

Frequency matters

bull Weight distribution of copper and Si-steel

in machines and transformers

bull Copper 25 ndash 30

bull Iron lamination 70 ndash 75

bull Specific weight Fe 8 gcmsup3

bull Specific weight Cu 9 gcmsup3

bull Standard 50 Hz Transformer 25 kgkVA

bull 7 MW DC-DC converter 1 kHz 5 kV

bull 3 x 23 MVA transformers

bull 1000 Hz transformer 025 kgkVA

bull Increased power density by a factor of 10

compared to 50 Hz transformer

bull AC grids are based on transformer technology

Designed for top down energy transmission

Constant voltage and constant frequency

Flexible AC grids (FACTS) will require major investments in infrastructure

and power electronic energy conversion and storage systems

In 2000 EU29 had 685GW installed capacity ie 137 Mton on Cu and Si-

Steel in generators and transformers ie 1096 Beuro (at price of 8 eurokg)

Standard AC Grid Configuration for Transmission and Distribution

gt 20000 tonGW

Ecological Impact Analysis for Charging InfrastructureAC Charging 22 kW vs DC-Charging Mixed 50 kW amp 37 kW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University45

8490

8045

8008

8386

8216

6910

8917

8224

7211

3347

5536

7386

5974

5218

7325

6584

6479

8305

0 20 40 60 80 100

Landwirtschaftliche Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Klimawandel [kg CO2-Aumlq]

Verbrauch fossiler Rohstoffe [kg oil-Aumlq]

Frischwasseroumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Frischwasser Eutrophierung [kg P-Aumlq]

Humantoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Ionisierende Strahlung [kg U235-Aumlq]

Meeresoumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Meereseutrophierung [kg N-Aumlq]

Verbrauch mineralischer Rohstoffe [kg Fe-hellip

Natuumlrliche Landumwandlung [msup2]

Ozonabbau [kg CFC-11-Aumlq]

Partikelbildung [kg PM10-Aumlq]

Photochemische Oxidantienbildung [kghellip

Terrestrische Versauerung [kg SO2-Aumlq]

Terrestrische Oumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Staumldtische Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Wasserverbrauch [msup3]

AC-System

DC-System

Water usage [m3]

City land usage [m2a]

Global toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Global acidity increase [kg SO2 eq]

Photochemical Oxidants [kg]

Particles [kg PM10 eq]

Ozon reduction [kg CFC11 eq]

Natural land usage [m2]

Usage of mineral resources [kg Fe eq]

Sea water eutrophication [kg N eq]

Sea water ecological toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Ionic radiation [kg U235 eq]

Human toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Drinking water eutrophication [kg P eq]

Drinking water toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Usage of fossil fuels [kg Oil eq]

Climate change impact [kg CO2 eq]

Occupation of agricultural land [m2a]

Summary

Renewable energy has the full potential as a foundation for the future sustainable energy supply of industrial societies

Underlay meshed DC grids shorten the path between volatile renewable energy and consumers and have advantages at flexibility and cost

Interconnected DC grids offer an efficient solution for fast charging service E-mobility can support the grid with all required control power and a useful

proportion of storage Most importantly DC technology saves materials which reduces significantly

the ecological footprint

Researchers and engineers have identified solutions but still open questions Can implementation be accelerated by training technicians Are regulatory issues in the way

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University46

47

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

48

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

CWDKESS

ISEA

ELAB

CMP

FEN

e3D

EON ERC

Kopernikus

Grids

ENSURE

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

Material Usage in Power Transformers

Frequency matters

bull Weight distribution of copper and Si-steel

in machines and transformers

bull Copper 25 ndash 30

bull Iron lamination 70 ndash 75

bull Specific weight Fe 8 gcmsup3

bull Specific weight Cu 9 gcmsup3

bull Standard 50 Hz Transformer 25 kgkVA

bull 7 MW DC-DC converter 1 kHz 5 kV

bull 3 x 23 MVA transformers

bull 1000 Hz transformer 025 kgkVA

bull Increased power density by a factor of 10

compared to 50 Hz transformer

bull AC grids are based on transformer technology

Designed for top down energy transmission

Constant voltage and constant frequency

Flexible AC grids (FACTS) will require major investments in infrastructure

and power electronic energy conversion and storage systems

In 2000 EU29 had 685GW installed capacity ie 137 Mton on Cu and Si-

Steel in generators and transformers ie 1096 Beuro (at price of 8 eurokg)

Standard AC Grid Configuration for Transmission and Distribution

gt 20000 tonGW

Ecological Impact Analysis for Charging InfrastructureAC Charging 22 kW vs DC-Charging Mixed 50 kW amp 37 kW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University45

8490

8045

8008

8386

8216

6910

8917

8224

7211

3347

5536

7386

5974

5218

7325

6584

6479

8305

0 20 40 60 80 100

Landwirtschaftliche Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Klimawandel [kg CO2-Aumlq]

Verbrauch fossiler Rohstoffe [kg oil-Aumlq]

Frischwasseroumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Frischwasser Eutrophierung [kg P-Aumlq]

Humantoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Ionisierende Strahlung [kg U235-Aumlq]

Meeresoumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Meereseutrophierung [kg N-Aumlq]

Verbrauch mineralischer Rohstoffe [kg Fe-hellip

Natuumlrliche Landumwandlung [msup2]

Ozonabbau [kg CFC-11-Aumlq]

Partikelbildung [kg PM10-Aumlq]

Photochemische Oxidantienbildung [kghellip

Terrestrische Versauerung [kg SO2-Aumlq]

Terrestrische Oumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Staumldtische Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Wasserverbrauch [msup3]

AC-System

DC-System

Water usage [m3]

City land usage [m2a]

Global toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Global acidity increase [kg SO2 eq]

Photochemical Oxidants [kg]

Particles [kg PM10 eq]

Ozon reduction [kg CFC11 eq]

Natural land usage [m2]

Usage of mineral resources [kg Fe eq]

Sea water eutrophication [kg N eq]

Sea water ecological toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Ionic radiation [kg U235 eq]

Human toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Drinking water eutrophication [kg P eq]

Drinking water toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Usage of fossil fuels [kg Oil eq]

Climate change impact [kg CO2 eq]

Occupation of agricultural land [m2a]

Summary

Renewable energy has the full potential as a foundation for the future sustainable energy supply of industrial societies

Underlay meshed DC grids shorten the path between volatile renewable energy and consumers and have advantages at flexibility and cost

Interconnected DC grids offer an efficient solution for fast charging service E-mobility can support the grid with all required control power and a useful

proportion of storage Most importantly DC technology saves materials which reduces significantly

the ecological footprint

Researchers and engineers have identified solutions but still open questions Can implementation be accelerated by training technicians Are regulatory issues in the way

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University46

47

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

48

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

CWDKESS

ISEA

ELAB

CMP

FEN

e3D

EON ERC

Kopernikus

Grids

ENSURE

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

bull AC grids are based on transformer technology

Designed for top down energy transmission

Constant voltage and constant frequency

Flexible AC grids (FACTS) will require major investments in infrastructure

and power electronic energy conversion and storage systems

In 2000 EU29 had 685GW installed capacity ie 137 Mton on Cu and Si-

Steel in generators and transformers ie 1096 Beuro (at price of 8 eurokg)

Standard AC Grid Configuration for Transmission and Distribution

gt 20000 tonGW

Ecological Impact Analysis for Charging InfrastructureAC Charging 22 kW vs DC-Charging Mixed 50 kW amp 37 kW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University45

8490

8045

8008

8386

8216

6910

8917

8224

7211

3347

5536

7386

5974

5218

7325

6584

6479

8305

0 20 40 60 80 100

Landwirtschaftliche Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Klimawandel [kg CO2-Aumlq]

Verbrauch fossiler Rohstoffe [kg oil-Aumlq]

Frischwasseroumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Frischwasser Eutrophierung [kg P-Aumlq]

Humantoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Ionisierende Strahlung [kg U235-Aumlq]

Meeresoumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Meereseutrophierung [kg N-Aumlq]

Verbrauch mineralischer Rohstoffe [kg Fe-hellip

Natuumlrliche Landumwandlung [msup2]

Ozonabbau [kg CFC-11-Aumlq]

Partikelbildung [kg PM10-Aumlq]

Photochemische Oxidantienbildung [kghellip

Terrestrische Versauerung [kg SO2-Aumlq]

Terrestrische Oumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Staumldtische Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Wasserverbrauch [msup3]

AC-System

DC-System

Water usage [m3]

City land usage [m2a]

Global toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Global acidity increase [kg SO2 eq]

Photochemical Oxidants [kg]

Particles [kg PM10 eq]

Ozon reduction [kg CFC11 eq]

Natural land usage [m2]

Usage of mineral resources [kg Fe eq]

Sea water eutrophication [kg N eq]

Sea water ecological toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Ionic radiation [kg U235 eq]

Human toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Drinking water eutrophication [kg P eq]

Drinking water toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Usage of fossil fuels [kg Oil eq]

Climate change impact [kg CO2 eq]

Occupation of agricultural land [m2a]

Summary

Renewable energy has the full potential as a foundation for the future sustainable energy supply of industrial societies

Underlay meshed DC grids shorten the path between volatile renewable energy and consumers and have advantages at flexibility and cost

Interconnected DC grids offer an efficient solution for fast charging service E-mobility can support the grid with all required control power and a useful

proportion of storage Most importantly DC technology saves materials which reduces significantly

the ecological footprint

Researchers and engineers have identified solutions but still open questions Can implementation be accelerated by training technicians Are regulatory issues in the way

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University46

47

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

48

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

CWDKESS

ISEA

ELAB

CMP

FEN

e3D

EON ERC

Kopernikus

Grids

ENSURE

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

Ecological Impact Analysis for Charging InfrastructureAC Charging 22 kW vs DC-Charging Mixed 50 kW amp 37 kW

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University45

8490

8045

8008

8386

8216

6910

8917

8224

7211

3347

5536

7386

5974

5218

7325

6584

6479

8305

0 20 40 60 80 100

Landwirtschaftliche Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Klimawandel [kg CO2-Aumlq]

Verbrauch fossiler Rohstoffe [kg oil-Aumlq]

Frischwasseroumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Frischwasser Eutrophierung [kg P-Aumlq]

Humantoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Ionisierende Strahlung [kg U235-Aumlq]

Meeresoumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Meereseutrophierung [kg N-Aumlq]

Verbrauch mineralischer Rohstoffe [kg Fe-hellip

Natuumlrliche Landumwandlung [msup2]

Ozonabbau [kg CFC-11-Aumlq]

Partikelbildung [kg PM10-Aumlq]

Photochemische Oxidantienbildung [kghellip

Terrestrische Versauerung [kg SO2-Aumlq]

Terrestrische Oumlkotoxizitaumlt [kg 14-DCB-Aumlq]

Staumldtische Landbesetzung [msup2a]

Wasserverbrauch [msup3]

AC-System

DC-System

Water usage [m3]

City land usage [m2a]

Global toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Global acidity increase [kg SO2 eq]

Photochemical Oxidants [kg]

Particles [kg PM10 eq]

Ozon reduction [kg CFC11 eq]

Natural land usage [m2]

Usage of mineral resources [kg Fe eq]

Sea water eutrophication [kg N eq]

Sea water ecological toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Ionic radiation [kg U235 eq]

Human toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Drinking water eutrophication [kg P eq]

Drinking water toxicity [kg 14 DCB eq]

Usage of fossil fuels [kg Oil eq]

Climate change impact [kg CO2 eq]

Occupation of agricultural land [m2a]

Summary

Renewable energy has the full potential as a foundation for the future sustainable energy supply of industrial societies

Underlay meshed DC grids shorten the path between volatile renewable energy and consumers and have advantages at flexibility and cost

Interconnected DC grids offer an efficient solution for fast charging service E-mobility can support the grid with all required control power and a useful

proportion of storage Most importantly DC technology saves materials which reduces significantly

the ecological footprint

Researchers and engineers have identified solutions but still open questions Can implementation be accelerated by training technicians Are regulatory issues in the way

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University46

47

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

48

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

CWDKESS

ISEA

ELAB

CMP

FEN

e3D

EON ERC

Kopernikus

Grids

ENSURE

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

Summary

Renewable energy has the full potential as a foundation for the future sustainable energy supply of industrial societies

Underlay meshed DC grids shorten the path between volatile renewable energy and consumers and have advantages at flexibility and cost

Interconnected DC grids offer an efficient solution for fast charging service E-mobility can support the grid with all required control power and a useful

proportion of storage Most importantly DC technology saves materials which reduces significantly

the ecological footprint

Researchers and engineers have identified solutions but still open questions Can implementation be accelerated by training technicians Are regulatory issues in the way

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University46

47

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

48

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

CWDKESS

ISEA

ELAB

CMP

FEN

e3D

EON ERC

Kopernikus

Grids

ENSURE

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

47

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

48

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

CWDKESS

ISEA

ELAB

CMP

FEN

e3D

EON ERC

Kopernikus

Grids

ENSURE

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

48

Concepts for a CO2-neutral Energy Supply System

CWDKESS

ISEA

ELAB

CMP

FEN

e3D

EON ERC

Kopernikus

Grids

ENSURE

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid) Workshop

November 2-4 2020

Aachen Germany

Rik W De Doncker FIEEE

RWTH Aachen UniversityResearch CAMPUS Flexible Electrical Networks

EON Energy Research Center

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

Historical city situated at the border between3 countries (Germany Belgium andNetherland)

RWTH Aachen University is a center of

competence in electrical grid technologies

Location

Aachen

Aachen

4 MW NacelleTest Bench

5 MW Medium-Voltage SST amp DC

Converter

Laboratory

Real-Time GridSimulation

Laboratory

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

Contact

Flexible Elektrische Netze FEN GmbH Campus-Boulevard 7952074 Aachen

Tel +49 241 80 22471infofenaachennet

Thank you for your attention

Image sources (banner)copy FEN GmbH exterior view of buildingcopy DDM Company landscape with wind turbinecopy EON ERC dc-dc convertercopy iStockphotocomstudiovision networkcopy Peter Winandy aerial photographcopy stockWERKfotoliacom Energiewendecopy vegefotoliacom puzzlecopy PhotographyByMKfotoliacom high-voltage grid renewable energy sources

FENaachen

XingFENaachennet

LinkedinFENaachennet

YouTubeFENaachennet

Prof dr ir Rik W De DonckerDr-Ing Peter Luumlrkens Chief Engineer

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

bull Research project bdquoBOBldquo (Solingen) Double use of Trolley bus infrastructure Catenary power used for charging of

on-board batteries during operation Possible electrification of lines without

catenary Integration of renewable energies Services for feeding ac grid

bull 4 GW (750 Vdc) installed capacity in German cities alone (VDV) Average use is 12 Each day about 85 GWh is available to charge EV 14 million EVs with 60 kWh battery 420 million km range (20 kWh100 km)

Source Uni Wuppertal

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

Fast-Charging InfrastructureDouble Use of Railway and Light Rail Infrastructure

bull Low utilization of large capacity railway infrastructure (12)bull Existing capacities can be used for fast chargingbull Railway and light-rail grids are available in cities Light rail typically 750 Vdc

Belgium Spain Italy Russia use 3000 Vdc

France NL use 1500 Vdc

Source Muumlller-Hellmann

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

Gross Properties of Passenger Vehicle Traffic in Germany

Gross energy system data Net electricity consumption DE 2016 1) 525 TWh Grid peak load 2016 2) 8375 GW)

Gross data passenger-car-traffic 2016 3) 446 Mio registered cars 626 Bln kma 38 kmcar and day

Energy and storage data 160 Whkm (conservative driving Renault Zoe I) Annual fleet energy consumption 100 TWh 19 of annual electrical energy On-board storage 40 kWh250 km 178 TWh 30 hrs of average grid load

Installed Charging Power 446 Mill Cars 4hellip40 kW on-board charger 180-1800 GW 21x hellip 21x grid peak load Average fleet power (day 24 hrs) 11 GW 13 of grid peak load

Result On-board storage sufficient for grid control and possibly day-night balance Plenty of grid control power

1) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-19992) httpswwwagora-energiewendededethemen-agothem-Produktprodukt76Agorameter3) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtml

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University54

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

Smart eHome with DC-Cell and PEV-Integration in AC Grid

LV-ACDC

(AC)

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University55

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

Locations for Fast Charging Stations

Along highways major intersections

Extra travel time by detour inacceptable Stations in 25 km intervals 175 km28 kWh with 200 kW 84 min 11-12 Points-of-service (PoS) 23 MW 1040 stations 12840 PoS 24 GW Source wwwimgurcom

In the city

Locations supermarkets and shops for daily needs(~25000Germany 2017 [1]) Shopping duration matches charging time [3] Re-use shopping time for charging

[3] R Philipsen T Schmidt J van Heek and M Ziefle ldquoFast-charging station here please User criteria for electric vehicle fast-charging locationsrdquo Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour vol 40 pp 119ndash129 Jul 2016

Source wwwchargedevscom

Charging power = 50 hellip150 kW [2]

Charging power = 150 hellip350 kW [2]

[2] Nationale Plattform Elektromobilitaumlt Ladeinfrastruktur fuumlrElektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland Statusbericht und Handllungsempfehlungen 2015

[1] httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie216015umfrageanzahl-der-verkaufsstellen-im-lebensmitteleinzelhandel-nach-geschaeftstypen

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University56

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

Commuter and Short Range Trips With e-Vehicles

Passenger-car-traffic 2016 1) Non-long distance traffic 88 of total traffic Average daily short range traffic 34 kmcar and day Average daily energy consumption 54 kWh (160 Whkm) Charging power (duration 8 hrs) 068 kW

Charging at work Mostly daytime Average fleet load (6-20 hrs) 17 GW

20 of 84 GW 2) day-time grid peak load

Charging at home (for convenience) Typically over night or weekend Night-time charging looses daytime PV surplus Average fleet load (20-6 hrs) 24 GW

48 of 50 GW 2) night-time base grid load

1) httpwwwkbadeDEStatistikKraftverkehrVerkehrKilometerverkehr_in_kilometern_nodehtmlz) httpsdestatistacomstatistikdatenstudie164149umfragenetto-stromverbrauch-in-deutschland-seit-1999

R W De Doncker FEN

Research Campus RWTH

Aachen University57

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost of battery in EVV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

equiv 5 arbitrarily selected vehicle sets

of 40 vehicles each were

simulated

equiv Error bars show deviations from

average value

equiv Very high SOCs during standstill

times impacts life time (calendaric

life time)

Estimated lifetime

58 years

Fra

cti

on

of

sta

nd

sti

ll

State of charge

58

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

SOC and charging algorithms have influence in LCCV2G and Lifetime considerations

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

SOC optimized unidirect

Cost optimized unidirect Bidirect trading

Bidirect trading SOC optimized

Estimated lifetime

72 years

Estimated lifetime

87 years

Estimated lifetime

80 yearsEstimated lifetime

92 years

59

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

E-Mobility operating costsV2G and Lifetime considerations

Only valid with high price volatility

Only spot market considered no balancing power

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

407 euro

403 euro

351 euro

316 euro

258 euro

1008 euro

791 euro

858 euro

719 euro

747 euro

- euro 2 euro 4 euro 6 euro 8 euro 10 euro 12 euro 14 euro

uncontrolled

SoC-opt

unidirectional

price-opt

unidirectional

SoC-opt

bidirectional

trading

Electricity plus battery costs per 100 km

Electricity

costs per

100 km

Battery

costs per

100 km

Price-opt

bidirectional

60

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

E-Mobility operating costsV2G and Lifetime considerations

Only valid with high price volatility

Only spot market considered no balancing power

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

407 euro

403 euro

351 euro

316 euro

258 euro

1008 euro

791 euro

858 euro

719 euro

747 euro

- euro 2 euro 4 euro 6 euro 8 euro 10 euro 12 euro 14 euro

uncontrolled

SoC-opt

unidirectional

price-opt

unidirectional

SoC-opt

bidirectional

trading

Electricity plus battery costs per 100 km

Electricity

costs per

100 km

Battery

costs per

100 km

Price-opt

bidirectional

60

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

Cost savings by lifetime increase are higher than reduction of energy

costs

Prof Dr ir Dr h c Rik W De Doncker

27112018

407 euro

403 euro

351 euro

316 euro

258 euro

1008 euro

791 euro

858 euro

719 euro

747 euro

- euro 2 euro 4 euro 6 euro 8 euro 10 euro 12 euro 14 euro

uncontrolled

SoC-opt

unidirectional

price-opt

unidirectional

SoC-opt

bidirectional

trading

Electricity plus battery costs per 100 km

Electricity

costs per

100 km

Battery

costs per

100 kmAssumptions

- Interest rate 8

- Battery costs 5000 euro

- Depriciation time

battery lifetime

Price-opt

bidirectional

61

E-Mobility operating costsV2G and Lifetime considerations

Andreacute Hackbarth Benedikt Lunz Reinhard Madlener Dirk Uwe Sauer Rik W De Doncker Publisher Aachen Universitaumltsbibliothek der

RWTH Aachen 2016 EON Energy Research Center Series ISSN 1868-7415 Vol 2 Nr 3

Overview Wide-Bandgap and Superjunction Converters at ISEA

SiC HV Battery DC-DC converter fsw = 150 kHz

Pmax = 126 kW (342 kW)

Vbatt = 300hellip500 V

Vdc-link = Vbatthellip800 V

bull SiC Traction Inverter fswmax = 100 kHz

Pmax = 160 kW

Vin = 800 V

Dr ir Dr h c R W De

Doncker62

GaN Bidirectional Charger

fsw = 500 kHz

Pmax = 37 kW

Vgrid = 230 V

Vbattery = 250hellip400 V

GaN MHz DC-DC Converter

fsw = 303 MHz

Pmax = 150 W

Vin= 200 V

Vout= 40 V

Superjunction LV Battery

DC-DC Converter

fsw = 100 kHz

Pmax = 3 kW

Vbatt= 10hellip16 V

Vdc-link= 170hellip380 V

0

10

20

30

40

50

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020kW

l

0

5

10

15

20

25

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

kW

kg

Power Density Development of DC-DC Converters

Dr ir Dr h c R W De

Doncker63

2012

bull fsw = 16 kHz

bull Si-Module

bull classic cooler and inductances

2016

bull fsw = 150 kHz

bull SiC-Module

bull classic cooler

and inductances

2018

bull fsw = 400 kHz

bull discrete SiC devices

bull 3D-printed cooler

and inductor bobbin

Overview Wide-Bandgap and Superjunction Converters at ISEA

SiC HV Battery DC-DC converter

fsw = 150 kHz

Pmax = 126 kW (342 kW)

Vbatt = 300hellip500 V

Vdc-link = Vbatthellip800 V

310519Dr ir Dr h c R W De Doncker

GaN Bidirectional Charger

fsw = 500 kHz

Pmax = 37 kW

Vgrid = 230 V

Vbattery = 250hellip400 V

SiC Traction Inverter

fswmax = 100 kHz

Pmax = 160 kW

Vin = 800 V

GaN MHz DC-DC Converter

fsw = 303 MHz

Pmax = 150 W

Vin= 200 V

Vout= 40 V

Superjunction LV Battery

DC-DC Converter

fsw = 100 kHz

Pmax = 3 kW

Vbatt= 10hellip16 V

Vdc-link= 170hellip380 V

64

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

0

10

20

30

40

50

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020kW

l

0

5

10

15

20

25

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

kW

k

gPower Density Development of DC-DC Converters

2012

bull fsw = 16 kHz

bull Si-Module

bull classic cooler and inductances

2016

bull fsw = 150 kHz

bull SiC-Module

bull classic cooler

and inductances

2018

bull fsw = 400 kHz

bull discrete SiC devices

bull 3D-printed cooler

and inductor bobbin

0

10

20

30

40

50

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020kW

l

0

5

10

15

20

25

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

kW

kg

Power Density Development of DC-DC Converters

Dr ir Dr h c R W De

Doncker63

2012

bull fsw = 16 kHz

bull Si-Module

bull classic cooler and inductances

2016

bull fsw = 150 kHz

bull SiC-Module

bull classic cooler

and inductances

2018

bull fsw = 400 kHz

bull discrete SiC devices

bull 3D-printed cooler

and inductor bobbin

Overview Wide-Bandgap and Superjunction Converters at ISEA

SiC HV Battery DC-DC converter

fsw = 150 kHz

Pmax = 126 kW (342 kW)

Vbatt = 300hellip500 V

Vdc-link = Vbatthellip800 V

310519Dr ir Dr h c R W De Doncker

GaN Bidirectional Charger

fsw = 500 kHz

Pmax = 37 kW

Vgrid = 230 V

Vbattery = 250hellip400 V

SiC Traction Inverter

fswmax = 100 kHz

Pmax = 160 kW

Vin = 800 V

GaN MHz DC-DC Converter

fsw = 303 MHz

Pmax = 150 W

Vin= 200 V

Vout= 40 V

Superjunction LV Battery

DC-DC Converter

fsw = 100 kHz

Pmax = 3 kW

Vbatt= 10hellip16 V

Vdc-link= 170hellip380 V

64

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

0

10

20

30

40

50

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020kW

l

0

5

10

15

20

25

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

kW

k

gPower Density Development of DC-DC Converters

2012

bull fsw = 16 kHz

bull Si-Module

bull classic cooler and inductances

2016

bull fsw = 150 kHz

bull SiC-Module

bull classic cooler

and inductances

2018

bull fsw = 400 kHz

bull discrete SiC devices

bull 3D-printed cooler

and inductor bobbin

Overview Wide-Bandgap and Superjunction Converters at ISEA

SiC HV Battery DC-DC converter

fsw = 150 kHz

Pmax = 126 kW (342 kW)

Vbatt = 300hellip500 V

Vdc-link = Vbatthellip800 V

310519Dr ir Dr h c R W De Doncker

GaN Bidirectional Charger

fsw = 500 kHz

Pmax = 37 kW

Vgrid = 230 V

Vbattery = 250hellip400 V

SiC Traction Inverter

fswmax = 100 kHz

Pmax = 160 kW

Vin = 800 V

GaN MHz DC-DC Converter

fsw = 303 MHz

Pmax = 150 W

Vin= 200 V

Vout= 40 V

Superjunction LV Battery

DC-DC Converter

fsw = 100 kHz

Pmax = 3 kW

Vbatt= 10hellip16 V

Vdc-link= 170hellip380 V

64

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

0

10

20

30

40

50

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020kW

l

0

5

10

15

20

25

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

kW

k

gPower Density Development of DC-DC Converters

2012

bull fsw = 16 kHz

bull Si-Module

bull classic cooler and inductances

2016

bull fsw = 150 kHz

bull SiC-Module

bull classic cooler

and inductances

2018

bull fsw = 400 kHz

bull discrete SiC devices

bull 3D-printed cooler

and inductor bobbin

| PGS Power Generation and Storage Systems |

0

10

20

30

40

50

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020kW

l

0

5

10

15

20

25

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

kW

k

gPower Density Development of DC-DC Converters

2012

bull fsw = 16 kHz

bull Si-Module

bull classic cooler and inductances

2016

bull fsw = 150 kHz

bull SiC-Module

bull classic cooler

and inductances

2018

bull fsw = 400 kHz

bull discrete SiC devices

bull 3D-printed cooler

and inductor bobbin