Near-Earth Space: The Van Allen Belts. Nature of the Belts Discovered early in the space age with a...
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Transcript of Near-Earth Space: The Van Allen Belts. Nature of the Belts Discovered early in the space age with a...
![Page 1: Near-Earth Space: The Van Allen Belts. Nature of the Belts Discovered early in the space age with a Geiger counter. Energetic charged particles are trapped.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649ccb5503460f94994e17/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Near-Earth Space: The Van Allen Belts
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Nature of the Belts• Discovered early in the space age with a Geiger counter.• Energetic charged particles are trapped in the Earth’s magnetic field.• The inner belt contains protons, and the outer contains electrons.• The inner belt begins at only 100 km or so above ground.
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Aurorae
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Space Aurora
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Aurora Borealis from Yellowknife in Canada
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Aurorae• Solar wind particles are generally
repelled by the magnetosphere, but some “sneak” into the atmosphere by running along magnetic field lines toward the poles. (Outer belt)
• Earth atmospheric particles sneak into the belts as well. (Inner belt)
• At ~100km altitude, solar wind particles collide with atmosphere particles to produce an auroral light display.
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Comparison of Planetary Magnetic Fields
Equatorial Field(Gauss)
Mercury 0.002
Venus <0.0003
Earth 0.305
Mars (0.0004)
Jupiter 4.2
Saturn 0.20
Uranus 0.23
Neptune 0.06-1.2
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The space around the Earth is not exactly crowded, but
there is a great deal of “space debris” in orbit
around Earth.
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Cosmic Rays: The penetration of energetic particles from space into the Earth’s atmosphere
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The Earth at Night (light pollution)
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Sky Appearance
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Understanding Sky Color
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Sky Color from Two Places
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Structure of the Earth’s Atmosphere
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The Ozone Layer Component
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Antarctic Ozone Hole
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Ozone LayerOzone molecule = O3
O3 protects use from harmful solar UV radiation
An efficient O3 destruction mechanism involves chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s – Cl, F, C):
<chemistry> …
A single Cl atom can be used 1000’s of times to break up ozone molecules!
Catalyst
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Ozone Trends
North Pole South Pole
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Energy Budget of the Earth
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Global Warming: Trends and Effects
• The topic of global warming is complicated. The question is not whether warming exists, but its origin. • Increased greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, etc) act like a blanket to block the escape of infrared “heat” light.• The Earth has also undergone cycles in the past.• The main concern is the impact and control of warming.
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Climate Regulation
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Share Question
The Earth's surface absorbs energy from sunlight and then radiates about as much energy back into space. The best proof you can offer for this fact is that the average surface temperature on Earth is
a) warming slowly. b) not warming rapidly. c) half light and half dark. d) warmer at the core than on the surface.
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Weather
Primarily driven by solar radiation.Other significant influences include:
1. Land mass and oceans2. Planet rotation3. Atmospheric composition
o Ozoneo Greenhouse effect
4. Volcanic activity
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The Hadley Cell: Fundamental circulation pattern because of the fact that planets are
round.
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Coriolis Deflection: Planet rotation causes north-south weather circulation to deflect
east-west.
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The Coriolis Force
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Hadley Cells on the Earth
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Volcanoes and Resurfacing
• Magma is less dense than rock, and so rises from the interior
• This breaks through, giving a volcano• Products
– New rocks (esp. basalts)– Ash ( ~1mm )– Cinders (~ 1cm )
• The key point is that volcanoes lead to resurfacing and are evidence of an active planetary interior
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Mount St. Helens
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Tungurahua (Andes)
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Rock TypesIgneous (“ignus”=fire) -
form from crystallization of molten rock– Magma - molten
inside earth– Lava - molten on
surface* Of planetary interest:
– Basalt - fast cooling– Granite - slow cooling
Sedimentary - formed by deposition of small particles which become cemented (e.g., sandstone, shales)
Metamorphic - changed by heat, pressure, and/or chemistry (e.g., marble)
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Crustal Plates and Tectonic Activity
• Earth’s surface (or crust) is not a single solid piece, but consists of large and small “plates”
• These plates slowly drift around• At points of convergence, get
volcanoes, mountain ranges, and earthquakes
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Crustal Plates
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Long Term Plate Drifting
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Plate Motion
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Volcanic Activity on Earth and Relation to
Motion of Plates
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Recycling process and resurfacing effects
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Interior Structure of the Earth
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Detail of Earth Interior
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Seismology
Study of the Earth’s interior from how it carries vibrations
• Types of vibrations– P-waves: pressure waves that travel like sound– S-waves: shear waves, like on a rope
• Terminology:– Focus: point at which the earthquake
originates– Epicenter: surface point above the focus– Seismometer: a device to measure P & S
waves and the strength of earthquakes
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Earthquake
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Wave Forms
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Refraction of traveling sound waves in the Earth reveals its
components
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Shuddering of the Earth
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Share Question
Earthquakes are an important tool for scientists because their vibrations
a) influence the Earth's orbit about the Sun b) allow the study of the Earth's internal structure c) inform us of the mass of the Earth d) are used to predict the future of plate tectonics
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Earth’s Magnetic Field
• Lines of force are somewhat like a bar magnet.
• Its origin and maintenance comes from dynamo activity in the core:Circulation of conducting fluid (e.g.,
molten metals) generates magnetic fields.
So, planetary magnetic fields act like probes of unseen planetary interiors
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Earth Dynamo
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Share Question
The Earth's magnetic dynamo is caused by a combination of convection in its molten core and
a) the Earth's orbit around the Sun b) the Earth's rotation c) lunar tidal action d) the aurora borealis