Necrosis
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Transcript of Necrosis
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NECROSIS-Dr Sowmya Srinivas
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DEFINITION NECROSISIts an irriversible injury produced by enzymatic digestion of dead cellular elements
APOPTOSISIts a vital process that helps eliminate unwanted cells-an internally programmed series of events causing cell death
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MECHANISM
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MORPHOLOGY OF NECROSIS :
1.Cellular swelling or rupture2.Denaturation and coagulation of cytoplasmic proteins3.Breakdown of cell organelles4.Breakdown of nuclear DNA
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PATTERNS OF NECROSIS IN TISSUES OR ORGANS
As a result of cell death the tissues or organs display one of these six macroscopic changes:
1.Coagulative necrosis2.Liquefactive necrosis3.Caseous necrosis4.Fat necrosis5.Gangrenous necrosis6.Fibrinoid necrosis
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PATTERNS OF NECROSIS IN TISSUES OR ORGANS
1.Coagulative necrosis: the outline of the dead cells are maintained and the
tissue is somewhat firm. Example: Myocardial infarction, liver, kidney, thermal burns
2.Liquefactive necrosis: the dead cells undergo disintegration and affected
tissue is liquefied. Example: Brain
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GROSS - NECROSIS
• Affected areas look white, grey or yellow in colour. • Have a cooked meat appearance. • Sharply demarcated (by red zone) from healthy tissue.• In case of gangrene the area is green, orange or black
(iron sulphide)
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MICROSCOPY - NECROSIS
The microscopic changes of necrosis vary with the type of necrosis. Some general changes of necrosis in the cytoplasm are: Eosinophilia: The cytoplasm stains darker red in colour.Swelling and vacuolation: The cells are swollen and
contain different types of vacuoles. Changes in the nucleus: The nucleus may show
condensation (Pyknosis), fragmentation (karyorrhexis) and may disappear (karyolysis).
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COAGULATIVE NECROSIS
Most common type of necrosis. Architectural outlines persist but cellular details are
lost. Type of tissue can be recognized. Denaturation (coagulation) of structural and enzymic
proteins blocks proteolysis.
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CAUSES OF COAGULATIVE NECROSIS
• Ischemia due to thrombosis/ embolism as in infarcts.• Bacterial toxins e.g. Fusobacterium necrophorum in
livers in cattle.• Muscular dystrophy due to deficiency of selenium and
vit. E in cattle and sheep. • Necrosis of renal epithelium due to poisoning from
mercuric salts.
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Gross appearance: • Necrotic area is firm, opaque with cooked meat appearance.• It is sharply demarcated from the healthy areas.Microscopic appearance: • Architectural outlines are present; cellular details are
lacking.Result: • Dead tissues remain in the body for a long period, ultimately
removed by macrophages.
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GROSS – COAGULATIVE NECROSIS
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NORMAL CARDIAC MUSCLE
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MICROSCOPIC VIEW
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COAGULATIVE NECROSIS
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MICROSCOPIC VIEW
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CASEOUS NECROSIS
Dead tissue is converted into a homogenous, granular mass resembling cottage cheese.
Cause: Associated with lesions of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the cause of caseous lymphadinitis.
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Gross appearance: The area of necrosis is amorphous, granular, friable, white-grey resembling cottage cheese. The caseous mass is enclosed within a connective tissue capsule.
Microscopic appearance: The necrotic tissue is amorphous, granular mass enclosed inside a zone of granulomatous inflammation, containing macrophages. No architectural or cellular details are seen. Calcification commonly occurs in the necrotic areas.
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GROSS – CASEOUS NECROSIS
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MICROSCOPY – CASEOUS NECROSIS
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LIQUEFACTIVE NECROSIS• Rate of dissolution of the necrotic cells is faster than
the rate of repair. Usually results in an abscess secondary to bacterial infection.• Hydrolysis of dead tissues or cells rapidly destroyed by
lysosomal enzymes from neutrophilic leukocytes (i.e., bacterial infections), or clostridia or snake poison. • Liquefactive necrosis that is caused by neutrophilic
leukocytes is called pus.
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LIQUEFACTIVE NECROSIS