Near The Herschel View of Star Formation · 2019. 1. 30. · Outline: • Submm observations as a...
Transcript of Near The Herschel View of Star Formation · 2019. 1. 30. · Outline: • Submm observations as a...
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The Herschel Viewof Star Formation
Philippe AndréCEA
Laboratoire AIM Paris-Saclay
PACS
Near
Far
Star Formation Across the Universe – 19/07/2011Alpbach 2011 Summer School
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Outline:
• Submm observations as a probe of theinitial conditions of star formation
• The Herschel Space Observatory:A revolution in submm imaging
• Preliminary results on dense cores(e.g. CMF vs. IMF)
• The role of filaments in the star/coreformation process
• Implications for models of starformation and possible next steps
Herschel HOBYS surveyRosette MC 70/160/250 µm compositeMotte et al. 2010 Ph. André - Alpbach 2011 Summer School - 19/07/2011
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Class 0
Class I
Class II
Class III
Prestellar Parent cloud
StellarBlackbody
Infrared Excess
Pres
tella
r Pha
sePr
otos
tella
r Pha
sePr
e-M
ain
Sequ
ence
Pha
se
Time
submm
submm
Prot
oste
llar
Phas
e P
rest
ella
r Ph
ase
DenseCore
StellarBlackbody
Formation of solar-type starsReasonably well establishedevolutionary sequence but physicsof early stages unclear(cf. McKee & Ostriker 2007 vs. Shu et al. 1987)
• Key: Study of the earliest evolutionarystages initial conditions of SF process
Many open issues: What determines the masses of
forming stars (« IMF ») ?
What controls the star formationefficiency and the star formation rateon global scales ?
Is star formation rapid or slow ? …
Lada 1987 + André, Ward-Thompson, Barsony 2000
ColdBlackbody
ColdBlackbody
StellarBlackbody
Ph. André - Alpbach 2011 Summer School - 19/07/2011
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Protostars in the build-up phase0.
1 pc
0.1 pc
Gravitationally bound (M ~ MVIR , M* = 0) Massive envelopes (Menv > M*)
The progenitors of protostars
L1544 (Starless)
Greybody(T = 13K, β = 1.5)
IRAM 04191 (Class 0)
Greybody(T = 9K, β = 2)
Representativeof the collapseinitial conditions
Submm-only objects whose SEDs peak@ λ ~ 100-400 µm
Herschel bandsessential for luminosity and temperature determinations
Prestellar Cores (t < 0)
HerschelHerschel
400 200λ [µm]Cold
SEDs
Class 0 protostars (t > 0)
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The prestellar core mass function (CMF) resembles the IMF
See also: Testi & Sargent 1998;Johnstone et al. 2001;Stanke et al. 2006; Alves et al. 2007Nutter & Ward-Thompson 2007
Motte et al. 2001
NGC2068 at 850 µm
Motte et al. 2001
10’ 0.5
pc
Salpeter’s IMF [N (> M) ~ M-1.4]
CO clumps (Blitz 1993)0.3 Mo
Motte, André, Neri 1998
The IMF is at least partly determined bypre-collapse cloud fragmentation (~ 0.1 - 5 M☉)
• Limitations: Small-number statistics, incompleteness atlow-mass end (?) + assume uniform dust temperature
Herschel needed to confirm/extendconclusions toward lower/higher masses Ph. André – Alpbach - 19/07/2011
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Importance of the far-infrared and submm
Puget et al. 1996, Hauser & Dwek 2001
CMBOpticalFar-IR
Cosmic Background
WMAP
Half of the energy created in the Universe since the CMB is due to starformation and has been reprocessed into the far-IR and submm
Ph. André - Alpbach 2011 Summer School - 19/07/2011
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Stars are a fundamental constituent of the Universe
CMB excluded, stars and star formation dominate the globalenergy output of the Universe
Lagache et al. 2005, ARA&A
Extragalactic Background Light
M82(starburst galaxy)
Star Formation Starlight
Far-IR Optical
λ rest [µm]
Log
νLν
[Lo]
SEDs of Star-Forming Galaxies
Far-IR
Sanders & Mirabel 1996, ARA&A
HerschelHerschel
140 µm
Ph. André - Alpbach 2011 Summer School - 19/07/2011
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PACS “Blue” 2048 pixels 70 &
100 µ16x16 pixels
SPIRE 43 bolometers @ 500 µm
Cutting-edge instruments
The Herschel Space ObservatorySuccessfully launched byAriane 5 on 14 May 2009 !
Major far-IR/submm Observatory (ESA ‘cornerstone’) 3.5 m telescope
Lifetime ~ 3.5 yr
See lecture by T. Passvogel
Pilbratt et al. 2010
Poglitsch et al. 2010
Griffin et al. 2010
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de Graauw, Helmich et al. 2010
Orion KL - HEXOS Herschel/HIFI E. Bergin
Herschel/HIFI: A revolution in submm spectroscopy
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Probing the chemical complexity of star-forming regions
E. Bergin – HEXOS Herschel/HIFI Bergin et al. 2010
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HERMESS. Oliveret al.2010
SPIREreachestheconfusion limit in< 1 hr
Herschel deep surveys: star-forming galaxies to z ~ 4SPIRE
SCUBA 850 µm HDF
18’’
25’’
36’’
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GOODS-North 100/160/250 µm
GOODS-South24/100/160µm
GOODS-Herschel (D. Elbaz et al. 2011)PEP (PACS Evolutionary Probe – PI: D. Lutz) (S. Berta et al. 2010, 2011)
Deepest images of the sky in the 2 GOODS fields : 1818 sources down to1 mJy at 100 µm, 2.6 mJy@160µm, 5mJy@250µm
Herschel/PACS resolves ~ 2/3 of the cosmic infraredbackground at 100/160 µm, i.e. at the peak of the CIB
10’
100 µm: 7’’ res.160 µm: 11’’ res.
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Herschel/PACS 160 µmVNG Survey (C. Wilson et al.)
Spitzer/MIPS 160 µmGordon et al. 2004
M81: A « grand design » spiral galaxy
Probing giant SF clouds (~ 100 pc) in nearby galaxies
30 kpc
M31 (Andromeda)
HELGA KP (Fritz et al.)
Herschel/SPIRE 250 µm
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Herschel Galactic Surveys
Ophiuchus
OrionCrA
Cepheus
TaurusPerseus
Polarisflare
Lupus AquilaSerpens
Chamaeleon
Gould Belt
CoalSack
Planck 350 µm – 10 mm
⦁ Hi-GAL (Molinari et al. 2010): SPIRE/PACS 70-500 µm //-modesurvey of the Galactic Plane
Distribution of (massive) star formation in the Milky Way
⦁ Gould Belt survey : SPIRE/PACS 70-500 µm imaging of the bulk ofnearby (d < 0.5 kpc) molecular clouds, mostly located in Gould’s Belt.
Census of individual cores and details of the star formation process
Galactic Plane
Ph. André - Alpbach 2011 Summer School - 19/07/2011
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HI-GAL image of (part of) the Milky Way (Molinari et al. 2010) Revealing the structure of Galactic molecular clouds
~ 60 pc
70/160/350 µm composite PACS/SPIRE // mode
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1) Aquila Riftstar-formingcloud (d ~ 260 pc)
Red : SPIRE 500 µmGreen : PACS 160 µmBlue : PACS 70 µm
~ 3.3o x 3.3o fieldAndré et al. 2010Könyves et al. 2010Bontemps et al. 2010A&A special issue (vol. 518)
http://oshi.esa.int/
Connecting ISM structure with star formation Gould Belt Survey PACS/SPIRE // mode
~ 10
pc
Ph. André – Alpbach - 19/07/2011
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~ 5 pc
Structure of the cold ISM prior to star formation
~ 13 deg2 field
2) Polaris flaretranslucent cloud
(d ~ 150 pc)
~ 5500 M☉ (CO+HI) Heithausen & Thaddeus ‘90
Miville-Deschênes et al. 2010Ward-Thompson et al. 2010Men’shchikov et al. 2010 A&A vol. 518
SPIRE 250 µm image
Gould Belt Survey PACS/SPIRE // mode70/160/250/350/500 µm
Ph. André - Alpbach 2011 Summer School - 19/07/2011
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Thermal Continuum Emission from Cold Dust (Td ~ 5-50 K)
• Optically thin dust emission at (sub)mm wavelengths Direct mass/column density estimates :
• λ ∼ 100−500 µm : good diagnostic of the dust temperature (Td )
Wavelength [µm]1001000
HerschelHerschel
With Herschel, simple dusttemperature estimates basedon greybody fits to theobserved SEDs (5-6 pointsbetween 70 and 500 µm):
Iν ~ Bν(Td) τν = Bν(Td) κν Σ
κν = dust opacity (eg Hildebrand 83; Ossenkopf & Henning 94)
M = Sν d2 Bν (Td) κν
Σ = Iν Bν (Td) κν
Sν : Integrated flux density
Iν : Surface brightness
Σ : Column density (g cm-2)
Greybody (Td = 9.8 K)
Greybody (Td = 22.4 K)
Protostellar core
Starless core
Ph. André - Alpbach 2011 Summer School - 19/07/2011
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Revealing the structure of one of the nearestinfrared dark clouds (Aquila Main: d ~ 260 pc)
Herschel (SPIRE+PACS)Column density map (H2/cm2)
1023
1021
1022
Herschel (SPIRE+PACS) Dust temperature map (K)
1 de
g ~
4.5
pc
40
10
30
20
W40
Ph. André - Alpbach 2011 Summer School - 19/07/2011
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Wavelet component (H2/cm2)
Herschel Column density map
1023
1021
1022
1022
Curvelet component (H2/cm2)
(P. Didelon based onStarck et al. 2003)
Dense cores form primarily in filamentsMorphological Component Analysis:
+=Cores Filaments
Ph. André - Alpbach 2011 Summer School - 19/07/2011
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`Compact’ Source Extraction in Aquila
Spatial distributionof extracted cores
70/160/500 µm composite image3 deg ~ 14 pc
Aquila entire field: NH2 (cm-2)
Starless=
no PACS 70 µemission(F70µ <−> Lprotocf. Dunham,Crapsi, Evans e.a.2008 c2d)
541 starless 201 YSOs
1023
1022
Herschel (SPIRE+PACS)
Könyves et al. 2010
5σ level:~ 1021 cm-2
(with “getsources”: multi-scale, multi-λ core-finding algorithm Menshchikov et al. 2010-11)
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Distinguishing between protostellar & starless cores
CB 244: Tdust map & NH contours
Starless=
no PACS 70 µmemission(F70µ <−> Lprotocf. Dunham,Crapsi, Evans e.a.2008 Spitzer c2d)
A. Stutz, R. Launhardt et al. 2010Herschel EPoS Project (PI: O. Krause)
2: Starless core
1: Protostar0.2
pc
Ph. André - Alpbach 2011 Summer School - 19/07/2011
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Examples of starless cores in Aquila
Herschel NH2 map (cm-2)
Radial intensity profiles
Background subtracted
Ellipses: FWHM sizes of 24 starless cores at 250 µmKönyves et al. 2010, A&A special issue
Includingbackground
Core: local column density peak simple (convex) shape no substructure at Herschel resol. potential single star-forming entity
Ph. André - Alpbach 2011 Summer School - 19/07/2011
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At most limited sub-fragmentation within the coresidentified with Herschel in nearby clouds
Pezzuto, Sadavoy et al., in prep. Maury et al. 2010
Herschel ~ 15’’ resolution at λ ~ 200 µm ~ 0.02 pc < Jeans length @ d = 300pc
Progenitors of individual stars or binary systems, not “clusters”
L1448-C: Herschel/SPIRE 250 µm
0.05 pc
L1448-C: IRAM-PdB interferometer 1.3mm
500 AU
2’
18’’
0.4’’
Ph. André – 19/07/2011
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> 60%are likelyprestellarin nature
Könyves et al. 2010
Positions in mass vs. size diagram, consistent with ~ critical Bonnor-Ebertspheroids: MBE = 2.4 RBE cs
2/G for T ~ 7-20 K
Cirrus noiselimit inAquila
Deconvolved FWHM size, R (pc) (at 250 µm)
Motte et al.(1998,2001)
Most of the Aquila starless cores are self-gravitating
T = 7 K
T = 20 K
Mas
s, M
(M☉
)
Ph. André - Alpbach 2011 Summer School - 19/07/2011
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Confirming the link between the prestellar CMF & the IMF
André et al. 2010Könyves et al. 2010 A&A vol. 518
Good (~ one-to-one) correspondence between core mass and stellarsystem mass: M* = ε Mcore with ε ~ 0.2-0.4 in Aquila The IMF is at least partly determined by pre-collapse cloud/filamentfragmentation (cf. models by Padoan & Nordlund 2002, Hennebelle & Chabrier 2008)
341-541 prestellarcores in Aquila
Factor ~ 2-9 betterstatistics than earlierCMF studies
Core Mass Function (CMF) in Aquila Complex IMF CMF
CO clumps (Kramer et al. 1998)
Salpeter’s IMF
Num
ber
of o
bjec
ts p
er m
ass b
in: Δ
N/Δ
logM
Mass (M⨀)
0.3 M⊙
System IMFChabrier 2005
Kroupa 2001
×ε
Ph. André – 19/07/2011
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Herschel GB surveyIC5146 70/250/500µm compositeArzoumanianet al. 2011
Prestellar cores form out ofa filamentary background
~ 5 pc
Ph. André - Alpbach 2011 Summer School - 19/07/2011
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Evidence of the importance of filaments prior to Herschel
Goldsmith et al. 2008
Taurus H2 column density from CO(1-0)
FCRAO
See also: Schneider & Elmegreen 1979;Abergel et al. 1994; Hartmann 2002;Hatchell et al. 2005; Myers 2009 …
Peretto & Fuller 2009, 2010
Infrared Dark CloudsSpitzer (3.6/8/24 µm) composite
10 p
c
5 pc
T. Henning’s lecture on earlystages of massive star formation
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TaurusHerschel Gould Belt survey SPIRE 500µm
5 de
g
20 pc
J. Kirk et al. + P. Palmeirim et al. in prep. Ph. André - Alpbach 2011 Summer School - 19/07/2011
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Herschel reveals a rich network of filamentsin every interstellar cloud
Network of filaments in Aquila Gould Belt KP (André et al. 2010, Men’shchikov et al. 2010, Arzoumanian et al. 2011)
Non star formingActively star forming
Using the ‘skeleton’ or DisPerSE algorithm (Sousbie 2011)to trace the ridge of each filament
Network of filaments in Polaris
Ph. André - Alpbach 2011 School - 19/07/2011
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Galactic star formation occurs primarily along filamentsHI-GAL image of (part of) the Milky Way (Molinari et al. 2010)
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Galactic star formation occurs primarily along filaments
Curvatureenhancementoperator
HI-GAL image of (part of) the Milky Way (Molinari et al. 2010)
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Filaments have a characteristic width ~ 0.1 pcD. Arzoumanian et al. 2011, A&A, 529, L6
Using the ‘skeleton’ or DisPerSE algorithm (Sousbie 2011)
to trace the ridge of each filamentRadius [pc]
Example of a filament radial profile
Polaris
Num
ber
of fi
lam
ents
per
bin
Filament width (FWHM) [pc]
Statistical distribution ofwidths for 150 filaments
0.1
0.1 pc IC5146AquilaPolarisTaurus PipeDistribution of
Jeans lengths[λJ ~ cs
2/(GΣ)]
Ph. André - Alpbach 2011 Summer School - 19/07/2011
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Prestellar cores are preferentially foundwithin the densest filaments
1021 1022
1
0.1
Mline /M
line,crit U
nstable Stable
Aquila curvelet NH2 map (cm-2)
10231022 Aquila NH2
map (cm-2)▵ : Prestellar cores - 90% found at NH2
> 7x1021 cm-2 <=> Av(back) > 7
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Confirmation of an extinction “threshold” forthe formation of prestellar cores
Av ~ 7
Background cloud extinction, AV
Num
ber
of c
ores
per
ext
inct
ion
bin:
ΔN
/ΔA
V
Distribution of background extinctions for the Aquila prestellar cores
cf. Onishi et al. 1998 (Taurus)Johnstone et al. 2004 (Ophiuchus)
In Aquila, ~ 90%of the prestellarcores identified withHerschel are foundabove Av ~ 7 NH2
~ 7 x 1021cm-2
Σ ~ 150 M⊙ pc-2
Ph. André - Alpbach 2011 Summer School - 19/07/2011
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Only the densest filaments are gravitationallyunstable and contain prestellar cores (▵)
The gravitational instabilityof filaments is controlled by themass per unit length Mline(cf. Ostriker 1964,Inutsuka & Miyama 1997):
• unstable if Mline > Mline, crit
• unbound if Mline < Mline, crit
• Mline, crit = 2 cs2/G ~ 15 M☉/pc
for T ~ 10K Σ threshold
Simple estimate: Mline∝ NH2 x Width (~ 0.1 pc)
Unstable filaments highlightedin white in the NH2 map
1021 1022Aquila curvelet NH2
map (cm-2)
1
Stable M
line /Mline,crit
0.1 U
nstable
André et al. 2010, A&A Vol. 518
~ 150 M☉/pc2
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Importance of the star formation thresholdon (extra)galactic scales
ΣSFR ∝ Σgas
forΣgas > Σthreshold
Heiderman et al. 2010Lada et al. 2010
See also
Gao & Solomon 2004
for external galaxies
Heiderman, Evans et al. 2010
Star formation rate vs. Gas surface density
Σth ~ 150 M⊙pc-2
AV ~ 7-8
Ph. André - Alpbach 2011
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Magnetically-criticalcondensed sheet,fragmented into filamentsand cores (e.g. Nakamura &Li 2008; Basu, Ciolek etal. ’09)
Magnetically-regulated star formation
Turbulentfragmentation
Gravity-dominatedcloud/star formation
Filaments and coresfrom shocks in large-scale, supersonicturbulence(e.g. Padoan et al. 2001;MacLow & Klessen ’04)
Filaments from globalcloud collapseCores from local gravity(e.g. Burkert & Hartmann‘04; Heitsch et al. ’08;also Nagai et al. ‘98 )
Bate, Bonnell et al. 2003 …
Origin of interstellar filaments? 3 possible paradigms
Ph. André - Alpbach 2011 Summer School - 19/07/2011
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The turbulent fragmentation picture accounts for the~ 0.1 pc characteristic width of interstellar filaments:
~ sonic scale of ISM turbulence
Linewidth-Size relation in clouds(Larson 1981)
Distribution of widths for 150 filaments
Num
ber
of fi
lam
ents
per
bin
Filament width (FWHM) [pc]
0.1
0.1 pc IC5146 Aquila Polaris Taurus Pipe
Distribution ofJeans lengths
Log (Size) [pc]
Log
(Vel
ocity
Disp
ersio
n) [k
m/s]
0.1 pcSonic scale
σV(L) ∝ L0.5
(Arzoumanian et al. 2011) Corresponds to the typical thickness λof shock-compressed structures/filamentsin the turbulent fragmentation scenario
λ ~ L/M(L)2 ~ 0.1 pccompression ratio (HD shock)
Simulations of turbulent fragmentation
Padoan, Juvela et al. 2001
Ph. André - Alpbach 2011 Summer School - 19/07/2011
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Conclusions First results from Herschel on star formation are very promising:
Confirm the close link between the prestellar CMF and theIMF, although the whole Gould Belt survey will be required tofully characterize the nature of this link.
Suggest that core formation occurs in two main steps:1) Filaments form first in the cold ISM, probably as a result of thedissipation of MHD turbulence; 2) The densest filaments thenfragment into prestellar cores via gravitational instability abovea critical extinction threshold at AV ~ 7 Σth ~ 150 M☉ pc-2
Spectroscopic and polarimetric observations required to clarify theroles of turbulence, B fields, gravity in forming the filaments.
Ph. André - Alpbach 2011 Summer School - 19/07/2011