Ndunge Kiiti , Houghton College Jane MutindA , Kenyatta University December 6-7, 2011
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NDUNGE KIITI, HOUGHTON COLLEGEJANE MUTINDA, KENYATTA UNIVERSITY
DECEMBER 6-7, 2011
The Use of Mobile Money Services Among 21 Women’s Groups in
Eastern Kenya: Preliminary Research Findings
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Map of Kenya
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Kenyan Context
Kenya signed onto to the Millennium Development Goals
In 2002-2003, an estimated 56% of population was below poverty line
Projections report 65.9% could be below poverty line in 2015
(Source: Government of Kenya, 2005)
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Implications for Rural Context
82% of poor live in rural areas (Government of Kenya, 2005)
Agriculture Production key source of economic growth (e.g. coffee, tea, flowers)
95% of land owned by men; 5% by women (UNDP & UNIFEM, 2005, p.11)
Eastern Province is one of poorest in Kenya Kitui, Machakos, Makueni, and Mwingi districts
have high prevalence of poverty
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Vinya wa Aka (VWAG)—’Strength of Women’
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VWAG Mission
To strengthen Kenyan women’s groups to mobilize their resources for development and support them to build assets for sustainable and holistic change.
Framework: Individual>Family> Community>Nation
African Proverb: “A human becomes a human because of other humans.”
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Training/Workshops
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Training of Women’s Groups
21 women’s groups in Eastern KenyaNEPAD Partnership and VisionFramework: Dialogical--Paulo FreireCurriculum Focus:
Integrated Approach to Development Organizational Management Skills Resource Mobilization—investment, savings,
loans Philanthropy & Social Support—Community
Building
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Literature Review: Mobile Money Services
M-PESA has 9 million registered users or 40% of Kenya adults (Mas & Radcliffe, 2010)—now over 12m
Clearly builds on urban-rural linkages in Kenya (Mas & Morawczynski, 2009)
Tremendous movement to urban centers for employment
Caters to large population with no access to banking industry
Money’s social role in facilitating a process of engagement or interaction (Maurer, 2006)
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Research Process
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Study Methodology
Primary Methods In-depth Interviews Focus Group Discussions Participatory Observation
Secondary Methods Literature Review
Synthesis and Initial Dissemination Workshop
Policy Implications Access to Services
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Research Assistants
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Data Collection: In-depth Interviews
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Data Collection: FGD
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Observation of MPESA Usage
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Emerging Themes for Benefits: Service
Background—Initial Money ServiceSecurity & Safety
Privacy and Confidentiality
Convenience Access at many outlets
Time Management Efficient & fast service “Delays are losses!” (Women’s Group Interview, 2011)
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Emerging Themes for Benefits: Usage
Facilitates Group PaymentsPromotes Rural DevelopmentAssists in Business/MicrofinanceCreates EmploymentEncourages Good Record KeepingOther Benefits:
Purchase of Airtime Bonga Points
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Access to Service & Employment
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Intersect of MPESA and Poverty Reduction
Socio-economic Support for the Individual, Family and Community Health (Hospital Bills) Agricultural Projects Micro-finance/Business Food Security—Famine Emergencies Education (Fees)
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Key Challenges/Opportunities for M-PESA
Fraud Facilitates robbery & corruption Immoral behavior
Network Connectivity Problems No Network
Cost Service Charges
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Key Challenges/Opportunities for M-PESA
Debt Easy Access to Resources
Limited Services for Special Populations Elderly/People with Disabilities Audible Phone System
Group Communication Dynamics Lack of Accountability Poor Group Meeting Attendance
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Selected Quotes from the Field
“Many people feel that they can fail to attend the group meetings and they send the money and it’s fine with them” (Group Leader, Personal Communication, 2011)
“On the negative side, eh sometimes now because of this challenge of being visually impaired, most of the times.. the phones which are available nowadays, they are not audible, they don't talk” (Member of Women’s Group,
Personal Communication, 2011)
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Group: Cheerful Sisters
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Dissemination Workshop
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Implications for Policy
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M-PESA Services
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Appreciation of M-PESA Service as a Potential Poverty Reduction Tool
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Further Research/Investigation
Link between M-PESA Usage and Poverty Reduction
Mobile money services for special populationsLink between policy and grassroots realitiesLink of M-PESA with Philanthropic Initiatives
ECO-PESA
Sociological Understanding of Group Names Kujitoa (Commitment) Wendo; Mendene; Mwende (Love) Pamoja (Unity) Wanawake Wanawaka (Women Shining)