NCERT- Hindi Sparsh- Class X

8/14/2019 NCERT- Hindi Sparsh- Class X

1/136

vkeq[k v

Hkwfedk viii| [kaM

1- dchj & lk[kh 3

2- ehjk & in 8

3- fcgkjh & nksgs 13

4- eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr & euq";rk 18

5- lq fe=kkua nu iar & ioZ r izns'k esa ikol 25

6- egknsoh oekZ & e/q j&e/qj esjs nhid ty 31

7- ohjsu Maxoky & rksi 36

8- oSQI+kQh vkkeh & dj pys ge fI+kQnk 41

9- joha nzukFk BkoqQj & vkRe=kk.k 46

x| [kaM

1- izsepan & cM+s HkkbZ lkgc 53

2- lhrkjke lsdlfj;k& Mk;jh dk ,d iUuk 68
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xvi

3- yhyk/j eaMyksbZ & rrkjk&okehjks dFkk 77

4- izgykn vxzoky & rhljh dle osQ f'Yidkj 'kSysanz 89

5- va rksu ps[ko & fxjfxV 99

6- funk I+kQkkyh & vc dgknwljs osQ nq[k ls nq[kh gksus okys 109

7- joha nz osQysdj & ir>j es a VwVh ifk;k % 117

1- fxUuh dk lksuk

2- >su dh nsu

8- gchc ruohj & dkjrw l(,dkadh) 127
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i| [kaM

,d jk"Vh; vfLerk vkSj jk"Vh; pfj=k dk fodkl Hkk"kk osQlkFk vfHkUu :i lstqM+k gksrk gSA Hkk"kk dks dksbZx


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dchj(1398-1518)

dchj dk tUe 1398 esadk'kh esagqvk ekuk tkrk gSA xqjQ jkekuan osQ f'k";dchj us 120 o"kZdh vk;qikbZA thou osQ vafre oqQN o"kZexgj esafcrk,

vkSj oghafpjfunzk esayhu gks x,Adchj dk vkfoHkkZo ,sls le; esagqvk Fkk tc jktuhfrd] kkfeZd vkSj

lkekftd kafr;kvius pje ij FkhaA dchj karn'khZdfo FksA mudh dforkesaxgjh lkekftd psruk izdV gksrh gSA mudh dfork lgt gh eeZdks Nwysrh gSA ,d vksj /eZosQ ckkMacjksaij mUgksaus xgjh vkSj rh[kh pksV dh gSrks nwljh vksj vkRek&ijekRek osQ fojg&feyu osQ Hkkoiw.kZxhr xk, gSaA dchj'kkL=kh; Kku dh vis{kk vuqHko Kku dks vfkd ego nsrs FksA mudk fo'okllRlax esaFkk vkSj os ekurs Fks fd bZ'oj ,d gS] og fufoZdkj gS] v:i gSA

dchj dh Hkk"kk iwohZtuin dh Hkk"kk FkhA mUgksaus tupsruk vkSj tuHkkoukvksadks vius lcn vkSj lkf[k;ks a osQ ek;e ls tu&tu rd igqpk;kA


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4 /Li'kZ

ikB izos'k

^lk[kh* 'kCn ^lk{kh* 'kCn dk gh rn~Hko :i gSA lk{kh 'kCn lk{; lss cuk gSftldk vFkZgksrk gSizR;{k KkuA ;g izR;{k Kku xqjQ f'k"; dks iznku djrkgSA lar laiznk; esavuqHko Kku dh gh egkk gS] 'kkL=kh; Kku dh ughaA dchjdk vuqHko {ks=k foLrr FkkA dchj txg&txg Hkze.k dj izR;{k Kku izkIr djrsFksA vr% muosQ }kjk jfpr lkf[k;ksaesavokh] jktLFkkuh] Hkkstiqjh vkSj iatkchHkk"kkvksaosQ 'kCnksadk izHkko Li"V fn[kkbZiM+rk gSA blh dkj.k mudh Hkk"kk

dks ^ipesy f[kpM+h* dgk tkrk gSA dchj dh Hkk"kk dks lkqDdM+h Hkh dgktkrk gSA

^lk[kh* oLrqr% nksgk Nan gh gS ftldk y{k.k gS 13 vkSj 11 osQ foJkels 24 ek=kk vkSj var esatx.kA izLrqr ikB dh lkf[k;kizek.k gSafd lR; dhlk{kh nsrk gqvk gh xqjQ f'k"; dks thou osQ rRoKku dh f'k{kk nsrk gSA ;gf'k{kk ftruh izHkkoiw.kZgksrh gS mruh gh ;kn jg tkus ;ksX; HkhA


6/136

lk[kh/ 5

lk[kh

,s lh ck.kh cks fy;s] eu dk vkik [kksbAviuk ru lhry djS] vkS ju dkSa lq [k gksbAA

dLrw jh oqa QMfy clS] ex


7/136

6 /Li'kZ

iz'u&vH;kl

(d) fuEufyf[kr iz'uksaosQ mkj nhft,

1- ehBh ok.kh cksyus ls vkSjksa dks lq[k vkSj vius ru dks 'khryrk oSQls izkIr gksrh gS\

2- nhid fn[kkbZ nsus ij vfk;kjk oSQls feV tkrk gS\ lk[kh osQ lanHkZesaLi"V dhft,A

3- bZ 'oj d.k&d.k eas O;kIr gS] ij ge mls D;ksa ughans[k ikrs\

4- la lkj esa lq[kh O;fDr dkSu gS vkSj nq[kh dkSu\ ;gk^lksuk* vkSj ^tkxuk* fdlosQ izrhd gSa\ bldkiz;ksx ;gkD;ksafd;k x;k gS\ Li"V dhft,A

5- vius LoHkko dks fueZy j[kus osQ fy, dchj us D;k mik; lq>k;k gS\

6- ^,soSQ vf"kj iho dk] i


8/136

lk[kh/ 7

'kCnkFkZ vkSj fVIif.k;kck.kh & cksyhvkik & vga (vgadkj)

oqaQMfy & ukfHk ?kfV ?kfV & ?kV&?kV esa @ d.k&d.k esaHkqoaxe & Hkq tax @ lk i

ckSjk & ikxy usM+k & fudV vkxf.k & vkxu

lkc.k & lkcq uvf"kj & v{kj

iho & fiz;eqjkM+k & tyrh gq bZydM+h


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8 /Li'kZ

ehjk(1503-1546)

ehjkckbZdk tUe tks/iqj osQ pksdM+h (oqQM+dh) xko esa 1503 esagqvk ekuktkrk gSA 13 o"kZdh mez esaesokM+ osQ egkjk.kk lkaxk osQ oqQoj Hkkstjkt ls

mudk fookg gqvkA mudk thou nq[kksa dh Nk;k esagh chrkA ckY;koLFkk esaghekdk nsgkar gks x;k FkkA fookg osQ oqQN gh lky ckn igys ifr] fiQj firkvkSj ,d ;q osQ nkSjku 'olqj dk Hkh nsgkar gks x;kA HkkSfrd thou ls fujk'k

ehjk us ?kj&ifjokj R;kx fn;k vkSj oa`nkou esa Msjk Mky iwjh rjg fxjkj xksiky".k osQ izfr lefiZr gks xbA

e;dkyhu HkfDr vkanksyu dh vk;kfRed izsj.kk us ftu dfo;ksadks tUefn;k muesa ehjkckbZdk fof'k"V LFkku gSA buos Q in iwjs mkj Hkkjr lfgrxqtjkr] fcgkj vkSj caxky rd izpfyr gSaA ehjk gnh vkSj xqtjkrh nksuksadhdof;=kh ekuh tkrh gSaA

lar jSnkl dh f'k";k ehjk dh oqQy lkr&vkB fr;kgh miyCk gSaA ehjkdh HkfDr nSU; vkSj ekkq;ZHkko dh gSA bu ij ;ksfx;ksa] larksavkSj oS".ko HkDrksadk lfEefyr izHkko iM+k gSA ehjk os Q inksadh Hkk"kk esa jktLFkkuh] czt vkSjxqtjkrh dk feJ.k ik;k tkrk gSA oghaiatkch] [kM+h cksyh vkSj iwohZosQ iz;ksxHkh fey tkrs gSaA


10/136

in/ 9

ikB izos'k

dgrs gSaikfjokfjd larkiksals eqfDr ikus osQ fy, ehjk ?kj&}kj NksM+dj oankouesatk clh FkhavkSj ".ke; gks xbZFkhaA budh jpukvksaeas buosQ vkjk; dghafuxqZ.k fujkdkj cz] dghalxq.k lkdkj xksihoYyHk Jh".k vkSj dghafueksZghijns'kh tksxh osQ :i esa ladfYir fd, x, gSaA os fxjkj xksiky osQ vuU; vkSj,dfu"B izse ls vfHkHkwr gks mBh FkhaA

izLrqr ikB esaladfyr nksuksain ehjk osQ bUghavkjk; dks lacksfkr gSaA ehjkvius vkjk; ls euqgkj Hkh djrh gaS] ykM+ Hkh yM+krh gSarks volj vkus ij

mykguk nsus ls Hkh ughapwdrhaA mudh {kerkvksa dk xq.kxku] Lej.k djrh gSa

rks mUgsamuosQ drZO; ;kn fnykus esaHkh nsj ugha yxkrhaA


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10 /Li'kZ

in

(1)

gfj vki gjks tu jh HkhjAnz ksinh jh ykt jk[kh] vki c


12/136

in/ 11

iz'u&vH;kl

(d) fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mkj nhft,

1- igys in esaehjk us gfj ls viuh ihM+k gjus dh fourh fdl izdkj dh gS\

2- nwljs in esaehjkckbZ';ke dh pkdjh D;ksa djuk pkgrh gSa\ Li"V dhft,A

3- ehjkckbZ us Jh".k osQ :i&lkSan;Zdk o.kZu oSQls fd;k gS\4- ehjkckbZ dh Hkk"kk 'kSyh ij izdk'k Mkfy,A

5- os Jh".k dks ikus osQ fy, D;k&D;k dk;Zdjus dks rS;kj gSa\

([k) fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksadk dkO;&lkSan;Z Li"V dhft,

1- gfj vki gjks tu jh HkhjAnzksinh jh ykt jk[kh] vki c


13/136

12 /Li'kZ

ifj;kstuk1- ehjk osQ inksadk ladyu djosQ mu inksa dks pkVZ ij fy[kdj fHkfk if=kdk ij yxkb,A

2- igys gekjs ;gknl vorkj ekus tkrs FksA fo".kq osQ vorkj jke vkSj oQ".k izeq[k gSaA vU; vorkjksa osQckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr djosQ ,d pkVZcukb,A

'kCnkFkZ vkSj fVIif.k;kc


14/136

fcgkjh dk tUe 1595 esaXokfy;j esa gqvk FkkA tc fcgkjh lkr&vkB lky osQgh Fks rHkh buosQ firk vksjNk pys vk, tgkfcgkjh us vkpk;ZosQ'konkl ls

dkO; f'k{kk ikbZA ;ghafcgkjh jghe osQ laioZQ esavk,A fcgkjh us vius thouosQ oqQN o"kZt;iqj esa Hkh fcrk,A fcgkjh jfld tho Fks ij budh jfldrkukxfjd thou dh jfldrk FkhA mudk LoHkko fouksnh vkSj O;aX;fiz; FkkA

1663 esabudk nsgkolku gqvkA fcgkjh dh ,d gh jpuklrlS;kmiyCkgS ftlesamuosQ cuk, 700 nksgs lax`ghr gSaA

yksd Kku vkSj 'kkL=k Kku osQ lkFk gh fcgkjh dk dkO; Kku Hkh vPNk FkkAjhfr dk mUgsaHkjiwj Kku FkkA bUgksaus vfkd o.;Zlkexz h k`axkj ls yh gSA

budh dfork k`axkj jl dh gS blfy, uk;d] ukf;dk ;k ukf;dh dh osps"Vk,ftUgsagko dgrs gSa] buesai;kZIr ek=kk esafeyrh gSaA fcgkjh dh Hkk"kkcgqr oqQN 'kq czt gS ij gS og lkfgfR;dA budh Hkk"kk esaiwohZiz;ksx Hkhfeyrs gSaA cqansy[kaM eas vfkd fnuksard jgus osQ dkj.k cqansy[kaMh 'kCnksa dkiz;ksx feyuk Hkh LokHkkfod gSA

fcgkjh(1595-1663)


15/136

14 /Li'kZ

ikB izos'k

ekath] ikSaNh] pedkb] ;qr&izfrHkk tru vusdAnhj?k thou] fofok lq[k] jph ^lrlbZ* ,dAA

fcgkjh us osQoy ,d gh xzaFk dh jpuk dh^fcgkjh lrlbZ*A bl xzaFk esa yxHkxlkr lkS nksgs gSaA

nksgk tSls NksVs ls Nan esaxgjh vFkZO;atuk osQ dkj.k dgk tkrk gS fdfcgkjh xkxj esalkxj Hkjus esafuiq.k FksA muosQ nksgksaosQ vFkZxkaHkh;Zdks ns[kdjdgk tkrk gS

lrlS;k osQ nksgjs] T;ksaukod osQ rhjA

ns[ku esaNksVs yxS] ?kko djsaxaHkhjAAfcgkjh dh cztHkk"kk ekud cztHkk"kk gSA lrlbZesaeq[;r% izse vkSj HkfDrosQ lkjxfHkZr nksgs gSaA blesavusd nksgs uhfr lacakh gSaA ;gk lrlbZosQ oqQN nksgsfn, tk jgs gSaA

fcgkjh eq[; :i ls kaxkjijd nksgksaosQ fy, tkus tkrs gSa] drq mUgksausyksd&O;ogkj] uhfr Kku vkfn fo"k;ksaij Hkh fy[kk gSA ladfyr nksgksaesalHkhizdkj dh NVk,gSaA bu nksgksals vkidks Kkr gksxk fd fcgkjh de&ls&de 'kCnksaesavfkd&ls&vfkd vFkZHkjus dh dyk esafuiq.k gaSA


16/136

nksgs / 15

nksgs

lksgr vksr] f[k>r] feyr] f[kyr] yft;krAHkjs HkkSu eSa djr gSa uS uuq ghalc ckrAA

cSfB jgh vfr l?ku cu] iSfB lnu&ru ekgA nsf[k nqigjh tsB dh NkgkSa pkgfr NkgAA

dkxn ij fy[kr u cur] dgr l nslq ytkrAdfggS lcq rsjkS fg;kS] esjs fg; dh ckrAA

izxV Hk, f}tjkt&oqQy] lqcl cls czt vkbA esjs gjkS dysl lc] osQlo osQlojkbAA

tiekyk] NkiS a] fryd ljS u ,dkS dkeqA eu&dkpS ukpS c`Fkk] lkpS jkpS jkeqAA

lanHkZ% fcgkjh jRukdj] txUukFknkl jRukdj


17/136

16 /Li'kZ

iz'u&vH;kl


1- Nk;k Hkh dc Nk;k


18/136

nksgs / 17

nhj?k&nk?k & izpaM rki @ Hk;adj xjehfunk?k & xzh"e rq crjl & cfr;kus dk lq [k @ ckrphr dk vkuanyqdkb & Nqikuk lkSag & 'kiFk HkkSaguq & HkkSag ls

ufV & euk djuk @ eqoQj tkukjh>r & eksfgr gksuk

f[k>r & [kh>uk @ cukoVh xq Llk fn[kkukfeyr & feyuk HkkSu & Hkou

l?ku & ?kuk iSfB & ?kqluk lnu&ru & Hkou esadkxn & dkxk lnslq & lans'kfg; & n; f}tjkt & (1) panzek (2) czk.k

lqcl & viuh bPNk lsosQlo & Jh".k osQlojkb & fcgkjh dfo osQ firktiekyk & tius dh ekyk NkiSa & Nkik eu&dkpS & dPpk eu @ fcuk lPph HkfDr okyklkpS & lPph HkfDr okyk


19/136

1886 esa>klh osQ djhc fpjxko eas tUes eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr vius thoudkyesagh jk"Vdfo osQ :i eas fo[;kr gq,A budh f'k{kk&nh{kk ?kj ij gh gqbZA

laLr] ckaXyk] ejkBh vkSj vaxzskh ij budk leku vfkdkj FkkAxqIr th jkeHkDr dfo gSaA jke dk dhfrZxku budh fpjlafpr vfHkyk"kk

jghA bUgksaus Hkkjrh; thou dks lexzrk esale>us vkS j izLrqr djus dk Hkhiz;kl fd;kA

xqIr th dh dfork dh Hkk"kk fo'kq [kM+h cksyh gSA Hkk"kk ij laLr dkizHkko gSA dkO; dh dFkkoLrqHkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ ,sls va'kksals yh xbZgS tksHkkjr osQ vrhr dk Lo.kZfp=k ikBd osQ lkeus mifLFkr djrs gSaA

xqIr th dh izeq[k fr;kgSalkosQr] ;'kkskjk] t;nzFk okAxqIr th os Q firk lsB jkepj.k nkl Hkh dfo Fks vkS j buos Q NksVs HkkbZ

fl;kjke'kj.k xqIr Hkh izfl dfo gq,A

eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr(1886-1964)


20/136

ikB izos'k

izfr osQ vU; izkf.k;ksadh rqyuk esa euq"; esapsruk&'kfDr dh izcyrk gksrhgh gSA og vius gh ughavkSjksaosQ fgrkfgr dk Hkh [k;ky j[kus esa] vkSjksaosQfy, Hkh oqQN dj ldus esaleFkZgksrk gSA i'kq pjkxkg esatkrs gSa] vius&viusfgLls dk pj vkrs gSa] ij euq"; ,slk ugha djrkA og tks dekrk gS] tks HkhoqQN mRikfnr djrk gS] og vkSjksaosQ fy, Hkh djrk gS] vkSjksaosQ lg;ksx lsdjrk gSA

izLrqr ikB dk dfo viuksa osQ fy, thus&ejus okyksadks euq"; rks ekurkgS ysfdu ;g ekuus dks rS;kj ughagS fd ,sls euq";ksaesaeuq";rk osQ iwjs&iwjs

y{k.k Hkh gSaA og rks mu euq";ksadks gh egku ekusxk ftuesavius vkSj viuksaosQ fgr pru ls dghaigys vkSj loksZifj nwljksadk fgr pru gksA mlesaosxq.k gksaftuosQ dkj.k dksbZeuq"; bl eR;qyksd ls xeu dj tkus osQ ckotwn;qxksard vkSjksadh ;knksaesaHkh cuk jg ikrk gSA mldh e`R;qHkh lqe`R;qgks tkrhgSA vkf[kj D;k gSaos xq.k\


21/136

20 /Li'kZ

euq";rk

fopkj yks fd eR;Z gks u e`R;qls Mjks dHkh] ejks] ijarq ;ksa ejks fd ;kn tks djsa lHkhA

gqbZ u ;ksa lqe`R;q rks o`Fkk ejs] o`Fkk ft,] ejk ughaogh fd tks ft;k u vkios Q fy,A

ogh i'kq&izo`fk gS fd vki vki gh pjs] ogh euq"; gS fd tks euq"; osQ fy, ejsAA

mlh mnkj dh dFkk ljLorh c[kkurh]

mlh mnkj ls kjk rkFkZHkko ekurhA mlh mnkj dh lnk ltho dhfrZ owQtrh_ rFkk mlh mnkj dks leLr l` f"V iwtrhA

v[kaM vkRe Hkko tks vlhe fo'o esa Hkjs] ogh euq"; gS fd tks euq"; osQ fy, ejsAA

{kqkkrZ jafrns o us fn;k djLFk Fkky Hkh] rFkk nkhfp us fn;k ijkFkZ vfLFktky HkhA

m'khuj f{krh'k us Loekal nku Hkh fd;k]

lg"kZ ohj d.kZ us 'kjhj&peZ Hkh fn;kAvfuR; nsg osQ fy, vukfn tho D;k Mjs\ ogh euq"; gS fd tks euq"; osQ fy, ejsAA

lgkuqHkwfr pkfg,] egkfoHkwfr gS ;gh_ o'khrk lnS o gS cuh gq bZ Lo;a eghA


22/136

euq";rk/ 21

fojQokn cq dk n;k&izokg esacgk] fouhr yksdoxZ D;k u lkeus >qdk jgk\

vgk! ogh mnkj gS ijks idkj tks djs] ogh euq"; gS fd tks euq"; osQ fy, ejsAA

jgks u Hkwy osQ dHkh enkak rqPN fok esa] lukFk tku vkidks djks u xoZ fpk esaA

vukFk dkS u gS ;gk\ f=kyks dukFk lkFk gSa]n;kyq nhucakq osQ cM+s fo'kky gkFk gSaAvrho HkkX;ghu gS vkhj Hkko tks djs]

ogh euq"; gS fd tks euq"; osQ fy, ejsAA

vuar varfj{k es a vua r ns o gSa[kM+s] le{k gh Lockgq tks c


23/136

22 /Li'kZ

iz'u&vH;kl

(d) fuEufyf[kr iz'ukas osQ mkj nhft,

1- dfo us oSQlh eR;qdks lqe`R;qdgk gS\

2- mnkj O;fDr dh igpku oSQls gks ldrh gS\

3- dfo us nkhfp] d.kZvkfn egku O;fDr;ksadk mnkgj.k nsdj euq";rk* osQ fy, D;k lans'k fn;k gS\

4- dfo us fdu iafDr;ksaesa ;g O;Dr fd;k gS fd geas xoZ&jfgr thou O;rhr djuk pkfg,\

5- ^euq"; ek=k cakq gS* ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ Li"V dhft,A

6- dfo us lcdks ,d gksdj pyus dh izsj.kk D;ksanh gS\

7- O;fDr dks fdl izdkj dk thou O;rhr djuk pkfg,\ bl dfork osQ vkkkj ij fyf[k,A

8- ^euq";rk* dfork osQ ek;e ls dfo D;k lans'k nsuk pkgrk gS\

([k) fuEufyf[kr dk Hkko Li"V dhft,

1- lgkuq Hkwfr pkfg,] egkfoHkwfr gS ;gh_

o'khrk lnSo gS cuh gqbZLo;aeghA

fojQokn cq dk n;k&iz okg esacgk]

fouhr yksdoxZ D;k u lkeus >qdk jgk\

2- jgks u Hkwy osQ dHkh enkak rqPN fok esa]

lukFk tku vkidks djks u xoZ fpk esaA

vukFk dkSu gS ;gk\ f=kyksdukFk lkFk gSa]

n;kyqnhucakq osQ cM+s fo'kky gkFk gSaA

3- pyks vHkh"V ekx Zesa lg"kZ[ksyrs gq,]

foifk] fo?u tks iMs+sa mUgsa


24/136

euq";rk/ 23

ifj;kstuk dk;Z1- v;ks;k lg mik;k; ^gfjvkSk* dh dfork deZohj* rFkk vU; dforkvksadks if


25/136

24 /Li'kZ

varjSD; & vkRek dh ,drk @ va r%dj.k dh ,drk

izek.kHkwr & lk{kh

vHkh"V & bfPNr vroZQ & roZ Q ls ijs

lroZQ iaFk & lkokku ;k=kh


26/136

20 ebZ1900 dks mkjk[kaM osQ dkSlkuh&vyeksM+k esatUes lqfe=kkuanu iar uscpiu ls gh dfork fy[kuk 'kq: dj fn;k FkkA lkr lky dh mez esaLowQy

esa dkO; ikB osQ fy, iqjLr gq,A 1915 esaLFkk;h :i ls lkfgR; l`tu 'kq:fd;k vkSj Nk;kokn osQ izeq[k LraHk osQ :i eas tkus x,A

iar th dh vkjafHkd dforkvksaeas izfr izse vkSj jgL;okn >ydrk gSAblosQ ckn os ekDlZvkSj egkRek xkakh osQ fopkjksals izHkkfor gq,A budh ckndh dforkvksaeas vjon n'kZu dk izHkko Li"V ukj vkrk gSA

thfodk osQ {ks=k esaiar th mn;'kadj laLfr osaQnz ls tqM+sA vkdk'kok.khosQ ijke'kZnkrk jgsA yksdk;ru lkaLfrd laLFkk dh LFkkiuk dhA 1961 esaHkkjrljdkj us bUgsa iHkw "k.k lEeku ls vyar fd;kA gnh os Q igys KkuihBiqjLdkj fotsrk gq,A

ia r th dksdyk vkSj cw


27/136

26 /Li'kZ

ikB izos'k

Hkyk dkSu gksxk ftldk eu igkM+ksaij tkus dks u epyrk gksA ftUgsalqnwjfgeky; rd tkus dk volj ughafeyrk os Hkh vius vklikl osQ ioZr izns'kesatkus dk volj 'kk;n gh gkFk ls tkus nsrs gksaA ,sls esadksbZdfo vkSj mldhdfork vxj d{kk esacSBs&cSBs gh og vuqHkwfr ns tk, tSls og vHkh&vHkhioZrh; vapy esafopj.k djosQ ykSVk gks] rks!

izLrqr dfork ,sls gh jksekap vkSj izfr osQ lkSan;Zdks viuh vk[kksafuj[kusdh vuqHkwfr nsrh gSA ;gh ugha] lqfe=kkuanu iar dh vfkdka'k dfork,ijus cg jgs gSavkSj lc oqQN Hkwydj ge mlh esayhu jgukpkgrs gSaA

egkizk.k fujkyk us Hkh dgk Fkk % iar th esalcls kcjnLr dkS'ky tks gS]og gS ^'ksyh* (shelley)dh rjg vius fo"k; dks vusd miekvksals lokjdjekqj ls ekqj vkSj dksey ls dksey dj nsukA


28/136

ioZr izns'k ea s ikol/27

ioZr izns'k esaikol

ikol rqFkh] ioZr izns'k]iy&iy ifjofrZ r izfr&os'kA

es[kykdkj ioZr vikjvius lglz n`x&lqeu iQkM+]voyksd jgk gS ckj&ckj

uhps ty esafut egkdkj]

ftlosQ pj.kks a esaiyk rkyniZ.k&lk iSQyk gS fo'kky!

fxfj dk xkSjo xkdj >j&>jen esaul&ul mksftr djeksrh dh yfM+;ksa&ls lqanj>jrs gSa>kx Hkjs fu>Zj!

fxfjoj osQ mj ls mB&mB djmPpkdka{kkvksals rjQoj

gSa>kd jgs uhjo uHk ijvfues"k] vVy] oqQN prkijA

mM+ x;k] vpkud yks] HkwkjiQM+dk vikj ikjn osQ ij!

ikBkarj % okfjn


29/136

28 /Li'kZ

jo&'ks"k jg x, gSafu>Zj!gS VwV iM+k Hkwij vacj!

kl x, kjk esalHk; 'kky!mB jgk kqvk] ty x;k rky!;ksatyn&;ku esafopj&fopjFkk banz [ksyrk banztkyA

iz'u&vH;kl


1- ikol rq esa izoQfr esa dkSu&dkSu ls ifjorZu vkrs gSa\ dfork osQ vkkkj ij Li"V dhft,A

2- ^es[kykdkj* 'kCn dk D;k vFkZgS\ dfo us bl 'kCn dk iz;ksx ;gk D;ksa fd;k gS\

3- ^lglz n`x&lqeu* ls D;k rkRi;ZgS\ dfo us bl in dk iz;ksx fdlosQ fy, fd;k gksxk\

4- dfo us rkykc dh lekurk fdlosQ lkFk fn[kkbZ gS vkSj D;ksa\

5- ioZ r osQ n; ls mBdj mQps&mQps o{k vkdk'k dh vksj D;ksans[k jgs Fks vkSj os fdl ckr dks izfrcfcrdjrs gSa\

6- 'kky osQ o{k Hk;Hkhr gksdj kjrh esaD;ksa kl x,\

7- >jus fdlosQ xkSjo dk xku dj jgs gSa\ cgrs gq, >jus dh rqyuk fdlls dh xbZgS\

([k) fuEufyf[kr dk Hkko Li"V dhft,

1- gS VwV iM+k Hkw ij vacjA

2- ;ksa tyn&;ku esa fopj&fopj

Fkk banz [ksyrk banztkyA3- fxfjoj osQ mj ls mB&mB dj

mPpkdka{kkvksa ls r#oj

gSa >kd jgs uhjo uHk ij

vfues"k] vVy] oqQN prkijA


30/136

ioZr izns'k ea s ikol/29

dfork dk lkSan;Z1- bl dfork esa ekuohdj.k vyadkj dk iz;ksx fdl izdkj fd;k x;k gS\ Li"V dhft,A

2- vkidh nf"V esa bl dfork dk lkSan;Z buesa ls fdl ij fuHkZj djrk gS

(d) vusd 'kCnksa dh vkofk ijA

([k) 'kCnksa dh fp=ke;h Hkk"kk ijA

(x) dfork dh laxhrkRedrk ijA

3- dfo us fp=kkRed 'kSyh dk iz;ksx djrs gq, ikol rq dk ltho fp=k vafdr fd;k gSA ,sls LFkyksa dksNkVdj fyf[k,A

;ksX;rk foLrkj1- bl dfork esa o"kkZ rqesagksus okys izkoQfrd ifjorZuksa dh ckr dgh xbZ gSA vki vius ;gk o"kkZ rq

esagksus okys izko`Qfrd ifjorZuksa osQ fo"k; esatkudkjh izkIr dhft,A

ifj;kstuk dk;Z1- o"kkZ rqij fy[kh xbZvU; dfo;ksadh dforkvksadk laxzg dhft, vkSj d{kk esa lqukb,A

2- ckfj'k] >jus] ban zkuq"k] ckny] dks;y] ikuh] i{kh] lwjt] gfj;kyh] iwQy] iQy vkfn ;k dksbZHkh izoQfr

fo"k;d 'kCn dk iz;ksx djrs gq, ,d dfork fy[kus dk iz;kl dhft,A'kCnkFkZ vkSj fVIif.k;k

ikol & o"kkZ rqizfr&os'k & izfr dk :ies[kykdkj & dj?kuh osQ vkdkj dh igkM+ dh


31/136

30 /Li'kZ

prkij & pfrr @ prk esa Mwck gqvkHkwkj & igkM+

ikjn osQ ij & ikjs os Q leku /oy ,oapedhys ia[kjo&'ks"k & osQoy vkokk dk jg tkuk @ pkjksavksj 'kkar] fuLrCk okrkoj.k esa osQoy ikuh

osQ fxjus dh vkokk dk jg tkuklHk; & Hk; osQ lkFk'kky & ,d o{k dk ukerky & rkykc

tyn&;ku & ckny :ih foekufopj & ?kweuk banztky & tknw xjh


32/136

1907 dh gksyh osQ fnu mkj izns'k osQ iQ:Z[kkckn esatUeha egknsoh oekZdh izkjafHkdf'k{kk bankSj esagqbZA fookg osQ ckn i


33/136

32 /Li'kZ

ikB izos'k

vkSjksals cfr;kuk] vkSjksadks le>kuk] vkSjksadks jkg lq>kuk rks lc djrs gh gSa] dksbZ ljyrk ls dj ysrk gS] dksbZ FkksM+h dfBukbZ mBkdj] dksbZ FkksM+hf>>d&ladksp osQ ckn rks dksbZfdlh rhljs dh vkM+ ysdjA ysfdu blls dgha;knk dfBu vkSj ;knk Jelk; gksrk gS vius vki dks le>kukA vius vkils cfr;kuk] vius vki dks lgh jkg ij cuk, j[kus osQ fy, rS;kj djukAvius vki dks vkxkg djuk] lpsr djuk vkSj lnk pSrU; cuk, j[kukA

izLrqr ikB esadof;=kh vius vki ls tks vis{kk, djrh gaS] ;fn os iwjhgks tk,rks u flI+kZQ mldk viuk] cfYd ge lHkh dk fdruk Hkyk gks ldrk

gSA pwfd] vyx&vyx 'kjhj/kjh gksrs gq, Hkh ge gSarks izo` Qfr dh euq";uked ,d gh fufeZfrA


34/136

e/q j e/qj esjs nhid ty/33

ekqj ekqj esjs nhid ty!

ekqj ekqj esjs nhid ty!;q x ;qx iz frfnu izfr{k.k izfriy] fiz;re dk iFk vkyksfdr dj!

lkS jHk iS Qyk foiq y kw i cu]e` nqy eks e lk ?kq y js enq ru_

ns iz dk'k dk lkqvifjfer]rs js thou dk v.kq xy xy!

iq yd iq yd esjs nhid ty!

lkjs 'khry dksey uwru] ekx jgs rq>ls Tokyk&d.k

fo'o&'kyHk flj kqu dgrk ^eSa gk; u ty ik;k rq> esa fey*!

flgj flgj esjs nhid ty!

tyrs uHk esa ns[k vla[;d] Lusgghu fur fdrus nhid_

tye; lkxj dk mj tyrk]fo|q r ys f?kjrk gS ckny!

fogl fog l esjs nhid ty!


35/136

34 /Li'kZ

iz'u&vH;kl

(d) fuEufyf[kr iz'ukas osQ mkj nhft,

1- izLrq r dfork esa^nhid* vkSj ^fiz;re* fdlosQ izrhd gSa\

2- nhid ls fdl ckr dk vkxzg fd;k tk jgk gS vkSj D;ksa\

3- ^fo'o&'kyHk* nhid osQ lkFk D;ksaty tkuk pkgrk gS\

4- vkidh nf"V es a ekqj ekqj esjs nhid ty* dfork dk lkSan;Z buesals fdl ij fuHkZj gS(d) 'kCnksa dh vkofk ijA

([k) liQy cc vadu ijA

5- dof;=kh fdldk iFk vkyk sfdr djuk pkg jgh gSa\

6- dof;=kh dks vkdk'k osQ rkjs Lusgghu ls D;ksa izrhr gks jgs gSa\

7- ira xk vius {kksHk dks fdl izdkj O;Dr dj jgk gS\

8- ekqj&ekq j] iqyd&iqyd] flgj&flgj vkSj fogl&fogl] dof;=kh us nhid dks gj ckj vyx&vyxrjg ls tyus dks D;ksa dgk gS\ Li"V dhft,A

9- uhps nh xbZdkO;&iafDr;ksa dks if


36/136

e/q j e/qj esjs nhid ty/35

2- ;qx&;q x izfrfnu izfr{k.k izfriy]

fiz;re dk iFk vkyksfdr dj!

3- e`nqy ekse lk ?kqy js enqru!

Hkk"kk v;;u1- dfork esa tc ,d 'kCn ckj&ckj vkrk gS vkSj og ;kstd fp }kjk tqM+k gksrk gS] rks ogkiqujQfDr

izdk'k vyadkj gksrk gS _ tSlsiqyd&iqydA blh izdkj osQ oqQN vkSj 'kCn [kksft, ftuesa ;g vyadkjgksA

;ksX;rk foLrkj1- bl dfork esa tks Hkko vk, gSa] mUghaHkkoksa ij vkkkfjr dof;=kh }kjk jfpr oqQN vU; dforkvkssa dk

v;;u djsa_ tSls

(d) eSauhj Hkjh nq[k dh cnyh

([k) tks rqe vk tkrs ,dckj

;s lHkh dfork, lfUkuh* esaladfyr gSaA

2- bl dfork dks oaQBLFk djsarFkk d{kk esalaxhre; izLrqfr djsaA

3- egknsoh oekZdks vkkqfud ehjk dgk tkrk gSA bl fo"k; ij tkudkjh izkIr dhft,A

'kCnkFkZ vkSj fVIif.k;klkSjHk lqxakfoiqy foLrrenqy dksey vifjfer vlhfer @ vikj

iqyd jksekap Tokyk&d.k vkx dh yiV @ vkx dk y?kqre va'k'kyHk iQrxk @ iraxk flj kquuk iNrkuk

flgjuk dk iuk @ FkjFkjkukLusgghu rsy @ izse ls ghumj n; fo|qr fctyh


37/136

36 /Li'kZ

5 vxLr 1947 dks mkjk[kaM osQ fVgjh x


38/136

rksi/ 37

ikB izos'k

izrhd vkSj kjksgj nks fdLe dh gqvk djrh gSaA ,d os ftUgsa ns[kdj ;kftuosQ ckjs esa tkudj gesa vius ns'k vkSj lekt dh izkphu miyfCk;ksa dkHkku gksrk gS vkSj nwljh os tks gesa crkrh gSa fd gekjs iwoZtksa ls dc] D;k

pwd gqbZ Fkh] ftlosQ ifj.kkeLo:i ns'k dh dbZ ihfsyuk iM+k FkkA

izLrqr ikB esa,sls gh nks izrhdksadk fp=k.k gSA ikB gesa;kn fnykrk gS fddHkh bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh Hkkjr esaO;kikj djus osQ bjkns ls vkbZFkhA Hkkjr usmldk Lokxr gh fd;k Fkk] ysfdu djrs&djkrs og gekjh 'kkld cu cSBhA

mlus oqQN ckx cuok, rks oqQN rksisaHkh rS;kj dhaA mu rksiksaus bl ns'k dksfiQj ls vkkkn djkus dk liuk lkdkj djus fudys tkckkksadks ekSr osQ ?kkVmrkjkA ij ,d fnu ,slk Hkh vk;k tc gekjs iwoZtksaus ml lkk dks m[kkM+isaQdkA rksi dks fuLrst dj fn;kA fiQj Hkh gesabu izrhdksaosQ cgkus ;g ;knj[kuk gksxk fd Hkfo"; esadksbZvkSj ,slh oaQiuh ;gkiko u tekus ik, ftlosQbjkns usd u gksa vkSj ;gkfiQj ogh rkaMo eps ftlosQ ?kko vHkh rd gekjsfnyksaesagjs gSaA Hkys gh var esamudh rksi Hkh mlh dke D;ksau vk, ftldke esabl ikB dh rksi vk jgh gS---


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38 /Li'kZ

rksi

oaQiuh ckx osQ eqgkus ijkj j[kh xbZgS ;g 1857 dh rksi

bldh gksrh gS cM+h lEgky] fojklr esa feysoaQiuh ckx dh rjglky esapedkbZtkrh gS nks ckjA

lqcg&'kke oaQiuh ckx esavkrs gSacgqr ls lSykuhmUgsacrkrh gS ;g rksifd eSacM+h tcj

mM+k fn, Fks eSausvPNs&vPNs lwjekvksaosQ kTtsvius kekus esa

vc rks cgjgkyNksVs yM+dksadh ?kqM+lokjh ls vxj ;g I+kQkfjx gksrks mlosQ mQij cSBdjfpfM+;kgh vdlj djrh gSaxi'kidHkh&dHkh 'kSrkuh esaos blosQ Hkhrj Hkh ?kql tkrh gSa

[kkl dj xkSjS;saos crkrh gSafd njvly fdruh Hkh cM+h gks rksi,d fnu rks gksuk gh gS mldk eqg canA


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rksi/ 39

iz'u&vH;kl


1- fojklr esa feyh phkksadh cM+h lHkky D;ksagksrh gS\ Li"V dhft,A

2- bl dfork ls vkidks rksi osQ fo"k; esaD;k tkudkjh feyrh gS\

3- oa Qiuh ckx esaj[kh rksi D;k lh[k nsrh gS\

4- dfork esa rksi dks nks ckj pedkus dh ckr dh xbZgSA ;s nks volj dkSu&ls gksaxs\([k) fuEufyf[kr dk Hkko Li"V dhft,

1- vc rks cgjgky

NksVs yM+dkas dh ?kqM+lokjh ls vxj ;g I+kQkfjx gks

rks mlosQ mQij cSBdj

fpfM+;kgh vdlj djrh gSaxi'kiA

2- os crkrh gSa fd njvly fdruh Hkh cM+h gks rksi

,d fnu rks gksuk gh gS mldk eqg canA

3- mM+k fn, Fks eSaus

vPNs&vPNs lwjekvksaosQ kTtsA

Hkk"kk v;;u1- dfo us bl dfork esa 'kCnksadk lVhd vkSj csgrjhu iz;ksx fd;k gS A bldh ,d iafDr nsf[k, kj j[kh

xbZgS ;g 1857 dh rksi*A kj* 'kCn ns'kt gS vkSj dfo us bldk dbZvFkks esaiz;ksx fd;k gS A j[kuk*]^kjksgj* vkSj ^lap;* osQ :i esaA

2- ^rksi* 'kh"kZd dfork dk Hkko le>rs gq, bldk x| esa:ikarj.k dhft,A

;ksX;rk foLrkj

1- dfork jpuk djrs le; mi;qDr 'kCnksadk p;u vkSj mudk lgh LFkku ij iz;ksx vR;ar egoiw.kZ gS Adfork fy[kus dk iz;kl dhft, vkSj bls lef>,A

2- rskh ls c


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40 /Li'kZ

'kCnkFkZ vkSj fVIif.k;keqgkus & izos'k }kj ijkj j[kh & j[kh xbZ

lEgky & ns[kHkkyfojklr & iwoZihf


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vrgj gqlSu fjkoh dk tUe 19 tuojh 1919 dks mkj izns'k osQ vkkexadkj] vkf[kj&,&'kc] vkokjk lkns] ljek;kvkSj fI+kQYeh xhrksadk laxzgesjhvkokklquksizdkf'kr gq,A vius jpukdeZosQ fy, oSQI+kQh dks lkfgR; vdknseh

iqjLdkj lfgr dbZiqjLdkjksals uoktk x;kA oSQI+kQh dykdkjksaosQ ifjokj ls FksAbuosQ rhuksacM+s HkkbZHkh 'kk;j FksA iRuh 'kkSdr vkkeh] csVh 'kckuk vkkehe'kgwj vfHkusf=k;kgSaA

oSQI+kQh vkkeh(1919-2002)


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42 /Li'kZ

ikB izos'k

knxh izk.khek=k dks fiz; gksrh gS A dksbZHkh bls ;wgh [kksuk ughapkgrkA vlk;jksxh rd thou dh dkeuk djrk gSA thou dh j{kk] lqj{kk vkSj mls ftyk,j[kus osQ fy, izfr us u osQoy reke lkku gh miyCk djk, gSa] lHkhtho&tarqvksa esa mls cuk,] cpk, j[kus dh Hkkouk Hkh fijksbZ gSA blhfy,'kkafrfiz; tho Hkh vius izk.kksaij ladV vk;k tku mldh j{kk gsrqeqdkcysosQ fy, rRij gks tkrs gaSA

ysfdu blls Bhd foijhr gksrk gS lSfud dk thou] tks vius ugha] tcvkSjksaosQ thou ij] mudh vkkknh ij vk curh gS] rc eqdkcys osQ fy, viuk

lhuk rku dj [kM+k gks tkrk gSA ;g tkurs gq, Hkh fd ml eqdkcys esavkSjksadhknxh vkSj vkkknh Hkys gh cph jgs] mldh viuh ekSr dh laHkkouk lclsvfkd gksrh gSA

izLrqr ikB tks ;q dh i"BHkwfe ij cuh fI+kQYe gdhdr* osQ fy, fy[kkx;k Fkk] ,sls gh lSfudksaosQ n; dh vkokk c;ku djrk gS] ftUgsaviusfd,&kjs ij ukk gSA blh osQ lkFk bUgsavius ns'kokfl;ksals oqQN vis{kk,HkhgSaA pwfd ftuls mUgas os vis{kk,gSaos ns'koklh vkSj dksbZugha] ge vkSj vkigh gSa] blfy, vkb,] bls i


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dj pys ge fI+kQnk/43

dj pys ge fI+kQnk

dj pys ge fI+ kQnk tkuks&ru lkfFk;ksvc rqEgkjs gokys oru lkfFk;ks

lkl Fkerh xbZ] uCk terh xbZ fiQj Hkh cqdus fn;k

ejrs&ejrs jgk ck diu lkfFk;ksvc rqEgkjs gokys oru lkfFk;ks

knk jgus osQ ekSle cgq r gS a exj tku nsus dh #r jks k vkrh ugha gqLu vkS j b'd nksuks a dks jQLok djs oks tokuh tks [kw esa ugkrh ugha

vkt kjrh cuh gS nqYkgu lkfFk;ksvc rqEgkjs gokys oru lkfFk;ks

jkg oqQckZfu;ksa dh u ohjku gksrq e ltkrs gh jguk u, dkfI+kQysI+ kQrg dk t'u bl t'u osQ ckn gS knxh ekS r ls fey jgh gS xys

ckk yks vius lj ls dI+ kQu lkfFk;ksvc rqEgkjs gokys oru lkfFk;ks


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44 /Li'kZ

[khap nks vius [kw ls keha ij ydhj bl rjI+ kQ vkus ik, u jkou dksbZrks M+ nks gkFk vxj gkFk mBus yxsNw u ik, lhrk dk nkeu dksbZ jke Hkh rqe] rqEgha y{e.k lkfFk;ksvc rq Egkjs gokys oru lkfFk;ksA

iz'u&vH;kl


1- D;k bl xhr dh dksbZ ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe gS\

2- ^lj fgeky; dk geus u >qdus fn;k*] bl iafDr esafgeky; fdl ckr dk izrhd gS\

3- bl xhr esakjrh dks nqygu D;ksadgk x;k gS\

4- xhr esa ,slh D;k [kkl ckr gksrh gS fd os thou Hkj ;kn jg tkrs gSa\

5- dfo us lkfFk;ks* lacksku dk iz;ksx fdlosQ fy, fd;k gS\6- dfo us bl dfork esa fdl dkfI+kQys dks vkxs c


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dj pys ge fI+kQnk/45

2- ;ku nhft, lacksku esa cgqopu ^'kCn :i* ij vuqLokj dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk_ tSlsHkkb;ks] cfguks]nsfo;ks] lTtuks vkfnA

;ksX;rk foLrkj1- oSQI+kQh vkkeh mnwZHkk"kk osQ ,d izfl dfo vkSj 'kk;j Fks A ;ss igys xky fy[krs FksA ckn esafI+kQYeksa

esaxhrdkj vkSj dgkuhdkj osQ :i esa fy[kus yxsA fuekZrk psru vkuan dh fI+kQYe gdhdr* osQ fy,bUgksaus ;g xhr fy[kk Fkk] ftls cgqr izflf feyhA ;fn laHko gks losQ rks ;g fI+kQYe nsf[k,A

2- ^fI +kQYe dk lekt ij izHkko* fo"k; ij d{kk esa ifjppkZ vk;ksftr dhft,A

3- oSQI+kQh vkkeh dh vU; jpukvksa dks iqLrdky; ls izkIr dj if


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6 ebZ1861 dks caxky osQ ,d laiUu ifjokj esatUes johanzukFk BkoqQj ukscsyiqjLdkj ikus okys igys Hkkjrh; gSaA budh f'k{kk&nh{kk ?kj ij gh gqbZA NksVh mez

esagh Lok;k; ls vusd fo"k;ksadk Kku vftZr dj fy;kA cSfjLVh i


48/136

ikB izos'k

rSjuk pkgus okys dks ikuh esadksbZmrkj rks ldrk gS] mlosQ vkl&ikl Hkh cukjg ldrk gS] exj rSjuk pkgus okyk tc Lo;agkFk&iko pykrk gS rHkh rSjkdcu ikrk gSA ijh{kk nsus tkus okyk tkrs le; cM+ksals vk'khokZn dh dkeukdjrk gh gS ] cM+s vk'khokZn nsrs Hkh gSa] ysfdu ijh{kk rks mls Lo;agh nsuh gksrhgSA blh rjg tc nks igyoku oqQ'rh yM+rs gSarc mudk mRlkg rks lHkh n'kZdc


49/136

48 /Li'kZ

vkRe=kk.k

foinkvksals eq>s cpkvks] ;g esjh izkFkZuk ughaosQoy bruk gks (d#.kke;)dHkh u foink esaikmQ Hk;A

nq%[k&rki ls O;fFkr fpk dks u nks lkaRouk ughalghij bruk gksos (d#.kke;)nq[k dks eSadj lowQ lnk t;AdksbZdghalgk;d u feysrks viuk cy ikSjQ"k u fgys_

gkfu mBkuh iM+ s txr~esaykHk vxj oapuk jghrks Hkh eu esauk ekuw{k;AAesjk =kk.k djks vuqfnu rqe ;g esjh izkFkZuk ugha

cl bruk gksos (d#.kk;e)rjus dh gks 'kfDr vuke;A

esjk Hkkj vxj y?kqdjosQ u nks lkaRouk ughalghAosQoy bruk j[kuk vuqu;ogu dj lowQ bldks fuHkZ;Aur f'kj gksdj lq[k osQ fnu eas

ro eq[k igpkuwfNu&fNu esaAnq%[k&jkf=k esa djs oapuk esjh ftl fnu fuf[ky egh

ml fnu ,slk gks d#.kke;]rqe ij d:ughaoqQN la'k;AA

vuqokn % gtkjhizlkn f}osnh


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vkRe=kk.k/49

iz'u&vH;kl


1- dfo fdlls vkSj D;k izkFkZuk dj jgk gS\

2- ^foinkvksa ls eq>s cpkvks] ;g esjh izkFkZuk ugha*dfo bl iafDr osQ }kjk D;k dguk pkgrk gS \

3- dfo lgk;d osQ u feyus ij D;k izkFkZuk djrk gS\

4- va r esadfo D;k vuqu; djrk gS\

5- ^vkRe=kk.k* 'kh"k Zd dh lkFkZdrk dfork osQ lanHkZ esaLi"V dhft,A

6- viuh bPNkvksa dh iwfrZosQ fy, vki izkFkZuk osQ vfrfjDr vkSj D;k&D;k iz;kl djrs gSa\ fyf[k,A

7- D;k dfo dh ;g izkFkZuk vkidks vU; izkFkZuk xhrksals vyx yxrh gS\ ;fn gk] rks oSQls\

([k) fuEufyf[kr va'kksadk Hkko Li"V dhft,

1- ur f'kj gksdj lq[k osQ fnu esaro eq[k igpkuwfNu&fNu esaA

2- gkfu mBkuh iM+s txr~esa ykHk vxj oapuk jghrks Hkh eu esa uk ekuw{k;A

3- rjus dh gks 'kfDr vuke;esjk Hkkj vxj y?kqdjosQ u nks lkaRouk ughalghA

;ksX;rk foLrkj1- joha nzukFk BkoqQj us vusd xhrksa dh jpuk dh gSA muosQ xhr&laxzg esals nks xhr NkfV, vkSj d{kk esa

dfork&ikB dhft,A

2- vusd vU; dfo;ksa us Hkh izkFkZuk xhr fy[ks gSa] mUgas i


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50 /Li'kZ

ifj;kstuk dk;Z1- joha nzukFk BkoqQj dks ukscsy iqjLdkj ikus okys igys Hkkjrh; gksus dk xkSjo izkIr gS A muosQ fo"k; esavkSj

tkudkjh ,d=k dj ifj;kstuk iqfLrdk esafyf[k,A

2- joha nzukFk BkoqQj dh xhrkatfy* dks iqLrdky; ls ysdj ifq dkdj

nq%[k jkf=k & nq[k ls Hkjh jkroapuk & kks[kk nsuk @ Nyukfuf[ky & laiw.kZ

la'k; & lansg


52/136

x| [kaMvk/qfud Hkkjr dh laLfr ,d fodflr 'krny dey osQleku gS ftldk ,d&,d ny ,d&,d izkarh; Hkk"kk vkSjmldh lkfgR;&laLfr gSA fdlh ,d dks feVk nsuslsml

dey dh 'kksHkk gh u"V gkstk,xhA ge pkgrsgSafd Hkkjr dhlc izkarh; cksfy;kftuesalqanj lkfgR; l`f"V gqbZgS] vius&vius?kj esa(izkar esa) jkuh cudj jgsa] vkSj vk/qfud Hkk"kkvksaosQ gkjdh e; ef.k fganh Hkkjr Hkkjrh gksdj fojktrh jgsA

johaukFk BkoqQj


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54/136

54 /Li'kZ

ikB izos'k

vHkh rqe NksVs gks blfy, bl dke esagkFk er MkyksA ;g lqurs gh dbZckjcPpksaosQ eu esavkrk gS dk'k] ge cM+s gksrs rks dksbZgesa;ksau VksdrkA ysfdubl Hkqykos esau jfg,xk] D;ksafd cM+s gksus ls oqQN Hkh djus dk vf/dkj ughafey tkrkA ?kj osQ cM+s dks dbZckj rks mu dkeksaesa'kkfey gksus ls Hkh viusdks jksduk iM+rk gS tks mlh mez osQ vkSj yM+osQ cs/M+d djrs jgrs gSaA tkursgks D;ksa] D;ksafd os yM+osQ vius ?kj esafdlh ls cM+s ugha gksrsA

izLrqr ikB esaHkh ,d cM+s HkkbZ lkgc gSa] tks gSarks NksVs gh] ysfdu ?kjesamuls NksVk ,d HkkbZvkSj gSA mlls mez esa osQoy oqQN lky cM+k gksus osQ

dkj.k muls cM++h&cM+h vis{kk,dh tkrh gSaA cM+k gksus osQ ukrs og [kqn Hkh ;ghpkgrs vkSj dksf'k'k djrs gSafd og tks oqQN Hkh djsaog NksVs HkkbZosQ fy,,d felky dk dke djsA bl vkn'kZfLFkfr dks cuk, j[kus osQ isQj esa cM+sHkkbZlkgc dk cpiuk frjksfgr gks tkrk gSA


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cM+ s HkkbZ lkgc/55

cM+s HkkbZ lkgc

esjs HkkbZ lkgc eq>ls ik p lky cM+s]ysfdu osQoy rhu njts vkxsA mUgksaus Hkhmlh mez eas iwAog LoHkko ls cM+s v;;u'khy FksA gjne fdrkc [kksys cSBs jgrs vkSj 'kk;n fnekx dks

vkjke nsus osQ fy, dHkh dkWih ij] fdrkc osQ gkf'k;ksaij fpfM+;ksa] oqQkksa] fcfYy;ksadh rlohjsacuk;k djrs FksA dHkh&dHkh ,d gh uke ;k 'kCn ;k okD; nl&chl ckj fy[k MkyrsA dHkh ,d

'ksj dks ckj&ckj lqanj v{kjksaeas udy djrsA dHkh ,slh 'kCn&jpuk djrs] ftlesau dksbZvFkZgksrk] u dksbZlkeatL;A elyu ,d ckj mudh dkWih ij eSaus ;g bckjr ns[khLis'ky] vehuk]Hkkb;ksa&Hkkb;ksa] njvly] HkkbZ&HkkbZA jkks';ke] Jh;qr jkks ';ke] ,d ?kaVs rdblos Q ckn ,dvkneh dk psgjk cuk gqvk FkkA eSaus cgqr ps"Vk dh fd bl igsyh dk dksbZvFkZfudkyw] ysfduvliQy jgkA vkSj muls iwNus dk lkgl u gqvkA og ukSohatekr esaFks] eSaikpohaesaA mudh

jpukvksadks le>uk esjs fy, NksVk eqg cM+h ckr FkhA


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56 /Li'kZ

esjk th i


57/136

cM+ s HkkbZ lkgc/57

ukS ls lkksaosQ]iqQVcky dh og mNy&owQn] dcah osQ og nko&?kkr] okWyhcky dh og rskh vkSj iqQjrh] eq>s

vKkr vkSj vfuok;Z:i ls [khap ys tkrh vkSj ogktkrs gh eSa lc oqQN Hkwy tkrkA og tkuysokVkbe&Vsfcy] og vk[kiQksM+ iqLrosa Q] fdlh dh ;kn u jgrh vkSj HkkbZlkgc dks ulhgr vkSjI+kQthgr dk volj fey tkrkA eSamuosQ lk;s ls Hkkxrk] mudh vk[kksals nwj jgus dh ps"Vk djrk]dejs esabl rjg ncs iko vkrk fd mUgsa[kcj u gksA mudh ukj esjh vksj mBh vkSj esjs izk.kfudysA ges'kk flj ij ,d uaxh ryokj&lh yVdrh ekywe gksrhA fiQj Hkh tSls ekSr vkSj foifkosQ chp Hkh vkneh eksg vkSj ek;k osQ caku esatdM+k jgrk gS] eSaiQVdkj vkSj ?kqM+fd;k[kkdjHkh [ksy&owQn dk frjLdkj u dj ldrk FkkA

(2)

lkykuk bfErgku gqvkA HkkbZlkgc I+ksQy gks x,] eSa ikl gks x;k vkSj njts esaizFke vk;kA esjs vkSjmuos Q chp es a os Qoy nks lky dk va rj jg x;kA th esa vk;k] HkkbZ lkgc dks vkM+ s gkFkksayw^vkidh og ?kksj riL;k dgkxbZ\ eq>s nsf[k,] eks ls [ksyrk Hkh jgk vkSj njts esavOoyHkh gwA* ysfdu og brus nq[kh vkSj mnkl Fks fd eq>s muls fnyh gennhZgqbZvkSj muosQ ?kko ij

ued fNM+dus dk fopkj gh yTtkLin tku iM+kA gk] vc eq>s vius mQij oqQN vfHkeku gqvkvkSj vkRelEeku Hkh c ij u jgkA vkkknh ls [ksyowQn esa'kjhd

gksus yxkA fny ekcwr FkkA vxj mUgksaus fiQj esjh I+kQthgr dh] rks lkI+kQ dg nwxk^vkius viuk[kwu tykdj dkSu&lk rhj ekj fy;kA eSarks [ksyrs&owQnrs njts esavOoy vk x;kA* kcku ls ;ggsdM+h trkus dk lkgl u gksus ij Hkh esjs jax& ij ugha FkkA HkkbZlkgc us bls Hkki fy;kmudh lgt cqf cM+h rhoz Fkh vkSj,d fnu tc eSaHkksj dk lkjk le; xqYyh&MaMs dh HksaV djosQ Bhd Hkkstu osQ le; ykSVk] rksHkkbZlkgc us ekuks ryokj [khap yh vkSj eq> ij VwV iM+sns[krk gw] bl lky ikl gks x, vkSj

njts esavOoy vk x,] rks rqEgsa fnekx gks x;k gS] exj HkkbZtku] ?keaM rks cM+s&cM+s dk ughajgk]rqEgkjh D;k gLrh gS\ bfrgkl esajko.k dk gky rks i


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58 /Li'kZ

cqf dk fodklA tks oqQN iks A jko.k HkweaMy dk Lokeh FkkA ,sls jktkvksadks porhZdgrs gSaA vktdy vaxzskksaosQ jkT; dk foLrkj cgqr c


59/136

cM+ s HkkbZ lkgc/59

dg fn;k^le; dh ikcanh* ij ,d fucak fy[kks] tks pkj iUuksa ls de u gksA vc vkidkWih lkeus [kksys] dye gkFk esa fy, mlosQ uke dks jksb,A dkSu ugha tkurk fd le; dhikcanh cgqr vPNh ckr gSA blls vkneh osQ thou esa la;e vk tkrk gS] nwljksa dk ml ijLusg gksus yxrk gS vkSj mlosQ dkjksckj esa mUufr gksrh gS] ysfdu bl kjk&lh ckr ij pkj iUusoSQls fy[ksa\ tks ckr ,d okD; esa dgh tk losQ] mls pkj iUuksa esa fy[kus dh k:jr\ eSa rksbls fgekdr dgrk gwA ;g rks le; dh fdI+kQk;r ugha] cfYd mldk nq#i;ksx gS fd O;FkZ esafdlh ckr dks Bwl fn;k tk,A ge pkgrs gSa] vkneh dks tks oqQN dguk gks] pViV dg ns vkSj

viuh jkg ysA exj ugha] vkidks pkj iUus jxus iM+saxs] pkgs tSls fyf[k, vkSj iUus Hkh iwjsiqQyLosQi vkdkj osQA ;g Nk=kksa ij vR;kpkj ugha] rks vkSj D;k gS\ vuFkZ rks ;g gS fd dgktkrk gS] la{ksi esa fy[kksA le; dh ikcanh ij la{ksi esa ,d fucak fy[kks] tks pkj iUuksa ls deu gksA BhdA la{ksi esa rks pkj iUus gq,] ugha 'kk;n lkS&nks&lkS iUus fy[kokrsA rsk Hkh nkSfM+,vkSj khjs&khjs HkhA gS myVh ckr] gS ;k ugha\ ckyd Hkh bruh&lh ckr le> ldrk gS] ysfdu

bu v;kidksa dks bruh rehk Hkh ughaA ml ij nkok gS fd ge v;kid gaSA esjs njts esavkvksxs ykyk] rks ;s lkjs ikiM+ csyus iM+saxs vkSj rc vkVs&nky dk Hkko ekywe gksxkA bl njts

esa vOoy vk x, gks] rks kehu ij iko ugha j[krsA blfy, esjk dguk ekfu,A yk[k I+ksQy gksx;k gw] ysfdu rqels cM+k gw] lalkj dk eq>s rqels dgha ;knk vuqHko gSA tks oqQN dgrk gw

mls fxjg ckfk,] ugha iNrkb,xkALowQy dk le; fudV Fkk] ughabZ'oj tkus ;g mins'k&ekyk dc lekIr gksrhA Hkkstu vkt eq>s

fu%Lokn&lk yx jgk FkkA tc ikl gksus ij ;g frjLdkj gks jgk gS] rks I+ksQy gks tkus ij rks 'kk;nizk.k gh ys fy, tk,A HkkbZlkgc us vius njts dh isHk;Hkhr dj fn;kA LowQy NksM+dj ?kj ughaHkkxk] ;gh rkTtqc gS] ysfdu brus frjLdkj ij Hkh iqLrdksa

esaesjh v#fp T;ksa&dh&R;ksacuh jghA [ksy&owQn dk dksbZvolj gkFk ls u tkus nsrkA i


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60 /Li'kZ

eSaHkh jksus yxkA vius ikl gksus dh [kq'kh vkkh gks xbZA eSaHkh I+ksQy gks x;k gksrk] rks HkkbZlkgcdks bruk nq%[k u gksrk] ysfdu fofk dh ckr dkSu Vkys!

esjs vkSj HkkbZlkgc osQ chp esavc osQoy ,d njts dk varj vkSj jg x;kA esjs eu esa,doqQfVy Hkkouk mn; gqbZfd dgha HkkbZlkgc ,d lky vkSj I+ksQy gks tk,] rks eSamuosQ cjkcjgks tkmQ] fiQj og fdl vkkkj ij esjh I+kQthgr dj losaQxs] ysfdu eSaus bl fopkj dks fny lscyiwoZd fudky MkykA vkf[kj og eq>s esjs fgr osQ fopkj ls gh rks MkVrs gSaA eq>s bl oDrvfiz; yxrk gS vo';] exj ;g 'kk;n muosQ mins'kksa dk gh vlj gS fd eSanuknu ikl gks tkrk

gw vkSj brus vPNs uacjksalsAvc HkkbZlkgc cgqr oqQN uje iM+ x, FksA dbZckj eq>s MkVus dk volj ikdj Hkh mUgksaus

khjt ls dke fy;kA 'kk;n vc og [kqn le>us yxs Fks fd eq>s MkVus dk vfkdkj mUgsaughajgk];k jgk Hkh] rks cgqr deA esjh LoPNanrk Hkh c


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cM+ s HkkbZ lkgc/61

esadke djrs gSavkSj rqe mlh vkBosanjts esavkdj ckkkjh ykSaMksaosQ lkFk dudkS, osQ fy, nkSM+jgs gksA eq>s rqEgkjh bl de vDyh ij nq%[k gksrk gSA rqe kghu gks] blesa'kd ugha] ysfdu ogksgu fdl dke dk tks gekjs vkRexkSjo dh gR;k dj MkysA rqe vius fny esale>rs gksxs] eSaHkkbZlkgc ls egk ,d njtk uhps gwvkSj vc mUgsaeq>dks oqQN dgus dk gd ughagS] ysfdu

;g rqEgkjh xyrh gSA eSarqels ikp lky cM+k gwvkSj pkgs vkt rqe esjh gh tekr esa vk tkvksvkSj ijh{kdksadk ;gh gky gS] rks fuLlansg vxys lky rqe esjs led{k gks tkvksxs vkSj 'kk;n

,d lky ckn eq>ls vkxs Hkh fudy tkvks] ysfdu eq>esa vkSj rqeesa tks ikp lky dk varj gS]

mls rqe D;k] [kqnk Hkh ughafeVk ldrkA eSarqels ikp lky cM+k gwvkSj ges'kk jgwxkA eq>s nqfu;kdk vkSj knxh dk tks rtqjck gS] rqe mldh cjkcjh ughadj ldrs] pkgs rqe ,e-,- vkSj Mh-fiQy~vkSj Mh-fyV~gh D;ksau gks tkvksA le> fdrkcsai


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62 /Li'kZ

rqe ;ks a u ekuksxs rks eSa (FkIiM+fn[kkdj) bldk iz;ksx Hkh dj ldrkgwA eSa tkurk gw] rqEgsa esjh ckrsa kgjyx jgh gSaA---

eS a mudh bl u;h ;qfDr lsur&eLrd gks x;kA eq>s vkt lpeqpviuh y?kq rk dk vuqHko gqvk vkSjHkkbZlkgc os Q iz fr es js eu esaJk

mRiUu gqbZA eaSus lty vk[kks a lsdgkgjfxk ughaA vki tks oqQN I+kQjekjgs gSa] og fcyoqQy lp gS vkSj vkidksmlosQ dgus dk vfkdkj gSA


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cM+ s HkkbZ lkgc/63

HkkbZlkgc us eq>s xys ls yxk fy;k vkSj cksyseSadudkS, mM+kus dks euk ughadjrkA esjkHkh th yypkrk gS_ ysfdu d:D;k] [kqn csjkg pyw] rks rqEgkjh j{kk oSQls d:\ ;g drZO; Hkh

rks esjs flj gSAla;ksx ls mlh oDr ,d dVk gqvk dudkSvk gekjs ij ls xqkjkA mldh Mksj yVd jgh

FkhA yM+dksadk ,d xksy ihNs&ihNs nkSM+k pyk vkrk FkkA HkkbZlkgc yacs gSaghA mNydj mldhMksj idM+ yh vkSj csrgk'kk gksLVy dh rjI+kQ nkSM+sA eSa ihNs&ihNs nkSM+ jgk FkkA

iz'u&vH;kl

ekSf[kdfuEufyf[kr iz'uksaosQ mkj ,d&nks iafDr;ksaesa nhft,

1- dFkk uk;d dh jQfp fdu dk;kseas Fkh\

2- cM+s HkkbZlkgc NksVs HkkbZls gj le; igyk loky D;k iwNrs Fks\

3- nw ljh ckj ikl gksus ij NksVs HkkbZ osQ O;ogkj esa D;k ifjorZu vk;k\

4- cM+s HkkbZ lkgc NksVs HkkbZls mez esafdrus cM+s Fks vkSj os dkSu&lh d{kk esai


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64 /Li'kZ

2- cM+s HkkbZlkgc ikB esays[kd us lewph f'k{kk osQ fdu rkSj&rjhdksaij O;aX; fd;k gS\ D;k vki muosQfopkj ls lger gSa\

3- cM+s HkkbZ lkgc osQ vuqlkj thou dh le> oSQls vkrh gS\

4- NksVs HkkbZosQ eu esacM+s HkkbZ lkgc osQ izfr Jk D;ksa mRiUu gqbZ\

5- cM+s HkkbZdh LoHkkoxr fo'ks"krk,crkb,\

6- cM+s HkkbZ lkgc us knxh osQ vuqHko vkSj fdrkch Kku esa ls fdls vkSj D;ksaegoiw.kZ dgk gS\

7- crkb, ikB osQ fdu va'kksals irk pyrk gS fd

(d) NksVk HkkbZvius HkkbZlkgc dk vknj djrk gSA

([k) HkkbZ lkgc dks knxh dk vPNk vuqHko gSA

(x) HkkbZlkgc osQ Hkhrj Hkh ,d cPpk gSA

(?k) HkkbZlkgc NksVs HkkbZdk Hkyk pkgrs gSaA

(x) fuEufyf[kr osQ vk'k; Li"V dhft,

1- bfErgku ikl dj ysuk dksbZphk ugha] vly phk gS cqf dk fodklA

2- fiQj Hkh tSls ekSr vkSj foifk osQ chp Hkh vkneh eksg vkSj ek;k osQ caku eas tdM+k jgrk gS ] eaS iQVdkjvkSj ?kqM+fd;k [kkdj Hkh [ksy&owQn dk frjLdkj u dj ldrk FkkA

3- cqfu;kn gh iq[rk u gks] rks edku oSQls ik;snkj cus\4- vk[ksa vkleku dh vksj FkhavkSj eu ml vkdk'kxkeh ifFkd dh vksj] tks ean xfr ls >werk iru dh

vksj pyk vk jgk Fkk] ekuks dksbZ vkRek LoxZls fudydj fojDr eu ls u, laLdkj xzg.k djus tkjgh gksA

Hkk"kk v;;u1- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnk as osQ nks&nks i;kZ;okph 'kCn fyf[k,

ulhgr] jks"k] vkkknh] jktk] rkTtqc

2- izsepan dh Hkk"kk cgqr iSuh vkSj eqgkojsnkj gSA blhfy, budh dgkfu;k jkspd vkSj izHkkoiw.kZ gksrh gaSAbl dgkuh esa vki ns[ksaxs fd gj vuqPNsn esanks&rhu eqgkojksadk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA mnkgj.kr% bu

okD;ksadks nsf[k, vkSj ;ku ls if


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cM+ s HkkbZ lkgc/65

fuEufyf[kr eqgkojksadk okD;ksaesa iz;ksx dhft,

flj ij uaxh ryokj yVduk] vkM+s gkFkksaysuk] vaks osQ gkFk cVsj yxuk] yksgs osQ pus pckuk] nkrksailhukvkuk] ,sjk&xSjk uRFkw[kSjkA

3- fuEufyf[kr rRle] rn~Hko] ns'kh] vkxr 'kCnksadks fn, x, mnkgj.kksaosQ vkkkj ij NkVdj fyf[k,A

rRle rn~ Hko ns'kt vkxr (vaxzskh ,oa mnwZ@ vjch&I+kQkjlh)tUefl vk[k nky&Hkkr ikskh'ku] I +kQthgrrkyhe] tYnckkh] iq[rk] gkf'k;k] ps"Vk] tekr] gI+kZ Q] lwfDrck.k] tkuysok] vk[kiQksM+] ?kqM+fd;k]

vkfkiR;] iUuk] esyk&rek'kk] elyu] Lis'ky] Ldhe] iQVdkj] iz kr%dky] fo}ku] fuiq.k] HkkbZ lkgc]vogsyuk] Vkbe&Vsfcy

4- f;k, eq[;r% nks izdkj dh gksrh gSaldeZd vkSj vdeZdA

ldeZd f;kokD; esa ftl f;k osQ iz;ksx esa deZ dh vis {kk jgrh gS] mls ldeZd f;k dgrs gSa_tSls'khyk uslsc [kk;kA

eksgu ikuh ih jgk gSA

vdeZd f;kokD; esa ftl f;k osQ iz;ksx esa deZdh vis{kk ugha gksrh] mls vdeZd f;k dgrsgSa_ tSls'khyk glrh gSA

cPpk jksjgk gSAuhps fn, okD;ksa esa dkSu&lh f;k gSldeZd ;k vdeZd\ fyf[k,

(d) mUgksaus oghagkFk idM+ fy;kA ----------------------------------

([k) fiQj pksjksa&lk thou dVus yxkA ----------------------------------

(x) 'kSrku dk gky Hkh i


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66 /Li'kZ

3- D;k i


67/136

cM+ s HkkbZ lkgc/67

vkfkiR; & izHkqRo @ lkezkT;Lokkhu & Lora =keghi & jktk oqQdeZ & cqjk dkevfHkeku & ?keaM

eqerfgu & ijh{kd iz;kstu & ms';[kqjkI+kQkr & O;FkZ dh ckrsa

fgekdr & csoowQI+kQhfdI+kQk;r & cpr (ls)nq#i;ksx & vuqfpr mi;ksxfu%Lokn & fcuk Lokn dk rkTtqc & vk'p;Z VkLd & dk;Z tyhy & viekfur izk.kkard & izk.k ysus okyk @ izk.kksa dk var djus okykdkafrghu & psgjs ij ped u gksukLoPNanrk & vkkknh

lfg".kqrk & lgu'khyrk dudkSvk & irax vnc & bkr

kghu & izfrHkkokurtqjck & vuq Hkocngokl & csgkyeqgrkt (eksgrkt) & nwljs ij vkfJr


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lhrkjke lsdlfj;k(1892-1982)

1892 eas jktLFkku os Q uoyx


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ikB izos'k

vaxzskksals ns'k dks eqfDr fnykus osQ fy, egkRek xka/h us lR;kxzg vkanksyu NsM+kFkkA bl vkanksyu us turk esavkkknh dh vy[k txkbZA ns'k Hkj ls ,sls yk[kksa

yksx lkeus vk, tks bl egklaxzke esaviuk loZLo U;ksNkoj djus dks rRijFksA 26 tuojh 1930 dks xqyke Hkkjr esaigyh ckj Lora=krk fnol euk;k x;kFkkA ;g flyflyk vkxs Hkh tkjh jgkA vkkknh osQ


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70 /Li'kZ

Mk;jh dk ,d iUuk26 tuojh 1931

26 tuojh % vkt dk fnu rks vej fnu gSA vkt osQ gh fnu lkjs gnqLrkuesaLora=krk fnol euk;k x;k FkkA vkSj bl o"kZHkh mldh iqujko`fk Fkh ftlosQfy, dkI+kQh rS;kfj;kigys ls dh xbZFkhaA xr o"kZviuk fgLlk cgqr lkkkj.kFkkA bl o"kZftruk vius ns ldrs Fks] fn;k FkkA osQoy izpkj esanks gkkj #i;k

[kpZfd;k x;k FkkA lkjs dke dk Hkkj vius le>rs Fks vius mQij gS] vkSj blhrjg tks dk;ZdrkZFks muosQ ?kj tk&tkdj le>k;k FkkA

cM+s ckkkj osQ izk;% edkuksa ij jk"Vh; >aMk iQgjk jgk Fkk vkSj dbZedkurks ,sls ltk, x, Fks fd ,slk ekywe gksrk Fkk fd ekuks Lora=krk fey xbZgksA

dydks osQ izR;sd Hkkx esagh >aMs yxk, x, FksA ftl jkLrs ls euq"; tkrs Fksmlh jkLrs esamRlkg vkSj uohurk ekywe gksrh FkhA yksxksa dk dguk Fkk fd ,slhltkoV igys ughagqbZA iqfyl Hkh viuh iwjh rkdr ls 'kgj esax'r nsdj izn'kZudj jgh FkhA eksVj ykfj;ksaesaxksj[ks rFkk lkjtsaV izR;sd eksM+ ij rSukr Fks A fdruhgh ykfj;k'kgj esa?kqekbZtk jgh FkhaA ?kqM+lokjksadk izcak FkkA dghaHkh VSfI+kQdiqfyl ughaFkh] lkjh iqfyl dks blh dke esa yxk;k x;k FkkA cM+s&cM+s ikdksrFkkeSnkuksadks iqfyl us losjs ls gh ?ksj fy;k FkkA

eksuqesaV osQ uhps tgk'kke dks lHkk gksus okyh Fkh ml txg dks rks Hkksj esaNg cts ls gh iqfyl us cM+h la[;k esa?ksj fy;k Fkk ij rc Hkh dbZtxg rksHkksj esagh >aMk iQgjk;k x;kA Jkuan ikoZQ esacaxky izkarh; fo|kFkhZla?k osQ ea=khvfouk'k ckcwus >aMk xkM+k rks iqfyl us mudks


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Mk;jh dk ,d iUuk/71

idM+ fy;k rFkk vkSj yksxksadks ekjk ;k gVk fn;kA rkjk lqanjh ikoZQ esacM+k&ckkkj dkaxzsl desVhosQ ;q ea=kh gfj'panz lg >aMk iQgjkus x, ij os Hkhrj u tk losQA ogkij dkI+kQh ekjihV gqbZvkSj nks&pkj vknfe;ksaosQ flj iQV x,A xqtjkrh lsfodk la?k dh vksj ls tqywl fudyk ftlesa

cgqr&lh yM+fd;kFkhamudks fxj+rkj dj fy;kA11 cts ekjokM+ h ckfydk fo|ky; dh yM+fd;ksa us vius fo|ky; esa >aMks Rlo euk;kA

tkudhnsoh] enkylk (enkylk ctkt&ukjk;.k) vkfn Hkh xbZFkhaA yM+fd;ksadks] mRlo dk D;keryc gS] le>k;k x;kA ,d ckj eksVj esacSBdj lc rjI+kQ ?kwedj ns[kk rks cgqr vPNk ekywe

gks jgk FkkA txg&txg I+kQksVks mrj jgs FksA vius Hkh I+kQksVks dk dkI+kQh izcak fd;k FkkA nks&rhu ctsdbZvknfe;ksadks idM+ fy;k x;kA ftlesaeq[; iw.kksZnkl vkSj iq#"kkske jk; FksA

lqHkk"k ckcwosQ tqywl dk Hkkj iw.kksZnkl ij Fkk ij ;g izcak dj pqdk FkkA L=kh lekt viuhrS;kjh esayxk FkkA txg&txg ls fL=k;kviuk tqywl fudkyus dh rFkk Bhd LFkku ij igqpus dhdksf'k'k dj jgh FkhaA eksuqesaV osQ ikl tSlk izcak Hkksj esaFkk oSlk djhc ,d cts ughajgkA bllsyksxksadks vk'kk gksus yxh fd 'kk;n iqfyl viuk jax u fn[kykos ij og dc #dus okyh FkhArhu cts ls gh eSnku esagkkjksavknfe;ksadh HkhM+ gksus yxh vkSj yksx Vksfy;kcuk&cukdj eSnkuesa?kweus yxsA vkt tks ckr Fkh og fujkyh FkhA

tc ls dkuwu Hkax dk dke 'kq: gqvk gS rc ls vkt rd bruh cM+h lHkk ,sls eSnku esaugha

dh xbZFkh vkSj ;g lHkk rks dguk pkfg, fd vksiu yM+kbZFkhA iqfyl dfe'uj dk uksfVl fudypqdk Fkk fd veqd&veqd kkjk osQ vuqlkj dksbZlHkk ughagks ldrhA tks yksx dke djus okysFks mu lcoQks balisDVjksaosQ }kjk uksfVl vkSj lwpuk ns nh xbZFkh fd vki ;fn lHkk esaHkkx ysaxs

rks nks"kh le>s tk,xsA bkj dkSafly dh rjI+kQ ls uksfVl fudy x;k Fkk fd eksuqesaV osQ uhps Bhd pkj ctdj pkS chl feuV ij >a Mk iQgjk;k tk,xk rFkk Lora =krk dh iz frKk i


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72 /Li'kZ

paMk iQgjk jgh FkhavkSj ?kks"k.kk iaMk FkkA tks okyasfV;j x, Fks os vius LFkku ls ykfB;kiM+us ij Hkh gVrs ughaFksA

lqHkk"k ckcwdks idM+ fy;k x;k vkSj xkM+h esacSBkdj ykyckkkj ykWdvi esaHkst fn;k x;kAoqQN nsj ckn gh fL=k;ktqywl cukdj ogkls pyhaA lkFk esacgqr cM+h HkhM+ bd_h gks xbZA chpesaiqfyl oqQN BaMh iM+h Fkh] mlus fiQj MaMs pykus 'kq: dj fn,A vcdh ckj HkhM+ ;knk gksusosQ dkj.k cgqr vkneh ?kk;y gq,A keZrYys osQ eksM+ ij vkdj tqywl VwV x;k vkSj djhc 50&60fL=k;koghaeksM+ ij cSB xbA iqfyl us mudks idM+dj ykyckkkj Hkst fn;kA fL=k;ksadk ,d Hkkx

vkxs caMk ysdj oans ekrje~cksyrk gqvk eksuqesaV dh vksj brus kksj ls nkSM+k fd vius vki gh fxj iM+k vkSj mls ,d vaxzskh?kqM+lokj us ykBh ekjh fiQj idM+dj oqQN nwj ys tkus osQ ckn NksM+ fn;kA bl ij og fL=k;ksaosQ

tqywl esa'kkfey gks x;k vkSj ogk ij Hkh mldks NksM+ fn;k rc og nks lkS vknfe;ksadk tqywlcukdj ykyckkkj x;k vkSj ogkij fxj+rkj gks x;kA enkylk Hkh idM+h xbZFkhA mlls ekywegqvk fd mldks Fkkus esaHkh ekjk FkkA lc feykdj 105 fL=k;kidM+h xbZFkhaA ckn esa jkr dksukS cts lcdks NksM+ fn;k x;kA dydkk esavkt rd bruh fL=k;k,d lkFk fxj+rkj ughadhxbZFkhaA djhc vkB cts [kknh HkaMkj vk, rks dkaxzsl vkWfI+kQl ls I+kQksu vk;k fd ;gkcgqr vknehpksV [kkdj vk, gSavkSj dbZdh gkyr laxhu gS muosQ fy, xkM+h pkfg,A tkudhnsoh osQ lkFkogkx,] cgqr yksxksadks pksV yxh gqbZ FkhA MkWDVj nklxqIrk mudh ns[k&js[k rFkk I+kQksVks mrjok jgsFksA ml le; rd 67 vkneh ogkvk pqosQ FksA ckn esarks 103 rd vk igqpsA

vLirky x,] yksxksadks ns[kus ls ekywe gqvk fd 160 vkneh rks vLirkyksaesa igqps vkSj tks

yksx ?kjksaeas pys x,] os vyx gSaA bl izdkj nks lkS ?kk;y k:j gq, gaSA idM+s x, vknfe;ksadhla[;k dk irk ughapyk] ij ykyckkkj osQ ykWdvi esafL=k;kas dh la[;k 105 FkhA vkt rks tksoqQN gqvk og viwoZgqvk gSA caxky osQ uke ;k dydkk osQ uke ij dyad Fkk fd ;gkdkeughagks jgk gS og vkt cgqr va'k esakqy x;k vkSj yksx lkspus yx x, fd ;gkHkh cgqr lkdke gks ldrk gSA


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Mk;jh dk ,d iUuk/73

iz'u&vH;kl

ekSf[kd

fuEufyf[kr iz'uksaosQ mkj ,d&nks iafDr;ksaesa nhft,

1- dydkk okfl;ksa osQ fy, 26 tuojh 1931 dk fnu D;ksaegoiw.kZFkk\

2- lq Hkk"k ckcw osQ tqywl dk Hkkj fdl ij Fkk\

3- fo|kFkhZ la?k osQ ea=kh vfouk'k ckcwosQ >aMk xkM+us ij D;k izfrfozQ;k gqbZ\4- yksx vius&vius edkuks a o lkoZtfud LFkyks a ij jk"Vh; >aMk iQgjkdj fdl ckr dk laosQr nsuk

pkgrs Fks\

5- iqfyl us cMs+&cM+s ikdks rFkk eSnkuksa dks D;ksa?ksj fy;k Fkk\

fyf[kr(d) fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mkj (25-30 'kCnksaesa) fyf[k,

1- 26 tuojh 1931 osQ fnu dks vej cukus osQ fy, D;k&D;k rS;kfj;kdh xb\

2- ^vkt tks ckr Fkh og fujkyh Fkh*fdl ckr ls irk py jgk Fkk fd vkt dk fnu vius vki esafujkyk

gS\ Li"V dhft,A

3- iqfyl dfe'uj osQ uksfVl vkSj dkSafly osQ uksfVl esa D;k varj Fkk\

4- keZrYys osQ eksM+ ij vkdj tqywl D;ksaVwV x;k\

5- MkW- nklxq Irk tqywl esa ?kk;y yksxksa dh ns[k&js[k rks dj gh jgs Fks] muosQ I+kQksVks Hkh mrjok jgs FksA muyksxksaosQ I+kQksVks [khapus dh D;k otg gks ldrh Fkh\ Li"V dhft,A

([k) fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mkj (50-60 'kCnksaesa) fyf[k,

1- lq Hkk"k ckcw osQ tqywl esa L=kh lekt dh D;k Hkwfedk Fkh\

2- tqywl osQ ykyckkkj vkus ij yksxksadh D;k n'kk gqbZ\

3- ^tc ls dkuwu Hkax dk dke 'kq: gqvk gS rc ls vkt rd bruh cM+h lHkk ,sls eSnku esa ugha dh xbZFkh vkSj ;g lHkk rks dguk pkfg, fd vksiu yM+kbZ FkhA* ;gkij dkSu ls vkSj fdlosQ }kjk ykxw fd,

x, dkuwu dks Hkax djus dh ckr dgh xbZgS\ D;k dkuwu Hkax djuk mfpr Fkk\ ikB osQ lanHkZ eas viusfopkj izdV dhft,A

4- cgq r ls yksx ?kk;y gq,] cgqrksadks ykWdvi esaj[kk x;k] cgqr&lh fL=k;ktsy xb] fiQj Hkh bl fnudks viwoZcrk;k x;k gSA vkiosQ fopkj esa ;g lc viwoZ D;ksa gS\ vius 'kCnksaesa fyf[k,A


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(x) fuEufyf[kr dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,&

1- vkt rks tks oqQN gqvk og viwoZgqvk gSA caxky osQ uke ;k dydkk osQ uke ij dyad Fkk fd ;gkdke ughagks jgk gS og vkt cgqr va'k esakqy x;kA

2- [kq yk pSysat nsdj ,slh lHkk igys ughadh xbZFkhA

Hkk"kk v;;u1- jpuk dh nf"V ls okD; rhu izdkj osQ gksrs gSa

ljy okD;ljy okD; esa drkZ] deZ] iwjd] f;k vkSj f;k fo'ks"k.k ?kVdksa ;k buesals oqQN ?kVdksadk ;ksx gksrk gSA Lora=k :i ls iz;qDr gksus okyk miokD; gh ljy okD; gSA

mnkgj.kyksx Vksfy;kcukdj eSnku esa ?kweus yxsA

la;qDr okD;ftl okD; esanks ;k nks ls vf/d Lora=k ;k eq[; miokD; lekukf/dj.k ;kstd ls tqM+sgkas] og la;qDr okD; dgykrk gSA ;kstd 'kCnvkSj] ijarq] blfy, vkfnA

mnkgj.keksuqesaV osQ uhps>aMk iQgjk;k tk,xk vkSj Lora=krk dh izfrKk i


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Mk;jh dk ,d iUuk/75

3- uhps fn, x, 'kCnksadh lajpuk ij ;ku nhft,

fo|k $ vFkhZ fo|kFkhZ

^fo|k* 'kCn dk vafre Loj vk* vkSj nwljs 'kCn vFkhZ* dh izFke Loj ofu v* tc feyrs gSa rks osfeydj nh?kZLoj ^vk* esa cny tkrs gSaA ;g Loj laf/ gS tks laf/ dk gh ,d izdkj gSA

laf/ 'kCn dk vFkZgStksM+ukA tc nks 'kCn ikl&ikl vkrs gSa rks igys 'kCn dh vafre ofu ckn esavkus okys 'kCn dh igyh ofu ls feydj mls izHkkfor djrh gSA ofu ifjorZu dh bl izfozQ;k dks

laf/ dgrs gSaA laf/ rhu izdkj dh gksrh gSLoj laf/] O;atu laf/] folxZlaf/A tc laf/ ;qDr inksa

dks vyx&vyx fd;k tkrk gS rks mls laf/ foPNsn dgrs gSa_tSlsfo|ky; & fo|k$ vky;

uhps fn, x, 'kCnksa dh laf/ dhft,

1- Jk $ vkuan = ------------------------

2- izfr $ ,d = ------------------------

3- iqjQ"k $ mke = ------------------------

4- >a Mk $ mRlo = ------------------------

5- iq u% $ vko`fk = ------------------------

6- T;ksfr% $ e; = ------------------------

;ksX;rk foLrkj1- HkkSfrd :i ls ncs gq, gksus ij Hkh vaxzskksaosQ le; esa gh gekjk eu vkkkn gks pqdk FkkA vr% fnlacjlu~1929 esa ykgkSj esadkaxzsl dk ,d cM+k vf/os'ku gqvk] blosQ lHkkifr tokgjyky usg: th FksAbl vfkos'ku esa ;g izLrko ikl fd;k x;k fd vc ge iw.kZLojkT;* ls oqQN Hkh de Lohdkj ughadjsaxsA 26 tuojh 1930 dks ns'kokfl;ksa us ^iw.kZLora=krk* osQ fy, gj izdkj osQ cfynku dh izfrKk dhAmlosQ ckn vkkknh izkIr gksus rd izfro"kZ 26 tuojh dks Lok/hurk fnol osQ :i esa euk;k tkrk jgkAvkkknh feyus osQ ckn 26 tuojh x.kra=k fnol osQ :i esaeuk;k tkus yxkA

2- Mk;jh;g x| dh ,d fo/k gSA blesanSfud thou esa gksus okyh ?kVukvksa] vuqHkoksa dks of.kZr fd;ktkrk gSA vki Hkh viuh nSfud thou ls lacaf/r ?kVukvksadks Mk;jh esa fy[kus dk vH;kl djsaA

3- teuk yky ctkt egkRek xk a/h osQ ikposa iq=k osQ :i esatkus tkrs gSa] D;ksa\ v;kid ls tkudkjh

izkIr djsaA4-


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ifj;kstuk dk;Z1- Lora=krk vkanksyu esa fuEufyf[kr efgykvksaus tks ;ksxnku fn;k] mlosQ ckjs esalaf{kIr tkudkjh izkIr

djosQ fyf[k,

(d) ljksftuh uk;Mw

([k) v#.kk vkliQ vyh

(x) dLrw jck xka/h

2- bl ikB osQ ek;e ls Lora=krk laxzke esadydkk (dksydkrk) osQ ;ksxnku dk fp=k Li"V gksrk gSAvkkknh osQ vkanksyu esavkiosQ {ks=k dk Hkh fdlh u fdlh izdkj dk ;ksxnku jgk gksxkA iqLrdky;] vius

ifjfprksa ;k fiQj fdlh nwljs lzksr ls bl laca/ esatkudkjh gkfly dj fyf[k,A

3- ^osQoy izpkj esa nks gkkj #i;k [kpZfd;k x;k FkkA* rRdkyhu le; dks esukj j[krs gq, vuqekuyxkb, fd izpkj&izlkj osQ fy, fdu ek;eksa dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gksxk\

4- vkidks vius fo|ky; esayxus okys iYl iksfy;ks osaQnz dh lwpuk iwjs eksgYys dks nsuh gS A vki bl ckrdk izpkj fcuk iSls osQ oSQls dj ik,xs\ mnkgj.k osQ lkFk fyf[k,A

'kCnkFkZ vkSj fVIif.k;kiqujkofk & fiQj ls vkuk

vius @ viuk & ge @ gekjs @ esjk (ys[kd osQ ys[ku 'kSyh dk mnkgj.k)x'r & iqfyl deZ pkjh dk igjs osQ fy, ?kweuklkjtsaV & lsuk esa ,d ineksuqesaV & Lekjd dkSafly & ifj"kn~ pkSjaxh & dydkk (dksydkrk) 'kgj esa,d LFkku dk ukeokysafV;j & Lo;a lsodlaxhu & xaHkhjenkylk & tkudhnsoh ,oa teuk yky ctkt dh iq=kh dk ukedydkk(dksydkrk) & vaxzskksaus Hkkjr esa igyh jkt/kuh dydkk eas LFkkfir dh FkhA ckn esa u;h

fnYyh jktkkuh cuh


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1954 dh tUek"Veh osQ fnu NnokM+k fkys osQ ,d NksVs ls xko xq


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ikB izos'k

tks lH;rk ftruh iqjkuh gS] mlosQ ckjs esamrus gh ;knk fdLls&dgkfu;k Hkhlquus dks feyrh gSaA fdLls k:jh ughafd lpeqp ml :i esa?kfVr gq, gksaftl :i esagesalquus ;k i


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rrkjk&okehjks dFkk/79

rrkjk&okehjks dFkk

vaneku }hilewg dk vafre nf{k.kh }hi gS fyfVy vanekuA ;g iksVZCys;j ls yxHkx lkS fdyksehVjnwj fLFkr gSA blosQ ckn fudksckj }hilew g dh k`a[kyk vkjaHk gksrh gS tks fudksckjh tutkfr dhvkfne laLfr osQ osaQnz gSaA fudksckj }hilewg dk igyk izeq[k }hi gS dkj&fudksckj tks fyfVyvaneku ls 96 fd-eh- nwj gSA fudksckfj;ksadk fo'okl gS fd izkphu dky esa;s nksukas }hi ,d ghFksA buosQ foHkDr gksus dh ,d yksddFkk gS tks vkt Hkh nksgjkbZtkrh gSA

lfn;ksaiwoZ] tc fyfVy vaneku vkSj dkj&fudksckj vkil esa tqM+s gq, Fks rc ogk,d lqanjlk xko FkkA ikl esa,d lqanj vkSj 'kfDr'kkyh ;qod jgk djrk FkkA mldk uke Fkk rrkjkAfudksckjh mls csgn izse djrs FksA rrkjk ,d usd vkSj ennxkj O;fDr FkkA lnSo nwljksadh lgk;rkosQ fy, rRij jgrkA vius xkookyksadks gh ugha] vfirqlewps }hiokfl;ksadh lsok djuk viukije drZO; le>rk FkkA mlosQ bl R;kx dh otg ls og pfpZr FkkA lHkh mldk vknj djrsA oDr eqlhcr es a mls Lej.k djrs vkS j og Hkkxk&Hkkxk ogk igq p tkrkA nwljs xkoksa eas HkhioZ&R;ksgkjksaosQ le; mls fo'ks"k :i ls vkeaf=kr fd;k tkrkA mldk O;fDrRo rks vkd"kZd Fkkgh] lkFk gh vkReh; LoHkko dh otg ls yksx mlosQ djhc jguk pkgrs A ikjaifjd iks'kkd osQ lkFkog viuh dej esalnSo ,d ydM+h dh ryokj ckks jgrkA yksxksadk er Fkk] ckotwn ydM+hdh gksus ij] ml ryokj esavn~Hkqr nSoh; 'kfDr FkhA rrkjk viuh ryokj dks dHkh vyx u gksusnsrkA mldk nwljksaosQ lkeus mi;ksx Hkh u djrkA drqmlosQ pfpZr lkgfld dkjukeksaosQ dkj.kyksx&ckx ryokj esavn~Hkqr 'kfDr dk gksuk ekurs FksA rrkjk dh ryokj ,d foy{k.k jgL; FkhA

,d 'kke rrkjk fnuHkj osQ vFkd ifjJe osQ ckn leqnz fdukjs Vgyus fudy iM+kA lwjtleqnz ls yxs f{kfrt rys Mwcus dks FkkA leqnz ls BaMh c;kjsavk jgh FkhaA if{k;ksadh lk;adkyhupgpgkgVsa'kuS% 'kuS% {kh.k gksus dks FkhaA mldk eu 'kkar FkkA fopkjeXu rrkjk leqnzh ckywijcSBdj lwjt dh vafre jax&fcjaxh fdj.kksadks leqnz ij fugkjus yxkA rHkh dghaikl ls mls ekqjxhr xwtrk lqukbZfn;kA xhr ekuks cgrk gqvk mldh rjI+kQ vk jgk gksA chp&chp esaygjkas dklaxhr lqukbZnsrkA xk;u bruk izHkkoh Fkk fd og viuh lqk&cqk [kksus yxkA ygjksaosQ ,d izcyosx us mldh ranzk Hkax dhA pSrU; gksrs gh og mkj c


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xhr osQ Loj cg jgs FksA og fody lk ml rjI+kQ c


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ugha--- 'kk;n--- dHkh ughaA okehjks us vU;euLdrkiwoZd dgk vkSj >VosQ ls yikrh dhrjI+kQ cslqk lh nkSM+ iM+hA ihNs rrkjk osQ okD; xwt jgs FksA

okehjks--- esjk uke rrkjk gSA dy eSablh p^ku ij izrh{kk d:xk--- rqEgkjh ckV tksgwxk---k:j vkuk---

okehjks #dh ugha] Hkkxrh gh xbZA rrkjk mls tkrs gq, fugkjrk jgkAokehjks ?kj igqpdj Hkhrj gh Hkhrj oqQN cspSuh eglwl djus yxhA mlosQ Hkhrj rrkjk ls

eqDr gksus dh ,d >wBh NViVkgV FkhA ,d >YykgV esamlus njokkk can fd;k vkSj eu dks

fdlh vkSj fn'kk esays tkus dk iz;kl fd;kA ckj&ckj rrkjk dk ;kpuk Hkjk psgjk mldh vk[kksaesarSj tkrkA mlus rrkjk osQ ckjs esadbZdgkfu;klqu j[kh FkhaA mldh dYiuk esaog ,d vn~Hkqrlkglh ;qod FkkA drqogh rrkjk mlosQ lEeq[k ,d vyx :i esavk;kA lqanj] cfy"B drqcsgn 'kkar] lH; vkSj HkksykA mldk O;fDrRo dnkfpr oSlk gh Fkk tSlk og vius thou&lkFkhosQ ckjs esalksprh jgh FkhA drq ,d nwljs xko osQ ;qod osQ lkFk ;g lacak ijaijk osQ fo# FkkAvr,o mlus mls Hkwy tkuk gh Js;Ldj le>kA drq;g vlaHko tku iM+kA rrkjk ckj&ckj

mldh vk[kksaosQ lkeus FkkA fufuZes"k ;kpd dh rjg izrh{kk esaMwck gqvkAfdlh rjg jkr chrhA nksuksaosQ n; O;fFkr FksA fdlh rjg vkpjfgr ,d BaMk vkSj mQckmQ

fnu xqkjus yxkA 'kke dh izrh{kk FkhA rrkjk osQ fy, ekuks iwjs thou dh vosQyh izrh{kk FkhA mlosQ

xaHkhj vkSj 'kkar thou esa,slk igyh ckj gqvk FkkA og vpafHkr Fkk] lkFk gh jksekafpr HkhA fnu


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FkkA jhfr vuqlkj nksuksa dks ,d gh xk o dk gks uk vko';d FkkA okehjks vkSj rrk jk dksle>kus&cq>kus osQ dbZiz;kl gq, drqnksuksa vfMx jgsA os fu;er% yikrh osQ mlh leqnzh fdukjsij feyrs jgsA vI+kQokgsaiSQyrh jghaA

oqQN le; ckn iklk xko esa^i'kq&ioZ* dk vk;kstu gqvkA i'kq&ioZesa"V&iq"V i'kqvksaosQizn'kZu osQ vfrfjDr i'kqvksals ;qodksadh 'kfDr ijh{kk izfr;ksfxrk Hkh gksrh gSA o"kZesa,d ckjlHkh xko osQ yksx fgLlk ysrs gSaA ckn esau`R;&laxhr vkSj Hkkstu dk Hkh vk;kstu gksrk gSA 'kkels lHkh yksx iklk esa,df=kr gksus yxsA khjs&khjs fofHkUu dk;Ze 'kq: gq,A rrkjk dk eu bu

dk;Zeksaesarfud u FkkA mldh O;koqQy vk[ksaokehjks dks kdrk fn[kkA mlus FkksM+k vkSj djhc tkdj igpkuus dhps"Vk dhA og okehjks Fkh tks Hk;o'k lkeus vkus esaf>>d jgh FkhA mldh vk[ksa rjy FkhaA gksaBdki jgs FksA rrkjk dks ns[krs gh og iwQVdj jksus yxhA rrkjk foy gqvkA mlls oqQN cksyrs ghughacu jgk FkkA jksus dh vkokk yxkrkj mQph gksrh tk jgh FkhA rrkjk ddrZO;foew


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tSls gh gks'k vk;k] mlus ns[kk mldh rjI+kQ dk }hi leqnz esaklus yxk gSA og NViVkus yxkmlus Nykx yxkdj nwljk fljk Fkkeuk pkgk drqidM+


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3- rrk jk&okehjks dh R;kxe;h eR;q ls fudksckj esaD;k ifjorZu vk;k\

4- fudksckj osQ yksx rrkjk dks D;ksailan djrs Fks\

([k) fuEufyf[kr iz'uksaosQ mkj (50-60 'kCnksaesa) fyf[k,

1- fudksckj }hilewg osQ foHkDr gksus osQ ckjs esafudksckfj;ksa dk D;k fo'okl gS \

2- rrk jk [kwc ifjJe djus osQ ckn dgkx;k\ ogk osQ izkfrd lkSan;Zdk o.kZu vius 'kCnksa eas dhft,A

3- okehjks ls feyus osQ ckn rrkjk osQ thou esaD;k ifjorZu vk;k\

4- izkphu dky esa euksjatu vkSj 'kfDr&izn'kZu osQ fy, fdl izdkj osQ vk;kstu fd, tkrs Fks\

5- :f cuus yxsarc mudk VwV tkuk gh vPNk gSA D;ksa\ Li"V dhft,A


1- tc dksbZjkg u lw>h rks ksk dk 'keu djus osQ fy, mlesa 'kfDr Hkj mls kjrh esa?kksai fn;k vkSj

rkdr ls mls [khapus yxkA

2- cl vkl dh ,d fdj.k Fkh tk s leqnz dh nsg ij Mwcrh fdj.kksadh rjg dHkh Hkh Mwc ldrh FkhA

Hkk"kk v;;u

1- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa osQ lkeus fn, dks"Bd esa() dk fp yxkdj crk, fd og okD; fdl izdkjdk gS(d) fudksckjh mls csgn izse djrs FksA (iz'uokpd] fokkuokpd] fu"ks/kRed] foLe;kfnckskd)

([k) rq eus ,dk,d bruk ekqj xkuk vkwjk D;ksa NksM+ fn;k\ (iz'uokpd] fokkuokpd] fu"ks/kRed]foLe;kfnckskd)

(x) okehjks dh ekksk esa miQu mBhA (iz'uokpd] fokkuokpd] fu"ks/kRed] foLe;kfnckskd)

(?k) D;k rq Egsaxko dk fu;e ughaekywe\ (iz'uokpd] fokkuokpd] fu"ks /kRed] foLe;kfnckskd)

() okg! fdruk laqnj uke gSA (iz'uokpd] fokkuokpd] fu"ks/kRed] foLe;kfnckskd)

(p) eSa rqEgkjk jkLrk NksM+ nwxkA (iz'uokpd] fokkuokpd] fu"ks/kRed] foLe;kfnckskd)

2- fuEufyf[kr eqgkojksa dk vius okD;ksaesaiz;ksx dhft,

(d) lq k&cqk [kksuk([k) ckV tksguk

(x) [kq'kh dk fBdkuk u jguk

(?k) vkx ccwyk gk suk

() vkokk mBkuk


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3- uhps fn, x, 'kCnksaesals ewy 'kCn vkSj izR;; vyx djosQ fyf[k,

'kCn ewy 'kCn izR;;

pfpZr ------------------ ------------------

lkgfld ------------------ ------------------

NViVkgV ------------------ ------------------

'kCnghu ------------------ ------------------

4- uhps fn, x, 'kCnksaeas mfpr milxZyxkdj 'kCn cukb,-------------------- $ vkd"kZ d = --------------------

-------------------- $ Kkr = --------------------

-------------------- $ dksey = --------------------

-------------------- $ gks'k = --------------------

-------------------- $ ?kVuk = --------------------

5- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks funsZ'kkuqlkj ifjofrZr dhft,

(d) thou esaigyh ckj eSabl rjg fopfyr gqvk gwA (feJ okD;)

([k) fiQj rsk dneksa ls pyrh gqbZrrkjk osQ lkeus vkdj fBBd xbZA (la;qDr okD;)

(x) okehjks oqQN lpsr gqbZ vkSj ?kj dh rjI+kQ nkSM+hA (ljy okD;)(?k) rrk jk dks ns[kdj og iwQVdj jksus yxhA (la;qDr okD;)

() jhfr osQ vuqlkj nksuksadks ,d gh xko dk gksuk vko';d FkkA (feJ okD;)

6- uhps fn, x, okD; if


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86 /Li'kZ

9- uhps fn, x, 'kCnksadk okD;ksaesa iz;ksx dhft,

ddrZO;foew


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88 /Li'kZ

yksddFkk & tu&lekt es a izpfyr dFkkvkReh; & viuk

lkgfld dkjukek & lkgliw.kZ dk;Zfoy{k.k & vlkkkj.k c;kj & 'khry&ea n ok;qrak & ,dkxzrkpSrU; & psruk @ ltx fody & cspSu @ O;koqQy

lapkj & mRiUu gk suk (Hkkouk dk)vlaxr & vuqfpr

lEeksfgr & eqXk>q>ykuk & fp


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Hkkjr dh vkkknh osQ lky e; izns'k osQ tcyiqj 'kgj esatUes izgykn vxzokyus gnh ls ,e-,- rd f'k{kk gkfly dhA bUgsafd'kksj o; ls gh gnh fI+kQYeksaosQbfrgkl vkSj fI+kQYedkjksaos Q thou vkS j muos Q vfHku; os Q ckjs esafoLrkj lstkuus vkS j ml ij ppkZdjus dk 'kkSd jgkA bu fnuksalruk os Q 'kkldh;

Lo'kklh Lukrdkskj egkfo|ky; esaizk;kiu dj jgs izgykn vxzoky fI+kQYe {ks=kls tqM+s yksxksavkSj fI+kQYeksaij cgqr oqQN fy[k pqosQ gSavkSj vkxs Hkh blh {ks=kdks vius ys[ku dk fo"k; cuk, j[kus os Q fy, oQrladYi gSaA budh izeq[koQfr;k gSalkrok n'kd] rkuk'kkg] eSa [kq'kcw] lqij LVkj] jktdiwj % vk/hgdhdr vk/k I+kQlkuk] dfo 'kSysanz % knxh dh thr esa;dhu] I;klk % fpjvrIr xq#nk] mkky meax % lqHkk"k ?kbZ dh fI+kQYedyk]vksjsek>h % fceyjk; dk flusekvkSjegkckkkj osQ egkuk;d % bDdhlohalnh dk flusekA

izgykn vxzoky(1947)


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90 /Li'kZ

ikB izos'k

lky osQ fdlh eghus dk 'kk;n gh dksbZ 'kqozQokj ,slk tkrk gks tc dksbZudksbZgnh fI+kQYe flus insZ ij u igqprh gksA buesa ls oqQN liQy jgrh gSarksoqQN vliQyA oqQN n'kZdksadks oqQN vlsZrd ;kn jg tkrh gaS] oqQN dks ogflusek?kj ls ckgj fudyrs gh Hkwy tkrs gaSA ysfdu tc dksbZ fI+kQYedkj fdlhlkfgfR;d oQfr dks iwjh yxu vkSj bZekunkjh ls insZij mrkjrk gS rks mldhfI+kQYe u osQoy ;knxkj cu tkrh gS cfYd yksxksadk euksjatu djus osQ lkFkgh mUgs a dksbZcsgrj lans'k nsus es a Hkh dke;kc jgrh gSA

,d xhrdkj osQ :i esadbZn'kdksard fI+kQYe {ks=k ls tqM+s jgs dfo vkSjxhrdkj us tc iQ.kh'oj ukFk js.kq dh vej oQfr ^rhljh dle mI+kZQ ekjs x,xqyiQke* dks flus insZ ij mrkjk rks og ehy dk iRFkj fl gqbZA vkt Hkhmldh x.kuk gnh dh oqQN vej fI+kQYeksaesadh tkrh gSA bl fI+kQYe us u

osQoy vius xhr] laxhr] dgkuh dh cnkSyr 'kksgjr ikbZcfYd blesaviuskekus osQ lcls cM+s 'kkseSu jktdiwj us vius fI+kQYeh thou dh lcls csgrjhu,DVx djosQ lcdks peRoQr dj fn;kA fI+kQYe dh ghjksbu oghnk jgeku usHkh oSlk gh vfHku; dj fn[kk;k tSlh muls mEehn FkhA

bl ek;us es a ,d ;knxkj fI+ kQYe gksus os Q ckotwn ^rhljh dle* dksvkt blfy, Hkh ;kn fd;k tkrk gS D;ksafd bl fI+kQYe osQ fuekZ.k us ;g Hkhmtkxj dj fn;k fd gnh fI+kQYe txr esa,d lkFkZd vkSj ms';ijd fI+kQYecukuk fdruk dfBu vkSj tksf[ke dk dke gSA


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rhljh dle osQ f'kYidkj 'kSysanz /91

rhljh dle osQ f'kYidkj 'kSysa

^laxe* dh vn~Hkqr liQyrk us jktdiwj esaxgu vkRefo'okl Hkj fn;k vkSj mlus ,d lkFkpkj fI+kQYeksaosQ fuekZ.k dh ?kks"k.kk dhêsjk uke tksdj*] ^vtUrk*] êSavkSj esjk nksLr* vkSj^lR;e~f'koe~lqanje~*A ij tc 1965 esajktdiwj us êsjk uke tksdj* dk fuekZ.k vkjaHk fd;krc laHkor% mlus Hkh ;g dYiuk ughadh gksxh fd bl fI+kQYe dk ,d gh Hkkx cukus esaNgo"kksdk le; yx tk,xkA

bu Ng o"kksosQ varjky esajktdiwj }kjk vfHkuhr dbZfI+kQYesaizfnZ'kr gqb] ftuesalu~1966esaizfnZ'kr dfo 'kSysanz dh ^rhljh dle* Hkh 'kkfey gSA ;g og fI+kQYe gS ftlesajktdiwj usvius thou dh loksZR"V Hkwfedk vnk dhA ;gh ugha] rhljh dle* og fI+kQYe gS ftlus gnhlkfgR; dh ,d vR;ar ekfeZd fr dks lSY;wykbM ij iwjh lkFkZdrk ls mrkjkA ^rhljh dle*fI+kQYe ugha] lSY;wykbM ij fy[kh dfork FkhA

^rhljh dle* 'kSysanz os Q thou dh igyh vkS j va fre fI+ kQYe gSA ^rhljh dle* dks^jk"Vifr Lo.kZind* feyk] caxky fI+kQYe tuZfyLV ,lksfl,'ku }kjk loZJs"B fI+kQYe vkSj dbZvU; iqjLdkjksa}kjk lEekfur fd;k x;kA ekLdks fI+kQYe isQfLVoy esaHkh ;g fI+kQYe iqjLr gqbZAbldh dykRedrk dh yach&pkSM+h rkjhI+ksaQ gqbA blesa'kSysanz dh laosnu'khyrk iwjh f'kr osQ lkFkekStwn gSA mUgksaus ,slh fI+kQYe cukbZFkh ftls lPpk dfo&n; gh cuk ldrk FkkA

'kSysanz us jktdiwj dh Hkkoukvksadks 'kCn fn, gSaA jktdiwj us vius vuU; lg;ksxh dhfI+kQYe esamruh gh rUe;rk osQ lkFk dke fd;k] fdlh ikfjJfed dh vis{kk fd, cxSjA 'kSysanzus fy[kk Fkk fd os jktdiwj osQ ikl ^rhljh dle* dh dgkuh lqukus igqps rks dgkuh lqudjmUgksaus cM+ s mRlkgiwoZ d dke djuk Lohdkj dj fy;kA ij rqja r xaHkhjrkiwoZd cksysesjk

ikfjJfed ,Mokal nsuk gksxkA 'kSysanz dks ,slh mEehn ugha Fkh fd jktdiwj knxh&Hkj dh nksLrhdk ;s cnyk nsaxsA 'kSysanz dk eqj>k;k gqvk psgjk ns[kdj jktdiwj us eqLkdjkrs gq, dgk] fudkyks,d #i;k] esjk ikfjJfed! iwjk ,MokalA 'kSysanz jktdiwj dh bl ;kjkuk eLrh ls ifjfpr rksFks] ysfdu ,d fuekZrk osQ :i esacM+s O;kolkf;d lw>cw> okys Hkh pDdj [kk tkrs gSa] fiQj


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92 /Li'kZ

'kSysanz rks fI+kQYe&fuekZrk cuus osQ fy, loZFkk v;ksX; FksA jktdiwj us ,d vPNs vkSj lPps fe=kdh gSfl;r ls 'kSysanz dks fI+kQYe dh vliQyrk osQ [krjksals vkxkg Hkh fd;kA ij og rks ,dvkn'kZoknh Hkkoqd dfo Fkk] ftls vikj laifk vkSj ;'k rd dh bruh dkeuk ughaFkh ftruhvkRe&larqf"V osQ lq[k dh vfHkyk"kk FkhA rhljh dle* fdruh gh egku fI+kQYe D;ksa u jgh gks]ysfdu ;g ,d nq[kn lR; gS fd bls iznf'kZr djus osQ fy, ceqf'dy forjd feysA ckotwnblosQ fd ^rhljh dle* esajktdiwj vkSj oghnk jgeku tSls ukekn flrkjs Fks] 'kadj&t;fd'kudk laxhr Fkk] ftudh yksdfiz;rk mu fnuksa lkrosa vkleku ij Fkh vkSj blosQ xhr Hkh fI+kQYeosQ izn'kZu osQ iwoZgh csgn yksdfiz; gks pqosQ Fks] ysfdu bl fI+kQYe dks [kjhnus okyk dksbZughaFkkA njvly bl fI+kQYe dh laosnuk fdlh nks ls pkj cukus dk xf.kr tkuus okys dh le>ls ijs FkhA mlesajph&clh d#.kk rjkkwij rkSyh tk ldus okyh phk ughaFkhA blhfy,ceqf'dy tc ^rhljh dle* fjyhk gqbZrks bldk dksbZizpkj ughagqvkA fI+kQYe dc vkbZ] dcpyh xbZ] ekywe gh ugha iM+kA

,slk ugha gS fd 'kSysanz chl lkyksard fI+kQYe baMLVh esajgrs gq, Hkh ogkosQ rkSj&rjhdksals ukokfdI+kQ Fks] ijarqmuesamy>dj os viuh vknfe;r ugha [kks losQ FksA ^Jh 420* dk ,dyksdfiz; xhr gSÎ;kj gqvk] bdjkj gqvk gS] I;kj ls fiQj D;wMjrk gS fnyA* blosQ varjs dh,d iafDr^jkrsanlksafn'kkvksals dgsaxh viuh dgkfu;k* ij laxhrdkj t;fd'ku us vkifk dhAmudk [k;ky Fkk fd n'kZd ^pkj fn'kk,* rks le> ldrs gSa^nl fn'kk,* ughaA ysfdu 'kSysanzifjorZu osQ fy, rS;kj ughagq,A mudk nwBs vfHktkR; dks dHkh ughaviuk;kA muosQ xhr Hkko&izo.k Fksnq:g ughaA êsjk twrk gS tkikuh] ;s irywu baxfyLrkuh] ljis yky Vksih :lh] fiQj Hkh fny gS gnqLrkuh*;g xhr 'kSysanz gh fy[k ldrs FksA 'kkar unhdk izokg vkSj leqnz dh xgjkbZfy, gq,A ;gh fo'ks"krk mudh knxh dh Fkh vkSj ;gh mUgksausviuh fI+kQYe osQ }kjk Hkh lkfcr fd;k FkkA

^rhljh dle* ;fn ,dek=k ugharks pan mu fI+kQYeksaesals gS ftUgksaus lkfgR;&jpuk osQ lkFk

'kr&izfr'kr U;k; fd;k gksA 'kSysanz us jktdiwj tSls LVkj dks ^ghjkeu* cuk fn;k FkkA ghjkeu ijjktdiwj gkoh ughagks ldkA vkSj NhaV dh lLrh lkM+h esafyiVh ^ghjkckbZ* us oghnk jgeku dhizfl mQpkb;ksadks cgqr ihNs NksM+ fn;k FkkA dtjh unh osQ fdukjs mdM+wcSBk ghjkeu tc xhrxkrs gq, ghjkckbZls iwNrk gS êu le>rh gaS u vki\* rc ghjkckbZkqcku ls ugha] vk[kksals cksyrh


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gSA nqfu;k&Hkj osQ 'kCn ml Hkk"kk dks vfHkO;fDRk ughans ldrsA ,slh gh lw{erkvksals LiafnrFkh^rhljh dle*A viuh eLrh esaMwcdj >wers xkrs xkM+hoku^pyr eqlkfI+kQj eksg fy;ks js itM+s okyh eqfu;kA* VIij&xkM+ h esa ghjkckbZ dks tkrs gq , ns[kdj muos Q ihNs nkSM+rs&xkrs cPpksadkgqtwe^ykyh&ykyh Mksfy;k esaykyh js nqygfu;k*] ,d ukSVadh dh ckbZesaviukiu [kkst ysusokyk ljy n; xkM+hoku! vHkkoksadh knxh thrs yksxksaosQ liuhys dgdgsA

gekjh fI+kQYeksadh lcls cM+h dekksjh gksrh gS] yksd&ro dk vHkkoA os knxh ls nwj gksrhgSA ;fn =kkln fLFkfr;ksadk fp=kkadu gksrk gS rks mUgsaXyksjhI+kQkbZfd;k tkrk gSA nq[k dk ,slkohHkRl :i izLrqr gksrk gS tks n'kZdksadk HkkoukRed 'kks"k.k dj losQA vkSj ^rhljh dle* dh;g [kkl ckr Fkh fd og nq[k dks Hkh lgt fLFkfr esa] thou&lkis{k izLrqr djrh gSA

eSaus 'kSysanz dks xhrdkj ugha] dfo dgk gSA os flusek dh pdkpkSak osQ chp jgrs gq, ;'kvkSj ku&fyIlk ls dkslksa nwj FksA tks ckr mudh knxh esa Fkh ogh muosQ xhrksa esa HkhA muosQxhrksa esa flI+kZQ d#.kk ugha] tw>us dk laosQr Hkh Fkk vkSj og izf;k Hkh ekStwn Fkh ftlosQ rgrviuh eafky rd igqpk tkrk gSA O;Fkk vkneh dks ijkftr ugha djrh] mls vkxs c


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94 /Li'kZ

gksrk gqvk vkSj ghjkckbZ dh rfud&lh mis{kk ij vius vfLrRo ls tw>rk gqvk lPpkghjkeu cu x;k gSA

^rhljh dle* dh iVdFkk ewy dgkuh osQ ys[kd iQ.kh'ojukFk js.kqus Lo;arS;kj dh FkhAdgkuh dk js'kk&js'kk] mldh NksVh&ls&NksVh ckjhfd;kfI+kQYe esaiwjh rjg mrj vkbA

iz'u&vH;kl

ekSf[kdfuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mkj ,d&nks iafDr;ksa esa nhft,

1- ^rhljh dle* fI+kQYe dks dkSu&dkSu ls iqjLdkjksa ls lEekfur fd;k x;k gS\

2- 'kSysanz us fdruh fI+kQYesacukb\

3- jktdiw j }kjk funsZf'kr oqQN fI+kQYeksa osQ uke crkb,A

4- ^rhljh dle* fI+kQYe osQ uk;d o ukf;dkvksa osQ uke crkb, vkSj fI+kQYe esabUgksaus fdu ik=kksa dkvfHku; fd;k gS\

5- fI +kQYe rhljh dle* dk fuekZ.k fdlus fd;k Fkk\

6- jktdiwj us ^esjk uke tksdj* osQ fuekZ.k osQ le; fdl ckr dh dYiuk Hkh ugha dh Fkh\

7- jktdiwj dh fdl ckr ij 'k Sysanz dk psgjk eqj>k x;k\8- fI +kQYe leh{kd jktdiwj dks fdl rjg dk dykdkj ekurs Fks\

fyf[kr(d) fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mkj (25-30 'kCnksaesa) fyf[k,

1- ^rhljh dle* fI+kQYe dks lSY;wykbM ij fy[kh dfork* D;ksadgk x;k gS\

2- ^rhljh dle* fI+kQYe dks [kjhnnkj D;ksaugha fey jgs Fks\

3- 'kSysanz osQ vuqlkj dykdkj dk drZO; D;k gS\

4- fI +kQYeksa esa=kkln fLFkfr;ksadk fp=kkadu XyksfjI+kQkbZD;ksadj fn;k tkrk gS\

5- ^'kSysanz us jktdiwj dh Hkkoukvksadks 'kCn fn, gSa*bl dFku ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ Li"V dhft,A6- ys[kd us jktdiwj dks ,f'k;k dk lcls cM+k 'kkseSu dgk gSA 'kkseSu ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

7- fI +kQYe rhljh dle* osQ xhr jkrksanlksa fn'kkvksals dgsaxh viuh dgkfu;k* ij laxhrdkj t;fd'kuus vkifk D;ksadh\


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([k) fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mkj (50-60 'kCnksaesa) fyf[k,

1- jktdiw j }kjk fI+kQYe dh vliQyrk osQ [krjksals vkxkg djus ij Hkh 'kSysanz us ;g fI+kQYe D;ksacukbZ\

2- ^rhljh dle* esa jktdiwj dk efgeke; O;fDrRo fdl rjg ghjkeu dh vkRek esamrj x;k gS\ Li"Vdhft,A

3- ys[kd us ,slk D;ksafy[kk gS fd rhljh dle* us lkfgR;&jpuk osQ lkFk 'kr&izfr'kr U;k; fd;k gS \

4- 'kSysanz osQ xhrksadh D;k fo'ks"krk, gSa\ vius 'kCnksa esafyf[k,A

5- fI +kQYe fuekZrk osQ :i esa'kSysanz dh fo'ks"krkvksaij izdk'k Mkfy,A

6- 'kSysanz osQ futh thou dh Nki mudh fI+kQYe esa >ydrh gSoSQls\ Li"V dhft,A

7- ys[kd osQ bl dFku ls fd rhljh dle* fI+kQYe dksbZlPpk dfo&n; gh cuk ldrk Fkk] vki dgkrd lger gSa\ Li"V dhft,A


1- ---og rk s ,d vkn'k Zoknh Hkkoqd dfo Fkk] ftls vikj laifk vkSj ;'k rd dh b

NCERT- Hindi Sparsh- Class X

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