Nbc Fiels Handbook

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PREFACEThis manual, FM 3-7, is designed as a guide to help the chemical soldier at battalionlevel and below in N BC d efense. It details the N BC w arning an d reporting system,and how to locate, identify, and operate in and around NBC contamination. Thismanual is designed to bean easy-to-read, step-by-step manual depicting the manualm ethod of calculating N BC d efense p rocedu res useful for th e field soldier. A m ored etailed d iscussion of NBC d efensive measures m ay be foun d in:FM 3-3, Chemical and Biological Contamination Avoidance

FM 3-3-1, Nuclear Contamination AvoidanceFM 3-4, NBC ProtectionFM 3-4-1, Fixed Site ProtectionFM 3-5, NBC DecontaminationFM 3-11, Flame Field Exped ients

Chemical soldiers must be familiar with and be able to apply the information in thismanual.

Although this manual does not implement any particular international agreement,

m aterial presented herein com plies with related international agreements. A list ofrelated international agreements and other references can be found in the referencessection.

Unless otherwise stated, whenever the masculine gender is used, both men andwomen are included.

The proponent for this manual is HQ, TRADOC. Submit changes for improvingthis publication on DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications andBlank Forms) and forw ard it to:

Commandant

U.S. Army Chemical SchoolATTN: ATZN-CM-FNBFort McClellan, AL 36205-5020.

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CHAPTER 1

NBC Warning and Repor t ing

S y s t e mThe N BCWRS consists of stand ard N BC Reports an d Strike Warn ings. This systemis broken down into the following areas:

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NBC threat statu sN BC w arning a nd reporting system (NBCWRS)

Friendly strike warningsNBC weather and wind messages

NBC Threat Status

(STANAG 2984)a. Serial O (none).

The opp osing force d oes not possess any N BC defense equipm ent, is not trained inNBC d efense or emp loyment, and d oes not possess the cap ability to emp loy NBC

w arfare agents or systems.b. Serial 1 (low).

The opposing force has an offensive NBC capability, has received training in defenseand emp loyment techniques, but there is no ind ication of the use of NBC weap onsin the immediate future.

c. Serial 2 (medium).

The opposing force is equipped and trained in NBC defense and employmenttechniques. NBC weapons and employment systems are readily available. NBCweap ons m ay have been em ployed in other areas of the theater.

Emp loyment of NBC weap ons is considered p robable. Indicators wou ld be:NBC munitions deployed to field storage sites.Enemy troops wearing or carrying protective equipment.NBC reccon elements observed with conventional recon units.NBC decon elements moved forward.

d. Serial 3 (high).

The opposing force possesses NBC warfare agents and delivery systems. NBCdefense equipment is available and training status is considered at par or better thanthat of the United States. NBC w eapon s have already been emp loyed in the theaterand attack is considered pr obable in the imm ediate futu re. Indicators are:

NBC attack in p rogress but n ot in area of op eration.NBC warn ings/ signals to enemy troops.

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N BC m u nitions delivered to firing u nits within ra nge of friend ly forces.

Movement of surface-to-surface missiles to a launch site.The threat statu s can be u sed for any size or type u nit. It is possible to hav e a CB(chemical-biological) status of three and a nuclear status of zero.

Vulnerability AnalysisTo assist field comm and ers in d eveloping th e N BC thr eat status, refer to tab les 1-1,1-2, and 1-3.

For more d etailed d iscussion of chem ical agen ts, see FM 3-3, Chap ter 1 or FM 3-4,

Chapter 3.

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Flow of NBC Reports

NBC reports 1 through 6 move between units and higher headquarters as shown inFigure 1-4.

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NBC 1 Observers Initial Report.

This report is u sed by the observing un it to give basic initial and follow -up d ataabout an NBC attack. It is sent by platoons and companies to battalionheadquarters. Battalion and higher elements must consolidate reports and decidewhich NBC 1 to forward. The NBC 1 report following the first use of NBCw eapons is sent w ith a FLASH precedence. Subsequ ent reports are sent w ith aprecedence of IMMEDIATE. Only observers specifically designated by thedivision NBC center send NBC 1 (nuclear) reports.

NBC 2 Evaluated Data Report.The NBC 2 report is based on two or more NBC 1 reports. It is used to passevaluated data to u nits. Division is u sually the lowest level to prepar e an N BC 2report. However, a brigade or battalion might do so, especially duringindependent operations.

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NBC 3 Warning of Predicted Contamination Report.The NBCC uses NBC 1 reports and wind information to predict downwind hazardareas. This is disseminated as an NBC 3 report. Each unit evaluates the NBC 3report, determines which of its subordinate units may be affected, anddisseminates the report as required. This report w arns command ers wh en theymay be within a downwind hazard area so they may take protective measures.

NBC 4 Reconnaissance, Monitoring and Survey Report.When a unit detects NBC hazards through monitoring, survey, or reconnaissance,this information is reported as an N BC 4 report. Reports from va rious u nits areplotted on the N BCC situation m ap to show w here haza rd s exist. These reportsare prepared and submitted by company-level organizations.

NBC 5 Actual Contaminated Areas Report.Once the NBC 4 reports are p osted on the situation m ap, an N BC 5 report isprepared showing the contaminated area. NBC 5 reports usually are prepared bydivision. The p referred meth od of dissemination is by map overlay.

NBC 6 Detailed Information on Chemical/Biological

Attack Report.This report, summarizing information concerning a chemical or biological attack,is prepared at battalion. It is submitted to higher headquarters only whenrequested. If desired, it can be sent from higher to lower for information pu rposes.

STRIKWARN (Friend ly Nuclear Strike)

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NBC WEATHER AND WIND MESSAGES

Effective Downwind Message (EDM)

ZULU DDTTTT Date-Tim e Grou pWinds W ere Measured (ZULU)

ALFA dddsss--- Over 0 thru 2 KT

BRAVO dddsss--- Over 2 thru 5 KT

CHARLIE dddsss--- Over 5 thru 30 KT

DELTA dddsss--- Over 30 thru 100 KTECHO dddsss--- Over 100 thru 300 KT

FOXTROT dddsss--- Over 300 thru 1 MT

GOLF dddsss--- Over 1 thru 3 MT

1. The first three digits (ddd) give the effective wind direction, in degrees, from

grid north.2. The second three digits (sss) give the effective wind speed in kilometers per hour.

3. The last three d igits (---) give the expa nd ed angle in d egrees (in N ATO u se 7thd igit as follows:

4 = 40 degree angle 0 = 100 degree angle



7 = 70 degree angle 3 = more than 120 degree angle

8 = 80 degree angle

9 = 90 degree angle

4. If w ind speed is less than 8 km ph , the p reselected yield grou p line w ill containonly th e 3-d igit rad ius of Zone I.

Each EDM is valid for 12 hou rs. It is used in conju nction w ith the NBC 2 Nu clearReport to form a simp lified fallout p red iction (discussed in Chap ter 2).

Chemical Downwind Message1. Each chemical downwind message (CDM) is valid for only 6 hours.

2. The area affected may be a map sheet number or an area, such as I Corps.

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3. Lines WH ISKEY MIKE, XRAY MIKE, and YAN KEE MIKE each conta incoded weather information. Line WHISKEY MIKE is valid for only the first 2hours; line XRAY MIKE for the next 2 hours; and line YANKEE MIKE for thelast 2 hours of the six covered.

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CHAPTER 2

Chemical

Atmospheric Stability Charts

Temperature GradientsInversion Temperature Gradient (Stable-S). This cond ition usu ally exists on aclear or partially clear night when middle and low clouds cover less than 30 percent

of the sky, and on early m ornings until about 1 hour after sun rise wh en the w indSpeed is less than 5 km ph --id eal for enem y em ploymen t of chem ical agents.

Neutral Temperature Gradient (Neutral-N). This cond ition usu ally exists onheavily overcast days or n ights at 1 or 2 hour s before sun set or 1 to 2 hou rs aftersunrise when the middle and low clouds cover more than 30 percent of the sky.Independent of cloud cover and time of day, a neutral condition m ay also exist wh enthe wind speed is greater than 5 kmph. Additionally, periods of precipitation arenormally accompanied by a neutral condition. A neutral temperature gradient ismost favorable for enemy use of biological agents.

Lapse Temperature Gradient (Unstable-U). This cond ition norm ally exists on aclear day when the middle and low clouds cover less than 30 percent of the sky andw hen th e wind speed is less than 5 kmp h. It is the least favorable cond ition for theenemy to employ chemical or biological agents. When a lapse condition exists,area coverage withou t diffu sion w ill be enhan ced w ith a stead y low w ind sp eed of3 to 7 kmp h.

To obtain th e air stability category, refer to Table 2-1. Enter Table 2-2 with thecategory obtained from Table 2-1. Select the appropriate weather and terrainconditions from Table 2-2. Read across to w here the colum ns intersect and extract

the final stability category. For more information on field expedient behavior ofchemical agents, see FM 3-6 or from CDM.

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Chemical Hazard Plotting Steps

Air-Contam inating Agen ts--Typ e A

Type A agents n ormally are dispersed as aerosols or vap or cloud s w ith little or nocontamination on the ground.

Ground -Contaminating AgentsType B

Type B agents nor m ally are expected to be dispersed in liqu id form to contam inatesurfaces.

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Adjusted Hazard PredictionAdjust hazard predictions when:

Windspeed change of 10 kmph or moreWind speed increases from less than 10 kmph to more than 10kmph or the reverse.Change of air stability category (Type A attacks only)Downwind direction change of 30 or more.

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Persistency of Chemical Agents

Table 2-5 show s p ersistency of chem ical agents for m od erate contam ination. As arule of thumb, cooler conditions increase the persistency of chemical agents.Persistency triples as contamination levels increase from moderate to heavy.Chem ical agent p ersistency d ata in Table 2-5 is for su rface w ind s of 10 kmp h an dconsiders weathering only (without decon). For other surfaces use the followingmultiplication factors for the times given: alkyd paint = 1.3, bare soil = 4.0.Agent HL is not shown. To app roximate H L, u se GD persistency times.Concentrations of contamination are considered to be heavy at (10 grams per squaremeter. One week is considered to be 168 hours. One month (30 days) is equal to720 hours.

Time of Arrival for Chemical Hazards

The earliest an agent can be expected to arrive at a location is determined by dividingthe distance from the attack center by twice the wind speed. For example, if youare 10 kilometers from the attack center and the w ind sp eed is 5 kilometers perhour, the earliest the agent cloud would arrive at your location would be one hour.

10 km (2 x 5 km ph) = 1 hour

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Collective Protection

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Filter Exchange CriteriaFilter exchange criteria for all NBC falters in the inventory-from the mask filtersto the filters on the simplified collective-protective equipment (SCPE)--are basedon design, physical condition, climatic conditions, and the possible agent that couldbe emp loyed. The following p aragrap hs d iscuss p eacetim e, transition-to-w ar, andwartime exchange criteria.

Peacet ime

When assessing filter exchange criteria, consider several factors. Commanders andN BC personn el mu st mon itor replacemen t sched ules for pieces of N BC equipm entwith filters. Peacetime exchange criteria for all filters is based on the followingconditions:

Physical dam age occur s.

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Imm ersion in w ater, or filters have become w ater logged by other m eans.H igh resistance to airflow is observed.Directed by higher headquarters.Listed as unserviceable in SB 3-30-2.

NOTE: When filters are listed as unserviceable in SB 3-30-2, they still can beused as training filters.

Transit ion to WarLeaders consider NBC issues when preparing for deployment. As part of thatprocess, commanders will determine when their units should remove their training

filters and replace them with filters from unit contingency stocks. The commandersguidance shou ld be reflected in an SOP or order. Factors for consideration onwh ether to exchange filters includ e un it location, unit readiness/ dep loyability alert

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Enforce comm and d rinking to redu ce d ehyd ration and h eat casualties.

REMEMBER-the most motivated soldiers and leaders are the most likely toignore their needs for food, water, and rest.

Use collective protection as much as possible.

Enforce good eating, d rinking, and sleeping d iscipline.

Rotate jobs and peop le du ring long sh ifts or p eriods of inactivity.

Provide relief from extrem e temp eratures (hot or cold ) as soon as p ossible.

Remember that even short breaks from total encapsulation are effective insustainment performance.

Augment units or divide work between two units.

Schedu le work for a cooler time of day or at n ight.

MOPP AnalysisUse intelligence preparation of the battlefield (IPB) to determine

An estim ate on how man y enemy fire sup port systems are in range, where, and

what they are.H ow to su p por t probab le enem y courses of action (COA).Enemys intent and capabilities.Enemy tactical doctrine.An evalu ation of arm s of operation and tim es of interest set by the comm and er.Terrain and weather.Threat integration (how the enemy will fight).

Prior planning based on inform ation prov ided by the chem ical officer w ill help thecommander make sound decisions. Regular updates need to be provided to the

comm and er becau se of rap id changes in the situation.Using IPB, prov ide the comm and er and staff:

Detailed information on enem y NBC capability based on the type of weaponsystem s that th e enem y h as available at that p eriod of interest.

H ow the enem y w ould em ploy chemicals.Areas of likely emp loyment based on threat emp loyment d octrine.Detailed analysis of terrain and weather in the units AO during each period of

interest.MOPP gu idan ce for each p eriod of interest.Templates of predicted fallout data that are updated as conditions change.Alternative actions the commander can initiate prior to the time period in question

to m inim ize degrad ation of affected u nits.Continuous monitoring of S2 message and radio traffic for any NBC-related

inform ation that could be imp ortant to the u nits mission.

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MOPP System FlexibilityFlexibility is the key to providing maximum protection with the lowest risk possiblew hile still allowing m ission accom p lishm ent. Comm and ers may p lace all or pa rt oftheir units in different MOPP levels or authorize variations within a given MOPPlevel.

Soldiers may leave the overgarment jacket open at MOPP1, MOPP2, or MOPP3allowing greater ventilation. Soldiers may leave the hood open or rolled at MOPP3.The various configurations of the last two MOPP levels with the hood rolled or

open are referred to as Mop p open. Comm and ers decide w hich of thesevariations to use based on the threat, temp erature, and u nit work intensity.

Units m ay be gr anted the flexibility to raise or low er their p rotective p osture fromthat recommended by higher headquarters. This may be done down to platoon leveland by an element that finds itself isolated. If higher headquarters specifically deniesthis flexibility, then protective postures may only be raised, not lowered.

W A R N I N G

Do not use mask-only when blister or persisent nerve agents are present.

Managing Performance Problemsheat stress red u ced ab ility to see and h earhunger increased feelings of isolation end confusionthirst frustration end claustrophobia or panicdiscomfort degraded alertness and attentionperformance degrad ation

Physiological factors du ring sustain ed p eriods of MOPP are:

Table 3-5 provides examples that can be u sed as a gu ide in estimating the w ork

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The following tables will provide information necessary to calculate recommended

work/ rest cycles, water requirements, maximum work times and recovery times.

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CAM

There are eight bar indicators: one to three bars = low vapor hazard , four to sixbars = low vapor h azard, four to six bars = high vap or hazard , and seven to eightbars = very h igh levels of vapor h azard.

Unmasking ProceduresWithout detection equipment

1. In a shad y area, hav e one or two soldiers take a deep b reath, hold it, and breaktheir ma sk seals for 15 second s w ith their eyes open .

2. H ave them clear and reseal ma sks. Observe them for 10 minu tes for sym ptom s.

3. If no sym ptom s app ear, have the sam e sold iers break their m ask seals, take twoor three breaths, clear and reseal their masks. Observe them for 10 minu tes forsymptoms.

4. If no symptom s app ear have the same soldiers un mask for 5 minu tes and thenrema sk. If no sym ptom s ap pear in 10 minutes, it is safe to give the all clear signaland unmask.

5. Continu e to observe the soldiers in ease delayed sym ptom s develop.

With M256 or M256A1 Detector Kit

1. Test with the detector kit.

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2. If the test is negative, hav e one or tw o soldiers mov e to a shad y area if possible,

and un mask for 5 minu tes. Have the soldiers remask. Observe them for 10 minu tesfor symptoms.

3. If no sym ptoms app ear, it is safe to give the all clear signal and unm ask. Thesenior lead er present m ay ask higher head quarters for permission.

4. Continu e to watch soldiers for possible d elayed sym p tom s.

Using Estimated Wait Times Before Executing

Open/Unmasking Time Tables

NOTE: All tables are ICT 5 risk level (Incapacitating dosage of vapor sufficientto disable 5% of exposed soldiers).

Formula Procedurea. Variables

P = Percent of worst case time rem aining

O = Or iginal w orst case tim e from table

N = New worst case time from table

T = Time between original estimate and weather change

U = Updated worst case time

b. Procedure.

Read O d irectly from table

Weather change:

P= (O-T)/ OU = PxN

Weather changes again:

Set O=USet T = time since last weather change

Repeat as required

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Decontamination Resources Availableat Each Level of Organ ization

Individual SoldiersOne M258Al or M291 skin decon kit.

One canteen of water.

Operators and crewsOne on board Mll decon ap par atus or M13 decon ap paratu s, portable (DAP), for

major pieces of equipment.

Soap and water, M258A1 or M291 kits as needed for decon of sensitive orvulnerable surfaces.

HTH mixture or bleach.

M280 or M295 decon kit.

Company Level

One 50-pound drum of STB.Two 5-gallon pa ils of DS2 or 2 M13 DAPs.

Six long-handled brushes.

300 plastic garbage bags.

Six 3-gallon buckets.

Six large sponges.

Two 32-gallon galvan ized tr ash cans (from m ess section).

Two immersion heaters (from mess section).

Battalion PDDE CrewsPower-driven decontaminating equipment (PDDE) or light weight decon system

(LDS).

Basic load liquid detergen t.

Chemical Company Decon SquadTen 5-gallon pails of DS2, or M13 DAPs, per M12A1 (IAW CTA 50-970).

Twenty-six 50-pound drums of STB per M12A1 (IAW CTA 50-970).

Power-driven decon equipment.

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Basic load of liquid detergent.

Chemical Company Decon Platoon5-gallon p ails of DS2 or M13 DAPs, per M12A1 or M17 LDS (IAW CTA

50-970).

50-pound drums of STB per M12A1 (IAW CTA 50-970).

Power-driven decon equipm ent or M17 light decon system (dual pu rpose platoononly).

Basic load of decontaminants.

Levels of DecontaminationThere are three levels of d econ: im m ediate, op erational, and thorou gh.

Immediate Decon minimizes casualties, saves lives, and limits the spread ofcontam ination. Immed iate decon is carried ou t by individuals upon becomingcontaminated. There are three immediate techniques: skin decon, personnelwipedown, and operators spray down.

Operational Decon sustains operations, reduces the contact hazard, and limits the

spread of contamination to eliminate the necessity or reduce the duration of wearingMOPP gear. Operational decon is carried by ind ividual and/ or un its. It is restrictedto specific parts of operationally essential equipm ent/ material and/ or w orking areas,in order to minimize contact and transfer hazards and to sustain operations. Furtherd econ m ay be requ ired to red u ce contamina tion to negligible risk levels. There aretwo operational d econ tehn iques: vehicle washd own and MOPP gear exchang e.

Thorou gh Decon red u ces or eliminates the need for ind ivid ua l protective clothing.Thorough decon is carried out by units with assistance from chemical units to reducecontamination on personnel, equipment/ material, and / or working areas to the lowest

possible level (negligible risk) to permit the reduction or rem oval of ind ividualprotective equipment and maintain operations with minimal degradation. This mayinclude decontamination of terrain as required. There are three thorough decontechniques: detailed troop decon, detailed equipment decon, and detailed aircraftdecon.

The three levels of d econimm ediate, opera tional, and thorou gh-are presented aspart of this chap ter to explain the seven standard decon techniques u sed for mostdecon operations. Your chemical officer or NCO advises on efficient ways tocond uct op erational or thorou gh decon op erations. For examp le, cond ucting decon

operations might require the u se of one or a combination of the seven d econtechniques.

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Chemical Patient Decontamination Procedures

Step 1. Decontaminate the patients mask end hood.Step 2. Remov e gross contam ination from the p atients overgarm ent.

Step 3. Remove patients protective overgarment and personal effects.

Step 4. Rem ove p atients battledress u niform .

Step 5. Transfer the patient to a decon litter.

Step 6. Decontam inate skin (M291/ M258A1 kit or 0.5% chlorine solu tion).

Step 7. Transfer the patient across the shuffle pit.

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Decontamination of Specific Items

The following table lists more than tw o d ozen sp ecific surfaces or m aterials, and itexplains briefly how to best decontaminate each for chemical, biological, andnuclear contamination. The best method for decon of a particular surface or materialin a given situation could be any of those listed for that surface or material.

The order in w hich the m ethods ar e listed d oes not indicate pr eference of one overanother. You shou ld choose the beat m ethod for d econ of a p articular item. For amore in-dep th u nd erstanding of the d econ m ethods, refer to FM 3-5.

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Chapter 4

Nuclear Protect ionThere are three typ es of rad iation:ALPHA Travels only a few centimeters, internal haz ard only.BETA Travels a few meters in air, limited penetrating power, external and internalhazard.GAMMA Travels speed of light, cannot be totally shielded.

Actions Before an Attack:The best defense against a nuclear attack is to dig in. Unit defensive positions, whichvary from soldiers foxholes to improved defensive positions, should be preparedwhenever the tactical situation permits.

Foxholes: A deep, round foxhole with overhead cover offers the best protectionfrom blast, thermal rad iation, initial nuclear rad iation, and fallout.

Field shelters: Well-constructed fighting positions and bunkers provide excellentpr otection against all the effects of a n uclear d etonation.

Tunnels, caves, culverts, and storm drains provide good shelter.Armored personnel earners, infantry fighting vehicles, and tanks (in a hull-downdefilade) give excellent protection.

Weapons, ind ividu al equipment, clothing, and other items shou ld be secured in theirfoxholes. Su pp lies, explosives, and flam m ables shou ld be d ispersed an d pr otectedor shielded. If left unsecured, these may become lethal weapons from the blast wave.

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Actions After an AttackBegin continuous monitoring.

Organize survivors.

Secure and organize equipment.

Cover mouth with handkerchief.

Assist casualties.

Send NBC 1 report.

Improve protection against possible fallout.

Conduct damage assessment and restoration of combat power.

Simplified Fallout Prediction (M5A2)1. Inform ation required : N BC 2 nuclear report an d effective d own w ind message

(EDM).

2. Record d ate-time of bur st, GZ, and w ind d irection on M5A2.

3. Determine Zone I from th e nom ogram pr inted on th e M5A2, d raw arc on M5A2,

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and label.

4. Zone II = 2 x Zone I; d raw an arc, and label.

5. Draw tangen ts from cloud rad ius to end of Zone I.

6. Darken th e perim eter.

7. Draw time-of-arrival arcs and label.

8. Orient azimuth on p redictor w ith grid north.

Significance of Predicted Fallout Zones

Exposed , unp rotected p ersonnel ma y receive the following d oses from fallout:Zone I Immediate operational concern. More than 150 centigray (cGy) within 4hours.Zone II Second ary h azard . Less than 150 cGy w ithin 4 hour s. More than 50 cGyw ithin 24 hours.Outside the predicted area N o m ore than 50 cGy in 24 hou rs. N o m ore than 150cGy for an indefinite period.

Detailed Fallout Prediction (Unit Level)

1. Obtain a valid N BC 3 report.

2. Determine scale at wh ich th e pred iction will be d raw n (mu st be the same as th em ap on w hich it will be displayed.)

3. On overlay paper, mark GZ.

With Line YANKEE (from NBC 3 report):

4. Mark grid north.

5. Extend radial lines at their proper azimuths from GZ (from line YANKEE).

6. Using GZ as center, draw Zone I arc (from line ZULU) between radial lines.

7. Using GZ as center, draw Zone II arc (2 x Zone I) between radial lines.

8. Using GZ as center, d raw circle w ith rad ius equ al to the cloud rad ius (from lineZULU).

9. Draw two tangent lines from the GZ circle to the points of intersection of thetwo rad ial lines w ith the Zon e I arc.

10. Using GZ as center, draw dashed time-of-arrival arcs (from line ZULU). Noarcs are draw n beyond the end of Zone II.

11. Label zones, times of arrival.

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Continuous monitoring is done whenA nu clear detonation is seen, heard, or reported .Periodic m onitoring records 1 cGyp h or h igher.Ordered by the unit commander.A warning of expected contamination (NBC 3) is received.

Automatic NBC 4 reports areInitial report.Peak report.Special reports--send w hen a cond ition exists that warran ts the com m and ersattentionfor example, when the commanders operational exposure guidance(OEG) is exceeded.

Additional directed reports areSeries reports.Sum mary reports.Verification reports.

Radiological Survey Briefing1. Situation: Enem y an d contam ination situation

2. Mission: Who, wh at, w hen, w here, and w hy

3. Execution:Concept of operationAssignmentsCoordinating instructions:

Time of d eparture

Primary and alternate routesCoordination requiredOEG, turn-back dose (D

tb), turn-back dose rate (R

tb

Actions on reaching Dtbor R

tb

Areas requiring markingDebriefing - w hen , w here, by w hom

(a)(b)(c)

(1)

(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)

4. Service Support: Forms, equipment, POL, decontamination, and so forth

5. Command Signal:

Com m and . Location of control partySignal:

Reporting requirementsSOICodes and call signsPrimary and alternate communication means

a.b.

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Aerial Radiological Survey Briefing

Control pa rty briefing includ esTime of departure.Course legs and routes.Tentative height.Coordination required.OEG.Actions on reaching D

tbor R

tb.

Debriefing: w hen, wh ere, by w hom .Height of aircraft (150 meters AGL [above ground level] maximum, 60 metersAGL optimal).Groun d speed (53 knots [98 km ph ] maximu m; slower is m ore accu rate).Establishm ent pr oced ur es for the air-grou nd correlation factor (AGCF).Time interval between readings (500 meters maximum).

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To use the above table to find the d ow nw ind d istance of Zone I, enter the left-handcolumn with the yield as indicated on line NOVEMBER of the NBC 2 nuclear

report. Read across the top to locate the nearest wind speed (always round UP tosafe-side). Where the two columns intersect is the Zone I distance Distances arein kilometers.

Radiological Calculations*

(For use with pocket calculator)Decay

R1 = Dose rate measu red at H + 1.Rt = Dose rate measured at time (t) after burst (other than H + 1)t = Tim e that Rt was m easured (in H +m- hou rs after burst).n = Decay exponent (use 1.2 if unknown).

Total Dose**

Use if Te< H + 25: D = (R

1 / 1-n) (T

x1-n - T

e1-n)

Use if Te

> H + 25:D = RTe

X TsD = Total dose.

TX = Time of exit from area (in H + nu mber of hours after burst).Te = Time of entry into area (in H + nu mber of hours after burst).Ts = Time of stay in area (hours).

Decay Rate of Fallout (n)

n = Log (Ra/ Rb) / Log (Tb/ Ta)Ra = Dose rate measured at time a (Ta) (after peak dose rate).R

b

= Dose rate measured at time b (Tb

) (last dose rate).Ta = time (in H + number of hou rs after burst) that Ra was measured.Tb = time (in H + number of hours after burst) that Rb was measured.

***

For neutron induced radiological calculations, use nomograms in FM 3-3-1.When decay constant n = 1, use 1.000001 for the above equation.

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Validity Time for Decay Rate (TP)

Tp = 3 (Tb-T a) + Tb

Ta= Time (in H + nu mber of hours after bu rst) that R

awas measured.

Tb= Time (in H + nu mber of hours after bu rst) that R

bwas measured.

Nor m alizing Factor Formu las

For H + l: NF = (T2)or H + 48: NF = (T

2/ 48)

T2 = Elapsed time after burstn = Decay ExponentR

1= R

tx N F

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Aerial Survey Calculations

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Radiation Injury

Immediate Injury but Delayed EffectsSince a rad iation injury victim d oes not show symp toms imm ediately after exposure,except for nausea an d vomiting, these initial symptoms are not reliable by themselvesto evaluate casualties or treat p atients. Currently, the only available method toquickly estimate the radiation injury to a soldier is with a personnel dosimeter.Withou t this dosimetry, many d ays m ust p ass before definitive diagnostic techn iquesof the second ary rad iation exposu re symp toms can prov ide an accura te estimate ofradiation injury.

Tolerance:

IM93 10% certified and leak checked 10% certified and leak checked 30% or 30 cGy, whichever is less, with 95% confidence after 24

hours

IM147DT236

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Self-aid and Buddy Aid

Key Factor in Nuclear Combat

Nu clear d etonations can p roduce large numbers of blast, bum , and projectile injuriesthat initially must be managed by individual soldiers trained in critical frost-aidprocedures.

Critical Period

The great physical dam age to the surrou nd ing area as a result of a nuclear d etonationwill increase delays in medical assistance and evacuation. Quality self-aid and buddyaid will improve casualty survival rates and conserve medical resources. Promptstabilization w ill ensure casualties can better withstand evacuation to ap pr opriatemedical treatment facilities.

Radiation GuidanceRadiation guidance is the advice by the medical staff officer to the commanderconcerning th e m edical effects of pred icted and actual radiation received by a u nit.Commanders use medical advice and information to weigh the options of retainingsoldiers with radiation injury (with the possibility of increasing lethality) versusentry into the medical support system.

Importance of Fitness and Wellness

The percentage of deaths that will occur from a given exposure is not a constantvalue, and it is, in fact, changed by many conditions. For healthy soldiers, LD + 50is estimated to be about 450 cGy if no medical care is provided, if there are no otherinjuries, and if they are required to perform little physical labor. If, however,sold iers with n o other injur ies are worked to exhau stion or are in poor generalhealth, LD + 50 is be reduced to approximately 300 cGy. Soldiers in good health,promptly evacuated to a CONUS hospital, and provided extensive medical care areexpected to have their LD + 50 increased to 600 cGy. Soldiers fitness and health

are, therefore, critical factors for survival on a nuclear battlefield.

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CHAPTER 5

Biological Protection

Actions Before An Attack:Up-to-date immu nizationsGood hygieneArea sanitationPhysical conditioning

Biological Attack Indicators:Mysterious illness (large n u m ber of sold iers)Large num ber of insects or unu sual insectsLarge number of dead wild and domestic animalsArtillery shells with less powerful explosionsAerial bombs that pop rather than explodeMist or or fog sp rayed by aircraft

Actions Du ring Su spected Attack:Wear protective maskKeep clothing buttoned upConsider an y kn ow n biological agent cloud as a chem ical attack

Actions After An Attack:Send N BC 1 ReportIdentify casualties (from symptoms they exhibit)Isolate soldiers with symptoms

Biological Hazards Prediction

Suspect A Biological Attack WhenThere are indications of a chemical attack, but no immediate effectsA pr esum ed chem ical attack has occur red , bu t the agent has n ot been identified

Three Types Of Biological Attacks Are:Type A Case aPoint-source attack (examp le aerosol generator, bomb) or a narea attack (as in artillery or bomb let attack). This type of attack includes toxins.

Type A Case bA spr ay fine.Type BLarge, liquid d rop/ ground contaminating attack

Biological CalculationsMaximum Downwind Hazard (MDWHD) = 4 X windspeed (kmph) X cloudduration *of greatest effects (Zone I)E The cloud duration is a measure of the length of t im e a biological agent is lik ely t o remaineffecti ve end aerosoliz ed in the env ironment .

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Examp le of MDWH D Comp utation:

Time of attack: 0130BMNT: 0430Wind direction: 150 gridWindspeed: 13 kmphCloud duration = 5 hrs MD WH D = 4 X 15 X 5 = 300 km(3 hrs from time of attack to BMNT + 2 = 5 hrs)

Cloud Duration of the Greatest Effects (Zone I)Daytime (from BMNT to sunset) 8 hoursNighttime (from su nset to BMNT) # of hou rs from time of attack to BMNT + 2

(max of 8 hou rs)Cloud Arrival Time (CAT) =

Simplified Downwind Hazard Prediction

for Biological AgentsDown wind hazard pred iction for biological agents is very similar to the procedu re

for chemical agents. The resulting prediction provides a minimum estimate of thedanger zones for biological agents in general. After employment, actual samplingw ill prod u ce a better ind ication of areas affected.

Indications of a Biological AttackThe NBCC will issue an NBC 3 chem ical repor t to alert un its in the imm ediated ow nw ind h azard area. The NBC 3 chemical repor t equates to app roximately 50%of Zone I of the simplified biological downwind hazard prediction. This warningwill be adequ ate for the first 1 to 5 hou rs (dep ending on w ind speed) un its in the

rema ind er of Zone I and Zone II of the biological haza rd w ill need to receive N BC3 biological reports for adequ ate war ning.

The hazard area prediction will be less reliable as the distance and time from thepoint of attack increases. (If the wind changes, follow the sam e procedures forrecalculation a s for chem ical hazar d pr ediction.

The NBC 3 chemical report equates to approximately 50 percent of Zone I of the

simp lified biological dow nw ind hazard pred iction. This warn ing w ill be ad equatefor the first 1 to 5 hours (depend ing on w ind speed). Units in the remaind er of ZoneI and Zone II of the biological hazard w ill need to receive N BC 3 biological repor tsfor adequate warning.

All attacks du ring daytime an d all toxin attacks mu st be presum ed to h ave a cloud

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4. Draw a line from the point of attack along the representative downwind direction,

equal in length to the MDWH D.5. Draw a line perp end icular to th e representative wind direction, intersecting thepoint of the MDWH D.

6. Extend the line along the representative wind direction for a distance twice therad ius of the circle around the attack area from GZ, in the d irection behind theattack area.

7. From the rear end point of the representative wind direction line, draw tw o linesthat intersect this point, are tangent to the attack area circle, and intersect the line

of MDWHD.8. Erase the area bebind the attack area circle. The remaining area constitutes theZones I and II hazard area. The points shown on the diagram define the hazard area.Indicate these points on line PA of the NBC 3 Report.

9. Divide the MDWHD by 4. Plot this distance along the representative winddirection line. Draw a line perpend icular to th e representative wind direction andw hich intersects both tan gent lines at this point. The area within this smaller p lot isthe Zone I hazard area.

10. Report the two points at which the Zone I hazard line intersects the tangent lineson line ZB of the NBC 3 biological report.

Time of attack: 0330BMNT: 0530wind speed: 13 kmphwind direction: 90 deg gridMDWHD = 4x13x4=208 km(2 hou rs from time of attack to BMNT + 2 hou rs = 4)

Type A Case a (area attack)1. Derive the location of the attack from NBC 1 chemical report and plot it on themap.

2. Plot a circle w ith a rad ius of 1 km, un less the attack area rad ius is know n to bemore than 1 km. If the attack area is known to be greater than 1 km, plot a circlew ith a radiu s equal to the radius of the attack area aroun d the center of the attackarea. The circle mu st have a m inimu m radiu s of 1 km .

3. All subsequ ent p rocedures are exactly as outlined in the Type A, Case a

point-source sample.

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Time of attack: 2230BMNT: 0700wind speed: 15 kmph

wind direction: 60 deg gridMDWHD=4x15x8=480km(maximum 8 hours BMNT)

Type A, Case b (linear spray)

1. Derive the location of the attack area from NBC 1 chemical report. (A numberof reports m ay need to be evaluated). Plot the attack area or spray line on the m ap.

a. Draw a line through the attack area from the start point to the end point.

2. Draw l-km -rad ius circles aroun d the beginning point an d end point of the sprayline.

3. Determine the MDWHD, as in Case a.

4. From each endpoint of the spray line, draw a line equal in length to the MDWHDalong the representative downwind direction.

5. Draw a perp end icular line intersecting the MDWH D p oint on the representativewind direction line drawn from the attack area endpoint furthest downwind. Thisis the line of maximum downwind hazard.

6. Extend each rep resentative wind d irection line 2 km behind each en dp oint of thespray line.

7. Draw a line from each point 2 km behind the end points tangent to the ou ter sideof each circle, until it intersects the MDWHD line.

8. Draw a line tangent to the rear of both attack circles. Erase the area behind theattack circles. This figure encompasses the Zone II hazard area. Report the pointsdelineating this area.

9. Divide the MDWHD by 4. Plot this distance from the attack area endpoint furthest

d ow nw ind on th e representative wind d irection line. Draw a line perpend icular tothis point and which intersects both tangent lines. This smaller figure is the Zone Ihazard area. Report the point of intersection with the tangent lines as Zone I on lineZB of the NBC 3 biological reports.

Time of attack: 0930BMNT: 0700wind speed: 2 kmphwind direction: 90 deg gridspray length: 10 km

MDWHD=4x12x8=384km

Type B (large, liqu id d rops, groun d contam inating attack)

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1. Derive the location of the attack area from NBC 1 biological report, and plot it

on the map.2. Draw a circle with a rad ius equal to the rad ius of the attack area. This circleshould have a minimum rad ius of 5 km.

3. Report the hazard area as three digits on line PA of the NBC 3 biological report.

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CHAPTER 6

S m o k e

Smoke in theBattlefield ap plications of sm oke includ e

ObscuringScreeningProtecting

Marking

O f f e n s e

Friendly forces use projected, generated, and self-defense smoke to-Mark targets.Obscure enemy gunners and surveillance.Degrade enemy command, control, and communications.Conceal passage of lines, movement to contact, and hasty and deliberate attacks.Conceal landing zones (LZs), drop zones (DZs), or pickup zones (PZs). (For

friendly LZs, DZs, and PZs the smoke is placed to restrict enemy observationwithout interfering with friendly operations.)

Conceal river-crossing op erations an d red uction of obstacles.Conceal logistics op erations (for examp le, fast refuel sites).Signal.Support deception plans.Degrad e enemy laser designators, range find ers, and w eapon s.Enhan ce the effectiveness of art illery-delivered minefield by concealing their

visual indicators.Support MOUT operations.

Smoke in the DefenseIn the defense, forces use smoke primarily to increase survivability and counterenemy reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition. Forces use smoke inthe defense to

Obscure enemy direct-fire gunners and artillery forward observers.Disrupt enemy movement and command and control.Conceal obstacle emplacement, preparation of battle positions, and movement to

alternate positions.Conceal reconstitution, holding, and staging areas.

Conceal MSR activities.Signal.Mark targets.Deceive the enemy as to areas of main effort and battle positions.Reduce the effectiveness of enemy directed-energy weapons.

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Enhance air defense by degrading nap-of-earth flight patterns and forcing theenemy to fly higher.Silhouette targets.Sup port MOUT operations.

Tactical CountermeasuresDisperse laterally and in-depth to increase lines-of-sight.

Position forw ard observers outside an ticipated coverage.

Position laser designators to front or flanks to avoid pr eplann ed sm oke.Position visual air d efense system s on high groun d .Position therm al/ MMW air d efense system s in sm oke.

Use obstacles to disrupt enemy timing.Use electronic jam m ing to p reclud e ad justments of sm oke.Use remote sensor system s to track enem y progress.Engage at choke p oints with ind irect or p reaimed d irect fire.

Deceive the enemy about unit location.Prepare positions and alternates in friendly smoke.Conduct rigorous counter-reconnaissance.Use d ecoys.

Use helicopters to identify and fire through gaps in coverage. Use remote pilotedvehicIe (RPV) to look dow n th rou gh smoke.

Employ scatterable mines in friendly or enem y smoke to slow an attacking enemy.

When m oving in sm oke, p lan for tighter form ations, slow er speed s, and easilyrecognized routes.

In the defense, prepare and rehearse movement to alternate and subsequentpositions. Use range card s, T&E mechan isms, and m u ltip le lines-of-sigh t for p airedw eapon s. Plan for target han ds-off.

Smoke coordination and reconnaissance checklists for smoke unit leaders are

outlined on Page 6-5.

Smoke Planning ProcessEach echelon of comm and plans for sm oke employment to su pp ort current and

future operations.

Integrate smoke into the overall tactical plan.

Synchronize smoke use with key events or decision points.

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Terrain

WeatherTroops availableTimeDistance

Mission consid erations inclu d eTypes of smokes and obscurants available.Unit capabilities.Detailed planning and p reparation.Employment techniques.

Communications.Intelligence.Whether the unit has successfully operated in smoke previously

Chemical staffs must coordinate with other staff sections toDevelop estim ates that define enem y capabilities and ou r ow n courses ofaction.Analyze smoke targets.Prioritize smoke resources.Recomm end courses of action to the comm and er.

When the commander approves the staff estimates, the staff prepares orders thatcombine smoke w ith combat pow er.

Situation and Target DevelopmentTargeting begins with the commanders guidance and continues through thedevelopment of a prioritized list specifying what targets to attack and when to attackthese targets (DECIDE), plus acquiring high-payoff targets (DETECT), and whatwill defeat these targets (DELIVER).

Intelligence Preparation of the BattlefieldFor smoke planners

Evalua tion of area of interest and operation.Terrain analysisWeather analysisThreat evaluationThreat integration

Smoke Est imateChem ical officer, in coord ination w ith the G3/ S3, FSO, and smoke u nit

comm and er/ platoon leader prepares the smoke estimate.

Estimate goes to th e S2 and targeting officer for inclusion into the target valu eanalysis (TVA) for fire support planning, and to the S3 and chemical staff for smoke

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target planning.

Smoke Support Plan DevelopmentPrepared simultaneously with the smoke estimate.

Obtain the restated m ission/ comm and ers intent.

Obtain required fire and smoke planning information.

Recommend smoke support coordinating measures.

Update status displays.

Brief sm oke supp ort plan to obtain concurren ce from com m and er (or G3/ S3 asrequired by local policy).

Coordinate fire support plan changes with the commander or S3 and with theFSO.

Coordinate the smoke support plan with adjacent units.

Brief smoke un it lead er(s) on th e smoke an nex to the OPO RD.

Smoke Support Plan ExecutionUse covered and concealed maneuver techniques.

Tim e smoke d elivery w ith d ecision points, IPB, and hu m an feedback.

Use unobscured weapons to overwatch.

Do not let your smoke silhouette you r ow n forces.

Plan to engage through or around the smoke.

Plan for enemy coun termeasures.

Plan for add itional maneuv er time u nd er smoke.

Verify enemy locations (responsibility of recon).

Smoke Support Plan ExecutionThe impact of smoke on tactical operations mandates close coordination, control,

and plann ing for contingencies.

Comm and / staff sup ervision are essential to ensure the u se of smoke enhan cesrather than degrad es mission success.

Commanders must control smoke in their areas of operation.

Smoke unit leader monitors the communications nets for the supported unit andinternal nets.

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Plan to minim ize friend ly force d egrad ation from our use of sm oke.

Smoke Mission Coordination Checklist for Smoke

Unit Commanders or LeadersGrid coordinates of the smoke target area.

Tactical or operational missions to be supported.

Visibility criteria required in the smoke target area?

Type of screening smoke (haze, blanket, or curtain).Type of smoke u nit sup p ort for logistics, secur ity, and fire sup p ort available or

needed.

Will weather and terrain influence the mission?

Anticipated duration of the mission.

Direction of known or susp ected en emy forces.

Su pp orted u nits frequencies, call signs, and brevity codes.

Signals for starting, stopp ing, shifting, or continuing the sm oke m ission.

Tactical situation in the proposed smoke area of operations concerning enemycontact, obstacles, etcetera.

Actions taken should the smoke unit make enemy contact.

Grid coordinates of supp orted un it TOCs/ CPs.

Challenge/ password and code weds.

Fog oil and fuel (both d iesel and gasoline) resup ply.Maintenance sup port and recovery provided.

Projected requirement for Class V.

What aviation assets will be available to supported and supporting units?

Where a re LZs, and FARPs?

Smoke Recon Checklist for Smoke Unit LeadersLocate selectcd target areas.

Determine sup ported and subordinate unit p ositions.

Designate subordinate un it smoke positions and / or lanes.

Locate smoke control point(s).

Designate sup ply routes, access routes, fuel resupp ly points, and / or fuel/ fog oil

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forw ard prestock p oints if required.

Determine local weather and terrain conditions. (While it is important to notelocal weather conditions at the time of the recon, the unpredictable nature ofweather necessitates that the smoke unit leader consider all possibilities whendr afting the op erations ord er.)

Determine security support requirements and internal smoke unit defensemeasures.

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CHAPTER 7

Flame Field Expedients

Flame Field Expedients (FFE) Checklists

Location of Fuel Mixing Site

N o fire hazard s

Firm, well-drained terrain

Convenient to supply delivery

Central location

Well-ventilated and outdoors

Posted w ith N O SMOKING signs

Employment in the Offense

Raids

Ambushes

Low-intensity conflicts

MOUT operations

Employment in the Defense

Reinforce obstaclesAugment final protective fires

Cover dead spaces and gaps in thedefense

Illuminate critical areas of the battle

Items neceesary to mix fuel

Water-free, standard-issue gasoline,JP4, JP5, or JP8 fuels.Nongalvanized fuel containersWooden padd lesAir hose and air sup ply sourceM4 fuel-thickening compoundFM 3-11 or FM 5-250Unth ickened fuel (a 60/ 40 m ixture of

gasoline an d oil)

Basic items required to constructan exploding device

Container to hold the fuelFuel (thickened or unthickened)Buster: explosive chargeIgniter: trip flare, M34 wPGrenade, raw gasolineMethod of initiation: blasting caps

Basic items required to construct anilluminating FFE

Container to hold the fuelFuel (thickened or unthickened)Igniter: trip flare

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Safe Handling and Minimum Safe Distance

for Explosives

Safe HandlingHan dling, transport, and storage ofexplosive items m ust conform to

caps, and dem olitions m ust

Personnel handing explosives, blastingAR 385-63 and local regulations.

Respon sibility for p repar ing, placing,Follow safety rules.

and firing of charges mu st not beObserve post regulations.

divided . Sup ervising all ph ases ofAd here to local un it SOPS.

the mission m ust rest with one p erson.

Minimum Safe Distance for Missile HazardThe MSD table gives distances at which personnel in the open are relatively safefrom missiles created by bare charges placed in or on the ground, regardless of typeor condition of the soil. See AR 385-63 and FM 5-250 for further details.

Fire and Burn SafetyThickened flame fuel

Bum s mu ch longer than raw gasoline.Sticks to objects and continues to bum.Cannot be stamped out w ith a boot, it will only spread and continue to burn .

Burning Fuel on PersonnelIf bu rning fuel splashes on an individ ual, he or she m ust react as follow s:

DO N OT run (run ning can result in extensive and severe bu rns).React qu ickly to extingu ish the fire.Fall to the grou nd , face dow n, if bu rning fuel is on the front.

Fall to the grou nd , face up , if burn ing fuel is on th e back.Remain motionless.Smoth er the flam e by d epriving it of oxygen.

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Soldiers not affected by the flame must

React quickly to help smother the flame.Use soil, sand, canvas, or C02 tire extinguishers (in training).Use BDU garments, poncho liners, or shelter halves (in combat).

Burning Fuel on EquipmentIf FFE fires are on equipment, personnel must use either standard Army C0 2 fireextinguishers or expedients (water, sand, soil, other nonflammable dry substances).

Detection of Water in Gasoline

Water in gasoline is one of the chief causes of poor or unsatisfactory flame fuel.When mixing flame fuel, assume that all gasoline contains water unless it has justbeen removed.

Water in gasoline is most easily detected by sampling the liquid at the bottom ofthe container with an aspirator.

Removing Water from Gasoline

SiphonTilt the drum and allow it to stand for several minu tes. Water w ill accumu late inthe lowest portion of the d rum. Insert a flexible tube or hose and siphon off thewater. See FM 3-11 for additional methods.

Fuel Mixing Procedures1. Determine qu antity of M4 thickener n eeded .

Rule of thumb: Number of ounces of M4 thickener = gals of gasoline x 3

(constant)Exam ple M4 = 50 gallons of gasoline x 3M4 = 150 ounces of my fuel thickening comp oun ds = 3 3/ 4 cans

(2 1/ 2 poun d s each) of M4 thickener to be add ed to the gasoline.

2. Ad d u nclotted M4 thickener to gasoline wh ile stirring.

3. Mix until applesauce texture is achieved (5-10 minutes).

4. Allow the fuel to age for 6 to 8 hours (can be emplaced while aging). Althoughaging is d esirable, new ly mixed fuel may be fired w ith acceptable results.

Unthickened FuelWhen M4 (or Ml) fuel thickening comp ound is not available, an acceptablealternative fuel can be prepared using a 60% - 40% combination of MO GAS andoil. (N OTE: Any kind of oil will work, su ch as stand ard 30 w eight motor oil, fogoil, or crank case draining. ) The best oil to use is 90 weight oil. Example: In a

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55-gallon d ru m, 30 gallons of MOGA S shou ld be mixed w ith 20 gallons of oil. Join

the two substances and shake or stir vigorously for a minute or tw o. The fuel isnow read y for use.

Exploding Flame DevicesSee FM 3-11 for step-by-step instructions.

Vertical Flame Mine with Detonating cordArea coverage is approximately 50 to 80 meters in diameter. Each 55-gallon flameland mine requ ires the following:

One 55-gallon container.Fitly gallons of gasoline.One hu nd red feet of detonating cord.Two electric blasting caps.One hu nd red an d fifty ounces of M4 thickening comp ound .One M49 trip flare or (in combat) M34 WP grenade.Six or seven san d bags.

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The illustration below shows a horizontal exploding 55-gallon flame device

(detonating cord).

Area coverage is approximately 80 to 10 meters in diameter. Each horizontal55-gallon flame land mine requires the following:

One 55-gallon container.Fifty gallons of gasoline.One hu nd red feet of detonating cord.Two electric blasting caps.One hundred and fifty ounces of M4 thickening compound.On e M49 trip flare or (in combat) M34 WP g renad e.Two 1.25-pou nd blocks of com position C4 or tw o l-p oun d blocks of TN T.

5-Gallon Flame DeviceThe illustration below shows a 5-gallon fragm entation explod ing flame device(explosive charge or M4 burster). Area coverage is approximately 20 to 25 meters.

Each 5-gallon flame device requires the following:One 5-gallon container.

Five g allons of gasoline.Twenty-five feet of detonating cord.Two electric blasting caps.One M 4 field incend iary bu rster.Fifteen ou nces of M4 thickening compou nd .

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Area coverage is approximately 5 to 10 meters in diameter. The bunker

bomb is designed as a portable FFE device to be used during mobile defensiveoperations or raids into enem y rear areas d uring d eep op erations. This device isideally suited for u se in bu ilt-up areas du ring m obile operations in urban terrain.

Propellant Charge ContainerArea coverage is approximately 30 to 45 meters in diameter. Each propellant charge

fougasse requ ires the follow ing:On e metal cylind er or prop ellant charge container.Three gallons of gasoline.One hundred feet of detonating cord.Two electric blasting caps.Nine ou nces of M4 thickening comp oun d.One M49 trip flare or (in combat) M34 WP gren ad e.On e 1.25-pou nd block of comp osition C4.Twenty to thirty sandbags.

The 155 powder charge Fougasse has a range of approximately 30 to 40 meters.

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Flame Illuminators

The Husch-type flare is a sealed, metal container (pow der canister) 3/ 4 full of

thickened fuel with a 1/ 8 to 3/ 16th-inch hole in the bottom. The container is placedwith cap end down in half of a 55-gallon dr um 3/ 4 full of thickened fuel. A reflectorassembly made from 24-inch culvert should extend about 24 inches above the topof the dru m half rim (figu re below). Wh en the fuel in th e dr u m h alf is ignited, theheat from the burning fuel produces vapor in the powder canister, this vapor is

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expelled a s a bur ning jet throu gh th e hole in th e canister.

A Husch-type flare will illuminate an area of about 50 meters radius for 4 to 5 hours.

Methods of FiringExplod ing flame d evices can be w ired to fire electrically on an ind ivid u al basis, ingroup s, or w ith simu ltaneous ignition. Also, they m ay be rigged with trip w ires forimm ediate or delayed firing.

NOTE: Electric and nonelectric blasting caps can be used with various burstersor igniters.

An exploding or illuminating FFE device can be constructed, emp laced andcamouflaged by 3 trained soldiers in less than an hour, provided all necessaryequipm ent is on han d and the selected shot sites d esignated in adv ance.

Alternative explosive chargesAlthoug h M 4 field incend iary bu rsters are d esigned specifically for field exped ient

flam e weap ons, this does not m ean they are th e only charg e to be used . Alternativeexplosive charges, such as composition C4, TNT, claymore mines or detonatingcord , may be u sed in lieu of M4 bursters to prod uce a p owerful explosion.

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APPENDIX A

Combat OrdersCombat ord ers are written or oral comm un ications u sed to transm it informationpertaining to combat operations.

Warning OrderA w arning ord er gives advance notice of a contemp lated action or ord er w hich isto follow. Althou gh a w arning ord er has n o p rescribed format, all know n elementsshould be included. Figure A-1 represents a suggested format.

Operation Order (OPORD)The op eration ord er sets

-forth the org anization for combat (task organ ization), the

situation, the mission, the commanders decision and plan of action, and the detailsof the execution n eeded to ensure coordinated action by a un it. The standard OPORDformat is show n in Figure A-2.

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A -2


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A -3


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Fragmentary OrderA fragmentary order is used to change or m odify the OPORD. It norm ally followsthe OPORD format bu t only includ es the item s to be changed or m odified.

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B - 2


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B-3


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B-4


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APPENDIX C

NBC Signs

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APPENDIX D

Tactical Operat ions

MEDEVAC Request1. Location of pick-up site.2. Radio frequency, call sign, suffix.3. Number of patients.

4. Sp ecial equ ipm ent requ ired.5. Nu m ber of p atients by type of casualty (litter, w alking wou nd ed).6. Security of pick-up site.7. Method of marking of pick-up site.8. Patient nationality and status.9. NBC contamination (omit if NA).

Troop-leading Procedures1. Receive the mission.2. Issue the w arning ord er.

3. Makes tentative plan.4. Conduct coordination.5. Make a reconnaissance (map, physical).6. Comp lete the plan.7. Issue the order.8. Inspect/ supervise/ refine.

Declination Diagrams

The declination d iagram (usually located in the lower right m argin of a map )graphically illustrates the relationships between grid north (symbolized by the lettersGN), true north (symbolized by a star), and magnetic north (symbolized by a halfarrowhead). Typical declination diagrams are shown in the figure D-1.

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Of particular interest to the military u ser is the relationship of grid north to magneticnorth , since this defines the r elation of azimu th d irections on the m ap (grid) to anAzimu th obtained w ith a comp ass (magnetic). This relationship (the GM angle), isexpressed in d egrees and minutes and accompanies the declination d iagram. Somemaps also contain a note for converting from grid to magnetic azimuth and frommagnetic to grid azimu th as show n. When the note is not given, conversion m ustbe determined based on the declination diagram.

NOTE: Declination diagrams and GM Angles vary from map to map. Usersshould exercise extreme care to insure that the proper conversions from gridto magnetic azimuth or magnetic to grid azimuth are used.

To convert a magn etic azimu th to a grid azimuth, subtract the GM angle.

To convert a m agnetic azimuth to a grid azimu th, add the GM angle

To convert a grid azimu th to a magnetic azimu th, add the GM angle.

To convert a grid azimu th to a magnetic azimu th, subtract the GM angle.

Combat Prepara t ions

Tactical Road MarchesMovement Order

Movem ent ord er of briefing shou ld includ e as aminimum the following:Enemy and friendly situation.Destination.Start, critical, release, and rally points.Rate of m arch an d catch u p speed.Support (ind irect, direct, and medical)and communications.

Actions on contact.Ord er of march.Route/ alternate route.

Spot Report1. Size2. Activity3. Location4. Unit/ Uniform5. Time6. Equ ipm ent

Distance between vehicles (day -50 meters; night -25 meters).Departure time.Location of comm and er.Lead vehicle (security/ reconnaissance).

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Halts

Secu rity is first pr iority on any sched uled , unsched uled , or disabled veh icle halt.

Defense Planning Considerations1. Establish Security (OP/ Patrols/ PEWs, M8)2. Position Key Weap ons:

a. Coordinate w/ units on left and rightb. Establish FPF or PDF for MG.c. Mutual sup port between MG.d. Cover armor ap proaches with antiarmor systems.

e. Establish fire control measures.3. Prep are Positions:a. Cheek sectors of fire.b. Check overhead cover and viewc. Position in d epth an d achieve sup por t between positions.d. Select/ Prepare alternate and supp lementary positions.

4. Integrate indirect fires, CAS and obstacles with direct and indirect fires.5. Check com mo and establish em ergency signals.6. Designate ammo, supply, PW, and casualty points.

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.

..

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Bivouac and Assembly AreasArea must be organized to provide a continuous 360-degree perimeter security.When any element leaves the perimeter, either shrink th e perimeter or red istributethe perimeter responsibilities. Crew-served weapons are the basis for the unitdefense. Ind ividu al weapons provide security for the crew-served weap ons and mu sthav e overlapp ing sectors of fire.

Section characteristics are:Concealment.Cover from d irect and indirect fire.Defendable terrain.Drainage and a surface that w ill supp ort vehicles.Exits and entrances, and adequate internal roads or trails.Space for dispersion of vehicles, personnel, and equipment.Suitable landing site nearby for supp orting helicopters.

Quartering party responsibilities are:Reconnoiters the area.Checks the area for NBC hazards.Cheeks the area for obstacles and mines, then marks or removes them.Marks platoon and squad sectors.Selects a comman d post location.Selects a company trains location.Provides guides for the incoming unit(s) to accomplish immediate occupation.

Recomm end ed p riority of work:Post local secur ity (LP/ OP).Position crew-served weapons (combat engineer vehicle (CEV), antitank (AT)weapons, and machine guns) and chemical alarms.

Assign individual fighting positions.Clear fields of fire, prepare range cards and camouflage vehicles.Prepare hasty fighting positions.Install/ change to land line commun ication.Emplace obstacles and mines.Construct primary fighting positions.

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Prepare alternate and supplementary fighting positions.

Stockpile amm u nition, food, and w ater.Recommend actions at the bivouac and assembly area areReorganization.Weapons check.Maintenance.Distribution of supplies.Rest and personal hygiene.Consumption of rations.

Fire Support Procedures and CharacteristicsCall for Fire Elements

IdentificationCall signs.

Warning orderType mission, adjust fire, fire for effect, immediate suppression. Method of targetlocation: grid, polar, shift from known point.

Target location

Grid: six-digit grid (degrees (roils, or cardinal directions) directionPolar: direction (degrees, roils, or cardinal directions) distance vertical correction(fire direction center m ust know observer location)

Shift: right/ left from know n p ointadd/ drop from known pointvertical correct from know n p oint(fire d irection center mu st have know n p oint)

Target description

Size, nu m ber, type, degree of p rotection, status.Method of engagement (optional)Am mu nition/ fuze desired, sheaf corrections, high ang le, d anger close.

Method of tire and control (optional)At my comm and , time on target, request splash.

AdjustmentsThe adju stments tha t may be need ed to obtain rou nd on target arc sp otting, lateral,and range.

SpottingIs where round lands in relation to target, such as short or long and number of roilsright or left of target. Example of spottings: short 40 right or long 50 left.

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Lateral correction (right/left)Adjust the lateral shift from impact to observer target (OT) line in meters.Corrections of 20 meters or less will be ignored until firing for effect.

W = Rm W = Lateral shift correction in metersm = mils between burst and targetR = OT factor = target range (to nearest 1,000 meters)

1,000

NOTE: If target range is less than 1,000 meters, round to nearest 100 meters.Range correction (up/down)Mechanical time fuze only. Initial range shift correction is used to bracket target(Table D-3).

Range deviation

Target location examples

Grid Coordinates"F6A15, THIS IS F6A27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Call sign s of the fire d irection center(FDC) and observer.ADJUST FIRE, OVER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Warn ing to alert the firing u nit."GRID 135246, OVER.". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Normally, a six-d igit grid is best ."2 MACHINE GUNS FIRING . . . . . . . . . Description of the target.VT IN EFFECT, OVER". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustment is conducted with fuze quick.

Fuze variable time (VT) will be used in

fire for effect."DIRECTION 1650, OVER. . . . . . . . . . . . . Must be sent before or with first correction.

Polar Coordinates

'' F6A15, THIS 1S F6A27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Call signs of the FDC and observer.FIRE FOR EFFECT, POLAR, OVER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Warn ing to a lert the firing u nit."DIRECTION 0250 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Direction from the observer to the

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DISTANCE 3500, OVER.". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distance from the observer to th etarget.

"25 IN FAN TRYMEN IN OPEN . . . . . . . . . . . .Description of the target.ICM, AT MY COMMAND, OVER.". . . . . . . . .Im prov ed capabilities missile (ICM)

rou nd s will be used . The observerwill command FIRE at theapp ropriate time after the FDCinforms the observer that the tiringunit is READY.

NO TE: Direction must b e given b efore any subsequen t corrections wh en

adjusting firesShift From A Known Point

"F6A1, THIS IS F 6A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Call signs of the FDC and observer.FIRE FOR EFFECT, SHIFTBG43, OVER. '' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Warning to alert the firing unit."DIRECTION 5470 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Direction from the observer to the

target.LEFT 400,OVER. '' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The target is located 400 meters to

the left of BG43 and at the same

range. (Lateral shift or rangechanges can be omitted w hen notneeded.)

"25 INFANTRYMEN IN SHALLOW . . . . .Description of the target.FOXHOLES, VT IN EFFECT, OVER. ". . . . . . .Airbursts are most effective against

protected personnel withoutoverhead cover.

Fratricide Risk Assessment MatrixExample of Unit Defense Perimeter TACSOP

A. Upon arrival to new site, ALL personn el:(1) Position mission-essential vehicles for easy access to main avenue of approach.(2) Drape camouflage over all vehicles.(3) Prepare hasty fighting positions.

Range cardsField s of tire

ConcealmentBermsChoose M60 positionsChoose primary line of tire

(4) Choose secondary positions.(5) Run TA-1 wire to M60/ Forward dismoun t point.

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B. If no enem y action is imm inent, red uce security to 1/ 4, and :

(6) Improve vehicle camouflage.(7) Download vehicles.(8) Prepare biouvac:

CP first292 and PRC-77TentageCamo systemsLatrine siteGarbage site

Concertina w ireHasty minefield(9) Perform daily PMCS on ALL equ ipm ent.(10) Prepare duty rosters.(11) Imp rove fighting positions:

Overhead coverConcealmentEarly warning devicesPyrotechnics

What can a commander expect from his chemical staff?

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A P P E N D I X E

Convers ions and Measurements

Convers ion Fac to rs

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Glossa ry

BBDO battle dress overgarment

BMNT beginning morning nautical twilight

CC Celsius

CAM chemical agent monitor

CARC chemical agent resistant coating

CB chemical-biological

CDM chemical downwind message

CF correlation factor

cGy centigray(2)

cGyph centigray per hourCI combat ineffective

COA courses of action

CONUS continental United States

CPOG chemical protective overgarment

CPS Collective Protection Shelter

CUCV Commercial Utility Cargo Vehicle

FM 3-7

DDAD detailed aircraft decon

DAP decon apparatus, portable

DED detailed equipment decon

deg degree(s)

DGN degrees grid northDMN degrees magnetic north

DTN degrees true north

DGZ desired ground zero

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DKIE deamtamination kit, individual equipment

DS2 decontaminating solution No. 2

DTD detailed troop decon

E

EDM effective downwind messageEENT early evening n au tical twilight

est estimated

ETO ethylene oxide

F

F Fahrenheit

Ggal gallon(s)

GEOREF World Geographic Reference System

GMT Greenwich mean time

GN grid north

GZ ground zero

HH high-test hypochlorite

HC hexachloroethane

HMMWV high-mobtity, multi-wheeled vehicle

HOB height of burst

hr hour(s)

HTB high-teat bleach

hvy heavy

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K

km kilometers

kmph kilometers per hour

KT kiloton

Llb pound(s)

LDS light decon system

LL latent lethalityLSD least separation distance

Mm meter(s)

MDWIID maximum down wind haazard distance

mech mechanized

met meteorologicalmin minute(s)

mm millimeter(s)

MOGAS motor gasoline

MOPP rnission-oriented protective posture

MGN mils grid north

MMN mils magnetic northMTN mils true north

MRL m u ltiple rocker lau ncher

MSD minimum safe distance

mtr motorized

N

NATO North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNBC nuclcar, biological, and chemical

NBCC NBC center

NBCWRS NBC warn ing and reporting system

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NF normalizhg factor

No. number

Ooetant one of eight world areas

OD outside dose rate

OEG operation exposure guidance

OPLAN operation plan

OPORD operation order

PPAA peracetic acid

PD performance decrement

PDDE power-driven decontaminating equipment

POL petroleu m , oils, and lubricants

Qqt quart

RRES radiation exposure status

RP red phosphorous

S

S2 intelligence officer

S3 operations and training officer

SCPE simplified collective-protective equipment

SG smoke generator

SITREP situation report

SOI signal operating instructions

SOF special operations forcesSOP standing operating procedures

STANAG NATO standardization agreement

STB supertropical bleach

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TTF transmission factor

TOC tactical operations center

Uunk unknown

US United States of America

UT und emanding task

UTM universal transferse mercator

WWP white phosphorous

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I n d e x

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I n d e x - 5


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FM 3-729 SEPTEMBER 1994

By Order of the Secretary of the Army:

GORDON R. SULLIVANGeneral, United States A rmy

Official: Chief of Staff

Nbc Fiels Handbook

Documents

Transcript of Nbc Fiels Handbook